1. Theoretical Orientationsto Learning for TiMEBased on the work of Merriam, Caffarella,& Baumgartner, Learning in Adulthood,2005 (3rded).

2. Contemporary Views of LearningTheory 3. Behaviorism 4. Behavioral Learning Theory Three basic assumptions:Learning results in a change inbehaviorEnvironment shapes behaviorPrinciples of contiguity andreinforcement 5. Behaviorists John B. Watson, early 20th century Edward Thorndike (1920s) Stimulus Response Law of Effect Law of Exercise Law of Readiness B. F. Skinner (1950s - 1970s) Operant conditioning 6. Behavioral Theory Today Measurable goals and objectives Competency based instruction Outcomes focused Computer assisted instruction Instructor accountability Human performance technology 7. Cognitivism 8. Cognitive Learning Theory Defined learning as reorganization ofexperience to make sense of stimuli fromthe environment Focuses on mental processes Accounts for insight Locus of control for learning is not in theenvironment, but internal to the learner 9. Blooms TaxonomyEvaluationSynthesisAnalysisApplicationComprehensionKnowledge 10. Ausubels (1963) Concept ofAdvance Organizers Phase 1: Present the advance organizer Phase 2: Present the task or material Phase 3: Strengthen cognitiveorganization 11. Bruners (1967) Concept AttainmentStrategyLearners should: Compare and contrast exemplarsand non-exemplars Inductively discover concepts Generate their own examples Discuss hypotheses and attributes"Learners are encouragedto discover facts andrelationships forthemselves." 12. Evidences of CognitiveLearning Theory in Use Today Research on cognitive developmentin adulthood Learning how to learn research(metacognition) Study of learning processes as afunction of age 13. Humanism 14. Humanist Learning TheoryHumans are in control of their owndestinies with unlimited potential forgrowthMotivation to learn is intrinsicGoal of learning is self-actualization 15. Influences of HumanisticThought in Learning Theory Andragogy (Knowles, Houle, Tough) Personal growth movement Self-directed learning Teacher as facilitator Developer of talent in organizationsthrough coaching, mentoring 16. Who was AbrahamMaslow?Famous for concept of ahierarchy of human needsWho was Carl Rogers?Known for client-centered or non-directive therapy. Education adopted hisviews in learner-centered education 17. SocialCognitivism 18. Social Cognitism LearningTheoryDraws from both behaviorist andcognitivist perspectivesBelief that behavior is a function of theperson with the environmentLearning through observation and imitatingothersOccurs in social context 19. Evidences of SocialCognitivism in Use TodayIncreasing awareness of importance ofcontext to learningVicarious learning through role modelingMentoring Self-efficacy research 20. Situated Learning and SocialConstruction of LearningTheory Participation in communities of practice Novice to expert, apprenticeships Tool-dependent Learning in situ 21. Constructivism 22. Constructivist Learning TheoryLearning as meaning-makingMeaning actively constructed throughknowledge structuresInternal cognitive activityCentral role of experienceDevelopmental throughout the lifespan 23. Evidences of Constructivism inUse Today Experiential learning Self-directed learning / learner autonomy Reflective practice Perspective transformation 24. Critical TheoryGoals of learning is to free individualsfrom oppressionSocial reform perspectiveChallenges unexamined assumptionsabout oppressive nature of socialstructures 25. Evidences of Critical Theory inUse TodayHeightened sensitivity to diversity issuesin organizations: race, gender, etc.Awareness of praxis (the power of action)to increase opportunities for thedisadvantaged to have a place in societyEncourages voice 26. Critical Theory: PostmodernPerspectivesExamines exploitative nature of socialstructures from power perspective aswell as race, gender, sexual orientation,etc.Poststructurist feminist literatureGender as socially constructed 27. With which of theselearning theories do YOUmost closely identify?This is the key to your personalphilosophy of practice as an educator.