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Project Management

Project Representation

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Formation of Project Team

Appointment of Project Manager

Selection of Project team members

Briefing meetings amongst team

members

Broad consensus about scope of work

and time frame

Development of work breakdown

structure and allocation of responsibilities

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Work Breakdown Structure

A breakdown of the total project task into

components to establish

How work will be done?

How people will be organized?

How resources would be allocated?

How progress would be monitored?

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Alternative ways to breakdown work

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Project

System I System II System III

Subsystem I Subsystem IISubsystem III

TASK I TASK II

SUB TASK I SUB TASK II SUB TASK II

Work Package A Work Package B

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Hardware orientation (Identification of

basic work packages)

Agency orientation (Based on assignmentof responsibility to different agencies)

Function oriented (E.g. Design,

Procurement, Construction andCommissioning)

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Generally a WBS includes 6 7 levels,more or less may be needed for a

situation All paths on WBS do not go down to

same level

WBS does not show sequencing of work

A WBS should be developed beforescheduling and resource allocation aredone

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Work Breakdown Structure (Cont.)

A WBS should be developed by

individuals knowledgeable about the

work. This means that levels will bedeveloped by various groups and

separate parts combined

Break down a project only to a levelsufficient to produce an estimate of the

required accuracy

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Illustrative Work Breakdown Structure

Missile

Guided ControlSystem

RocketLaunchingPlatform

Ballistic Shell PropulsionEngine

Re-entryVehicle

I Stage II Stage

Warhead

Solid Fuel

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Means of Project Representation

Project Name and description

List of jobs that constitute the project

Gantt or Bar Chart showing when

activities take place

Project network showing activities, their

dependencies and their relation to thewhole (A-O-A and A-O-N representations)

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Why use Project Networks?

A convenient way to show activities andprecedence in relation to the whole

project Basis of project planning:

Responsibility allocation

Definition of subcontracting units

Roles of different players

Basic scheduling and establishment ofwork time-tables

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Why use Project Networks - II?

Critical path determination and selective

management control

Deterministic vs probabilistic activity times

Resource planning for projects

Project crashing with time cost tradeoff

Resource aggregation Resource leveling

Limited resource allocation

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Why use Project Networks - III?

Project implementation:

Time-table for implementation

Monitoring and reporting progress Updating schedules and resources

Coordination of work with different agencies

The project network is thus a commonvehicle for planning, communicating andimplementing the project right from

inception

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Example IOrganizing a one day Seminar

Step I Generate the list of jobs to be

done:

1. Deciding date, budget, venue for seminar2. Identify speakers, participants

3. Contact and finalize speakers

4. Print seminar brochure5. Mail brochures to tentative participant

6. Estimate number of participants

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Example IOrganizing a one day Seminar (Cont.)

7. Decide the menu for lunch, tea & Coffee

8. Arrange the catering

9. Arrange projection facilities at venue10. Receive guests at registration

11. Conduct seminar as per brochure

12. See off guests

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Example IOrganizing a one day Seminar

Step II Tabulate the activities with predecessors:

Activity Predecessors

A1 Deciding date, budget, venue for seminar -

A2 Identify speakers, participants -

A3 Contact and finalize speakers A2

A4 Print seminar brochure A1, A3

A5 Mail brochures to tentative participant A4

A6 Estimate number of participants A5

A7 Decide the menu for lunch, tea & Coffee A6

A8 Arrange the catering A1, A7

A9 Arrange projection facilities at venue A6

A10 Receive guests at registration A5, A8, A9

A11 Conduct seminar as per brochure A8, A9, A10

A12 See off guests A11

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Drawing Project Network (A-O-A)

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

A11

A12

A9

A10

A1

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Drawing Project Network (A-O-N)

A2 A3

A1 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

A10

A9 A11 A12

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Independent Activities

Dependent Activities

Basic Logic Patterns forArrowDiagrams

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Activity C depends upon the completion of both Activities A & B

Basic Logic Patterns forArrowDiagrams (cont.)

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Activities B and C both depend upon the completion ofActivity A

Basic Logic Patterns forArrowDiagrams (cont.)

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Example 2 (A-O-A)

Job predecessor

a -b -

c -

d a, be b, c

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Example 2 (A-O-A)

1 2

3

4

5

a

b

c

d

e

Job predecessor

a -b -

c -

d a, be b, c

D1

D2

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Example 3

Job predecessor

a -b -

c -

d a, be a, c

f a, b, c

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Example 3

Job predecessor

a -b -

c -

d a, be a, c

f a, b, c

1 2

3

4

6a

b

c

d

e

5

f

LogicalDummies

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Example 4

Job predecessor

a -

b a

c ad a

e b, c, d

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Example 4

2

3

4

5

b

1a

d

ec

Job predecessor

a -

b a

c ad a

e b, c, d

6

Dummies for uniqueness of activityrepresentation

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Example 5

Dummies for creation of single

source and sink

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The Role ofDummies in ProjectNetworks

Role of Dummy

Network type

I II III

AOA Yes Yes Yes

AON No No Yes

I Correct representation of precedence logic

II Uniqueness of activity representation

III Creation of single source / sink

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Example 6 (Inconsistent Network)

2

1

5

3

4

8

6

7

A closed loop in a project network is

alogica

lconsistency

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Example 7 (Redundancy A-O-N)

d

e

c

f

a

Job predecessor

a -

b a

c -

d a, b, c

e d

e d

b

Redundancy a in the predecessor setfor activity dcould be removedthereby deleting arc a dabove

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Prerequisites for a valid Project Network

Necessary Requirement

The project network must not have any

cycles or loops, since these represent logicalinconsistencies in representation

Desirable Features

The project network should have the

minimum number of dummies and no

redundancies since these unnecessarily

clutter the network

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Methods of consistency checking

Topological ordering of activities

Fulkersons Numbering rule

Squaring Adjacency Matrix

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Topological ordering

Step 1 Select a job which has no

predecessor and place it in top of the list

Step 2 Delete the job just placed from thepredecessor list of all remaining jobs

Step 3 Identify any new sources (jobs

without predecessors) so generated forplacement on the list and go to Step 2

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Topological ordering

Step 4 Continue until one of the following

happens:

There are no sources on the list of remainingjobs. This shows the presence of an

inconsistency

All jobs are placed on the list, which is now

Topologically ordered, showing there are noinconsistencies

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Example 1 (Topologically ordered)

a1

a2

Job predecessor

a1 -a2 -

a3 a1

a4 a1a5 a2, a3

a3

a5

a4

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Example 2

a1

a2

Job predecessor

a1 -a2 -

a3 a2, a5

a4 a1,a3a5 a4

a3

a5

a4

Inconsistent project

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Fulkersons Numbering rule

Each arc (i, j) of the project network is

numbered such that i

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Fulkersons Numbering rule (Cont.)

Step 3 Number the newly discovered

sources sequentially

Step 4 Continue till one of the followinghappens:

All the nodes are numbered indicating consistent

network

The absence of sources in the unnumberednodes indicating an inconsistency

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Example

An application of Fulkersons Numbering Rule

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Matrix Representation of ProjectNetwork

1 2 3 4

1 0 1 1 0 2

2 0 0 1 1 2

3 0 0 0 1 1

4 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 2 2

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Properties of the Adjacency Matrix

It is a square matrix (n x n) of 0s and 1s

There is no entry on the diagonal

The matrix is upper triangular if nodes arenumbered according to Fulkersons rule

Each entry of 1 indicates an arc in network

Row (column) sum indicates the no. of arcs

emanating from (converging into) the node

A vacant column indicates a source node

A vacant row indicate a sink node

The rank of the adjacency matrix is (n-1)

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Assignment 1Draw A-O-A & A-O-N Network

Activity Description Required Predecessor

a Product design ---

b Market research---

c Production analysis a

d Product model a

e Sales brochure a

f Cost analysis cg Product testing d

h Sales training b, e

i Pricing H h

j Project report f, g, i

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Activity Predecessor

a ---

b ---

c a

d c

e c

f b,c

g d

h e,f

i e,g

j h,i

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a ---

b ---

c ---

d a

e a

f cg d

h a, b, f

i e, g, h

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a ---

b ---

c ---

d a, b

e a, c

f cg d

h g, e, f

class 12 - 13

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