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Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling factors Seasonal variations at different latitudes Global distribution

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Page 1: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Class 33

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS

Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis

Gross and Net Primary Production

Cycling of organic matter

Controlling factors

Seasonal variations at different latitudes

Global distribution

Page 2: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 3: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 4: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS

PP = Synthesis of organic matter by autotrophs

1. Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is most important

CO2 + H2O - - - - - - - -> “C6H12O6” + O2

Sunlight

Chlorophyll

Page 5: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS

2. Chemosynthesis, e.g., by sulfur bacteria at hydrothermal vents

H2S + 2O2 - - - - - - - -> SO4= + Chemical Energy+ water

CO2 + H2O - - - - - - - -> “C6H12O6” + O2

Bacteria

Chemical Energy

Page 6: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS

3. Biosynthesis: Builds essential molecules for life

C6H12O6 + nutrients (N, P, S, etc.) - - - - > proteins, lipids, DNA, etc.

Page 7: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

How much N and P are needed per gram of biomass produced?

"Redfield ratio” (average for PP)

[CH2O]106 [NH3]16 [H3PO4]

C106 H263 O110 N16 P1

Page 8: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 9: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Energy Biomass

Page 10: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Energy and Biomass are transferred through a food web.

Page 11: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Biomass

Page 12: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Energy

Page 13: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Gross Primary Productivity . . (GPP)

= Total amount of organic matter produced by primary producers (phytoplankton)

Net Primary Productivity . . (NPP)

= GPP minus energy utilized (organic matter respired) by phytoplankton for life processes

•GPP and NPP are carbon uptake rates, g C / m2 - yr•Biomass, or "standing crop" is "density," g C / m2

FATE OF ORGANIC MATTER -- HOW PP IS UTILIZED & CYCLED?

Page 14: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

GPP- Total Production by Phytoplankton

Organic matter used by phytoplankton to provide energy for themselves

70-90%

NPP-Phytoplankton Biomass available to fuel the rest of the food web

10-30%

Page 15: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

• Almost complete recycling• Tiny amount lost via deposition in sediments

(~0.1% of GPP)

ORGANIC MATTER RECYCLING

Page 16: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

FACTORS CONTROLLING FACTORS CONTROLLING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITYPRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Page 17: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Seasonal Changes- Huge at High Latitude

Page 18: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 19: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

1. Sunlight- …in two different ways1. Sunlight- …in two different ways

A.A. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

B.B. Stratification of surface waters; caused by Stratification of surface waters; caused by seasonal heatingseasonal heating

– Warm top layer- less denseWarm top layer- less dense– Sits on top (w/ phytoplankton)Sits on top (w/ phytoplankton)

FACTORS CONTROLLING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITYFACTORS CONTROLLING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Page 20: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Winter mixing- convectionWinter mixing- convection• Phytoplankton get less lightPhytoplankton get less light• But But nutrients are brought up (for later)nutrients are brought up (for later)

COLD

Page 21: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 22: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Constantly removed from surface waters by PP Constantly removed from surface waters by PP and sinking of organic matterand sinking of organic matter

Can be replenished by:Can be replenished by:

1.1. Winter mixing ... Winter mixing ...

2. Nutrients:2. Nutrients:

COLD

Page 23: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Constantly removed from surface waters by PP Constantly removed from surface waters by PP and sinking of organic matterand sinking of organic matter

Can be replenished by:Can be replenished by:

1.1. Winter mixing ... Winter mixing ...

2. Upwelling2. Upwelling

3. Land-derived nutrients (rivers, dust)3. Land-derived nutrients (rivers, dust)

2. Nutrients:2. Nutrients:

Page 24: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 25: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Stratification- good and bad

Page 26: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 27: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 28: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

3. Grazing by herbivores: Reduces...3. Grazing by herbivores: Reduces...•Amt of living Phytoplankton, and thus…Amt of living Phytoplankton, and thus…•Rate of primary productionRate of primary production

FACTORS CONTROLLING FACTORS CONTROLLING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITYPRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Page 29: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Krill

Page 30: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

SEASONAL PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNSSEASONAL PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNSAT DIFFERENT LATITUDESAT DIFFERENT LATITUDES

Page 31: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

1. High-latitude1. High-latitude: One intense spring/summer "bloom": One intense spring/summer "bloom"• Nutrients abundant after winter mixingNutrients abundant after winter mixing• Bloom initiated by increased sunlightBloom initiated by increased sunlight• Warming --> water stratification Warming --> water stratification

--> phytoplankton remain near surface- sun!--> phytoplankton remain near surface- sun!

Productivity controlled mostly by sunlightProductivity controlled mostly by sunlight

SEASONAL PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNSSEASONAL PRODUCTIVITY PATTERNSAT DIFFERENT LATITUDESAT DIFFERENT LATITUDES

Page 32: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 33: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 34: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

High-intensity sunlight all year High-intensity sunlight all year •Density-stratified surface watersDensity-stratified surface waters•Little vertical mixing, thus low nutrient levelsLittle vertical mixing, thus low nutrient levels

•Exception: Upwelling areas.Exception: Upwelling areas.

Productivity controlled by nutrient availabilityProductivity controlled by nutrient availability

Tropical oceansTropical oceans (low latitude) (low latitude)Relatively low productivity Relatively low productivity

throughout the yearthroughout the year

Page 35: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 36: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 37: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 38: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Mid-latitude primary productivity: Complex annual cycle

Page 39: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Winter:• Mixing: Nutrients available• But sunlight is limiting

Mid-latitude: Spring + Late Summer "blooms”

Page 40: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Spring:• Increased sunlight + water stratification• Intense bloom

Mid-latitude: Spring + Late Summer "blooms”

Page 41: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Mid Summer: • Nutrients depleted • Grazing reduces phytoplankton biomass• Productivity decreases

Mid-latitude: Spring + Late Summer "blooms”

Page 42: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Late Summer/ Early Fall:• Nutrients released (by death/decay; or excreted by animals)•--> Second, less intense bloom results

Mid-latitude: Spring + Late Summer "blooms”

Page 43: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Fig. 13-13

Mid-latitude: Spring + Late Summer "blooms”

Page 44: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 45: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Mid-latitude:

Productivity controlled by both sunlight and nutrient availability

Page 46: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

Global Distribution of Primary Productivity

Page 47: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

1. Open oceans- non-upwelling areas

Low nutrients --> low PP rates

2. Open Ocean Upwelling areas: equatorial + High-Lat. --> Moderate to high PP rates

Page 48: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

3. Continental shelves

High nutrients (runoff; nutrients recycled- can’t sink out of surface system)

--> high PP rates

Page 49: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling
Page 50: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

4. Coastal upwelling at low latitudes

High nutrient supply + low-latitude sunlight

--> very high PP rates

5. Estuaries

Nutrients abundant- land runoff

Very efficient nutrient recycling

--> very high PP rates

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) (cont’d)

Page 51: Class 33 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (PP) IN THE OCEANS Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis Gross and Net Primary Production Cycling of organic matter Controlling

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