c.l. pekeris- a relativistic spherical vortex

6
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U S A Vol. 7 3 , N o . 3 , p p . 687-691, March 1976 Physics A relativistic spherical vortex (relativistic hydrodynamics/pressure-density relation i n a relativistic "incompressible" fluid/moving relativistic spherical vortex) C . L . PEKERIS Department o f Applied Mathematics, T h e Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel Contributed b y C . L . Pekeris, January 2 , 1976 ABSTRACT This investigation i s concerned with station- a r y relativistic flows o f a n inviscid a n d incompressible fluid. I n choosing a density-pressure relation to represent relativis- t i c "incompressibility," i t i s found that a fluid in which th e velocity o f sound equals t h e velocity o f light i s t o b e pre- ferred f o r reasons of mathematical simplicity. t h e case axially symmetric flows, t h e velocity field c a n b e derived from a stream function obeying a partial differential equa- tion which i s nonlinear. A transformation of variables i s found whichmakes t h e relativistic differential equation lin- ear. A n exact solution i s obtained f o r th e case o f a vorte con- fined t o a stationary sphere. O n e c an make a l l three o f t h e components o f velocity vanish o n th e surface of the sphere, as i n t h e nonrelativistic Hicks vortex. I n t h e case o f a n isolated vortex o n whose surfacethe pressure is made t o vanish, i t i s found that t h e pressure a t t h e center o f t h e sphere becomes negative, as i n t h e nonrelativistic case. A solution i s also obtained f o r a relativistic vortex advanc- i n g i n a fluid. T h e sphere i s distorted into a n oblate spheroid. T h e maximum possible velocity o f advance o f t h e vortex i s c . T h e purpose of this investigation i s t o seek solutions o f t h e relativistic hydrodynamic equations that represent steady vortex motions analogous to Hill's spherical vortex ( 1 ) o r Hicks's spherical vortex ( 2 ) in classical hydrodynamics. W e shall assume th e fluid t o b e inviscid a n d incompressible. T h e concept o f "incompressibility" i n relativity requires that w e specify th e value o f t h e velocity o f sound u . i n t h e fluid, since th e infinite value o f u s characteristic o f t h e classical i n - compressible fluid o f constant density is unacceptable rela- tivistically. W e shall assume that t h e velocity o f sound is i n - dependent o f pressure. This assumption implies a linear d e - pendence o f t h e density j i o n t h e pressure p : p = A o + nc-1p, [ I I where c denotes t h e velocity o f light, a n d n is a constant. T h e values f n equal t o 0 , 1 , a n d 3 correspond, respectively, t o t h e three cases o f a n "incompressible" fluid discussed b y Synge (3). T h e velocity o f sound i s given b y [ 2 ] negative. Such a negative pressure i s found a t t h e center o f a n isolated Hicks nonrelativistic spherical vortex (2). W e show that i n th e case of axially symmetric relativistic flows, t h e velocity field c a n b e derived from a stream func- tion, which obeys a nonlinear partial differential equation. W e found a function o f t h e stream function f o r which t h e governing differential equation a n b e made linear i n t h e relativistic case, a n d a n exact solution wa s obtained. This function becomes identical with t h e stream function itself when t h e amplitude o f th e velocity field tends t o zero. A s i n t h e nonrelativistic solution, it is possible t o make a l l three o f t h e components f velocity vanish o n t h e surface o f a sphere. Again, t h e pressure a t t h e center becomes negative i f t h e pressure o n t h e surface o f t e sphere i s made t o vanish. T h e evidence from this solution i s therefore that relativistic e f - fects b y themselves d o n o t make f or cohesiveness. I f cavita- tion a t t h e center is t o b e avoided, a uniform containing pressure must b e applied a t t h e surface, this pressure i n - creasing with increase i n t h e intensity o f t h e flow i n t h e vor- tex. Relativistic axially symmetric flows With u denoting th e 3-velocity vector a n d e [ 1 _(U2/C2)]"1/2, [ 3 ] th e relativistic hydrodynamic equation f o r a perfect fluid i s ( 3 ) /2(p+c-2p)d u d -grad p-c-lu I while t h e equation o f continuity takes o n t h e form Y d / + (p + C-2p) a ' y + d i v (yu)j = 0 . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] W e seek a solutionof th e hydrodynamic Eqs. 4 a n d 5 that i s stationary i n a reference system i n which t h e center of t h e sphere i s a t rest. P u t s o that t h e fluid o f uniform density, with n = 0 , suffers from t he undesirable feature o f having a velocity o f sound exceed- i n g c . T h e case n = 3 with A o equal t o zero, corresponds t o a radiation gas. T h e choice o f t h e value o f n i n E q . 1 would have t o b e made o n physical grounds. O n e o f th e results o f this investi- gation i s that t h e value o f n = 1 , corresponding t o a fluid i n which t h e velocity o f exactly equals velocity o f light, i t o b e preferredfor reasons o f mathematical sim- plicity, just as t h e assumption o f constant density i n t h e non- relativistic case i s made f o r mathematical convenience. Another question that w e wish t o elucidate is whether, i n t h e case of a n isolated relativistic vortex o n whose surface t h e pressure vanishes, t h e pressure i n t h e interior becomes 6 8 7 [ 6 ] 1 = P dp 1c2Ip) n + ) l n p ( C A + p - ) =Tn=+ r ) l C 2 + ( n + ) p o w = u r l u , [ 7 ] [8 1 = cv, ( = C r , then, with (a/at) vanishing, E q . 4 becomes y2(r X v + ' / 2 grad v 2 ) =-grad H . [ 9] Here p o denotes a n arbitrary reference value o f h e pressure, a n d w e have made u s e o f t h e relation d u =uau u + g 2 -=-+ u +'A~grad u . [10] u s = C/ V-n,

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Page 1: C.L. Pekeris- A relativistic spherical vortex

8/3/2019 C.L. Pekeris- A relativistic spherical vortex

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cl-pekeris-a-relativistic-spherical-vortex 1/6

P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . USAV o l . 7 3 , N o . 3 , p p . 6 8 7 - 6 9 1 , M a r c h 1 9 7 6P h y s i c s

A r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x( r e l a t i v i s t i c h y d r o d y n a m i c s / p r e s s u r e - d e n s i t y r e l a t i o n i n a r e l a t i v i s t i c " i n c o m p r e s s i b l e " f l u i d / m o v i n g r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x )

C . L . P E K E R I S

D e p a r t m e n t o f A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s , T h e W e i z m a n n I n s t i t u t e , R e h o v o t , I s r a e l

C o n t r i b u t e d b y C . L . P e k e r i s , J a n u a r y 2 , 1 9 7 6

ABSTRACT T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h s t a t i o n -a r y r e l a t i v i s t i c f l o w s o f a n i n v i s c i d a n d i n c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d .I n c h o o s i n g a d e n s i t y - p r e s s u r e r e l a t i o n t o r e p r e s e n t r e l a t i v i s -t i c " i n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y , " i t i s f o u n d t h a t a f l u i d i n w h i c h t h ev e l o c i t y o f s o u n d e q u a l s t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t i s t o b e p r e -f e r r e d f o r r e a s o n s o f m a t h e m a t i c a l s i m p l i c i t y . I n t h e c a s e o fa x i a l l y s y m m e t r i c f l o w s , t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d c a n b e d e r i v e df r o m a s t r e a m f u n c t i o n o b e y i n g a p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a -t i o n w h i c h i s n o n l i n e a r . A t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s i sf o u n d w h i c h m a k e s t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n l i n -e a r . An e x a c t s o l u t i o n i s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e c a s e o f a v o r t e x c o n -f i n e d t o a s t a t i o n a r y s p h e r e . O n e c a n m a k e a l l t h r e e o f t h ec o m p o n e n t s o f v e l o c i t y v a n i s h o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e ,a s i n t h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c H i c k s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x . I n t h e c a s e o f

a n i s o l a t e d v o r t e x o n w h o s e s u r f a c e t h e p r e s s u r e i s m a d e t ov a n i s h , i t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h es p h e r e b e c o m e s n e g a t i v e , a s i n t h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c c a s e .

A s o l u t i o n i s a l s o o b t a i n e d f o r a r e l a t i v i s t i c v o r t e x a d v a n c -i n g i n a f l u i d . T h e s p h e r e i s d i s t o r t e d i n t o a n o b l a t e s p h e r o i d .T h e maximum p o s s i b l e v e l o c i t y o f a d v a n c e o f t h e v o r t e x i s

( 2 / 3 ) c .

T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s t o s e e k s o l u t i o n s o f t h er e l a t i v i s t i c h y d r o d y n a m i c e q u a t i o n s t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t e a d yv o r t e x m o t i o n s a n a l o g o u s t o H i l l ' s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x ( 1 ) o rH i c k s ' s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x ( 2 ) i n c l a s s i c a l h y d r o d y n a m i c s . Wes h a l l a s s u m e t h e f l u i d t o b e i n v i s c i d a n d i n c o m p r e s s i b l e . T h ec o n c e p t o f " i n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y " i n r e l a t i v i t y r e q u i r e s t h a t we

s p e c i f y t h e v a l u e o f t h e v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d u . i n t h e f l u i d ,s i n c e t h e i n f i n i t e v a l u e o f u s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e c l a s s i c a l i n -

c o m p r e s s i b l e f l u i d o f c o n s t a n t d e n s i t y i s u n a c c e p t a b l e r e l a -t i v i s t i c a l l y . We s h a l l a s s u m e t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d i s i n -d e p e n d e n t o f p r e s s u r e . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i m p l i e s a l i n e a r d e -p e n d e n c e o f t h e d e n s i t y j i o n t h e p r e s s u r e p :

p = A o + n c - 1 p , [ I I

w h e r e c d e n o t e s t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , a n d n i s a c o n s t a n t .T h e v a l u e s o f n e q u a l t o 0 , 1 , a n d 3 c o r r e s p o n d , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,t o t h e t h r e e c a s e s o f a n " i n c o m p r e s s i b l e " f l u i d d i s c u s s e d b yS y n g e ( 3 ) . T h e v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d i s g i v e n b y

[ 2 ]

n e g a t i v e . S u c h a n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e i s f o u n d a t t h e c e n t e r o fa n i s o l a t e d H i c k s n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x ( 2 ) .

We s h o w t h a t i n t h e c a s e o f a x i a l l y s y m m e t r i c r e l a t i v i s t i cf l o w s , t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m a s t r e a m f u n c -t i o n , w h i c h o b e y s a n o n l i n e a r p a r t i a l d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n .We f o u n d a f u n c t i o n o f t h e s t r e a m f u n c t i o n f o r w h i c h t h eg o v e r n i n g d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n c a n b e m a d e l i n e a r i n t h er e l a t i v i s t i c c a s e , a n d a n e x a c t s o l u t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d . T h i sf u n c t i o n b e c o m e s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e s t r e a m f u n c t i o n i t s e l fw h e n t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d t e n d s t o z e r o . A s i nt h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n , i t i s p o s s i b l e t o m a k e a l l t h r e e o ft h e c o m p o n e n t s o f v e l o c i t y v a n i s h o n t h e s u r f a c e o f a s p h e r e .

A g a i n , t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e c e n t e rb e c o m e s

n e g a t i v ei f

t h ep r e s s u r e o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e i s m a d e t o v a n i s h . T h ee v i d e n c e f r o m t h i s s o l u t i o n i s t h e r e f o r e t h a t r e l a t i v i s t i c e f -f e c t s b y t h e m s e l v e s d o n o t m a k e f o r c o h e s i v e n e s s . I f c a v i t a -t i o n a t t h e c e n t e r i s t o b e a v o i d e d , a u n i f o r m c o n t a i n i n gp r e s s u r e m u s t b e a p p l i e d a t t h e s u r f a c e , t h i s p r e s s u r e i n -c r e a s i n g w i t h i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e f l o w i n t h e v o r -t e x .

R e l a t i v i s t i c a x i a l l y s y m m e t r i c f l o w s

W i t h u d e n o t i n g t h e 3 - v e l o c i t y v e c t o r a n d

e=[ 1 _ ( U 2 / C 2 ) ] " 1 / 2 , [ 3 ]

t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c h y d r o d y n a m i c e q u a t i o n f o r a p e r f e c t f l u i d i s

( 3 )

/ 2 ( p + c - 2 p ) du d - g r a d p - c - l u I

w h i l e t h e e q u a t i o n o f c o n t i n u i t y t a k e s o n t h e f o r m

Y d / + ( p + C - 2 p )a ' y

+ d i v ( y u ) j = 0 .

[ 4 ]

[ 5 ]

We s e e k a s o l u t i o n o f t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c E q s . 4 a n d 5 t h a t i s

s t a t i o n a r y i n a r e f e r e n c e s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e c e n t e r o f t h es p h e r e i s a t r e s t .

P u t

s o t h a t t h e f l u i d o f u n i f o r m d e n s i t y , w i t h n = 0 , s u f f e r s f r o mt h e u n d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e o f h a v i n g a v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d e x c e e d -

i n g c . T h e c a s e n = 3 , w i t h A o e q u a l t o z e r o , c o r r e s p o n d s t o ar a d i a t i o n g a s .T h e c h o i c e o f t h e v a l u e o f n i n E q . 1 w o u l d h a v e t o b e

m a d e o n p h y s i c a l g r o u n d s . One o f t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s i n v e s t i -g a t i o n i s t h a t t h e v a l u e o f n = 1 , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a f l u i d i nw h i c h t h e v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d e x a c t l y e q u a l s t h e v e l o c i t y o fl i g h t , i s t o b e p r e f e r r e d f o r r e a s o n s o f m a t h e m a t i c a l s i m -

p l i c i t y , j u s t a s t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f c o n s t a n t d e n s i t y i n t h e n o n -

r e l a t i v i s t i c c a s e i s m a d e f o r m a t h e m a t i c a l c o n v e n i e n c e .

A n o t h e r q u e s t i o n t h a t we w i s h t o e l u c i d a t e i s w h e t h e r , i nt h e c a s e o f a n i s o l a t e d r e l a t i v i s t i c v o r t e x o n w h o s e s u r f a c et h e p r e s s u r e v a n i s h e s , t h e p r e s s u r e i n t h e i n t e r i o r b e c o m e s

6 8 7

[ 6 ]1 =P dp 1c2Ip)-+n+)lnp

( C 2A + p - ) = T n = + r ) l C2 + ( n +)po

w= u r l u , [ 7 ]

[ 8 1=cv, ( =C r ,

t h e n , w i t h ( a / a t ) v a n i s h i n g , E q . 4 b e c o m e s

y 2 ( r X v + ' / 2 g r a d v 2 ) =-grad H . [ 9 ]

H e r e p o d e n o t e s a n a r b i t r a r y r e f e r e n c e v a l u e o f t h e p r e s s u r e ,a n d we h a v e m a d e u s e o f t h e r e l a t i o n

d u = u a u u + g 2- = - + u+ ' A ~ g r a d u . [ 1 0 ]

u s = C / V - n ,

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P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . U S A 7 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) 6 8 9

o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e . T h i s c o n d i t i o n a s s u r e s , b y [ 3 1 ] ,t h a t o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e t h e r a d i a l c o m p o n e n t o f t h ev e l o c i t y v A ( a ) v a n i s h e s . B y [ 3 2 ] , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c o m p o n e n t

o f v e l o c i t y v , > ( a ) a l s o v a n i s h e s t h e n o n t h e s u r f a c e . S i n c e , b y[ 3 1 ] a n d [ 3 7 ] ,

v o ( a ) = - [ S ( a ) / a ] s i n 0 , [ 3 8 ]

w e c a n m a k e t h e t h i r d c o m p o n e n t o f v e l o c i t y v e ( a ) v a n i s h a sw e l l o n t h e s u r f a c e b y c h o o s i n g t h e a r b i t r a r y c o n s t a n t ( 3 s ot h a t S ( a ) v a n i s h e s . T h i s c a n b e a c h i e v e d b y c h o o s i n g ( 3 t o b ea r o o t o f

J k ( f l a ) = 0 .2

[ 3 9 ]

d e n o t i n g t h e 4 - v e l o c i t y , t h e e n e r g y t e n s o r T , , o f t h e f l u i d i s

( 3 )T r s = ( , + c - 2 p ) A r X A s +C - 2 P 6 r s , [ 4 6 ]

H e n c e , w i t h X 4 2 = _ Y 2 , w e h a v e

e = - C 2 T 4 = ' Y ( c 2 + P)-P

= p ( a ) ( 2 y 2 - 1 ) + C 2 j O [ 1 + OF + ' / 2 v 2 ( l + 2 n F ) ] . [ 4 7 ]

I n t h e c a s e o f a n i s o l a t e d v o r t e x , w i t h p ( a ) = 0 , w e f i n dt h a t t h e t o t a l e n e r g y E , a s g i v e n b y t h e v o l u m e i n t e g r a l o f E ,

i sE = f e d V = c 2 m 0 ( 1 + 1 . 6 v 2 ) , [ 4 8 ]

w h e r e

We h a v e t h u s o b t a i n e d a s o l u t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c h y d r o -d y n a m i c e q u a t i o n s t h a t r e p r e s e n t s a v o r t e x c o n f i n e d t o t h ei n t e r i o r o f a s t a t i o n a r y s p h e r e . A l l t h r e e o f t h e c o m p o n e n t so f v e l o c i t y v a n i s h o n t h e s u r f a c e . O u t s i d e t h e s p h e r e o f r a d i -u s a t h e r e i s n o m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e v o r t e xa s l o n g a s t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e v o r t e x d o e s n o t e x c e e d a c r i t i -c a l v a l u e s p e c i f i e d b e l o w , a b o v e w h i c h t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h ec e n t e r b e c o m e s n e g a t i v e a n d c a v i t a t i o n e n s u e s .

T h e p r e s s u r e c a n b e d e r i v e d b y s u b s t i t u t i n g g ( I ) f o r Q i n[ 1 2 ] a n d u s i n g [ 2 8 ] :

A , + 2 p = ( c 2 0 o + 2 p o ) ( 1 + 2 7 F ) / y 2 . [ 4 0 ]A t t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e , w h e r e F a n d v 2 v a n i s h , y b e -c o m e s 1 , a n d we g e t

p ( a ) = p o . [ 4 1 ]

F o r t h e i n t e r i o r w e o b t a i n f r o m [ 4 0 ]

p = p ( a ) + c 2 p o [ ? l F - ' 2 v 2 ( 1 + 2 i 7 F ) ]

' i o = ( 4 r / 3 ) i w a 3 , v = ( , Q a 2 / X ) , X = f l a . [ 4 9 ]

v i s a n o n d i m e n s i o n a l p a r a m e t e r r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e i n t e n s i t yo f t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d . T h e i n t e g r a l m o f q o v e r t h e v o l u m e i s

m = f a d V = m 0 ( 1 - 0 . 8 v 2 ) , [ 5 0 ]

t h e n e g a t i v e s i g n r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e e f f e c t o f n e g a t i v e p r e s -s u r e .

N o n r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n : T h e H i c k s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x

T h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c l i m i t o f o u r r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x i s

t h e H i c k s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x ( 2 ) . I t c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m o u r

r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n b y c o n s i d e r i n g I t o b e o f t h e o r d e r o ft h e s m a l l p a r a m e t e r ? , a n d g o i n g t o t h e l i m i t o f t h e l o w e s tp o w e r s o f q . v i s o f t h e o r d e r o f iu c. T h u s , [ 2 7 ] a n d [ 2 8 ] b e -c o m e

[ 4 2 ]

A t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s p h e r e , S ( r ) v a n i s h e s l i k e K r 2 , v 4 g l i k er , a n d v 2 a p p r o a c h e s t h e v a l u e o f 4 t 1 2 K 2 w h e r e

1 a 2K=

2 3-_(f[a)]

S i n c e v 2c a n n o t e x c e e d t h e v a l u e o f

1 ,i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e i n -

t e n s i t y p a r a m e t e r q o f t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d h a s a n u p p e r l i m i to f v < 1 / 2 K . T h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e c e n t e r p ( O ) i s

> p ( a ) - Y 2 0 ~ p o . [ 4 4 ]

E q . [ 4 4 ] s e t s a n o t h e r u p p e r l i m i t o n t h e a m p l i t u d e f a c t o r qo f t h e f l o w i n t h e v o r t e x , a b o v e w h i c h t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h ec e n t e r o f t h e s p h e r e b e c o m e s n e g a t i v e a n d c a v i t a t i o n s e t s i n .I n p a r t i c u l a r , o u r r e l a t i v i s t i c v o r t e x c a n n o t b e i s o l a t e d , b e -c a u s e t h e n p ( a ) v a n i s h e s , a n d t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h e c e n t e r b e -c o m e s n e g a t i v e r e g a r d l e s s o f h o w s m a l l t h e a m p l i t u d e f a c t o rn i s .

T h e d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , u i s n o t u n i f o r m i n s i d e t h e s p h e r eb e c a u s e o f t h e v a r i a b l e p r e s s u r e . U s i n g [ 1 ] w i t h n = 1 a n d

[ 4 2 ] ,w e

g e tp = c - p ( a ) + p o [ 1 + i F - l 2 v 2 ( 1 + 2 7 F ) ] . [ 4 5 ]

, g ( O ) i s p o s i t i v e e v e n i n t h e c a s e w h e n p ( a ) v a n i s h e s .T h e t r a j e c t o r i e s o f t h e f l u i d p a r t i c l e s a r e s p i r a l s o n t o r u s -

l i k e s u r f a c e s , w h i c h , i n t h e c a s e o f t h e f i r s t m o d e , a l l t h r e a da c i r c l e , c e n t e r e d a t t h e o r i g i n , l y i n g i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l p l a n ea n d o f a r a d i u s r = 0 . 6 1 a .

T h e e n e r g y d e n s i t y E r e m a i n s p o s i t i v e t h r o u g h o u t , a s l o n ga s t h e r a d i c a l ( 1 + 2 q F ) 1 / 2 i s r e a l . N e g a t i v e v a l u e s o f ( 1 +

2 i q F ) a r e e x c l u d e d b y [ 3 1 ] a n d [ 3 2 ] . I t i s f o u n d t h a t t h eb o u n d v 2 ( 0 ) < 1 e n s u r e s t h e p o s i t i v i t y o f ( 1 + 2 n F ) . W i t h X ,

[ 5 1 ]

[ 5 2 ]

F ( ' ) = ,

g ( * ) = g o + q *

T h e l a s t t e r m i n [ 5 2 ] i s o f o r d e r X 2 , b u t we n e e d i t b e c a u s e i t

i s t h e o n l y s u r v i v i n g t e r m i n k ( ' ) , w h i c h a l o n e e n t e r s E q .2 4 . E q . 2 9 y i e l d s

F A F ) = T ,

w h i l e [ 3 1 ] a n d [ 3 2 ] b e c o m e

[ 5 3 ]

1 a* 1 a I _ _V r = .6

Ov= r ; s m n ~ d r ' V o =sin [ 5 4 ]

V r H s iesin i neorX r s i n O [

I t f o l l o w s t h a t v 2 i s o f o r d e r n 2 a n d t h e r e f o r e t h a t y i s 1 +

0 ( 7 2 ) . H e n c e , Y c a n b e t a k e n a s u n i t y i n [ 2 4 ] , l e a d i n g t o

L ( T ) + # 2 F = q i 2 s i n 2 6 [ 5 5 ]

w h i c h i s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l E q . 3 0 f o r F , a s was

t o b e e x p e c t e d f r o m [ 5 3 ] . W h i l e [ 3 0 ] w a s d e r i v e d f o r t h e c a s e

n = 1 o n l y , [ 5 5 ] h o l d s f o r a l l n , s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e s e c o n dt e r m i n [ 1 ] i s o f o r d e r q 2 r e l a t i v e t o t h e f i r s t t e r m , a n d i s

t h e r e f o r e n e g l e c t e d i n o u r n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c l i m i t .T h e s o l u t i o n o f [ 5 5 ] f o r t h e H i c k s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x i s

I =

q S ( r )s i n 2

6 ,[ 5 6 ]

w h i c h i s f o r m a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n f o rF g i v e n i n [ 3 3 ] . T h e d i f f e r e n c e i s , o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e v e l o c i -t i e s i n t h e H i c k s v o r t e x d e p e n d l i n e a r l y o n I , a s g i v e n i n

[ 5 4 ] , w h i l e t h e v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c v o r t e x d e p e n dn o n l i n e a r l y o n F , a s g i v e n b y [ 3 1 ] a n d [ 3 2 ] . T h e v a n i s h i n g o fS ( a ) a n d o f A ( a ) t h r o u g h c o n d i t i o n [ 3 9 ] a g a i n a s s u r e s t h a t a l lt h r e e c o m p o n e n t s o f v e l o c i t y v a n i s h o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h eH i c k s s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x . S i m i l a r l y , r e l a t i o n [ 4 4 ] h o l d s a l s o i n

t h e n o n r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n , s h o w i n g t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e a t t h ec e n t e r o f t h e H i c k s v o r t e x i s n e g a t i v e i f t h e v o r t e x i s i s o l a t e d .

A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n w i t h t h e n o n r e l a -

P h y s i c s : P e k e r i s

[ 4 3 ]

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P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . U S A 7 3 ( 1 9 7 6 )

R e l a t i v i s t i c

v r =

2 c o s O v n S ( r )r = ' [ 1 + 2 7 1 S ( r ) s i n 2 0 ] 1 / 2

=- - p r S ( r ) s i n 0r [ l + 2 i 7 S ( r ) s i n 2 0 ] 1 / 2

V , > = O n s i n O S ( r )

4 i i + 2 t i S ( r ) s i n 2 9 ] 1 / 2

F = S ( r ) s i n ' 0

f* = f ( * + Y / 2 7 1 * 2 )1+ 7 7

g ( ' ) =g+l n ( 1 + i ' )

F ( * ) - # ( 1 + / 2 1 A D D

APPENDIX A

T h e m o v i n g r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x , i n t h e c a s e n

= 1

We w i s h t o o b t a i n a s o l u t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c h y d r o d y n a m i c e q u a -

t i o n s f o r t h e case o f a " s p h e r i c a l " v o r t e x m o v i n g t h r o u g h a p e r f e c tf l u i d i n t h e p o s i t i v e z - d i r e c t i o n w i t h a c o n s t a n t v e l o c i t y W = c V . I na c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m i n w h i c h t h e c e n t e r o f t h e v o r t e x i s a t r e s t , t h eb o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n a t i n f i n i t y i s t h a t t h e f l u i d move w i t h a con-

s t a n t v e l o c i t y i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n o f m a g n i t u d e -W. We s h a l l a s s u m e

t h a t i n t h i s c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m , m o v i n g w i t h t h e v o r t e x , t h e m o t i o n

i n s i d e a s p h e r e o f r a d i u s a c e n t e r e d a t t h e o r i g i n o f c o o r d i n a t e s i s

r o t a t i o n a l , w h i l e o u t s i d e t h i s s p h e r e t h e m o t i o n i s i r r o t a t i o n a l . T h e

a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e r e t e n t i o n o f t h e s p h e r i c a l s h a p e o f t h e v o r t e x i s

n o t i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e F i t z g e r a l d con-

t r a c t i o n , b e c a u s e i n t h e c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m a d o p t e d t h e s p h e r e i s n o t

m o v i n g .

O u t s i d e t h e s p h e r e , t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c o m p o n e n t o f v e l o c i t y v4 ,

v a n i s h e s , a n d f ( I ) a n d k ( ' ) ar e z e r o . T h e s t r e a m - f u n c t i o n I 0 i s , b y[ 2 5 ] , a s o l u t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n

L ( ' I ) = 0 , [ A l ]

w h i c h i s t h e c o n d i t i o n f o r i r r o t a t i o n a l m o t i o n . We s h a l l i m p o s e t h ec o n d i t i o n t h a t t h e r a d i a l c o m p o n e n t o f v e l o c i t y a t t h e s u r f a c e v a n -i s h e s :

v r 0 ( a ) ==; [ A 2 ]s o t h a t t h e f l u i d p a r t i c l e s o r i g i n a l l y i n s i d e t h e s p h e r e d o n o t l e a v e i t .T h e a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n o f [ A l ] i s

q ° i -Y 2 V r ' s i n ' 0 + 1 / 2 V ( a 3 / r ) s i n 2 0 ,

y i e l d i n g

V r ° =-Vcos 0 + V ( a ' / r ' ) c o s 0 ,

v O O = 0 . [ A 5 ]

I n s i d e t h e s p h e r e t h e v e l o c i t y f i e l d i s g i v e n b y [ 3 1 ] a n d [ 3 2 ] , w i t h

F=-- aV s i n ' 0 1 ( r 2 / a 2 )2

-[ j , ( f l r ) / j , ( X ) ] $ / j 2 [ X j l ( X ) / j , ( X ) ] j . [ A 6 ]

F i s a s o l u t i o n o f [ 3 0 ] f o r w h i c h v 7 ( a ) v a n i s h e s a n d

vO(a) =3V s i n 0 [ A 7 ]

t h u s m a t c h i n g t h e e x t e r i o r s o l u t i o n v e o ( a ) g i v e n b y [ A S ] . The p a -

r a m e t e r i s no l o n g e r a r o o t o f [ 3 9 ] , b u t i s a f u n c t i o n o f V .

[ A 3 ]

O u t s i d e t h e s p h e r e t h e p r e s s u r e c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m [ 1 2 ] b y p u t -t i n g Q e q u a l t o t h e c o n s t a n t g o . We g e t

e x p ( 2 g o ) = ( c 2 ' o + 2 p . ) / j ( c 2 ' 0 + 2 p o ) * ( 1 - V 2 ) ] , [ A 8 ]

c , i + 2 p =( C 2 A o+ 2 p . ) ( 1 -V 2 ) / ( 1 -V 2 ) . [ A 9 ]

I t f o l l o w s f r o m [ A 9 ] t h a t t h e p r e s s u r e p ( a ) o n t h e s u r f a c e o f t h es p h e r e i s g i v e n b y

p ( a ) = ( / ' 1 - s i n 2 0 + -2 V ' s i n ' o Y [ A 1 0 ]I-42/4(1V 2 ) 4

/

A s l o n g a s V < ( 2 / 3 ) , p . c a n b e t a k e n s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e s o a s t om a k e p ( a ) p o s i t i v e a t t h e e q u a t o r w h e r e i t i s t h e l o w e s t . I n d e e d , t h ep r e s s u r e c a n b e m a d e p o s i t i v e e v e r y w h e r e i f p . i s e q u a l t o , o r e x -c e e d s , t h e v a l u e o f

/ 2 c 2 p 4 v 2 ( O ) - V 2 ] / [ 1 - V 2 ( o ) ] ,

w h e r e v 2 ( 0 ) i s t h e v a l u e o f v 2 a t t h e c e n t e r .

I n s i d e t h e s p h e r e w e h a v e b y [ 1 2 ] , [ 2 3 ] , [ 2 8 ] , a n d [ A 8 ]

c 2 j . + 2 p = ( c 2 p o + 2 p _ ) ( 1 - v 2 X + 2 6 F ) / ( 1 - V I ) , [ A l l ]

w h i c h m a t c h e s [ A l O ] o n t h e s u r f a c e .

We n o t e f r o m [ A 7 ] t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y r e a c h e s a m a x i m u m v a l u e o f( 3 / 2 ) V o n t h e e q u a t o r o f s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e . T h e v e l o c i t y p a r a m -

e t e r V i s t h e r e f o r e b o u n d e d b y t h e l i m i t

V < ( 2 / 3 ) . [ A 1 2 ]

B y v i r t u e o f [ A 1 2 ] t h e v e l o c i t y i n t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e v o r t e x i s a l s ol e s s t h a n c .

We n o w t r a n s f o r m o u r s o l u t i o n t o a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m ( r ' , ' , 4 / )w h i c h m o v e s w i t h v e l o c i t y -W i n t h e z - d i r e c t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h eo r i g i n a l s y s t e m ( r , 0 , 4 ) ) . I n t h e p r i m e d s y s t e m o f c o o r d i n a t e s t h e v e -l o c i t y o f t h e f l u i d a t i n f i n i t y i s z e r o , a n d t h e c e n t e r o f t h e v o r t e xm o v e s w i t h v e l o c i t y W i n t h e p o s i t i v e z ' - d i r e c t i o n . T h e s p h e r e i sd e f o r m e d i n t o a H e a v i s i d e s p h e r o i d w i t h t h e z ' - d i a m e t e r s h r u n k b y

t h e f a c t o r ( 1 - V 2 ) 1 / 2 . W i t h

[ A 1 3 ]C =1 / 1 - V 2 ,w e h a v e , i n c y l i n d r i c a l c o o r d i n a t e s ( z , , 4 p ) ,

Z = z / ' y 0 = r ' c o s 0 ' ,w h i l e

a ' = r ' s i n O ' = r s i n 0 =i .

T h i s l e a d s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t r a n s f o r m a t i o n :

r / = r ( 1 - V 2 c o s 2 0 ) 1 / 2 ,

[ A 1 4 ]

c o s 0 ' = c o s 0 / [ y o ( l -V c o s 2 0 ) 1 / 2 ] ,

s i n 0 ' = s i n 0 / ( 1 - V I C o S 2 0 ) 2 ,

[ A 4 ] v , + V V ( c O S 2 0 - ' 1 / 2 s i n 2 0 )

1 + VY [ ( r 3 / a ' ) ( 1 - V 2 ) + V 2 ( C O S 2 0 - V 2 s i n 2 0 ) ]

=o ( 1 +VV)

3

V s i n 0 c o s

Y o l y ( r 3 / a ' ) ( 1 - V 2 ) + V ' ( c o ' 2 0 - Y / 2 s i n 2 0 ) ]

From [ A 1 9 ] a n d [ A 2 0 ] i t f o l l o w s t h a t

[ A 1 5 ]

[ A 1 6 ]

[ A 1 7 ]

[ A I S ]

[ A l 9 ]

[ A 2 0 ]

'=2V s i n 0 ' ( 1 - 3 V ' cos' 0 )- t ( r 3 / a ) ( 1 - V 2 ) + V 2 ( c o s ' 0 - s i n 2 ) f [A21]

O n t h e e q u a t o r o f t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s p h e r e ( r=a , 0 = 0 ' = w r / 2 ) , v e

i n [ A 2 1 ] r e a c h e s t h e v a l u e o f u n i t y w h e n V = ( 2 / 3 ) . H e n c e , b o t h i n

t h e o r i g i n a l s y s t e m a n d i n t h e p r i m e d s y s t e m o f c o o r d i n a t e s t h e v e -

t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n i s g i v e n b e l o w .

N o n r e l a t i v i s t i c

V , . = 2 r q c o s O S ( r )r

V H =- t S ( r s i n 6

> 3 O n s i n A S ( r )U , , = = .

r' s i n 0 r

= i S ( r ) s i n ' 0

f ( ' l ) = O q

g ( + ) = g o ) + n

S ) = a [ r 2 _ l ( # ! r ) ]( r ) =J r ' I f ll 2 L a 2 j I f l a ) J

v = V s i n 0 + ' A V ( a 3 / r 3 ) s i n 0 ,

6 9 0 P h y s i c s : P e k e r i s

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P h y s i c s : P e k e r i s P r o c . N a t . A c a d . S c i . U SA 7 3 ( 1 9 7 6 )

l o c i t y on t h e e q u a t o r o f t h e v o r t e x r e a c h e s t h e v a l u e o f c as V-( 2 / 8 ) . T h e b o u n d g i v e n i n [ A 1 2 ] t h e r e f o r e a p p l i e s t o b o t h s y s t e m s ,

a s was t o b e e x p e c t e d . T h i s b o u n d i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r e l a t i v i s t i c vor-

t e x c a n n o t a d v a n c e w i t h a v e l o c i t y W g r e a t e r t h a n ( 2 / 3 ) c . A t t h a tl i m i t i n g v e l o c i t y o f a d v a n c e t h e p o l a r r a d i u s h a s s h r u n k b y t h e F i t z -g e r a l d c o n t r a c t i o n t o ( 1 / 3 ) / a = 0 . 7 4 5 a .

1 . H i l l , M . J . M . ( 1 8 9 4 ) P h i l . T r a n s . R . S o c . L o n d o n S e r . A 1 8 5 ,2 1 3 - 2 4 5 .

2 . H i c k s , W . M . ( 1 8 9 9 ) P h i l . T r a n s . R . S o c . L o n d o n S e r . A 1 9 2 ,3 3 - 1 0 0 .

3 . S y n g e , J . L . ( 1 9 6 5 ) R e l a t i v i t y : T h e S p e c i a l T h e o r y ( N o r t h - H o l -l a n d , A m s t e r d a m ) , 2 n d e d . , pp . 3 0 2 - 3 0 8 .

6 9 1

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P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 3 ( 1 9 7 6 ) 2 5 2 7

A d d e n d u m . T o t h e p a p e r " P u r i f i c a t i o n o f f o l a t e b i n d i n g f a c t o ri n n o r m a l u m b i l i c a l c o r d s e r u m" b y B a r t o n A . K a m e n a n d J .D o u g l a s C a s t o n , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 5 i s s u eo f P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . US A 7 2 , 4 2 6 1 - 4 2 6 4 , t h e f o l l o w i n g n o t ei s a d d e d .

T h e m e t h o d f o r d i s s o c i a t i o n o f e n d o g e n o u s b o u n d f o l a t e f r o mt h e n a t u r a l f o l a t e - b i n d e r c o m p l e x w a s e s s e n t i a l l y t h a t u s e di n i t i a l l y i n t h e i s o l a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f f o l a t e b i n d e rf r o m h o g k i d n e y ( 1 , 2 ) a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y e m p l o y e d i n t h e d i s -c o v e r y o f a f o l a t e - b i n d e r c o m p l e x i n s e r u m ( 3 ) . I t i s a m o d i f i -c a t i o n o f a n a p p r o a c h u s e d t o d i s s o c i a t e t h e s y n t h e t i c a l l y p r o -d u c e d f o l a t e - b i n d e r c o m p l e x w i t h t h e b i n d e r f o u n d i n b o v i n em i l k , w h i c h w a s s h o w n b y F o r d e t a l . ( 4 ) t o h a v e a s t r o n g pHd e p e n d e n c y f o r a s s o c i a t i o n - d i s s o c i a t i o n e q u i l i b r i u m .

1 . K a m e n , B . A . & C a s t o n , J . D . ( 1 9 7 4 ) J . L a b . C G n . M e d . 8 3 ,1 6 4 - 1 7 1 .

2 . K a m e n , B . A . & C a s t o n , J . D . ( 1 9 7 5 ) J . B i o l . C h e m . 2 5 0 , 2 2 0 3 -2 2 0 5 .

3 . C o l m a n , N . & H e r b e r t , V . ( 1 9 7 4 ) C G u n . R e s . 2 2 , 7 0 0 A .4 . F o r d , J . E . , S a l t e r , D . N . & S c o t t , K . J . ( 1 9 6 9 ) J . D a i r y R e s . 3 6 ,

4 3 5 - 4 6 6 .

C o r r e c t i o n . I n t h e a r t i c l e " A f f i n i t y o f m y o s i n S - 1 f o r F - a c t i n ,m e a s u r e d b y t i m e - r e s o l v e d f l u o r e s c e n c e a n i s o t r o p y " b y S t e f a nH i g h s m i t h , R o b e r t A & M e n d e l s o n , a n d M a n u e l F . M o r a l e sp u b l i s h e d i n t h e J a n u a r y i s s u e o f P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . US A 7 3 ,1 3 3 - 1 3 7 , t h e a u t h o r s h a v e r e q u e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e s . Onp a g e 1 3 6 i n T a b l e 2 t h e a s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t a n d i n v e r t e ds t a n d a r d e r r o r o b t a i n e d b y S . M a r s t o n a n d A . W e b e r ( r e f . 3 ) w a si n c o r r e c t l y q u o t e d a s ( 1 . 4 4 6 ) X 1 0 7 M - 1 a t 0 . 1 2 M K C 1 , a n ds h o u l d b e ( 1 . 4 + 0 . 1 2 ) X 1 0 7 M - ' a t 0 . 1 4 M K C 1 .

C o r r e c t i o n . I n t h e a r t i c l e " A n t i g e n s t i m u l a t i o n o f p r o s t a -g l a n d i n s y n t h e s i s a n d c o n t r o l o f i m m u n e r e s p o n I s e s " b y D . R .Webb a n d P . L . O s h e r o f f , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e A p r i l 1 9 7 6i s s u e o f P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 3 , 1 3 0 0 - 1 3 0 4 , t h e a u -

t h o r sh a v e

r e q u e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e . On p . 1 3 0 1 , t h ef i r s t l i n e o f t h e s e c o n d c o l u m n s h o u l d r e a d . . . . R o 2 0 - 5 7 2 0 ,a n i r r e v e r s i b l e i n h i b i t o r , . . . . "

C o r r e c t i o n . I n t h e a r t i c l e " A r e l a t i v i s t i c s p h e r i c a l v o r t e x " b yC . L . P e k e r i s , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e M a r c h 1 9 7 6 i s s u e o f t h eP r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 3 , 6 8 7 - 6 9 1 , t h e a u t h o r h a s r e -q u e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e s . On p a g e 6 9 0 , a t t h e t o p o f t h el e f t - h a n d c o l u m n , t h e e x p r e s s i o n s [ 1 + 2 n S ( r ) s i n 2 9 ] 1 / 2 i n t h er e l a t i v i s t i c s o l u t i o n s s h o u l d b e r e p l a c e d b y [ 1 + 2 7 7 2 S ( r ) s i n 2O ] 1 / 2 , a n d t h e l a s t t e r m s h o u l d r e a d F ( I ) = I + ( 1 / 2 ) 1 7 I 2 .

I n E q . 4 4 , a n e d i t o r i a l e r r o r w a s m a d e . T h e c o r r e c t e q u a t i o ni s :

p ( O ) = p ( a ) - 2 c 2 , u o n 2 K 2 > p ( a ) - ( 1 / 2 ) c 2 g o [ 4 4 ]

I n E q s . 4 5 a n d A 6 , p r i n t e r ' s e r r o r s w e r e m a d e . T h e c o r r e c te q u a t i o n s a r e :

y = c - 2 p ( a ) + y u 0 [ 1 + q F - ( 1 / 2 ) v 2 ( 1 + 2 , 7 F ) ] [ 4 5 ]

F = - ( 3 / 2 ) a 2 V s i n 2 O f ( r 2 / a 2 )

- [ j j ( # r / j I ( X ) ] 1 / j 2 -[ - A 1 j ( A ) / 1 j ( A ) ] L . [ A 6 ]

C o r r e c t i o n . I n t h e a r t i c l e " I n t r a m o l e c u l a r c i o s s l i n k i n g o f t r o -p o m y o s i n v i a d i s u l f i d e b o n d f o r m a t i o n : E v i d e n c e f o r c h a i nr e g i s t e r " b y S h e r w i n S . L e h r e r , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e S e p -

t e m b e r 1 9 7 5 i s s u e o f t h e P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . USA 7 2 ,3 3 7 7 - 3 3 8 1 , t h e a u t h o r h a s r e q u e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e s . Onp a g e 3 3 8 0 , l i n e s 1 0 a n d 1 1 i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n s h o u l dr e a d , " A m i x t u r e o n l y o f a a a n d a# c h a i n s w o u l d , . . On t h es a m e p a g e , l i n e s 1 7 a n d 1 8 i n t h e r i g h t - h a n d c o l u m n s h o u l dr e a d , " F o r t h e a a , a f 3 m o d e l t h e r a t i o s w o u l d b e ( 0 . 5 , 0 . 5 ) a n d( 0 . 6 , 0 . 4 ) f o r a / f l = 3 a n d 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . "

C o r r e c t i o n . I n t h e a r t i c l e " D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o fs u p e r h e l i c a l t u r n s i n s i m i a n v i r u s 4 0 DNA b y g e l e l e c t r o p h o -r e s i s " b y W . K e l l e r , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e D e c e m b e r 1 9 7 5 i s s u eo f P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c t . USA 7 2 , 4 8 7 6 - 4 8 8 0 , t h e a u t h o r h a sr e q u e s t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a n g e . On p a g e 4 8 7 9 , i n t h e s e n t e n c eb e g i n n i n g o n t h e t e n t h l i n e o f t h e r i g h t c o l u m n , t h e t w o m i n u s

s i g n s s h o u l d b e d e l e t e d . T h e c o r r e c t e d s e n t e n c e i s " F o r S V 4 0DNA t h i s a m o u n t s t o a r e d u c t i o n o f r b y 0 . 6 2 . 5 2 0 0 / 3 6 0 = 9t u r n s . "

C o r r e c t i o n s