CLASS 8 CIVICS LESSON 2

UNDERSTANDING SECULARISM

In the last chapter it has been given that the Indian Constitution provides fundamental rights to its citizens that protect them from the State and against oppressive rules of those in the majority. Our Constitution gives us the freedom to follow our own religious beliefs and practice them as we wish. While keeping the idea of religious freedom in their minds, the lawmakers adopted a strategy to separate the power of religion and power of state.

What is Secularism?

Secularism refers to this separation of religion from the State. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practice it.

Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?

The separation of the State and religion in democratic societies is important because of the following reasons:

1. It helps a country to function democratically. 2. The tyranny of the majority and the violation of Fundamental Rights can be very

harmful to the people belonging to the minority. So, it protects people from any type of religious violence.

3. It protects the freedom of individuals to exit from their religion, embrace another religion. It gave people the freedom to interpret religious teachings differently.

What is Indian Secularism?

The Indian Constitution mandates that the Indian State be secular. Only a secular State can realise its objectives to ensure the following:

One religious community does not dominate another.

Some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.

The State does not enforce any particular religion nor does it take away the religious freedom of individuals.

Steps were taken by Indian State to Protect Secularism in India

The Indian State works in various ways:

1. It uses a strategy of distancing itself from religion. In India, government spaces like law courts, police stations, government schools and offices are not supposed to display or promote any one religion.

2. A strategy of noninterference. This means that in order to respect the sentiments of all religions and not interfere with religious practices, the State makes certain exceptions for particular religious communities.

3. A strategy of intervention. This means that to ensure the laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected, the State can intervene in the religion-based ‘personal laws’ of communities.

4. The intervention of the State can also be in the form of support. For example, the Indian Constitution grants the right to religious communities to set up their own schools and colleges. It also gives them financial aid on a non-preferential basis.

There is one significant way in which Indian secularism differs from the dominant understanding of secularism as practised in the United States of America. In American secularism, there is a strict separation between religion and the State. Whereas in Indian secularism, the State can intervene in religious affairs.

DO THESE QUESTION ANSWER IN NOTE BOOK

1.List the different types of religious practice that you find in your neighbourhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practice?

Answer: The different types of religious practices that we can see in our neighbourhood are as follows:

1. A Sikh person worships in Gurudwara to Guru Nanak using Guru Granth Sahib 2. A Muslim worships in a mosque and their sacred book is the Quran. Their religious

music of Muslims is Sufi. 3. A Christian worships Jesus Christ in a Church and their religious book is the Holy

Bible. 4. A Hindu worships in a Temple to the idols of Gods and Goddess.

This shows that the people in India have the freedom to practice the religion of their choice and yet live together in peace and harmony.

2. Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer: Yes, the Government can intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide. This is because the Indian Constitution clearly states that the Government has the right to intervene if there is a threat to social harmony. Also, killing an infant is a crime and the judiciary is the only authority that can punish a person to death and no other religion or person can commit the crime of killing someone.

3.What were the steps taken by Indian state to protect secularism in India?

4. What is Secularism? In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?

5. Why is it Important to Separate Religion from the State?

CLASS 8 CIVICS CONSTITUTION

WHAT IS A CONSTITUTION ?

It is a set of rules by which the government rules our country. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It is the supreme law of the land. It came into effect on 26th January 1950. Our Constitution is based on the principles of democracy, socialism and secularism.

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar is known as ‘The Father of Indian Constitution‘.

Types of Constitution:-

The constitution may be written, Unwritten, rigid or flexible

The Indian constitution is both flexible and rigid because some of its provision can be amended easily,

while many others require difficult methods of amendment

Important terms

Constitution Assembly: - An assembly of people's representative that writes a constitution for a country.

Constitutional amendment: - A change in the constitution made by the supreme legislative body in a country.

Fundamental Duties: - Duties specified in the constitution which every citizen should fulfil. Fundamental Rights: - Some basic human rights guaranteed by our constitution for the

development of the personalities. Preamble: - An introductory statement of the constitution stating its aim and philosophy. Socialism: - System of social organisation in which all factor of production are owned by the

government.

Reservation Policy :- The policy of keeping a fixed number of jobs or places in school, colleges, parliament

state, assemblies etc. for people who are member of scheduled caste, scheduled tribes or other backward

classes

Why Does a Country Need a Constitution?

All democratic countries are likely to have a Constitution, but on the other hand, it is not necessary that all countries that have a Constitution are democratic.

A democratic country needs a Constitution because: → It lays out the important guidelines that govern decision making within the various societies of the country. → It lays down the ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that its citizens aspire to live in. → It serves as an asset of rules and principles as the basis by which the country has to be governed. → It provides rules to safeguard the interests of minorities and prevent any kind of domination by the majority on minorities. → It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by any politician leader. → It also provides rights to its citizens and protects their freedom.

The Indian Constitution: Key Features

A group of 300 people became members of the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and had written India’s Constitution. While writing the Indian Constitution, these members kept in mind the different communities who speak different languages, belong to different religions, and have distinct cultures.

Listed below are the key features of the Indian Constitution.

1) Federalism

This refers to the existence of more than one level of government in the country. In India, we have governments at the state level, at the centre and Panchayati Raj at the village level. The Constitution contains lists that detail the issues that each tier of government can make laws on. In addition, the Constitution also specifies where each tier of government can get the money from, for the work that it does. All persons in India are governed by laws and policies made by each of these levels of government.

2) Parliamentary Form of Government

The people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives. Also, every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can contest in elections.

3) Separation of Powers

There are 3 organs of government:

1. The legislature: refers to elected representatives by the people. 2. The executive: is a smaller group of people who are responsible for implementing laws and

running the government. 3. The judiciary: refers to the system of courts in India.

Each organ mentioned above acts as a check on the other organs of government. This ensures the balance of power between all three.

4) Fundamental Rights

The constitution guarantees the rights of individuals against the State as well as against other individuals. It also guarantees the rights of minorities against the majority.

The Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution include:

1. Right to Equality 2. Right to Freedom 3. Right against Exploitation 4. Right to Freedom of Religion 5. Cultural and Educational Rights 6. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Fundamental Rights have two-fold objectives:

1. Every citizen must be in a position to claim fundamental rights. 2. Fundamental rights must be binding upon every authority that has got the power to make laws.

The Constitution also has a section called Directive Principles of State Policy which ensure greater social and economic reforms, and serve as a guide to the independent Indian State to institute laws and policies.

5) Secularism

A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

Preamble

The Preamble of the constitution outlines the main contours of the Indian Republic and its objectives.

The Preamble, contains the ideals and basic principles of the Indian Constitution. The Preamble is not a part of the Constitution. It is not enforceable by the court of law. Still the Preamble serves as the guiding light of the Constitution.

The Preamble remained unchanged till 1976. In 1976, the words 'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Unity and Integrity of the Nation' were added through 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act.

Sovereign: - The term Sovereign implies that like other independent countries. India is an independent country and is free to govern itself. It has the power to make its own laws on any matter without foreign interference.

Socialist: - The term socialist and secular were added by the 42ND Amendment (1976). Socialism means being free from social, political and economic exploitation. It has to minimise the gap between the rich and the poor and stop exploitation of the poor.

Secular: - The word Secular means that the state must not give importance to any particular religion. The citizens are free to have faith in any religion. There is no state religion. All religions must command equal respect and importance from the state.

Democratic: - The term Democratic implies that the Government is to be formed by the elected representatives of the people. All adult citizen of India vote and elect their representatives to govern the country.

Republic: - The term Republic implies that the head of the state is an elected person. It also means that India has no place for Monarchy (Kings) or Feudal (Zamindari) system. He/she is elected by the elected members of the Parliament and state legislature. For e.g. India, America and France have elected President, but in England King and queen

has constitutional Monarchy.

Read the lesson and answer the following in note book

Q1.What is a constitution? What purpose does it serve?

Q2.Describe the key features of the Indian constitution?

Q3. Mention the Fundamental rights in the Indian constitution.

Q4. What do you mean by Democratic, Secular and Socialist?

Q5. What is Directive Principle of State policy?

Q6. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?

Ans . 6 If such as case arises, the elected representatives would start misusing their respective powers. They would become corrupt and would not take decisions favourable for the citizens. Our Constitution lays down several rules that guards the common citizens against the misuse of powers.

NOTE;- Nepal is a country which has China in its North and India in its South. In the last three decades, the Naplese citizens led several struggles for democracy. One major such struggle had taken place in 1990, after which the democracy lasted till 2002 in the country. It was of ‘Constitutional Monarchy’ type and final authority rested with the King. However, the people of Nepal wanted democracy. Soon, a large scale protest erupted all over the country in 2006 which was led by the Maoists. Finally, the king bowed to the protestors and he restored the Parliament. He invited different parties to form the government. In 2008, the Nepal Parliament passed a judgment to abolish ‘Monarchy.’ Finally the country became ‘Democratic’ in true aspects. Nepal adopted a new Constitution in 2015.

Class 8

Lesson 1:- NETWORKING CONCEPTS

Fill in the blanks:

1. PAN is a computer network created for an individual person. 2. COMMUNICATION system allows us to talk to any person in the world at

any time.

3. A computer network enables two or more computers to share DATA and hardware RESOURCES.

4. In a network modification or up gradation of the software or data is done at a SINGLE POINT only.

5. The computers that communicate with each other are called NODE. 6. A network maintained without using wires is called WIRELESS

NETWORKING. 7. LAN and MAN rare the different types of networking.

State True or False:

1. Nodes and servers have the same function. False 2. Wi-Fi stands for wireless fidelity. True 3. Network cards are used to physically attach a computer to a network.

True

4. WAN stands for Wide Ares networks. True 5. In Client Server network, there is no central server. False 6. Extranet refers to a computer network restricted to an organization.

False

Application Based Question:

1) Mr Hemant has set up his office with 50 computers. He wants to connect computers and peripheral device within his office building with wires. Which type of network will you

suggest him to use?

Answer:- LAN Network

2) Which type of network architecture is the most suitable, when a few number of computers having similar power and capacity are to be networked together.

Answer:- Peer to Peer

3) Arpita wants to attach her computer to a network so that it can participate in network communication. Which card will you suggest her to use.

Answer:- Network Card

4) Raman wants to send a few photographs and songs to on of his friends by interconnecting mobile phone using short range wireless connection. Which technology

would be the most suitable for her.

Answer:- Bluetooth.

Define the following terms:

WAP:- Wireless Access Point is a device that connects wireless communication devices to from a wireless network

Bluetooth:- Bluetooth is a wireless technology used to interconnect mobile phones, computers, Printers using short-range wireless connection for more

information visit.

Server:- A Server is a computer that provides services to clients and controls

access to hardware, software and other resources.

Node:- The computer in a network can communicate with each other as well as

work independently . each computer in a network is called node.

Answer the following:-

Q.1. What is networking? Give some common relevant examples.

Answer:- A computer network can be defined as a group of computers and other

peripheral devices that are linked together for the purpose of sharing data and hardware resources.

Q.2. List some advantages of Networking. Answer:- 1. Efficient use of storage media

2. Preserving information

3. Reduction in hardware costs 4. Efficiency Redundancy

6. Quickest document delivery

Q.3. Differentiable between LAN and WAN

Answer:-

Definition LAN is a computer network that connects computers in small areas.

WAN is a network that covers a broad area using private or public network transports.

Data transfer rates LAN offers high data transfer rates. WAN has lower data

transfer rates due to congestion Speed 80-90 mbps 10-20 mbps

Bandwidth High bandwidth is available for transmission. Low bandwidth

available for transmission. Data Transmission Error Experiences fewer data transmission errors. Experiences

more data transmission errors.

Cost Set-up costs are low as the devices required to set up the networks are cheap. Set-up costs are high, especially in remote locations where set-up is not done.

However, WANs using public networks are cheap.

Maintenance costs Maintenance costs are low as the area coverage is small. Maintenance costs are high as the area coverage is world-wide.

Congestion Less congestion More congestion.

Q.4. What do you understand by network security?

Answer:- Networking Security means protecting data and resources from any

unauthorized access. It is the most important aspect in computer networking. since many users are accessing the same data, so we must ensure its proper security.

Only authorized persons can access or modify data. Consider the following points

that may happen in any organization

Q.5. Explain Clint-Server network.

Answer:- It is a network , where several computers. Called clients or workstations are connected to the main computer called the server.

Lesson 2:- Windows Movie Maker

1. What do you mean by windows movie maker?

Answer-Windows Movie Maker is a video editing software by Microsoft. It is a part

of Windows Essentials software suite and offers the ability to create and

edit videos.

2. Difference between title and credits.

Answer-Titles are added to the beginning of the clip while Credits are added at the

end of the entire project.

3. Define Storyboard.

Anser-Storyboard is an area which is used to navigate through the clips, split and

arrange them in a sequence. It also shows Transitions and Visual effects.

4. Difference between trim tool and split tool.

Answer-Trim tool helps in reducing the duration of a video clip whereas the

Split tool splits the video clip into more parts.

5. Describe the effects of transitions.

Answer-Transitions are the effects or an animation that is used to change one

scene of the movie to another. Transition effects give the movie a more

professional feel and make it more appealing to the viewers.

6. How can a movie be exported?

Answer-The movie can be exported with the help of the Save movie

button present in the Share group on the Home tab.

ASSIGNMENT-2 ON CROP PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

CLASS –VIII

SUB-SCIENCE

Do this in your science notebook.

Give one word answers-

I. Chemical compounds used to increase soil fertility-

II. Unwanted plants that grow naturally along with the crop plants are called-

III. Name one pesticide that you will use to kill the insects that harm the crops.

IV. Leaving the field to rest for a season after harvesting one crop -

V. Give one word for a farm machine used both for harvesting and threshing.

VI. The manure formed by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes is called-

VII. Process of supplying water to crops at different time intervals-

VIII. The agricultural implement used to sow seeds is called-

IX. Plants of one kind grown at one place on a large scale-

X. Simple tool used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil -

XI. Tall and cylindrical containers for bulk storage of grains-

XII. Separating chaff from grains by beating the crop against the stone-

XIII. Which of these are organic substances- manure or fertilizers?

XIV. ______are used to kill insects and________to kill weeds.

XV. Cross breeding of two varieties with different desirable

characteristics to form a new variety is called-

XVI. Name any one weedicide.

XVII. Pioneer of green revolution in India-

XVIII. Name the insect used to eliminate prickly pear

(Optunia ) from the crop fields.

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(ङ) vfFkZu% dsH;% foeq[kk u ;kfUr?

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(क) नवद्य फलम

(ख) लबु्धस्य

(ग) म धयंुe~

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यथ -कां जसू कृपण:

कड़व ———————

पूूँछ ———————

लोभी ———————

मधमुक्खी ———————

नतनक ———————

mRrj

यथ -कां जसू कृपण:

कड़व कटुकम

पूूँछ पचु्छ

लोभी लबु्ध

मधमुक्खी मधमुनिक

नतनक तणृम

Ikz”u ‡ अधोनलनखतेष ुव क्येष ुकतृृपदां निय पदां च नच्व नलखत-( uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls drkZ vkSj fdz;k NkWVdj fyf[k,A)

वाक्यानि कर्ाा निया

यथ सतत: मधिुसकू्तिसां सजृनतत। सतत: सजृनतत

(क) ननगुृणां प्र प्य भवनतत दोष :। ——————— ———————

(ख) गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत। ——————— ———————

(ग) मधमुनिक म धयंु जनयेत ्। ——————— ———————

(घ) नपशनुस्य मैत्री यश: न शयनत। ——————— ———————

(ङ) नद्य: समदु्रम स द्य अपेय : भवनतत। ——————— ———————

mRrj

वाक्यानि कर्ाा निया

यथ सतत: मधिुसकू्तिसां सजृनतत। सतत: सजृनतत

(क) ननगुृणां प्र प्य भवनतत दोष :। दोष : भवनतत

(ख) गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत। गुण : भवनतत

(ग) मधमुनिक म धयंु जनयेत ्। मधमुनिक जनयेत ्

(घ) नपशनुस्य मैत्री यश: न शयनत। मैत्री न शयनत

(ङ) नद्य: समदु्रम स द्य अपेय : भवनतत। नद्य: भवनतत

Ikz”u ˆ िेख ङ नकत नन पद नन आधृ् य प्रश्नननम ृणां कुरुत-( js[kkafdr “kCnksa dks ysdj iz”u&fuekZ.k dhft,A)

(क) गुण : गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत।

(ख) नद्य: ससु्व दतुोय : भवनतत।

(ग) लबु्धस्य यश: नश्यनत।

(घ) मधमुनिक म धयृुमेव जनयनत।

(ङ) rL; ewf/uZ fr’BfUr ok;lk%।

mRrj

(क) के गुणजे्ञष ुगुण : भवनतत?

(ख) क : ससु्व दतुोय : भवनतत?

(ग) कस्य यश: नश्यनत?

(घ) क म धयृुमेव जनयनत?

(ङ) rL; dq= fr’BfUr ok;lk%?

Ikz”u ‰ उद हिण नसु िां पद नन पथृक कुरुत-( mnkgj.k ds vuqlkj “kCnksa dks vyx dhft, vFkkZr laf/k foPNsn dhft,A)

यथ -समदु्रम स द्य – समदु्रम ् + आस द्य

म धयृुमेव – ——————— + ———————

अल्पमेव – ——————— + ———————

सवृमेव – ——————— + ———————

nSoeso – ——————— + ———————

मह ्मन मनुक्त: – ——————— + ———————

foinkeknkoso – ——————— + ———————

mRrj

यथ -समदु्रम स द्य – समदु्रम ् + आस द्य

म धयृुमेव – म धयृुम + एव

अल्पमेव – अल्पम + एव

सवृमेव – सवृम + एव

nSoeso --- nSoe~ $++ ,o

मह ्मन मनुक्त: – मह ्मन म + उनक्त

foinkeknkoso & foinke~ $ vknkoso

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(क) ल हंस्य नाम लकम ्?

(ख) गुहाया: स्वामी क: आ ीत ्?

(ग) ल हं: कलस्मन ् मये गुहाया: मीपे आगत:?

(घ) हस्तपादालदका: लिया: केषां न प्रवततन्ते?

(ङ) गुहा केन प्रलतध्वलनता?

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(क) खरनखर:।

(ख) दलिपचु्छ: शृगाि:।

(ग) यूातस्त मये।

(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ाम

(ङ) ल हंस्य गर्तनेन

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(क) खरनखरः कुर प्रलतव लत स्म?

(ख) महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ल हः लकम अलिन्तयत ?

(ग) शृगािः लकम अलिन्तयत ?

(घ) शृगािः कुर पिालयतः?

(ङ) गुहा मीपमागत्य शृगािः लकं पश्यलत?

(ि) कः शोभते?

mRrj&

(क) खरनखर: वने प्रलतव लत स्म।

(ख) महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ल हं: अलिन्तयत - "नूनम एतस्यां गुहायां रारौ कोऽलप र्ीव: आगच्छलत। अत: अरैव

लनगूढो भूत्वा लतष्ठालम।"

(ग) शृगाि: अलिन्तयत ् - "अहो लवनष्टोऽलस्म। नूनम अलस्मन लििे ल हं: अस्तीलत तकत यालम। तत लकं करवालर्?"

(घ) शृगाि: गुहाया: दूरं पिालयत:।

(ङ) गह ा मीपमागत्य शृगािः पश्यलत ;r~ flagपदपद्धलतः गह ायka प्रलतष्टा A

(ि) यः vukxrL; fpUrua dq#rs l% “kksHkrsA

iz”u † रेखांलकतपदालन आिृत्य प्रश्नलनमातरं् कुरुत-( js[kkafdr “kCnksa dks ysdj iz”u fuekZ.k dhft,A)

(क) क्षिुाततः ल हंः कुरालप आहारं न प्राप्तवान

(ख) दलिपचु्छः नाम शृगािः गुहायाः स्वामी आ ीत

(ग) एषा गुहा स्वालमनः दा आह्वानं करोलत

(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ां हस्तपादालदकाः लियाः न प्रवततन्ते

(ङ) आह्वानेन शृगािः लििे प्रलवश्य ल हंस्य भोज्यं भलवष्यलत

mRrj& (क) कीदृशः ल हंः कुरालप आहारं न प्राप्तवान ?

(ख) लकं नाम शृगािः गुहायाः स्वामी आ ीत ?

(ग) एषा गुहा कस्य दा आह्वानं करोलत?

(घ) भय न्रस्तमन ां कीदृशाः लियाः न प्रवततन्ते?

(ङ) आह्वानेन शृगािः कुर प्रलवश्य ल हंस्य भोज्यं भलवष्यलत?

iz”u ‡

घटनािमानु ारं वाक्यालन लिखत-( ?kVukdze ds vuqlkj okD;ksa dks lgh dze esa fyf[k,A)

(क) गुहाया: स्वामी दलिपचु्छ: नाम शृगाि: मागच्छत ्।

(ख) ल हं: एकां महतीं गुहाम ् अपश्यत ्।

(ग) पररभ्रमन ् ल हं: क्षिुातो र्ात:।

(घ) दूरस्थ: शृगाि: रवं कत्तुतमारब्ि:।

(ङ) ल हं: शृगािस्य आह्वानमकरोत ्।

(ि) दूरं पिायमान: शृगाि: श्लोकमपठत ्।

(छ) गुहायां कोऽलप अलस्त इलत शृगािस्य लविार:।

mRrj&एतालन उपयकु्त िम लनम्न लन्त:-

(क) पररभ्रमन ् ल हं: क्षिुातो र्ात:।

(ख) ल हं: एकां महतीं गुहाम ् अपश्यत ्।

(ग) गुहाया: स्वामी दलिपचु्छ: नाम शृगाि: मागच्छत ्।

(घ) गुहायां कोऽलप अलस्त इलत शृगािस्य लविार:।

(ङ) दूरस्थ: शृगाि: रवं कत्तुतमारब्ि:।

(ि) ल हं: शृगािस्य आह्वानमकरोत ्।

(छ) दूरं पिायमान: शृगाि: श्लोकमपठत ्।

iz”u ƒ यथालनदेशमुत्तरत-( funsZ”kkuqlkj mRRkj nhft,A)

(क) ‘एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये कलत लवशेषर्पदालन, खं्यया ह पदालन अलप

लिखत?( एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ bl okD; esas ls fo’”ks’k.k NkWVdj fy[kuk gSA)

(ख) तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम- अर ‘अहम ’ इलत पद ंकस्मै प्रयुक्तम ?(्तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम- bl

okD; esa ‘अहम ’ fdlds fy, iz;ksx gqvk gS\)

(ग) ‘यलद त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये कतृतपद ंलकम ?( ‘यलद त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ bl okD; esas drkZ

D;k gS\)

(घ) ‘ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा दृश्यते’ अलस्मन वाक्ये लियापद ंलकम ?( ‘ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा

दृश्यते’ bl okD; esa fdz;k D;k gS \)

(ङ) ‘वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ अलस्मन वाक्ये अव्ययपद ंलकम ?( ‘वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ bl okD; esas vO;; D;k gS\ )

mRrj&:

(क) ’एकां महतीं गुहां दृष्ट वा ः अलिन्तयत ’ – अलस्मन वाक्ये दे्व लवशेषर्पदे स्तः। तद्यथा – १. एकाम इलत प्रथमं

लवशेषर्पदम , २. महतीम इलत ि लद्वतीयं लवशेषर्पदम ।

(ख) तदहम अस्य आह्वानं करोलम – अर ’अहम ’ इलत पद ंल हंाय प्रयकु्तम ।

(ग) ’यलद त्वं मां न आह्वयल ’ अलस्मन वाक्ये ’त्वम ’ इलत कतृतपदम ।

(घ) ’ल हंपदपद्धलतः गुहायां प्रलवष्टा दृश्यते’ – अलस्मन वाक्ये ’दृश्यते’ इलत लियापदम ।

(ङ) ’वनेऽर सं्थस्य मागता र्रा’ अलस्मन वाक्ये अव्ययपद ंभवलत ’अर’ इलत।

iz”u ‰ मञ्रू्षातः अव्ययपदालन लित्वा ररक्तस्थानालन पूरयत-( uhps fn, x, vO;;ksa ls fjDr LFkku Hkfj,A)

कश्चन दूरे नीिैः यदा तदा यलद तलहत परम ि ह ा

एकलस्मन वने .................. व्याि: र्ािं लवस्तीयत .................. लस्थतः। िमशः आकाशात पररवारः

कपोतरार्ः .................. आगच्छत । .................. कपोताः तण्डुिान अपश्यन .................. तेषां िोभो

र्ातः। परं रार्ा हमतः ना ीत । तस्य युलक्तः आ ीत .................. वने कोऽलप मनुष्यः नालस्त। कुतः तण्डुिानाम म्भवः। .................. राज्ञः उपदेशम अस्वीकृत्य कपोताः तण्डुिान खालदतंु प्रवृत्ताः र्ािे

.................. लनपलतताः। अतः उक्त्तम ‘.............. लवदिीत न लियाम ’।

mRrj&

एकलस्मन ् वने कश्चन व्याि: र्ािं लवस्तीयत दूरे लस्थत:। िमश: आकाशे

पररवार: कपोतरार्: लिरग्रीव: लनगतत:। तदा तण्डुिकर्ानामुपरर कपोतानां िोभो र्ात:। परन्तु रार्ा तर

हमत: ना ीत ्। तस्य युलक्त: आ ीत ् यलद लनर्तने वने कोऽलप मनुष्यो नालस्त तलहत कुतो वा तण्डुिकर्ानां

म्भव:? यदा राज्ञ: उपदेशमस्वीकृत्य ते नीिै: आगता, तदा र्ािे लनपलतता:। अत: उक्तम ् ' ह ा लवदिीत न

लियाम ्'।

vH;kl dk;Z& ƒ½ iz”u 2 ]3 vkSj 4 dk dk;Z laLd`r dh dkWih esa djsaA

„½ iz”u 5]6 vkSj 7 ds mRrj dsoy ikB~;iqLrd esa ¼isafly ls ½ fy[ksaA

…½ ikB dk vuqokn Åij fn;k x;k gS vr% ikB Lo;a i