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CJL AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE

JOURNAL DECEMBER, 1944

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CONTENTS

(DECEMBER, 1944)

Page Cover picture:

Alaska Highway in Rugged Country

A Reserve Corps for the Foreign Service? 651

By Stephen P. Dorsey

Opening of the Paris Embassy—photos 655

Before the Joint Survey Group 656 Remarks of Robert J. Watt

Poem 657

By Irene Murphy

Annual Greetings front the President and the

Secretary of State 658-9

The Oil Shipper Case 660 By William N. Fraleigh

Letters to the Editors 664

Editors’ Column 666

Association Reception for Mr. Byington 667

Joel Barlow, Diplomat, Poet, Philosopher 669 By Harry Van Demark

News from the Field 670

The Bookshelf 672 Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor

Press Comment 674

A Century of Progress 675

By Arthur C. Frost

Meet the Magdalena 676 By Jean Ogletree

Service Glimpses 679

FSOs and Employees Now in Military Service.. 682

Retired Foreign Service Officers 686

Foreign Service Educational Foundation 689

African Language 702

Visitors 707

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C.,

under the act of March 3, 1879.

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DECEMBER, 1944 645

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646 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Eastern Corp 649

American Security and Trust Company 681

Association of Pacific Fisheries 707

Aviation Corporation, The 697

Bacardi 693

Barr Shipping Co. 645

Bowling Green Storage & Van Co 704

Calvert School 707

Campbell, W. D., & Co. . 707

Chase National Bank 706

Curtiss-Wright Corp.—Propeller Division. 695

Douglas Aircraft Company 692

Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.„ 650

Grace Line 691

Hiram Ricker & Sons, Poland Water 647

International Telephone & Telegraph Co 703

Leggett, Francis H., & Company 701

Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co 646

Mayflower Hotel _ 684

National Booksellers, The 706

National City Bank , 698

National Distillers Corp 688

National Geographic Magazine. .. 696

Pan-American Airways, Inc 685

Radio Corporation of America 687

Schenley Products II & III COVERS

Security Storage Company of Washington ... 681

Socony-Vacu um Oil Co., Inc 690

Southern and Standard Engravers .... 700

Texaco Petroleum Products 699

Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc... 683

Tyner, Miss E. J .... 707

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company ... 705

United Fruit Company 705

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER

Westinghouse Electric International Co 648

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

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More Power to Brazil!

Westinghouse

• Ten of these six-motor electric locomotives, each weighing over 140 tons and develop¬ ing 1940 H.P., were built by Westinghouse for the important So- rocabana Railway.

0 Recently elec¬ trified, the line of the Sorocabana Railway serving the great manu¬ facturing center of Sao Paulo answers many transportation needs, and increases the railway’s share in Brazil’s industrial expan¬ sion. For this project the skill of Westinghouse has gone into the construction of 10 powerful elec¬ tric locomotives, as well as the switching equipment for the entire project. 0 Throughout the world, not only in railways, airports and factories, but also in homes, the benefits of this same skill are evident. The reputation of Westinghouse as a maker of fine electrical equipment, from lamps to locomotives, is firmly established. Westinghouse Electric International Company, 40 Wall Street, New York 5, U. S. A.


FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES The following changes have occurred in the American

Foreign Service since October 7, 1944: Ware Adams of Savannah, Georgia, now assigned to the

Department of State, has been designated Foreign Service Officer assigned to the Staff of the United States Political Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, now at London, England.

Edward Anderson of Jacksonville, Florida, American Con¬ sul at Dublin, Ireland, has been designated American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium.

William Belton of Portland, Oregon, American Vice Consul at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, has been desig¬ nated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Con¬ sul at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and will serve in dual capacity.

John Boyd of Wesson, Mississippi, American Vice Con¬ sul at Algiers, Algeria, has been designated Special As¬ sistant to the American Consulate General, Marseille, France.

Parker W. Buhrman of Botetcourt, County, Virginia, now assigned to the Department of State, has been desig¬ nated Foreign Service Officer on the Staff of the United States Political Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Head¬ quarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, now at London, England.

Linton Crook of Anniston, Alabama, American Vice Con¬ sul at Foynes, Ireland, has been designated American Vice Consul to Rome, Italy, attached to the Office of the United States Representative on the Advisory Council for Italy.

Frank Cussans of Ada, Ohio, American Vice Consul at Geneva, Switzerland, has been designated American Vice Consul at Bordeaux, France.

Irven M. Eitreim of Mt. Vernon, South Dakota, Third Secretary and American Vice Consid at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, has been designated Third Secretary and American Vice Consul at London, England.

Herbert P. Fales of Pasadena, California, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Second Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at London, England, and will serve in dual capacity.

Raymond F. Fernandez of Washington, D. C., now in the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Analyst and assigned to Paris, France, attached to the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France.

Oscar Frederickson of Tacoma, Washington, has been appointed American Vice Consul and Special Disbursing Agent at Algiers, Algeria, and he will serve other depart¬ ments and agencies desiring his services.

George G. Fuller of Pebble Beach, California, American Consul at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, has been designated American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium.

Lawrence B. Haley, of Haleyville, Alabama, now in the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Analyst attached ot the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France.

Gerald Keith of Evanston, Illinois, American Consul at Barcelona, Spain, has been designated American Consul at Bordeaux. France.

Stephen E. C. Kendrick of Providence, Rhode Island, now assigned to the Department of State, has been desig¬ nated American Consul at Antwerp, Belgium.

Raymond Ed. Kolb of Cumberland. Maryland. American Attache at Lonon. England, has been designated American Vice Consul at Nassau, Bahamas.

Kathleen Molesworth of Austin, Texas, Assistant Com¬ mercial Attache at Guatemala, Guatemala, has been desig¬ nated American Vice Consul at Algiers, Algeria.

(Continued on page 698)

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New York Representatives

AMERICAN EASTERN CORP. Near East Division

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DECEMBER. 1944 649

PIONEER AND PACEMAKER

MORE than twenty years ago, Harvey S. Firestone urged that this country make itself independent of all foreign-controlled sources of rubber. He took the leadership in this cause under the banner "Americans should produce their own rubber.”

After a world-wide survey, he established the Firestone Rubber Plantations in Liberia, one of the few remaining sources from which the United States is still obtaining natural rubber. Working with Thomas A. Edison, they investigated many types of domestic plants as possible sources of rubber. And in the Firestone Research Laboratories, he directed his scientists in the study and develop¬ ment of synthetic rubber.

Today, Americans do produce their own rubber, both natural and synthetic. And Harvey S. Firestone will be remembered forever as a true patriot who initiated and inspired this vitally important forward step in American economic freedom.

Copyright, 1944, The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.

THE

FOREIGN eft PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

JOURNAL m

VOL. 21, NO. 12 WASHINGTON, D. C. DECEMBER, 1944

A Reserve Corps for the Foreign Service’?

As Studied by the Joint Survey Group

By STEPHEN P. DORSEY

NOTHING is more certain than that the Career Foreign Service Officer is best fitted to carry,

and will continue to carry, the major burden of representing the Government of the United States in its relations with foreign governments. It is equally certain that the functions of the Foreign Service will be vastly greater and more complex in the years to come.

The war-time record of the Service has been mag¬ nificent and one in which its members and the coun¬ try which they represent may take deep pride. How¬ ever, its tasks have so greatly multiplied both in number and variety that, had it not been for the assistance of some five hundred Auxiliary Officers, it would have been unable to meet the responsibil¬ ities which developed in the present emergency. In an article in the February, 1944, issue of THE

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, Assistant Secretary Shaw stated, “It is . . . but a matter of simple justice and fairness to point out that without the valued and loyal support of the Foreign Service Auxiliary we should not have been able to meet the heavy burdens which have been placed upon us.”

With the end of the war the Auxiliary will dis¬ appear but many of the war services which it per¬ formed will continue indefinitely, and new functions will be assumed in the future. For efficient admin¬ istration and centralization of policy determination and implementation the auxiliary device has proven far more desirable than independent operations by representatives of other agencies abroad. In spite

of very real problems of morale and management resulting from the temporary absorption of many Auxiliary Officers into the Foreign Service estab¬ lishment. war-time experience has clearly demon¬ strated that a Foreign Service administered by the Department of State and adequately equipped to meet future demands is of vital importance to our national welfare.

Both the Department and members of the Foreign Service have given serious thought to these problems over a long period. During the past year this thought has been crystallized into action. The an¬ nouncement by the JOURNAL of a prize essay contest on “Improving the Service” was followed by a series of letters and articles expressing the viewpoints of Foreign Service Officers. In February, 1944. a bill l HR 4312, now HR 4902), directed toward strengthening the Foreign Service and modifying its organization and administration, was submitted to Congress. Lastly, as part of the general reorgan¬ ization of the Department announced last January, a Planning Staff was set up in the Office of the For¬ eign Service. Its functions have been carried out in a large measure through the creation in April of the Joint Survey Group established to develop any measure directly or indirectly needed to bring Foreign Service reporting to maximum efficiency. This group is recommending many fundamental changes and improvements in the Service to meet the serious problems which lie ahead, particularly in the immediate postwar period.

DECEMBER. 1944 651

As a result of careful ex¬ amination of the growing need of the Foreign Service for a sharp increase in regu¬ lar officer personnel as well as for specialists in particu¬ lar fields, the Department’s budget program, which is be¬ ing discussed with the Bu¬ reau of the Budget and will subsequently be discussed with the Congress, w'ould en¬ able the Department to re¬ cruit and place in the field a substantially larger staff of Foreign Service Officers. Fur¬ thermore, changes in the pro¬ motion procedure which will be possible after the enact¬ ment of pending legislation should be of material assis¬ tance in increasing the num¬ ber of Foreign Service Offi¬ cers in the higher ranks.

Existing and projected leg¬ islation, however, is inade¬ quate to meet anticipated re¬ quirements for specialized personnel. Therefore the Joint Survey Group has proposed that a “Foreign Service Re¬ serve” be established by ad¬ ditional legislation. The pol- itcy of self action in the field initiated by other government agencies during the war period is, with few exceptions, increasing. If this trend is not to continue at the expense of econ¬ omy and efficiency, it is essential that the Foreign Service remove any possible doubt as to its ability to represent competently and adequately all agencies of the Government abroad.

The proposed Reserve is designed to solve three basic problems now facing the Department. The first is the growing need for specialized training and technical competency to anticipate a greater and more varied burden of work, until such time as the Foreign Service provides sufficient specialists within its ranks. This need should be met on a flexible basis, making the most effective use of avail¬ able talent at a minimum cost. The second is a means of maintaining a reservoir of general utility officers on which to draw whenever a sudden in¬ crease in field personnel becomes necessary. The third is the maintenance of the Foreign Service as a line organization charged with the over-all imple¬ mentation of diplomatic policy, predicated on the principle of career service entirely free from outside

pressure of any kind. In searching for a solution

to the three problems men¬ tioned above, it was consid¬ ered essential that the For¬ eign Service itself should be so recruited, trained, organ¬ ized and administered that its career members would fill capably the greatest possible number of positions in the Government service abroad. A corollary to this is the adoption of a system provid¬ ing for the employment of men from other sources in positions which cannot be filled temporarily by regular officers, or which require special skills. It is necessary that such men possess tech¬ nical and personal qualifica¬ tions which will enable them to maintain the high stand¬ ards of the Service and to work harmoniously with ca¬ reer personnel so that their joint effort will be integrated into a strong and unified for¬ eign arm of the Government.

The suggestion that For¬ eign Service Officers, bred in the “jack of all trades” tradition, could in addi¬

tion be trained in certain specialized fields has been thoroughly examined in the light of recent experi¬ ence and the Department’s plans for the decade ahead. Although every possible effort will be made in th is direction, there are simply not enough Offi¬ cers to meet these requirements within the time available. We have seen the importance of special¬ ization demonstrated in the fields of mining, petro¬ leum, finance, labor relations, cultural cooperation, civil aviation and so forth. Other technical subjects such as telecommunications, shipping, tariffs, sta¬ tistics and certain industrial and commodity lines may require special treatment and techniques in the future.

Without question the principal function of the Service, which in itself may be regarded as special¬ ization in one of the most complex fields of human relationships, will continue to involve political re¬ porting, diplomatic representation and negotiation, and the general protection and promotion of Ameri¬ can interests in the field. The problem of modify¬ ing regulations in order to secure permanent career technicians of outstanding worth in specialist staff

Stephen P. Dorsey, a member of the Joint Survey Group, is Vice-Chairman of the In¬ terdepartmental Committee on Cooperation with the American Republics. He came to the Department recently from private busi¬ ness, having previously served as a member of the Requirements Committee of the War Production Board and as Chief of Priorities and Materials Control, Office of the Rubber

Director.


categories is a serious one which must be the subject of further study.

Several major questions remain: How will these posi¬ tions be filled until career specialists are found and trained, and how will the re¬ mainder be filled once the largest possible number of career specialists have been secured? The Foreign Serv¬ ice Auxiliary which will ex¬ pire six months after the end of the emergency is the sole means by which the Depart¬ ment can meet its needs for such technicians today. It is, however, becoming increas¬ ingly difficult to recruit good men and present members are resigning to secure more permanent positions. The need for immediate action is clear.

Under the pending legisla¬ tion, the assignment of em¬ ployees from other govern¬ ment agencies will be possi¬ ble for periods of not more than four years. While this may well become the largest source of specialists outside of the Career Service itself, it does not solve the problem, and in many instances properly qualified personnel will not be available within the Government. Another source must be developed. The proposal which has gained the most enthusiastic reception within the Depart¬ ment is that of a Foreign Service Reserve.

Reserve Officers would be carefully selected for their ability to represent this Government abroad in fields which were, or might become, of special interest to the Department, and would be appointed by invitation only, for a limited period, such as five years, subject to renewal. Before assignment to the field they would be given careful indoctrination both through the distribution of documentary mate¬ rial and by brief duty in the Department. When on active duty, they would receive salaries and allowances as Reserve Officers classified in grades comparable to those in the regular Foreign Service. In all respects, they would temporarily become in¬ tegrated parts of the Service.

In view of the desirability of using existing per¬ sonnel of the Foreign Service wherever possible, a Reserve Officer would not be called to active duty

until the Personnel Board had determined that no regu¬ lar officer with adequate spe¬ cialized training was avail¬ able or could be trained within the time allowed and that no suitable candidate could be supplied by another Government agency.

An effort would be made to develop a panel of per¬ haps five hundred or more Reserve Officers in propor¬ tion to the various specialties for which they might be needed. In the event of a future emergency the Reserve could be readily drawn upon as needed to meet the prob¬ lems of expansion. If possi¬ ble, every Reserve Officer should have an occasional tour of duty to sustain his interest and his worth to the Department. A Career Offi¬ cer, upon resigning for per¬ sonal reasons, might be ap¬ pointed to the Reserve in order that his services could later be utilized when needed without requiring reinstate¬ ment into the regular Service

with its attendant difficulties. If the Reserve Officer is to fulfill the demands

made of him, however, certain provisions are essen¬ tial. Sufficient training must be afforded to insure maximum, effective performance of his duties in the field. Ample means of personal contacts must be provided between the Reserve, the Service and the Department. A suitable administrative staff must be maintained to assure efficient operation of the Reserve organization. The Reserve Officer must be able to assume and deny assignment to active duty in time of peace in the light of personal obligations and circumstances—it being understood that rejec¬ tion of an invitation to duty on several occasions or without adequate reasons would result in with¬ drawal from the list. In times of national emer¬ gency, service would be obligatory, presuming that appropriate arrangements could be reached with the War and Navy Departments. Provision for an ade¬ quate separation allowance on the part of the em¬ ployer is also necessary.

It is an open question at the moment whether, after distinguishing himself on active duty over a

Gilbert J. Brown, who made the original suggestion for a Foreign Service Reserve to the Joint Survey Group, is an Auxiliary For¬ eign Service Officer now assigned to the Of¬ fice of Foreign Service. He came to the Department from private business through the War Production Board, where he was Deputy-Director of the Canadian Division in charge in Ottawa, and served as Special Con¬ sultant to the Ambassador in Mexico City

until recently.

DECEMBER, 1944 653

period of years, a Reserve Officer might be given an opportunity to enter the regular Foreign Service. If such a man is found in a special field in which few Career men are available, it would seem desir¬ able to afford him sufficient assurance of permanent tenure and retirement security to enable him to de¬ vote himself wholeheartedly to his job without fear of the future. If some means can be found to estab¬ lish such a bridge without detriment to the legiti¬ mate interests of Career Officers, it would unques¬ tionably strengthen the Service.

The proposed plan offers the following major advantages. An adequate reserve supply of trained personnel of highest caliber, qualified to speak with full assurance on special subjects, would be afforded, when needed, through access to non-government as well as government sources at a minimum cost and without prejudicing the career principle of the For¬ eign Service. The availability of these temporary representatives would strengthen the Service in the eyes of professional and academic groups, the busi¬ ness community and the general public and would afford the Department an excellent avenue to an intelligent public opinion. A representative group of leading American citizens, brought into close con¬ tact with the foreign affairs of our Government and interested in the Foreign Service, would be sym¬ pathetic to its problems and at the same time able to offer constructive criticism and suggestion.

In the decade to come it is certain that the Amer¬ ican people must, and will, take a wider and more active interest in foreign affairs. The proposed Reserve offers definite attraction to the type of indi¬ vidual on whom the Service would rely for its tem¬ porary officers. Through active duty the Reserve would afford the best men in American private affairs, sincerely interested in our foreign relations, a sense of actual participation in their formulation and administration. The system as outlined would offer such men a valuable opportunity to gain new perspective away from their regular duties and asso¬ ciations. If carefully selected and maintained, the Reserve should and would afford its members def¬ inite prestige in their own communities and fields of regular endeavor. It is significant that the Army and Navy have long maintained such groups of specialists of officer caliber which have contributed greatly to peace-time development and proper public relations and have proven of immeasurable value in the conduct of the war.

It is this tested practical approach which has been offered as the solution of comparable problems facing the Department of State. The fact that this recommendation has been made by the Joint Survey Group, largely composed of Foreign Service Offi¬ cers, is full testimony to the impersonal devotion

of the Career Service in most efficiently serving the interests of the Nation.

JOHN DAY FOREIGN SERVICE BOOK CONTEST

Lively interest has greeted the announcement in last month’s issue of the JOURNAL of a $1,000 prize manuscript contest for Foreign Service personnel, being conducted by The John Day Company, New York book publisher. To many F.S.O.s it appears to offer a long-awaited opportunity. Practically all have experiences and convictions which they want to record and which would be of interest to the public. But introductions to publishers are often difficult to arrange and writing ambitions are all too frequently defeated by mere mechanical cumber¬ someness. With a publisher now taking the initia¬ tive, the gap should be bridged.

Novels, memoirs, studies of foreign peoples, political and economic discussions—almost every type of fiction and non-fiction can be a vehicle for the F.S.O.. and the publisher states that any book for the general reader will be considered. Work is pressing and time is at a premium, but we feel with the publisher that now if ever is the time to speak to the reading public. Interest in interna¬ tional affairs has seldom been at such a peak.

The contest is open to active, resigned, and re¬ tired personnel of all grades, and their wives or sus- bands, and the Contest Editor is a former F.S.O.. Donald Dunham, whose book Envoy Unextraordi¬ nary is on the current John Day list. There is ample time to submit material—eighteen months (ending May 31, 1946). If an entrant wishes to be (and remain) anonymous, he may do so. Com¬ plete details and conditions may be had byr address¬ ing Foreign Service Contest Editor, The John Day Company, 40 East 49 Street, New York 17, N. Y.

CORRECTION The announcement of the $1,000 John Day For¬

eign Service Book Contest which appeared on page 621 of the November issue contained a printer’s error. The notice of the award should have read “The award is to be $1,000, $500 of which is to be regarded as an outright award and the other $500 as an advance against book royalties.” The last fig¬ ure was incorrectly set.

IN MEMORIAM GOFORTH. Lt. (j.g.) Robert Herndon Hoadley

Goforth, U.S.N., eldest son of retired F.S.O. Hern¬ don W. Goforth, was killed in action about October 28, in the Pacific area.

DUFFEE. George G. Duffee, former Consul, died on October 24 in Mobile, Alabama.


REOPENING OF THE AMERICAN EMBASSY,

PARIS

October 14, 1944

Ambassador Caffery, followed by Coun¬ selors of Embassy Hugh Fullerton and Seldon Chapin, entering the Embassy grounds on the day of its reopening. The band played while the great iron gates, which had been closed since June 1941,

were ceremoniously flung open.

The Ambassador and members of his staff crossing the courtyard while the Guard of

Honor stand at attention.

The Ambassador talking informally with French and American journalists on the gm day of the reopening of the Embassy.

Before the Joint Survey Group Remarks of Mr. Robert J. Watt, International Representative of the American Federation of Labor, be¬ fore the Joint Survey Group of the Department of State on July 24th. Mr. Watt has been International Representative of the AFL since 1936. He is an alternate member of the National Defense Mediation Board, Chairman of the Labor Advisory Commission of the Federal Communications Commission and member of the Federal Advisory Board for Vocational Education. He has an intimate knowledge of many aspects of the work of the Foreign Service gained during his extensive travels in Latin America and Europe.

I AM glad to have this opportunity to talk with this group informally about the work of the

United States Department of State and the Ameri¬ can Foreign Service. Although, I have visited many of your representatives in other nations, I have never occupied a position which would allow for an objective evaluation of the work of the Foreign Service other than how it affects the relations of the working people. On the basis of that limited knowledge, I think I express the opinion of labor people generally when I say we believe your efforts have been devoted almost entirely to a small minor¬ ity of the people. Most of our people believe that although the work you are doing is well done, it has never placed any emphasis on the great ad¬ vantages to be gained by a better understanding among the masses of people in the various countries of the world, and particularly in the countries of South America.

Although we agree with the official position of the Department of State, in expanding its responsibili¬ ties and recognizing that the success of its future work will depend on teamwork among the various government agencies in this field, we have been un¬ able so far to see where and how such teamwork is possible under the present system of divided re¬ sponsibility. Those of us who have visited other nations in recent years have great difficulty under¬ standing the need for so many government agencies operating and competing in the foreign service field. We have found disputes of such a lively char¬ acter going on among government agencies in al¬ most every foreign nation that a labor representa¬ tive was forced to conclude that our own jurisdic¬ tional disputes at home in the field of labor were really respectable affairs.

We believe most of you are aware of the disputes even if it is not diplomatic to talk about them. We really don’t presume to know the answer, but we do wonder why it is necessary in the American gov¬ ernment to have so many separate and distinct agencies operating in a field which we had thought was not competitive.

We wonder why it is necessary for so many units of the same government, many of them having the

same kind of “experts,” technical and otherwise, to be operating in competition with each other in the same nation. The competition, to which I refer does not seem to be limited to men and material; but sometimes extends to ideologies.

Unfortunately, our relationships have been con¬ fined almost to a small ruling minority in most na¬ tions. We have found little recognition by our For¬ eign Service of the fact that the free trade union movements in other nations can be a powerful in¬ fluence in improving world cooperation and main¬ taining peace. The record indicates that the free trade unions in Chile, Argentina, and other nations exerted a powerful influence against Nazi domina¬ tion. In Chile, the free trade unions played an im¬ portant part in stirring the nations to break off rela¬ tions with the Axis. In Argentina the free trade unions in that country might have won similar action against the large colonies of Nazi-dominated immigrants if we in our own nation had made an effort to provide the support which was necessary.

The efforts of our American Foreign Service seem to us to have been devoted almost entirely to the ten per cent or less who really have sufficient reasons to understand us quite well. We have failed to develop mutual confidence and understanding with the great masses of working people in other nations and particularly in South American coun¬ tries, where most of the people look upon us with fear and suspicion. As a result, we have found that workers in other nations know far more about the standards and problems of other nations than they do about ours in the United States.

We don’t believe a good job can be done by the American Foreign Service in developing such un¬ derstanding unless it operates in all nations through a clear-cut organizational structure at the top. This structure should be based on complete authority and responsibility in the field of foreign relations and the elimination of all competing government agencies. It will be of scant value to keep talking about cooperation and understanding if there is no cooperation or understanding to begin with among the ranks of government officials themselves.

We do no believe a foreign service need be pater-


nalistic to do a good job. Far too many Americans now located in the government service in other na¬ tions seem to think our job is to impose upon other people a pattern for industrial relations and social behavior which may be our ideal, but which we ourselves have not yet realized. No one should be sent from our country to South America or any¬ where else unless he has a sensible job to do and has shown his capacity to be sensible enough to do it.

We believe the way for our Foreign Service to make progress is to help other nations and particu¬ larly the nations of South America to build their own house out of the era of agricultural feudalism by making available to them the best of our physi¬ cal and spiritual equipment they can use. We should not expect that a one year plan can be grafted on sovereign states and people of very different hered¬ ity and environment than ours. It’s too easy, as they found out in some other nations, to confuse progress with ferment. It’s much easier to introduce agitation than education. But in the long run the slower route is more likely to develop the necessary confidence and cooperation which is required be¬ fore a foreign service can get well started.

We are keenly interested in the latest develop¬ ment of our Foreign Service in sending “economic analysts” or “Labor attaches” to other nations. If the job is to be other than a technical reporting job, we believe the people selected should enjoy the respect and confidence of the wage earners in our own nation and understand the labor movement at home and the nation to which they go. We must not continue to ignore the fact in our foreign rela¬ tions that the labor movements of the world have become a powerful influence in many countries, and fortunately a strong bond exists between the labor movements of other nations and the workers of the United States. Your representatives and particular¬ ly those in the field of labor must be equipped to understand and help to expand that powerful force for the common good.

Men with practical experience are required if a job in human relations has to be done. We will have a tangled web of economic and political fac¬ tors arising after the war in which the role of the United States will have to be shaped carefully. If we fumble it, we may be faced with an aftermath of bad feeling among the masses of people in other nations against a well-meaning, but blundering Un¬ cle Sam.

We believe reciprocity must be our keynote. We refer not merely to reciprocity between nations, but reciprocity between a modern foreign service and every powerful democratic element of the commu¬ nity which it represents in the nation. There must

be mutual respect and confidence and understanding between American labor and American Foreign Service. You have less reason to fear the Ameri¬ can Labor Movement than you have to fear big business. At least our objectives are less material than theirs. That is important if your objective is good neighborly relations with all the nations of the world.

We believe our Foreign Service should be adapted and geared to the needs of the nation to which we send representatives of that Foreign Service. We have special needs in nations like Britain, Russia, Australia, and New Zealand, where the governments are closely allied to labor.

We believe the American Labor Movement would be glad to cooperate with the State Department. However, cooperation is always difficult if there is not a clear forthright foreign policy. At the mo¬ ment many government agencies are operating in this field and labor is quite confused about who to cooperate with and what the objective is.

WITH APOLOGIES TO FOREIGN SERVICE SERIAL NO. 197

By IRENE MURPHY, File Clerk, Cork

The filing experts, so they say, Are looking for a simple way, To help those clerks who do the work Of finding where the records lurk.

Although it really seems absurd, I feel I’d like to say a word; I’m on the j ob for many years, It caused me sometimes swears and tears.

Our consul comes and says to me: “I’m sure ’way back in ’ninety-three, You could find something that explains What should be done with sugar-canes.”

I seek it here, I seek it there, In fact I seek it everywhere; I know that now it will be found Tucked away somewhere, safe and sound.

But should there be a change of plan, Conceived by some well-meaning man, It may be I’ll no longer find Those things the Chief has in his mind.

So now to end this little rhyme, (If I can only “find” the time), Could things be just left sitting pretty Until I draw my annuity?

DECEMBER, 1944 657

THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

Christmas, 1944

To the American Foreign Service:

In our observance of Christmas this year all Americans can

rejoice in the liberation of millions of people whose freedom we have helped to restore. Nothing could more spontaneously rekindle the Christmas spirit where it is needed most. We are glad to have made our contribution to the victories which make this the bright¬ est Christmas for the world in six grim years. I hope, as I know you do, that it will be our last wartime Christmas. The fulfillment of that hope depends upon the readiness of every American to work harder and to sacrifice more. We are well on the way toward our first objective, the winning of the war, but the last stage is

the hardest.

To all of you in the Foreign Service, from those at our small¬ est posts to the members of our largest missions, I send this Christmas greeting in recognition of work well done, of complex problems solved, of success in overcoming difficulties.


THE ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE

WASHINGTON

To the American Foreign Service:

Another memorable year in the history of our Department is drawing to an end. To measure its importance from fhe point of view of the Department and of the Foreign Service, we must look back a generation to find comparable developments. The heavy demands that have been made on the Department and the Foreign Service during these war years have increased, in the year that has just passed and promise in the future to become even greater. We have already begun a program based on our experience in meeting the demands of war to prepare the Foreign Service to meet the new international responsibili¬ ties that will come with the peace. The reorganization of fhe Department itself was begun last January and has been carried on throughout the year. One of ifs primary objectives is to attain greater efficiency here at home in our efforts to supply you with immediate backing and support in the discharge of your arduous duties in foreign countries.

Your services throughout the world are indispensable to this Department and invaluable to the American people and their Government. We, in the Department, are proud of your achievements and I wish to express to you my own appreciation of your loyal devotion to duty notwithstanding the hardships that the war has brought to many of you.

All your colleagues join me in paying special tribute to those in the Foreign Service who have lost their lives while on active duty, to all those who have served in war areas, who have fallen into the hands of the enemy or who have suffered otherwise from the dangers and privations of war. Our best wishes go out to those of you who are now in active military service.

As we celebrate our fourth wartime Christmas, may all of you feel en¬ couraged and heartened by the knowledge that your achievements are recog¬ nized and appreciated by your Government and especially by your associates here in the Department of State. We are confident that you will measure up to the heavy responsibilities that will confront you in the coming year, both in the task of contributing to the victory over our enemies and in laying the foundations of a lasting peace.

DECEMBER, 1944 659

The Oil Shipper Case Hoiv a Panamanian Tanker was Kept from Falling into the Hands of Germans

By WILLIAM N. FRALEIGH, Vice Consul, Istanbul

ALTHOUGH more than two years have elapsed . since the case of the Oil Shipper first came

to the attention of the Consulate General in Istanbul, the name of that Panamanian tanker is still uncom¬ monly familiar to numerous officers and employees of the American Consulates in Istanbul and Izmir and the Embassy in Ankara. In the Istanbul files are more than eight thick Manila dossiers filled with correspondence, memorandums and other docu¬ ments concerning the ship. In the Embassy in Ankara and the Consulate at Izmir the dossiers are almost as large. They must be extensive in the Department also. The Oil Shipper has only late¬ ly ceased to be a regular feature of daily consular business in Turkey.

The development of the case of this ship is one of those unexpected and seemingly unprecedented epi¬ sodes which for many people in the Foreign Serv- iec provide an important part of the fascination of their work. It is also an unusual and complex legal history.

Some time in 1941 the Oil Shipper came to an¬ chor in the Bosphorus, while its owner began nego¬ tiations to sell or charter it for a handsome price. Ships were then beginning to be of great value— especially tankers.

This ship was registered under the Panamanian flag and owned by a Persian subject, Diacon Zade, of unscrupulous reputation. At length information reached the American Consulate in Istanbul, charged with rep¬ resenting P a n a m a - nian inter¬ ests in Tur¬ key, that the owner was negotiating to sell his vessel to a mysterious buyer in Switzer¬ land. This recalled the similar case of the Pan- a m a n i an tanker Le

Progres, sold in the autumn of 1941 to an unknown buyer in Switzerland by a Turkish ship-owner. The buyer of the Le Progres proved to be a German, but before any effective action could be taken by Ameri¬ can authorities to stop the sale, the vessel had gone to the Black Sea.

Details came to light in December 1941, of the sale of Le Progres to Crastis A. G., a German Com¬ pany in Switzerland provided with capital to buy cargo ships and motor vessels. The tempting price of 80,000 Pounds Sterling had been paid. It had then been sailed to Varna by its Turkish crew, who were discharged and repatriated to Turkey. A new crew was signed on under a German captain and an Italian chief officer. Later a representative of Cras¬ tis arrived in Istanbul and began negotiations with Diacon Zade for the purchase of the Oil Shipper. Reports were heard that a price of a million dollars was agreed upon, but that Diacon Zade was holding up completion of the sale to make demands for the release of another of his vessels then held by a Ger¬ man Prize Court.

American and British officials in Istanbul decided that the larger vessel, the Oil Shipper, should by no means be allowed to get away to the Germans in the same manner. Therefore, the Consul General, after consultation with the American Naval Attache and British representatives in Istanbul, suggested to the Department the possible advisability of requisition¬ ing the Oil Shipper in the name of the Government

of Panama. This seemed a drastic ac¬ tion, yet the most effec¬ tive way that could be foreseen to prevent the ship from leav¬ ing port. The compli¬ cated issues involved in the requisi¬ tion by a foreign power of a


vessel in Turkish waters belonging to a Persian resident in Turkey and in the possible immunity from seizure of a vessel in transit through the Straits under the terms of the Montreux Conven¬ tion, were taken into account.

British authorities in Istanbul, seeking to obvi¬ ate the necessity for such extreme action, tried to buy the vessel. But the case was brought to a cli¬ max in February 1942 when the news leaked out that there was a strong possibility the ship would be slipped out of port under the Panamanian flag and taken to an enemy port for completion of the sale. The Consul General, thereupon, asked the Depart¬ ment for authority to requisition the ship in this extreme emergency, or, as a possible alternative, to inform the Turkish Government that no Panamanian ship could be transferred to another registry in time of war without the consent of the Panamanian Gov¬ ernment, and then asked the Turks to prevent it from sailing.

The Department quickly replied, instructing the Consul General at the request of the Government of Panama to requisition the Oil Shipper in the name of Panama. The Department’s instructions closed with the statment that appropriate authorities should be informed and further developments reported. There were plenty of “further developments.”

Within an hour after receiving the Department’s telegraphic instruction—although it was already late in a winter afternoon—Mr. Honaker, the Consul General, went to see the Governor of Istanbul. Simultaneously, I went with one of our most trusted employees, Abdurrahman Bey, to the harbor to rent a boat to go to the ship, which was at that time well up in the Bosphorus at anchor. Success seemed dependent upon three factors: (1) Rapid and secret action before the owner and his German friends should get word of what was going on; (2) at least the tacit approval of the Turkish authorities; (3) possession of the vessel.

Snow1 and a gale from the Black Sea were beating down the Bosphorus as the small motor-boat Ab¬ durrahman and I had rented slowly made its way in gathering darkness to the side of the Oil Shivver. We were extremely doubtful of how we should be received. We knew' that the Captain was a Russian. We did not know whether he was a Red Russian and anti-German, or a White Russian with the possi¬ bility of being friendly to the Germans. We were met, as we climbed up the side of the ship, by the furious barking of an enormous dog loose on the deck, and a few dim lights. A sailor and a Turkish policeman guided us to the crew’s dining quarters in the stern of the vessel where we aw'aited the Cap¬ tain. In the kerosene lamp-light, I was impressed with the cleanness of the ship.

The Captain soon arrived. He was a huge man, looking every inch a sea Captain. His pale grey eyes, set wide above broad cheek bones, had the air of having looked out over the oceans of the world. His hands were large and well-weathered. Yet, like so many strong men accustomed to hard work, he was pleasant and modest in manner.

Like most sea captains, he spoke some English. I was able, therefore, to explain to him that we had come to take possession of his ship for the Govern¬ ment of Panama. I handed him a paper to that effect signed by Mr. Honaker, the Consul General, and told him that he was now under the orders of the Panamanian Government and should not move the ship without authority from the representatives of Panama, of which I was one. He was not to ac¬ cept orders from the ship’s owner nor was he to allow anyone representing the owner to come aboard.

Before Abdurrahman and I went ashore that night, we had obtained the Captain’s agreement to our demands. He promised to consult with the members of his skeleton crew—most of whom were Russians—to see if they would follow him in his new command.

The following day the Captain came to the Con¬ sulate. He had thought it over and showed himself to be a loyal Russian and a friend of the Allied cause, circumstances which were of the greatest assistance to us. He stated that he and his crew were willing and even glad to place themselves at the service of the Allies. They would remain aboard ship, he said, and get the vessel as rapidly as possi¬ ble in readiness to sail.

The Captain signed the following statement: “I, Faeddy Morstchikoff, Captain of the SS Oil Shipper, hereby declare that I received on February 20th, 1942, from the United States Consul General in charge of Panamanian interests in Istanbul, an or¬ der requisitioning my ship, the said SS Oil Shipper, which is of Panamanian registry, and that I have accepted this order of requisition, turning over con¬ trol of my ship to the United States Consul General in charge of Panamanian interests.”

The owner was not long in learning what had happened to his ship and immediately began fight¬ ing to regain control of it. The ship had been an¬ chored for so many months in the Bosphorus that considerable preparations were necessary to make it seaworthy. This caused delay helpful to the owner and damaging to us. The Captain was obliged to make several trips ashore for supplies and “gear.” On one of these trips he unexpectedly came face to face with Diacon Zade. The Persian addressed him wrathfully, then struck him across the face. Before the Captain could move his mighty frame into ac-

DECEMBER, 1944 661

tion, the owner made off rapidly. The Captain laughed when he told us of the assault. An average man would have about as much effect in striking Captain Morstchikoff as a child would have in beat¬ ing his fist against a motorcar.

The owner was more effective, however, in his legal assault. Thanks to the efforts of Ambassador Steinhardt in Ankara, the Turkish authorities even¬ tually accepted the fact that the Panamanian Gov¬ ernment had taken possession of the vessel. Further¬ more, Panama as a Sovereign State enjoyed certain immunities from judicial action. Therefore, the owner sought a Court order to detain the vessel by entering suit against a private individual, the Cap¬ tain. It thus became essential, in the interest of the Allied nations, to get the vessel out of Turkish waters to where it could not be bound in prolonged legal proceedings taking the time and energy of nu¬ merous Allied officials, involving great expense for Allied Governments and keeping the vessel from use¬ ful service. German control of most non-Turkish Black Sea ports as well as the Aegean Sea and Is¬ lands complicated the problem of getting the ship away to a safe Allied port, particularly since the ship’s speed was lowered by her long anchorage in salt water.

British naval officials thought it wise to obtain a skilled navigator from Egypt to help the Captain sail his vessel through dangerous waters infested by ene¬ my planes and submarines to Cyprus. The Ameri¬ can Consulate took charge of such problems as get¬ ting the ship’s papers in order, obtaining surveyors to inventory the vessel and a ship’s agent to put it in running order; and, after the writ of attachment had been obtained by the owner, employing counsel in an effort to get the court order raised.

A complete crew had to be assembled to run the vessel. This was made more difficult by the refusal of the Turkish police to allow Turkish seamen to sail on so perilous a voyage. Few British or other seamen could be obtained in Istanbul. Eventually, the British obtained sailors from Egypt and some Chinese were discovered in Istanbul. These, with the original Russian skeleton crew which had proved loyal to Captain Morstchikoff, made up the motley personnel of the ship. There was not even a com¬ mon language among them. The Socony Vacuum Oil Company in Istanbul was most helpful from the beginning in lending its advice and services to the Consulate in connection with refitting the ship and providing it with fuel oil, cylinder oil and other supplies.

While all this was going on, the Consulate made every reasonable and fair effort to come to an agreement with the owner, Diacon Zade. The Pana¬ manian Government having sold the ship to the United States Government effective the date of req¬

uisition, the War Shipping Administration agreed to offer just compensation to Diacon Zade on the basis of payments made for other vessels under similar conditions and circumstances when requisi¬ tioned in the United States. This was the reason for the survey of the vessel mentioned above. But the owner made extravagant claims. He asserted in the first place that the vessel could not he requi¬ sitioned by the Government of Panama because it had previously been transferred to another flag by the Panamanian Consul in Braila, Rumania, an assertion he was unable to support. Then he claimed to have received an offer from a Swiss concern for $2,200,000 in gold, amounting to $3,750,000 in paper, for the ship. He offered to ignore this and give special preference to the American or British Governments under the following conditions (sum¬ marized briefly) : (1) that he be paid hire money at the rate of $100,000 a month in free exchange in New York under two-year charter with the possi¬ bility of later renewal; (2) that in lieu of war risk insurance, the construction immediately be ordered in the United States of a clean tanker of 2,000 tons dead weight in the owner’s name to be used after construction free of hire and for the duration of the war by the United States Government, the owner to pay $800,000 upon its delivery to him after the war; (3) similar arrangements for the construction of a 5,000 ton tanker; (41 if the Oil Shipper should be lost, the first vessel to be delivered free of charge to the owner; and other supplementary clauses. Naturally, the War Shipping Administration found these terms entirely unacceptable. Therefore, our efforts to despatch the vessel from Istanbul were in¬ tensified while the owner went forward with his efforts to obtain a court arrest.

The British navigator, Mr. A. C. Seligman, ar¬ rived from Palestine in early March. It was planned that he would take command of the ship when it passed the Dardanelles. In the event that he became a casualty, Captain Morstchikoff would resume charge. The ship’s destination was set as Fama¬ gusta, Cyprus.

The ship’s agent, Mr. LaFontaine, working rapid¬ ly, had prepared the vessel for sailing except for completion of the crew. But Mr. Seligman felt it necessary to alter the appearance of the ship so that it would not be readily recognizable to German air¬ planes and submarines. He required paints, masts, an acetylene torch, timbers and other supplies for this purpose. His idea was so to alter the silhouette of the ship to make it look like other coastwise ves¬ sels in regular service. Unfortunately, all this caused further delay.

At length, on March 13th, the Turkish police in¬ formed the Consulate General that a court attach-


merit had been placed on the ship and that under these circumstances it could not leave the port of Istanbul. Court proceedings were expected to take place soon but it was not believed that the ship would be able to sail before March 20th. This was the beginning of the most complicated—and in some ways the most interesting—phase of the case of the Oil Shipper.

I cannot attempt here to go into it in more than its broad outlines. Legal proceedings from begin¬ ning to end were skillfully guided from Ankara by Ambassador Steinhardt, whose experience in ad¬ miralty law probably exceeded that of the lawyers we hired.

The first lawyers engaged by us to free the ves¬ sel were unfortunately not at all skillful and, if any¬ thing, added to our difficulties. On the 18th of March the 4th Commercial Court in Istanbul, which was the court of issue, decided to prolong the arrest of the ship for another month. The Ambassador took up strongly with the Turkish Foreign Office the question of interference by Diacon Zade with the property of a Sovereign State but the Foreign Office took the view that Turkish Administrative Officials could not intervene in a case that is sub judicio. The Ambassador, nevertheless, continued to do his best to obtain the release of the vessel on technical grounds.

At this juncture we engaged a highly capable Turkish admiralty lawyer, Ali Kemal Elbir, to han¬ dle the case. Formerly Professor of Admiralty Law in Istanbul University and now practicing admiralty law in Istanbul, Ali Kemal Bey at once commanded the respect of the court and greatly increased local interest in the case. Many Turkish judges and lawyers have been his pupils at the University. In consultation with the American Ambassador he quickly saw the mistakes our first lawyers had made in handling what was simply a litigation between two private individuals in which Diacon Zade fig¬ ured as the plaintiff and Captain Morstchikoff as the defendent, accused by the former of arbitrarily re¬ fusing to relinquish his hold on the vessel. Ali Kemal Bey undertook to induce the court to reverse itself, and recognize, in view of the direct interest of the Government of Panama in the matter, the ab¬ sence of any responsibility on the part of Captain Morstchikoff, who was only an agent. Ali Kemal Bey obtained a delay in the trial to prepare his case.

From that time on Ali Nur Bey, Dragoman of the Embassy in Istanbul and friend of Ali Kemal Bey, kept the Consul General well informed upon the legal progress of the case. An effort on the part of would-be charterers of the ship to enter as parties to the litigation in support of the owner was elimi¬ nated. The Ambassador obtained recognition of the act of requisition from the Turkish Foreign Office,

but the Foreign Office was unwilling to give a writ¬ ten statement recognizing the rights of Foreign States to requisition vessels in the territorial waters of third countries, an important issue likely to arise in the court proceedings.

At the next meeting of the court on April 27th. Ali Kemal Bey filed a written expose of the reasons why the Master of the vessel, being a simple agent of the Panamanian Government, could not be the object of legal action in this case. He argued that by submitting to the order of requisition, Captain Morstchikoff had complied with internationally ac¬ cepted rules and supported this claim by quoting numerous decisions rendered by foreign tribunals confirming the validity of requisitions effected in foreign territorial waters. He vigorously stressed the point that in the case of the Oil Shipper the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Ankara had recog¬ nized the requisition and had issued instructions to the Istanbul Authorities to extend the necessary support to the American Consul General acting on behalf of the Panamanian Government. He drew attention to a petition presented by our previous lawyer requesting the removal of the attachment of the vessel.

The President of the court was surprised to learn of the presence of this document which he had not seen, and added that at the first trial there had been no mention of Captain Morstchikoff as the main defendent. The argument had unwisely been entirely directed by our lawyers to a possible question of whether the owner of the vessel was in fact Diacon Zade, or a certain Dembergs whose name had also been associated with the ship. This argument Ali Kemal Bey was anxious to avoid as being unlikely to effect the favorable outcome of the case, for Dem¬ bergs had joined Diacon Zade as a party in the case against Morstchikoff.

Countering Ali Kemal Bey’s tactics, the plaintiffs requested in a new petition that the Oil Shipper be placed in the custody of a trustee to be appointed by the court and that the Captain be prevented from going on board. This petition the court refused. Ali Kemal Bey shrewdly refused to commit himself when questioned upon the ownership of the vessel. He was anxious to avoid complications such as had arisen in a previous, similar affair—the Goeland. or Danube Barges, case. The court decided to adjourn until April 29th.

At the meeting of April 29th, after discussions lasting all morning, the court decided in the after¬ noon to reject the plaintiffs’ claims. At the same time, it rejected a new claim for seizure made by the alleged owner, Dembergs. The writ of attach¬ ment was thus to expire at midnight on April 30th. We at once made feverish plans with the ship’s


DECEMBER. 1944 663

Letters to the Editors

Tunis, Tunisia October 26, 1944

The Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,

Department of State, Washington 25, D. C. GENTLEMEN:

Referring to the opening article of the September JOURNAL, in my opinion the logic of the premise that an officer’s title should correspond to the rela¬ tive responsibility of his position locally is self- evident, and consummation of the three measures outlined in the article as necessary for more rapid promotion of junior officers should gradually bring about this readjustment.

It would seem to me that each case of malad¬ justment that cannot await this solution should be treated on its own merits, after consultation between the Department and the office involved, with the officer concerned exercising ultimate choice if a de¬ motion in title appears probable subsequently.

Promotion in rank, though solely' local, may ad¬ versely affect Service spirit among the officers’ con¬ temporaries. On the principle that the morale of the individual should be subordinated to that of the Service, it would seem that in fairness to both the officer and the Service the latter should be kept cur¬ rently informed regarding the operation of this temporary measure. The JOURNAL might wpll he the medium, thus continuing its noteworthy articles in recent issues regarding personnel questions.

Sincerely yours, MARCEL E. MALIGE,

American Consul General.

American Consulate, San Sebastian, Spain,

October 15, 1944. The Editors, AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,

Department of State, Washington, D. C. SIRS:

The article “Rank and Title in the Foreign Serv¬ ice” in your September 1944 issue discusses a situa¬ tion which has often created a problem of some im¬ portance for Foreign Service Officers in the field. That problem is of course accentuated by wartime conditions, with the resultant scarcity of trained personnel, and it appears that it will continue dur¬ ing the immediate postwar period, at least until

such time as a sufficient number of new officers have been recruited and trained. It is therefore a pleasure to see the realistic approach to the prob¬ lem made in that article.

Finder ideal circumstances, each officer’s title would fit exactly his assignment. It is impossible to arrive at that ideal under present circumstances, however. Inasmuch as it is impossible to alter the officer or the assignment, the logical and feasible solution is to alter the title to fit the assignment. The basic rank of Foreign Service Officer of a spe¬ cified class would not be altered thereby, and I can therefore see no valid reason for damages to per¬ sonal pride.

In summary, while claiming to speak only for myself, I believe that the granting of local rank as outlined in the article under discussion would be highly beneficial to the Service as a whole and would improve the position of American represen¬ tatives in many localities. I hope that such a plan may be put into effect as soon as practicable.

Very truly yours, DON V. CATLETT.

American Consulate General, Toronto 1, Canada,

October 25, 1944. The Editors, THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL,

Washington, 1). C. SIRS:

Your first article in the September issue entitled: Rank and Title in the Foreign Service, was, in my opinion, eminently sound and I should favor appli¬ cation of the policy outlined therein. The applica¬ tion of such a policy would, I am sure, be particu¬ larly useful to officers stationed in comparatively small posts who are frequently handicapped by their low local rank in comparison with that enjoyed by foreign colleagues.

A judicious employment of appropriate titles would also, 1 feel sure, enhance the possibility for effective work of vice consuls more or less perma¬ nently in charge of consulates. Should the Depart¬ ment extend the policy described in the article, which the exigencies of war have made necessary in certain cases, I can see no reason for limiting its application exclusively to foreign service officers.

Very truly yours, E. T. KELSEY,

American Vice Consul.


Guadalajara, Mexico, October 16, 1944.

To the Editors of THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL.

Department of State.

SIRS.

Having had an opportunity to discuss the matter with Carol Foster before I left the Department last June, I read with particular interest his article in the September JOURNAL on “Revising and Index¬ ing the Regulations.” The Foreign Service Regula¬ tions could probably always be improved and one can see some marked improvements in the sample pages quoted in Mr. Foster’s article. Sometimes I wonder, however, whether the benefits accruing to the Service from such improvements are not more than offset by the confusion that attends the introduc¬ tion of an entirely revised set of regulations. This will be the fourth completely revised set of regula¬ tions within the career of many an officer still ac¬ tive in the Service. Is there not a considerable loss in efficiency, even though temporary, in requiring a Foreign Service numbering three or four thou¬ sand persons to re-learn at such frequent intervals the sources of their authority for official actions? I suggest that it would be an asset to the Service and to the Country if. on the contrary, an officer or clerk of the Foreign Service, throughout his or her career, could be certain in the knowledge that full instructions on the preparation of World Trade Di¬ rectory reports, for example, could be found in Sec¬ tion XIV-2 of the Foreign Service Regulations (or “Section 14-2”; the system of numbering seems less important than adherance to a single system, once adopted).

Since Mr. Foster invites them, I should like to make the following suggestions in connection with the present revision of the regulations: (a) Setting up of a Division of Foreign Service

Regulations. There should be established under the Office of the Foreign Service a Division of Foreign Service Regulations with an adequate staff, includ¬ ing: A chief of division; officers, with adequate legal training and probably experience abroad in the Foreign Service, to draft regulations; and a competent clerical personnel. The Division should have its own modern reproducing equipment to en¬ able it to prepare Foreign Service regulations and amendments thereto in final form, ready for imme¬ diate distribution to the field. In this connection, I am reminded of my experience some twenty years ago when, in connection with my business, I became a fire insurance broker. I received immediately the rate manual of the Board of Fire Insurance Under¬ writers of the United States and very soon began

to receive new pages for insertion in the manual whenever insurance rates were changed in a given area or category. It was a most efficient system. It is my impression that a revised printed sheet was probably in the hands of every fire insurance agent or broker in the United States within a few days of the adoption of a new insurance rate. Printed at the bottom of the newT page itself was a brief in¬ struction to the effect that the new page was to re¬ place page number so and so. Moreover, the posi¬ tion on the new page of each addition or amend¬ ment was plainly indicated by a small black star in the right hand margin, making it easy to ascertain the purpose of the new page without tedious com¬ parison of the new and old pages. If in the For¬ eign Service we could with similar promptness distribute amendments to the Foreign Service Regu¬ lations and do it so efficiently that they might be im¬ mediately inserted in the Regulations in final form and without the need of supplementary transmitting memoranda, the total saving in time and increase in efficiency (considering the several thousand sets of regulations in existence) would be considerable. The saving in paper and printing would be second- dary, but still of some importance.

(b) Master Index of Regulations. In addition to the indexes that are being prepared for the sepa¬ rate chapters of the Foreign Service Regulations, it would be of great value to the Service if there could be prepared a master index for the entire Regulation. There is so much in the Regulations that can never be found just when it is wanted. Even the indexes for the separate chapters might be improved by the addition of further key words. In the index to Visa Supplement A, for example, appears the key word “Servants.” “Domestic serv¬ ants,” “Household servants,” and other variations might be added. The index might also refer to certain types of information that it apparently does not cover at present, such as: “Personal appearance, waiver of for Sec.3(l) visa applicants: Note 26” and “Waiver of personal appearance, Sec. 3(1) visas: Note 26.” An officer or clerk of the Foreign Service wTith broad experience in the field and with knowledge of the many details covered by each chapter of the Regulations could probably be of considerable assistance to the Division of Research and Publication in preparing the indexes.

(c) Comprehensive Regulations. Many officers feel that it would be a contribution to the efficien¬ cy of the Service if the Foreign Service Regulations were made as comprehensive as possible. The idea wxould be to establish a system in which general in¬ structions from the Department to the field would be dispatched primarily in the form of pages for


DECEMBER. 1944 665

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PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN

SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription

in the United States and abroad at the rate of $2.50 a year, or 25-cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Copyright, 1944, by the American Foreign Service Association

The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the editors.

JOURNAL STAFF

HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman HOMER M. BYINCTON, JR W. PERRY GEORGE

FOY D. KOHLER

JANE WILSON, Managing Editor GEORGE V. ALLEN

CLIFTON P. ENGLISH

Editorial Board

Business Manager T reasurer

EDITORS’ COLUMN Foreign Service officers will find of special inter¬

est the remarks made by the Acting Secretary of State at a reception in Washington in honor of the retirement of Consul General Homer M. Byington.

It is particularly fitting that the Acting Secretary should have chosen to deliver on this occasion the significant remarks which he made with regard to plans for the Foreign Service of the future. Consul General Byington, known far and wide throughout the Service as the “Chief,” retired after 47 years of active duty during which he whole-heartedly de¬ voted himself to the Foreign Service. He contrib¬ uted substantially toward the steady growth within the Service of that important and intangible quality described as esprit de corps or Service spirit. As former Chief of Personnel he was closely associated with the establishment of the unified Service con¬ templated in the Rogers Act and also the develop¬ ment of legislation that came in later years to strengthen further the provisions of that Act. He consistently advocated that this Government’s inter¬ ests abroad could best be served by one Department of the Government with a Foreign Service adequate¬ ly equipped to meet the needs of American citizens and all agencies of the Government.

The Acting Secretary chose to link with the rec¬ ord of past accomplishment and loyalty which Mr. Byington represented, the plans now in preparation to equip the Service to meet the responsibilities

which now confront it and which will become great¬ er in the post war period.

The Acting Secretary has encouraged every For¬ eign Service officer to believe that their leadership at home intends not only to support the Foreign Service but to strengthen it. Mr. Stettinius himself has already won the full confidence of Foreign Serv¬ ice officers in the Department and those who have come to Washington from abroad. They have heard his views at first hand and have seen the improve¬ ments in motion under his direction.

In his remarks at this ceremony in honor of Mr. Byington. Mr. Stettinius pointed out the urgent need for more men and stated that we shall draw exten¬ sively upon the fighting men who are now in our military forces. He advocated increasing the inter¬ change of personnel between the Foreign Service and the Department. He described the Foreign Service as a tested organization that must be the nucleus of expansion. “Morale will be fortified, and recruitment facilitated by speeding up the ma¬ chinery for promotions; by better evaluation and recognition of work well done; by making top diplomatic posts available to men without private means; by opening assignments of responsibility to men of ability while they are still young.

“We must continue to improve operating condi¬ tions overseas. This means better offices and better equipment. It means realistic living allowances. We should never require men to choose between skimp¬ ing on the responsibilities of their assignments or neglecting their personal and family requirements.”

These are words that conjure up hope for the cure of past and present ills that have for years plagued every Foreign Service officer despite the notable but insufficient progress achieved through the consistent effort of high officials of many administrations.

The Acting Secretary advanced the idea discussed in this issue of the JOURNAL that just as the Army and Navy draw upon Reserve Officers in hour of crisis the Foreign Service may need a Reserve Corps. It is a proposal now being seriously con¬ sidered in the Department and it will be given equal consideration in the field when a tentative draft plan is forwarded to all Foreign Service officers for an expression of their views. It may well prove to be the answer to the problem of how the Service will be able to meet the demands upon it by all the agen¬ cies of the Government during the crisis which will confront it in the next few years until its personnel can he adequately expanded without sacrificing the career principle.

The President in his message to Congress of May 9, 1939, recommended the reorganization of the Foreign Service to incorporate the foreign services


C66 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

REMARKS OF ACTING SECRETARY OF STATE STETTINIUS AT A RECEPTION GIVEN BY THE FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION IN HONOR OF CONSUL GENERAL HOMER L. BYINGTON ON THE OCCASION OF HIS RETIREMENT AFTER FORTY-SEVEN YEARS

IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE

Mr. Byington and my colleagues in the Department and in the Foreign Servi

It is a great honor this afternoon to share in this tribute to Mr. Homer M. Byington, Sr. From every aspect he heads the Foreign Service List. His life¬ time reflects the highest ideals of our Foreign Serv¬ ice; advancement by merit; assignments faithfully discharged to the lasting credit of the United States at posts throughout the world; a full share in guid¬ ance to the Service; a lifetime of devotion to duty. You must always be proud, Mr. Byington, of your decision in 1897 to join the Service.

The best possible recognition of your contribu¬ tions of forty-seven years to the Service would be an assurance for the future; an assurance that plans are underway to meet the ever-increasing respon¬ sibilities of the Foreign Service; that they are such as to add further strength to the organization you in such great measure have helped to build.

During the coming years, our Govern¬ ment’s representation abroad must be equipped to meet tremendous assignments ahead. It must be vigorous, intelligent, and manned for the task. This responsi¬ bility has not been overlooked. As a for¬ mer Chief of Foreign Service Personnel, I know that you must have given this prob¬ lem the most careful consideration. I have myself given the matter much attention and consideration. Study has been devoted to requirements and ways and means of improving the Foreign Service. A program is coming into focus based on our experi¬ ence in meeting the demands of war; a program attuned to new international re- sibilities of peace.

There can be little disagreement on the main problems of our Foreign Service.

We need more men. I am confident that when the problem is put frankly before the Congress the necessary funds will be ap¬ propriated to the Department to carry through speedily a successful recruitment program. We shall draw extensively upon the fighting men who are now in our mili¬ tary forces. They deserve heavy repre¬ sentation in the Department that will main¬ tain the peace.

Mr. Byington (center) is pre¬ sented with gifts, subscribed to by members of the Foreign Service and the State De¬ partment, by the Acting Secretary of State, Mr. Stet- tinius (left) and the Honorable Jo¬ seph C. Grew, President of the American Foreign Service Associa¬ tion. The hook contains all the signatures of the donors of the gifts.

SCENES AT THE ASSOCIATION PARTY IN HONOR OF MR. BYINGTON

Below :

Photo by Mildred Gale.

We need some mature men, particularly for specialized Service jobs. For this purpose we should perfect an orderly scheme of drawing talent from the Federal Government for temporary assignments in today’s complex foreign relations.

We need talent from civil life. Just as the Army and Navy drew upon Reserve officers in the hour of crisis, we in Foreign Service may need a Reserve Corps wherein prestige will help to enlist ability.

We must increase the interchange of personnel between the Foreign Service and the Department. Such an interchange, extended to all branches of the Department and the Foreign Service, will en¬ hance mutual understanding of our common respon¬ sibilities.

In all this, we must safeguard the career prin¬ ciple. On the basis of your intimate and mature knowledge of the Foreign Service and its problems, I know you will agree with me that our tested or¬ ganization must be the nucleus of expansion. Morale will be fortified, and recruitment facilitated by speeding up the machinery for promotions; by better evaluation and recognition of work well done; by making top diplomatic posts available to men without private means; by opening assign¬ ments of responsibility to men of ability while they are still young.

We must continue to improve operating condi¬ tions overseas. This means better offices and better equipment. It means realistic living allowances. We should never require men to choose between skimping on the responsibilities of their assignments or neglecting their personal and family require¬ ments.

Out of the fullness of your experience, Mr. By- ington, I know that you fully appreciate the neces¬ sity for these improvements and that you will wel¬ come the efforts being made to bring about these improvements. In your case, your Government has demanded your talents and devotion for a life¬ time. These you have given in full measure. In addition, you and your wife have given one son to the Foreign Service, a young man whom I see every day and in whom I have great confidence; another to American civil aviation abroad; another to the Naval Academy; one daughter honored by a doc¬ tor’s degree in her teaching of languages; two daughters who are mothers of families, one of whom awaits her husband’s return from the Pacific theatre of war.

It is my great privilege now, in behalf of my associates in the Department and in the Foreign Service, to hand you three gifts in commemoration of your outstanding contribution to the Service. They are evidence of our profound esteem—a silver tray engraved with the affection and admiration of

your colleagues and friends in the Department; these goblets for a toast to your health and con¬ tinued happiness; this testimonial of our respect and good wishes always to you and Mrs. Byington.

REMARKS OF THE HONORABLE JOSEPH C. GREW

As President of the American Foreign Service Association—and I should like to take this occasion to express sincere appreciation of my recent elec¬ tion, an honor of which I recognize the importance and which came to me as a great surprise—it is my privilege to welcome to this meeting the Acting Secretary of State. Before presenting Mr. Stettinius, however, I should like to say just a few words.

Among the pleasantest aspects of our Foreign Service are the personal friendships with colleagues formed through long association in the Department and in the field, and I know of no officer in our Service who has a wider circle of admiring friends than has Homer Byington.

I remember one of my first contacts with him, nearly twenty years ago at his post in Naples when I was on my way from Washington to Turkey. As Under Secretary of State and Chairman of the Per¬ sonnel Board, I had been wrestling with the very difficult and complicated problems of amalgamating the former diplomatic and consular services into one Foreign Service under the provisions of the Rogers Act, and in that process inevitable contro¬ versies had arisen. I shall always, therefore, re¬ member with pleasure and real gratitude the com¬ mon sense approach and the wise analysis of those problems by Homer Byington when we sat down in his house in Naples to discuss them. He did more at that time than he will ever know to convince me that our labors on the Personnel Board had been soundly constructive and fair to all. That is merely a little cliche of the past, but it was the beginning of my friendship with Homer Byington and of my understanding of the respect and affection in which he is universally held.

I will say no more now except that with Mr. Byington’s retirement we lose the dean of our Serv¬ ice who in the length of his service, approaching fifty years, stands head and shoulders above us all. We wish today to express our feelings about his retirement and we are especially happy that the Acting Secretary has consented, in spite of his exacting duties, to come here to interpret those feel¬ ings. On behalf of us all, I wish to tell Mr. Stet¬ tinius of our sincere appreciation of his very help¬ ful interest in the Foreign Service, an interest which constantly shows itself in many different ways, and we highly value his support.



JOEL BARLOW, Diplomat, Poet, Philosopher

By HARRY VAN DEMARK

ON the day after Christmas in the tiny hamlet of Zarnowiec, near Cracow, Poland, the fol¬

lowing record was entered on the parish register: “In the year 1812, on the 26th day of December,

at 1 o’clock in the afternoon, before us—the vicar of the parish of Zarnowiec and the official of the civil administration of the town of Zarnowiec, coun¬ ty of Pileck, department of Cracow—there appeared Jan Blaski, the postmaster, and police magistrate of the county, who lives in Zarnowiec and is 36 years of age; and Idzi Baiorkiewicz, who tills two quarters of farm land in Zarnowiec, and is 33 years of age; and they gave witness that on the 24th day of the aforementioned month and year, at noonday, in house No. 1 of this town, there died Esquire, the Honorable Joel Barlow, Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of North America to the court of Napoleon, Emperor of France and King of Italy; that he died while on his way back to Paris from Warsaw; and that he appears to have been 56 years of age, the son of parents to them un¬ known ; and that he was the husband of Madame Ruth Barlow, nee Baldwin; and that from the pa¬ pers found on him, he appears to have been born in a town by the name of Ridgefield, which they be¬ lieve to be a town in the United States.

“In witness whereof, we have hereunto this day affixed our signatures to this certificate.

(Signed) REV. STANISLAV BOIARSKI, JAN BLASKI, IDZI BAIORKIEWICZ.

On March 24th last occurred the 189th anniver¬ sary of the birth of Joel Barlow, yet neither on that day, nor on any of the preceding anniversaries of his birth has his government done anything to keep fresh his memory, though he died a martyr to his country’s service just as surely as did soldiers who fell in battle.

After waiting several weeks in Paris for an interview with Napoleon, he was finally advised that “His Majesty has expressed a desire to

transfer the conference to Wilna fin Poland I,” where the emperor was directing the march of his legions into Russia.

In a letter to Mrs. James Madison in Washing¬ ton, Mrs. Barlow, who remained in Paris, stated that, “Joel’s journey will be made in his own car¬ riage. It will be a long and cold trip, 650 leagues, half the way through a country of bad roads and almost destitute of everything.” She adds, how¬ ever, “He set off with great courage and high-raised expectations of succeeding to his wish and to the satisfaction of our Government.”

Barlow reached Frankfort-on-the-Main, via the provinces of Champagne and Lorraine, continued on to Berlin, where he arrived on November 5th, having passed directly over the battlefield of Jena where, six years before, Napoleon had put an end to the power of the Prussian monarchy. After three weeks he reached Wilna, from where his secretary and nephew, Thomas Barlow, wrote on Decem¬ ber 13:

“The emperor passed on the road in the night and our trip here is in vain. We shall have to start back to Paris and try and see him there. The thermometer registers thirteen below (Fahrenheit) and I never felt the air sting like this. Prince Ponia- towski is wounded. Only 1,000 men are alive of his Polish command of 74,000. The soldiers are eating dead horses and glad to have it.”

And again: “Sometimes the driver beats us to keep us from freezing to death. Uncle Joel has fallen ill from the intense cold and want of proper nourishment. We eat frozen bread and drink frozen wine. We sleep in hovels since we left Warsaw and I fear we cannot proceed much farther on the road

to Crawo.” His fears were well

grounded. At Zarnowiec on the farther side of Cracow the journey was halted and medical as¬ sistance sought, but it came too late and the end came as described in the report of the


The name of JOEL BARLOW appears on the memorial plaque in the Department of State Building, erected by the American Foreign Service Association in honor of diplomatic and consular officers who while on active duty lost their lives under tragic or heroic circum¬ stances.—THE EDITORS.

DECEMBER, 1944 669

News From the Field

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FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

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Argentina—Hiram Bingham, Jr. Australia—John R. Minler Bermuda—William H. Beck British East Africa—Joseph Palmer, 2nd Ceylon—Robert I.. Buell. Central Canada—Eric W. Magnuson Colombia—James S. Triolo Eastern Canada—Easton T. Kelsey Egypt—Edward Dow, Jr. Great Britain—Dorsey G. Fisher Greenland—John R. Ocheltree Guatemala—Gerald A. Drew Honduras—Frederick P. L,atimer, Jr. India—William Duff

Iran—Richard Ford Jamaica—John H. Lord Nassau—John H. E. McAndrews Nicaragua—James M. Gilchrist New Zealand—John Fuess North Africa—J. Rives Childs Panama—Arthur R. Williams Sweden—George West Trinidad—Richard D. Gatewood Turkey—Burton Y. Berry U. S. S. R.—Edward Page, Jr. Union of South Africa—Robert A. Acly, Edward Groth Venezuela—Carl Breuer

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NEW DELHI

STAFF PHOTOGRAPH OF THE OFFICE OF THE PERSONAL REPRESEN¬ TATIVE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, NEW DELHI,

OCTOBER, 1945.

Front row: Janies R. Pill man. Glenn A. Abbey, Clayton Lane, George R. Merrell, Secretary in Charge, Sheldon Mills, Adrian Colquitt. Second row: Robert Bruns, Paul McCarty, Paul Casey, Dale B. Maher, Lucille Keating, Bernard Paulson, Charles Booth. Third Row : Interpreters Ayer. Rainkrishna, Gupta, Menon and

Gupta.


JIDDA

The graduation exercises of the first student class of the United States Military Mission at Taif were held on October 11, 1944. The legation at Jidda was represented by the Minister, Attache Lind and Clerk Coffey, and Colonel Coneybear, FEA repre¬ sentative for Arabia, and Messrs. Park and Cypher, local representatives of the Saudi Arabian Mining Syndicate and the Arabian American Ooil Com¬ pany, respectively, were also present, for this was to be a great occasion for American-Arabian relations and for Colonel Shomber, head of the mission.

On the morning of October 12 the large audience tent commenced to fill up with Saudi officials and scores of bedouin chiefs in their colorful robes and long swords. I lle American guests were conducted to seats at the far end of the tent, on either side of two large gilt chairs reserved for His Royal High¬ ness the Amir Faisal and his son Abdullah Faisal. Colonel Shomber made the welcoming speech. At the end he asked Colonel Eddy to say a few words and introduced him to the assemblage.

Everyone leaned forward as Colonel Eddy stood up, and to the amazement of all, they heard him speak forth for five minutes in excellent Arabic. There was a noticeable movement among the crowd and mumbled approval as they strained to catch every word. They heard him wish health, long life

and happiness to the King, the Amir and the Royal Family and for several minutes the loud and en¬ thusiastic clapping expressed their delight and ap¬ proval. For the first time the representative of America, the country all Saudis have come to re¬ spect and admire, was able to speak to them in their own tongue. The expressions of friendship between the two countries, the honor of addressing them on this auspicious occasion which added cooperation between our friendly armies to the bonds of friend¬ ship already cemented between our peoples and our two governments, fell like soft rain and the comforting feeling of a protecting friend.

Then the Amir stood up and silence fell. With very evident sincerity in his voice, the Amir thanked Colonel Eddy and said: “It is the very good for¬ tune of our country that the great republic of Amer¬ ica, whose friendship has become so dear to us, has in its wisdom sent to us a representative who not only speaks in our tongue but who was also born in Arab lands. We honor him as a brother and re¬ pose our whole confidence in him, for we know that through him our two countries will be drawn into that close unity of purpose which is the prayer of all Saudi Arabians.” The Amir turned to Colonel Shomber and expressed the sincere gratitude of himself and the King for the training program.

NILS R. LUND

CARACAS

The Honorable Dr. Frank P. Corrigan, American Am¬ bassador to Venezuela, signs the renewal of* the Health and Sanitation agreement providing for its extension for thirty months from July 1, 1944. Reading from left to right: The Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Dr. Parra Perez, the Ambassador, and Dr. Lairet, Minister of Health.

DECEMBER, 1944 671

The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

THE SUPER POWERS: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union—Their Responsibility for Peace, by Williarn T. R. Fox. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York. $2.00. The Yale Institute of Internationa] Studies has

put out since its organization in 1935 a series of studies in the field of international relations of which perhaps the best-known of those previously issued are The Far Eastern Policy oj the United States, by A. Whitney Griswold, and The Latin American Policy oj the United States, by Samuel F Bemis. The last to come out in this series is The Super Powers, by William T. R. Fox, a re¬ search associate in the Institute.

It is a self-evident fact that the effectiveness of an international system of collective security must rest in the final analysis on the power of the mem¬ ber great nations. Any serious discussion of the role to be played by the great nations within the system must cover the greater part of the space within the compass of the whole project. One of the basic problems of organization—and there are many—has been the determination of the degree of authority to formulate the decisions of the sys¬ tem to be vested in the Great Powers. Should such authority correspond precisely with the complete dependence of the system upon the Great Nations, or should the degree of authority be formulated with some regard to the obvious fact that the cus¬ tody of the conscience of mankind is no monopoly of the great nations? Our author somewhat im¬ patiently cuts across this and other similar questions and plumps fairly for the “power" of the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union as the effective element in the system to be devised. The first purpose of this study is “to seek a definition of the national interest of each (of the three Great Powers) in such terms that each will find it possible to collaborate with the others to maintain a stable and just postwar order.”

Mr. Fox proceeds to examine first those condi¬ tions and factors which endemically or spasmodi¬ cally create friction between the United States and Britain and, next, those circumstances which have made possible the resolving of issues between these countries without envisioning “an ultimate resort to war” and which also create between them a strategic interdependence. He reaches the conclu¬ sion, which most of his readers will share, that col¬ laboration between these two Great Powers can be counted upon.

A discussion then ensues of the possibilities of

collaboration among the three Super-Powers. The author examines the possibility of Soviet expansion by the classic methods of force and concludes— and there is no quarrel with that conclusion—that the Soviet Union will not “within a decade or two . . . make demands for new territories so extreme that collaboration is impossible.” But there are other things necessary for collaboration which lie entirely outside the field of Soviet policies and in¬ itiatives—things over which the Soviet Union has no control. There is the possibility, to which Mr. Fox adverts only briefly, of further Soviet territorial expansion resulting from “a genuine demand from the masses of the peoples to be Sovietized,” and it must be apparent that the progressive expansion of the areas under a government that is a manifesta¬ tion of an evangelical ideology enlarges the diffi¬ culty of keeping in equilibrium an agreed-upon specific program, which the author considers to be necessary for collaboration. Again, one important factor making for the confidence of the American and British peoples in each other (“In both coun¬ tries there is a belief in the dignity and value of the individual and a disbelief in the state as an end in itself”) is notably absent among the factors which make for collaboration between these coun¬ tries and the Soviet Union.

In the concluding chapter there is put forward a program for our time—a framework of commit¬ ments within which a three-power coalition for peace would operate. It is not wholly novel, which is not to decry it, and it is admirable so far as it goes but it is not in itself, as the author himself affirms, a program for permanent peace. It is pre¬ sented frankly in search of a realistic approach to the problem of maintaining a stable and just post¬ war order—of making the two or three decades after the war a period of transition to something more than a third world war. The purpose of the study is perhaps most clearly illuminated by a foot¬ note, as follows:

“The author believes that the present will have paid its debt to the future if it ‘prevents war in our time’ in such fashion that it minimizes the chances of w’ar at some future date. The generation which is fighting to¬ day has a legitimate grievance against the past, for peace was preserved in the 1920’s and 1930’s in ways which would only lead to war in the 1940’s.”

The question which this study, which is gener¬ ously annotated and is otherwise most workman¬ like, will leave with the reader is whether or not the priceless opportunity we are lo have after this war to make definitive progress toward permanent


peace can most profitably be employed by imple¬ menting a transitional program based primarily on power.

EUGENE DOOMAN.

THE GLORIOUS ADVENTURES OF TYL ULEN- SPIEGL, by Charles de Coster. Pantheon Books Inc., New York, 1943. 493 pages. $3.50. This first complete English translation of de

Coster’s epic novel, by Allan Ross Macdougall, in¬ troduced to the English-speaking world by Camille Huysmans, has been brought out in a popular edi¬ tion at a unique moment when the free peoples of the whole world are united once more in another episode of the eternal struggle against the evil powers of darkness and oppression. Tyl Ulenspiegl depicts, with masterful force, one of the earlier vic¬ tories of freemen over those who fear Freedom for any but themselves.

The popular edition of this magnificent book has been revised in translation and the text decorated with 100 superb woodcuts by the author’s compa¬ triot Frans Masereel, the Flemish artist, who, ac¬ cording to Romain Rolland, “has allied within him the two opposing elements which are so character¬ istic of Tyl Ulenspiegl: the enormous buffoonery and the dark demons of the soul—violence and mel¬ ancholy.” Seldom has an author been so well served by his illustrator.

Ulenspiegl. which was first published in 1869, thirty years after the emergence of Belgium as an independent nation, is the history of the revolution of seven Low Country provinces, led by William the Silent, Louis of Nassau, Brederode and the lords, in the sixteenth century. The opposing force, the power of Spain, is represented by King Philip II, the Duke of Alba, his governor and hangman in Flanders with the Inquisition, quislings and wholesale plundering murder contributing scenes of stark horror and authentic vicious rule in their attempt to silence the voice of Freedom.

Tyl Ulenspiegl, who derives his name from the Flemish “Ik ben ulen spiegel,” (I am your mirror) as he claimed to see the past and future of his fel¬ low countrymen in one of his early pranks, is the popular hero in this tale of love of liberty and the fight to maintain that right, while the noble hero is William the Silent. Ulenspiegl has always been vigorously revived in times of war for the reason that, like all truly great books, it mirrors the pas¬ sions and struggles that belong to all ages, all places, all men driven to fight for liberty and in¬ numerable parallels to our time will strike the read¬ er, reliving in the book the history of the present day.

Tyl, the traditional figure of farce familiar in the folk literature of the Flemish, Dutch and Lower- German provinces, has been artfully placed in an historical setting, and fitted into a great revolu¬ tionary adventure. While still maintaining the identity of the conventional prankster and frolic¬ some character of tradition, the hero has become the valiant and patriotic defender of his country and of liberty.

Beginning with two parallel lines representing Ulenspiegl on the one side, and Philip II on the other, the author develops the lives of these two characters, continuing the parallel throughout—with one committed to the salvation of man and the other to his damnation. With this consistency, the author has given unity to his work and thereby avoided all the incoherence which might inevitably result from such an overwhelming abundance of material.

DeCoster has been widely influenced by the struc¬ tural scheme of Don Quixote in the creation of Lamme Goedzak, the fat companion, who serves as a foil to Ulenspiegl. There is, however, no con¬ trasting character to Philip II, as his solitary rule only serves to strengthen his position as the supreme oppressor.

Katheline, the mad-woman, mother of Ulenspiegl’s sweetheart, Nele, is the link between the real and the unreal, between historical happenings and the fantasies of the wandering unlimited imagination, which brands her, according to sixteenth century belief, as a witch. It is Katheline who enables Ulen- spiegel and Nele to visit the world of spirits, which leads the reader into a world of the abstract, and permits Ulenspiegl to discover the symbol through which Flanders may be saved.

The turning point in the book comes with the death of Tyl’s father, Claes, who is burned at the stake by the foreign oppressors, in all the drama of sixteenth century realism. Tyl’s bitter oath of ven¬ geance against the informer and the invaders of his land provides the book with a unifying motive and carries the reader through a host of historically dramatic and realistic adventures which follow Tyl throughout his land leading his countrymen in the search for the Freedom ever-present in the hearts of the oppressed.

The book is a masterpiece of contrast, combining the eternal struggle of man against the evil forces which would enslave him, with the gentle emergence of the coy Tyl, born with a caul, and Nele, daughter of the mystic Katheline, who are the spirit and the heart of Flanders.

CAROL RYAN. (Continued on page 706)

DECEMBER, 1944 673

Press Comment

From the Washington Post, October 15, 1944

A Communication MAY I as a former diplomat, suggest to Mr. Sumner Welles, whose apologies for Ameri¬

can diplomats appears on your editorial page this morning, that he, as well as the editor of THE

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, has missed the main point of the controversy?* It is not the abilities or personalities of individual diplomats that are now in question; it is American foreign policy itself. Let us grant that our foreign service officers are today more carefully chosen and are better trained than formerly. Let us grant that we have some extremely able diplomats in the service— indeed, we have always had some even under the old haphazard system of appointment and training. But that is not the point.

The point is that diplomats, however able, do not mid cannot create foreign policy. A real foreign policy cannot be created even by President or Secre¬ taries of State. In a self-governing nation like ours, foreign policy can be stable and effective only if it is an articulation of the essential needs and con¬ scious or unconscious desires of the people con¬ cerning their relationships with other members of the human family. And this can never be possible unless all questions relating to foreign policy are publicly discussed and publicly understood. A poli¬ cy which is not truly popular cannot be a stable one, and a policy which is not stable is not a policv at all.

Policy is defined as a “settled or definite course or method adopted or followed by a government.” Even a superficial study of our diplomatic history of the past fifty years will, it seems to me, quickly persuade any intelligent person that our courses and methods in foreign affairs have been anything but definite, anything but settled; they have been (:i the contrary confused, capricious and contradic¬ tory. In your editorial, “Retort Diplomatic,” of October 3,f you put your finger precisely on the rea¬ son why this is so. The people were not interested or informed about foreign affairs and little or no effort was made to interest or inform them. Thus our course in foreign affairs has been determined,

* See p. 605 of the November JOURNAL. tSee p. 603 of the same issue.

not by policy in the sense defined but by a series of Presidential or Secretarial improvisations.

Diplomacy is only the mechanism whereby for¬ eign policy is applied. Diplomats are human tools or instruments for the application of policy. But even the best tools are worthless unless they are employed intelligently and to some useful and well defined purpose. A sculptor’s mallet and chisel can¬ not of themselves produce a statue, nor can the sculptor himself produce a statue unless there is al¬ ready some ideal image of it in his mind. I might say that what has been lacking in American diplo¬ macy is a “formal cause.”

Instruments of diplomacy in the hands of ambi¬ tious rulers or politicians can of course be used to extend and consolidate personal power. This, how¬ ever, is not policy but perversion; the course of such rulers in foreign affairs can never be definite and stable, but must shift constantly to meet the shifting exigencies of personal power. I said that Presidents and Secretaries cannot make national foreign policy; it would follow that four men can¬ not make world policy, that is to say, cannot reor¬ ganize the world to insure peace. Enduring peace will come only when the varying needs and aspira¬ tions of the varying people of the world have been articulated and are understood and are somehow reconciled, each with the other—I mean, of course, their real needs and aspirations, rather than those expressed in the slogans and catchwords invented by propagandists.

Obviously, something has been long and seriously wrong with the way in which our foreign relation¬ ships have been conducted. Something is always seriously wrong when a people finds itself engaged, against its desire, in a fear ml, protracted and ex¬ pensive war against a concert of enemies only slight¬ ly less powerful than itself. By all means, then, let us have full and free discussion about foreign af¬ fairs and about American diplomacy until we per¬ ceive where and how our errors have been made. For when the people are clear as to causes, they can begin to seek remedies, and thereby to create the policy which, as I said, only they are capable of creating.

WILLIAM FRANKLIN SANDS. Washington, Oct. 11.


A Century of Progress By ARTHUR C. FROST, Department of State

WHAT will the Foreign Service look like in A.D. 2044? Will we be sending represen¬

tatives to 40 countries or 4? Perhaps super- Ambassadors will fly through the stratosphere in a few hours, from the ends of the earth to a central Grand Council in California, as the most equidis¬ tant point from the great powers, the entire world having been sold by that time on the superb scenic and climatic advantages of California after another century of Hollywood Hullaballoo.

Since, however, we cannot look ahead that far (or even into the post-war period), a perusal of the Foreign Service list of July 1844 will show the set¬ up of a century ago, and that perspective may serve as a mental spring-board for the vast changes in the century to come.

The Foreign Service list of 1844 consisted of 16 pages, entitled, “List of Ministers, Consults, and other Diplomatic and Commercial Agents of the United States in Foreign Countries” printed by one W. Q. Force.

In 1844 there were no Consuls General, and Am¬ bassadors did not come until half a century later. The highest rank was that of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, for eight countries, i.e., British Dominions, Russia, French Dominions, Spanish Dominions, Prussia, Austria, Mexican Re¬ public, and Brazil. The United States and Charges d’Affaires to thirteen countries, namely, Republic of Texas. Portuguese Dominions, Belgium, Danish Dominions, Dominions of the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, Scandinavian States, Kingdom of the two Sicilies, New Granada, Venezuela, Argentine Republic, Chile, and Peru. The Envoys had only one Secretary of Legation, and the Charges d’Affaires apparently had to carry on unaided. In many coun¬ tries the highest functionary was a Consul. In Tur¬ key we had a Minister Resident.

As against well over 800 Foreign Service Officers today, the United States had, according to this list, a total of 172 Consuls, 5 Commercial Agents, and half a dozen Secretaries. Nathaniel Hawthorne had not yet come on the scene at Liverpool but Edward Everett was our Envoy to London and Washington Irving was supposed to be in Madrid, but was more apt to be in Andalucia as an early good-will repre¬ sentative to the Spanish cultural world. Germany and Italy were far from united in those days and were cut up into minor kingdoms which might offer a blueprint for some post-war planners. Horatio J. Sprague had already established his dynasty at Gi¬ braltar. J. Howard Payne was at Tunis and had not yet composed those immortal words of “Home,

Sweet Home” more nostalgic for Foreign Service officers than the folks back home. How many representatives, a century from now, will be as well known as those cited?

Since this early Foreign Service list is not likely to have a reprint, further particulars of our repre¬ sentation abroad may be of general interest. It is perhaps unwise to attempt to delve into the com¬ pensation of the representatives in those early days when the dollar went so far and the Income Tax was unknown, but it may suffice to say that James Buchanan who came in 1853 as Envoy to London, received $9,000 a year, and in 1856 his successor had compensation of $17,500 which compares not unfavorably with the salary of $10,000 which all Ministers and some Ambassadors receive today.

British Dominions had 35 Consuls which were listed under sub-heads in England, Scotland, Ire¬ land; Hongkong, East Indies; “in and near Europe and Africa,” which included Gibraltar, Island of Malta, Cape Town, and Port Louis, Isle of France; North America, which meant Canada and consisted of only four posts, St. John’s, N. B., Halifax, Pictou, and Sydney (Nova Scotia). In South America there was Demerara, British Guiana. Australia had Con¬ suls at Sydney and Hobart Town.* In the West In¬ dies, under British Dominions, posts were listed at Bermuda, Nassau, Turk’s Island, Kingston, Bar- badoes, and Island of Trinidad. The foregoing all were Consuls, and there were Commercial Agents in the Island of Helena, and Saint Christopher and Antigua.

In Russia, we had Consuls at Saint Petersburg, Riga, Archangel, and Odessa.

French Dominions accounted for 12 Consuls. Spanish Dominions had 20, of whom nine were in Cuba, 4 in Porto Rico and 1 at Manilla.

The Portuguese Dominions had five Consuls; and Danish Domnions three—in Copenhagen, Elsineur, and Sainte Croix in the Dutch West Indies. The Dominion of the Netherlands had four Consuls.

Germany was still unassembled into another Reich. Prussia had two Consuls, one for the Prus¬ sian Provinces of the Rhine and one for Stettin. Austria had three, Vienna, Trieste, and Venice; Saxony two, Dresden and Leipsick; and Bavaria had one. Wurtemburg one at Stuttgard.

Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, and Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt were cared for by a Con¬ sul at Cassel. One at Manheim was for Baden, and


*Note: The original spelling of plaee names is retained throughout this article.

DECEMBER. 1944 675

Meet The Magdalena By JEAN OGLETREE*

The JESVSITA *Wife of Tigner Ogletree, Foreign Service clerk.

WE FOUND our boat, the Jesusita, tied to the dock being loaded. She was surrounded by

an aura of heat and flickering electric light. We were handed over the gangplank by a dark husky in once-white ducks. On the passenger deck we were greeted by a correct purser who gave our keys to a smiling little stewardess, who escorted us to our cabins. A six-piece band that had obviously never rehearsed together was pounding out a num¬ ber called “Kiss me, once, ONCE more,” and thus our reception was conducted in pantomime as con¬ versation was out of the question. The cabins were painted white and were clean. They contained on the wall a mirror, a hook and an insecurely affixed wash-bowl; a chair, a bed with a deep valley in it, and an electric fan that was busily trying to stir up the air were the other furnishings. One door opened on the nineteen-inch promenade deck and the other on the dining-sitting salon. I stripped off the dark woolen suit and doused myself in cool, dark, river water, and put on the thinnest garment in my bag. Tig emerged in a white coat and a pair of robin’s- egg blue trousers, to the mild astonishment of the other passengers. It was wonderful to be compara¬ tively clean, comfortable, and relaxed again.

Almost immediately there was a terrific blast on the steam whistle. People began to shout good¬ byes, the boat shuddered a little, the lights flickered, the band played the national anthem. We smiled

benignly at each other and the other passengers. "Its the same thrill everywhere,” murmured my husband dreamily, thinking, no doubt, of the S.S. Washington or S.S. Santa Rosa. There the simi¬ larity ended, for we steamed crab-wise into the cen¬ ter of the stream and let the current swing our stern around, and proceeded off in a direction entirely the opposite from that I had expected. We passed sev¬ eral other boats constructed like ours except on a larger or smaller scale. To each of them we gave a whistled salute in some complicated code. This con¬ tinued for fifteen minutes, as it seems that after they had answered us we had to thank them for answering. Finally silence fell upon us all as we lined the rail and watched the twinkling lights of La Dorada disappear.

We went up to the top deck to watch the paddle wheel pushing us along with accompanying snorts and puffs of steam. We found, to our astonishment, that what we had thought was part of the dock was a barge which we were pushing ahead of us, its cargo covered with tarpaulins. The fuel for our engines was carried up there, and also three de¬ jected bulls were poking their heads out of a pen, gazing at the water. Black puffs of smoke blew out of the twin stacks, and they radiated heat from the furnaces roaring blow. We looked over the other 20-odd passengers, all of different color and station in life. I hey sized us up also, among themselves.

waiting to find out how we would behave. Whether we would be supercilious about the food, complaining about our accommodations, or friend¬ ly and perhaps conversational. They soon found out, because an old-fashioned dinner bell, clanging above the rhumba being pounded out by the or¬ chestra, summoned us to the dining room. In a body the people rose and rushed to the tables, doors from cabins flew open and maids and children streamed out. A boy in a starched jacket pulled out our chairs, and we looked up to meet the eyes of a very pretty young Colombian woman and her handsome Ecuadorian


Native huts along the banks.

The Captain favors the passengers with a visit.

husband. There were also three strenographers from Bogota on a holiday together. They had never been out of the capital before and were excited and gay. They all wore slacks and bandana handkerchiefs ex¬ actly as they had seen pictures of American girls on cruises, but in this case long gold ear-rings jiggled and swung from pierced ears. One smoked from a long holder, and the one next to Tig used an abun¬ dance of essence of Tabu. She opened the conver¬ sation at once: “Son Americanos, no?” said she, exhibiting a great deal of charm and intelligence. “Si,” said Tig, smiling, with equal intelligence. And so we were soon friends, exchanging cigarettes and matches, nods and small talk. This was the first time in South America where we were completely on our own, among people who spoke no English but “would like to learn.” We would see whether we could put ourselves across. It was exciting to try to express ourselves, politely and sensibly, in a lan¬ guage that carries so many nuances of meaning, courtesy and caste. These people were helpful lis¬ teners and slowed down their remarks and enun¬ ciated carefully when speaking to us.

The meal was briskly served, and a stereotype of all three meals a day, with the exception of break¬ fast, where the soup and sweet were omitted: a large piece of fresh pineapple, a thick soup filled with vegetables, fried chicken in rice and fried ba¬ nanas, beefsteak with boiled potatoes and tomatoes, fresh rolls, pudding, coffee, crackers, jam. Imme¬ diately after the meal everyone disappeared to their cabins. As soon as the tables were cleared off, the crew began setting up “beds” on deck and in the dining-room for the passengers who had paid only

the fare, which does not include a cabin. These were canvas covered cots on which the passenger put his blanket and pillow. From observation I would say they all promptly fell asleep and had to be prodded awake in the morning when the crew came to wash the decks. Even in the seclusion of a cabin, and in a bed, T could not fall asleep. The lights flickered too much to read a copy of Time I had with me, so I watched the shore slide by not ten feet away, and listened for jungle sounds. I could not hear any, the fan was too loud. So I tugged the knotted sheet straight and sank help¬ lessly into the trough of the mattress. I woke later to find water dripping on my ankles. It was pour¬ ing, and the water was coming through from the deck above. I stepped gingerly onto the floor, watching out for possible creeping creatures, and yanked the cot into the middle of the room. The dripping went on but the sound of the storm out¬ side put me to sleep at once. At six-thirty my eyes were opened by a sensation of insistent heat.


DECEMBER. 1944 677

FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES (Continued from, page 649)

Herman Moss of New York, New York, American Vice Consul at Port-au-Prince, Haiti, has been designated Amer¬ ican Vice Consul at Rome, Ttaly, attached to the Office of the United States Representative on the Advisory Council for Italy.

Arthur Muelberger of Little Silver, Newr Jersey, has been appointed Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France.

Elim O’Shaughnessy of New York, New York, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated Secretary and Vice Consul attached to the Office of the United States Repre¬ sentative, Paris, France.

Edward Parker of Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, Ameri¬ can Vice Consul at Matamoras, Tamaulipas, Mexico, has been designated American Vice Consul at Marseille, France.

Richard H. Post of Quoque, New York, American Vice Consul at Mendoza, Argentina, has been designated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Lee D. Randall of Highland Park, Illinois, Third Secre¬ tary of Legation at Bern, Switzerland, has been designated American Nice Consul at Marseille, France.

Raymond A. Styles of Atlanta, Georgia, American Vice Consul at Tunis, Tunisia, has been designated American N ice Consul at Bordeaux, France.

Charles W. Smith of Burbank, California, Third Secretary and American Vice Consul at Habana, Cuba, has been designated American Vice Consul at Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

James W. Swihart of Ridgewood, Newr Jersey, now in the Department of State, has been appointed Economic Analyst and assigned to American Embassy, Brussels, Bel¬ gium.

The following changes have occurred in the American Foreign Service since October 14, 1944:

Roger S. Abbott of Patterson, California, has been desig¬ nated Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France.

Eskel M. Anderson of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Senior Economic Analyst at Cairo, Egypt, has been designated Senior Analyst at Brussels, Belgium.

Bettye M. Bohanon of Arlington, Virginia, has been designated Assistant to the Petroleum Attache at Lima, Peru.

Merritt N. Cootes of Ft. Myer, Virginia, Second Secre¬ tary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Lisbon, Portugal, has been assigned to the Department of State.

Harry M. Donaldson of West Newton, Pennsylvania, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated American Consul at St. John, New Brunswick, Canada, upon confirmation of his nomination.

Albert M. Doyle, of Detroit, Michigan, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Consul Gen¬ eral at Amsterdam, Netherlands, upon confirmation of his nomination.

Richard Eldridge of Gainesville, Texas, Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United States Repre¬ sentative, Paris, France, has been designated Attache at the same place.

Arthur C. Frost of Arlington, Massachusetts, now as¬

signed to the Department of State, has been designated Consul General at Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

David Gilsinn of Alexandria, Virginia, has been appoint¬ ed American Vice Consul at Kabul, Afghanistan.

Outerbridge Horsey of New' York, New York, Third Sec¬ retary of American Embassy and American Vice Consul at Madrid, Spain, has been assigned to the Department of State.

Daniel L. Horowitz of Brooklyn, New' York, Senior Eco¬ nomic Analyst at Santiago, Chile, has been designated Attache at the same place.

Frederick A. Kuhn of Washington, D. C., has been ap¬ pointed Assistant Commercial Attache at Beirut, Lebanon.

Charles J. Little of New York, New York, Senior Eco¬ nomic Analyst at Algiers has been designated Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Office of the United States Representative, Paris, France.

Cecil B. Lyon of New York, New York, assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Second Secretary of Legation and American Consul at Cairo, Egypt, and will serve in dual capacity.

Roy M. Melbourne of Ocean View, Virginia, American Vice Consul at Naples, has been designated Foreign Serv¬ ice Officer at Bucharest, Rumania.

Alton T. Murray of Watsonville, California, Assistant Agricultural Attache at London, England, has been as¬ signed to the Department of State.

Orsen N. Nielson of Beloit, Wisconsin, assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Counselor of Embassy and Consul General near the Government of Nor¬ way, now established at London, England.

Edward J. Rowell of Berkeley, California, Senior Eco¬ nomic Analyst at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated Attache at the same place.

Terry B. Sanders of Edinburg, Texas, Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Mexico City, Mexi¬ co, has been designated Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at London, England, and will serve in dual capacity.

Wells Stabler of Washington, D. C., has been appointed American Vice Consul at Jerusalem, Palestine.

Llewellyn E. Thompson, Jr., of Las Animas, Colorado, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, has been designated Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at London, England, and will serve in dual capacity.

North Winship of Macon, Georgia, Consul General at Toronto, Ontario, Canada, has been designated Consul Gen¬ eral at Montreal, Quebec, Canada.


Ezra Laurence Cross of Flint, Michigan, has been ap¬ pointed Junior Economic Analyst in the American Foreign Service Auxiliary.

William B. Fitzgerald of Washington, D. C., has been appointed Senior Economic Analyst in the American For¬ eign Service Auxiliary.

Lester D. Mallory of Berkeley, California, Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at Mexico City, has been designated Agricultural Attache attached to the American Embassy, Paris, France.

Edward M. Mueller of Washington, D. C., has been desig¬ nated Senior Economic Analyst attached to the Staff of the PoliticaL Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Head¬ quarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces, now in London.


Vice Consul and Mrs. Basil F. Macgoivan take time off from official duties to bask in Bermuda's sunshine. The Macgowans were members oj the group interned at Baden-Baden; he was formerly Charge at

Nice. Upper right: Former members of the Managua Embassy Staff now in the Armed Services. From left to right they are, Clerk Oscar Guerra, Clerk Joseph T. Kendrick, JrJunior Economic Analyst Dale E.

Farringer and Vice Consul William W. Marvel on the right.

The guests of Consul General Ely E. Palmer at the United Nations Ball held on Septem¬ ber 22, 1944, by the Division of Import Procurement, Com¬ monwealth Department of Trade and Customs, at the Town Hall, Sydney, Australia.

Below: Members oj the Beirut Legation staff just before their depar¬ ture for an official Government reception on September 1. Left to right: James T. Scott, William M Gwynn, George Wadsworth, Colonel

Virgil A. Jackson, and W. Horton Schoellkopj, Jr. Lower right: The Troy Perkins recently visited the retired Stuart Grummons at Kedding, Conn. Left to right: Mr. Grummon, Mrs. Grummon, Mrs. and Mr. Philippe, friends of the Grummons; young Philip Perkins and FSO Troy Perkins. Mrs. fierkins was the pho¬

tographer.

Ivan B. White of Salem, Oregon, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has been designated Second Secretary and Vice Consul attached to the American Embassy, Paris, France.

Ralph M. Wood of Brooklyn, New York, has been ap¬ pointed Senior Economic Analyst in the American Foreign Service Auxiliary attached to the Staff of the Political Ad¬ viser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Ex¬ peditionary Forces, now in London.

William H. Ziegler of Princeton, New Jersey, now' as¬ signed to the Department of State, has been designated American Vice Consul at Milan, Italy.


H. Gardner Ainsworth of New Orleans, Louisiana, Third Secretary of Embassy and American Vice Consul at San Salvador, El Salvador, has been designated American Sec¬ retary attached to the Office of the United States Represen¬ tative on the Advisory Council for Italy, Rome.

Jacob D. Beam of Princeton, New Jersey, Second Secre¬ tary of Embassy and American Consul at London, has been attached to the Staff of the United States Political Adviser on German Affairs, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expedi¬ tionary Force, now in London.

Sidney H. Browne of Short Hills, New Jersey, Second Secretary of Embassy and American Consul at London, England, has been designated Second Secretary of Em¬ bassy at the Hague, Netherlands.

Owen L. Dawson of Witt, Illinois, Agricultural Attache at Chungking, China, has been assigned to the Department of State.

Louis M. Denis of Washington, D. C., American Vice Consul at La Paz, Bolivia, has been designated American Vice Consul at Cairo, Egypt.

Edmund J. Dorsz of Detroit, Michigan, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Second Sec¬ retary of Embassy near the Government of Poland, now established in London, England.

Keeler Fans of Atlanta, Georgia, Third Secretary of Em¬ bassy and American Vice Consul at Madrid, Spain, has been designated Secretary and American Vice Consul at Paris, France.

Richard A. Forsyth of Detroit, Michigan, has been desig¬ nated Attache at Stockholm, Sweden.

Walter Galenson of New York, New York, has been desig¬ nated Attache at Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Re¬ publics.

Theodore J. Hadraba of Omaha, Nebraska, Third Secre¬ tary of Legation at Bern, Switzerland, has been designated American Vice Consul at Antwerp, Belgium.

Frederick D. Hunt of Washington, D. C., now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated American Vice Consul at Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Robert Jakes, 3rd, of Nashville, Tennessee, American Vice Consul at Para, Brazil, has been designated American Vice Consul at Natal, Brazil.

Edward Jerome Lawler of El Segundo, California, now' at Nogales, Mexico, has been designated American Vice Consul at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Herve J. L'Heureux of Manchester, New Hampshire, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated American Consul at Marseilles, France.

Robert M. Taylor of Seattle, Washington, now assigned to the Department of State, has been designated Secretary and American Vice Consul at Paris, France.

Jessee F. Van Wickel of Brooklyn, New York. Fir=t Sec¬ retary of Embassy near the Government of the Nether¬ lands, now established in London, has been designated Commercial Attache at the Hague, Netherlands.

LETTERS TO THE EDITORS (Continued from page 665)

the Foreign Service Regulations incorporating amendments or additions to those regulations. The Regulations might contain references to works such as digests of international law, compilations of treaties, customs tariffs, et cetera, but there would be no long mimeographed instructions interpreting the Regulations (the need for interpretation itself suggests that the Regulations are inadequate) or establishing rules and procedure supplementing the Regulations. Having just returned to the field after three and a half years in the Department, I am par¬ ticularly aware of the inadequacy of the present Regulations. I find myself spending a great deal of time searching for mimeographed circular in¬ structions from the Department and circulars from the Embassy at Mexico City, and seldom being quite certain that I have found the latest instruction on a given subject or one that is complete in all details. Now that the necessary number of sets of the For¬ eign Service Regulations is furnished each diplo¬ matic and consular office and an officer no longer carries with him from post to post his individual set, it would not seem to matter whether the Regu¬ lations fill only one volume or half a dozen vol¬ umes. The citizenship chapter, for example, might embody the “Citizenship and Passport Codes” (which, having proved to be of great help to the field and having demonstrated the practical value of “case histories,” might be emulated in other parts of the regulations. An illustrative case his¬ tory is often worth more than three pages of regu¬ lations).

With the prospect of a post-war period in which the Foreign Service must play an important role, we are deeply conscious of the importance of so organizing the Service that it will be able to func¬ tion effectively. For the modest cost of a Depart¬ mental Division with a personnel of perhaps twenty or thirty persons and equipped with machinery that would cost only a few thousand dollars, the United States Government could place in the hands of its Foreign Serivce a most effective mechanical device: A complete and always up-to-date compilation of Foreign Service Regulations. With such a tool and adequate personnel, the Foreign Service can do its part.

Sincerely yours,

JAMES E. HENDERSON,

American Consul.


INSURANCE

for Foreign Service Officers

1. Annual policies covering fire, lightning, theft, marine and transportation hazards.

2. Trip policies: (a) covering general aver¬ age and salvage charges, sinking and strand¬ ing, fire and collision; (b) the above plus theft and pilferage; (c) all risks of trans¬ portation and navigation (excluding break¬ age unless from external causes, fresh water damage and war risks).

3. War risks coverage, only when goods are actually on board the vessel.

4. Baggage insurance policies.

5. Jewelry and fur policies, all risks except war.

Use the insurance order forms to be found in Shipping Department of Embassy, Lega¬ tion or Consulate; or write giving amount and date of policy desired, and origin and destination of trip.

SECURITY STEEL LIFT VANS provide the utmost in safety and conveni¬ ence, and are economical as well — saving packing costs and saving ocean freight charges.

J&rurifg $oragr (Jorapang of UJashingfron

a safe depository for over 50 years at

1140 FIFTEENTH STREET District 4040

Affiliated with the American Security and Trust Co.

There’s Security in

AN AMERICAN

BANKING CONNECTION

For officials stationed abroad, a banking connection in the Nation's Capital is especially advantageous. The American Security & Trust Company of Washington, D. C. has had long experience in hand¬ ling the banking, trust, and safe deposit requirements of foreign service officers the world over.

Wherever your post of duty, you can be certain that American Security’s special¬ ized services for foreign accounts will assure you of maximum promptness and efficiency in handling your financial trans¬ actions. Your inquiry is cordially invited.

AMERICAN SECURITY

g TRUST COMPANY Main Office: Fifteenth St. and Pennsylvania Ave.

(Opposite the United States Treasury)

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Capital $3,400,000.00 Surplus $4,400,000.00

MEMBER:

FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATIO FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM

DECEMBER, 1944 681

Foreign Service Officers and Employees Known to Be in the Military Service as of November 7, 1944

Any omissions should be reported to the Division of Foreign Service Administration, Department of State

Army

Army Air Force Coast Guard Army

Army Bagby. Philip H.

. Navv Navy Army Army

.. Armv

Navv

Army

Bruns, William II. Army Burden, William C., Jr . Marines Burns, Donald B Army Burris, Philip H. Navy

.. - Army Air Force Marines

Women’s Ferry Command Army

Childs. Richard W. ... Navv ... Army

Army

....Army Air Force

.... Army Navv Army

. Navy Red Cross .Navy

.Navy

Fenderson, George W.

Naw

Army Army

Gebhart, W. F. Davis ... Navv

Navy ..Marines ...Navy Naw

Marines Women Reserve

..Navy Army

Naw

Armv

Huffman, Robert C — Navy

Navy ... Marines Women Reserve Army Armv

... Coast Guard

Kolinski. Charles J.. Jr. Navy Navy

Navy

Lee, Blair, III ... Navy Navy

Lyda, Herbert W. Macafee, Donald R. Army MacLellan, Neil Army


YOU of the Foreign Service were "trans¬

world" people long before TWA coined

the term.

During these war years you've helped us

achieve the impossible in "trans-world"

flying.

All of which entitles you to this brief report

and our warm thanks for what you and we

have accomplished together.

Since Pearl Harbor the planes of TWA's

Intercontinental Division have flown more

than 21,000,000 miles in international trans¬

port — over 5,000 ocean crossings that have

linked 5 continents and 24 countries.

Flying under the Army Air Transport Com¬

mand on regular routes and special missions

these planes, manned by civilian TWA

crews, have set an outstanding record of

regularity and dependability — a record

which compares favorably with that of any

domestic peacetime airline operation.

Among their passengers have been more

than 5,000 battle-wounded brought home

from the war theaters. And presidents, gen¬

erals, cabinet members, admirals, kings,

queens and ambassadors traveling on his¬

toric missions.

In this work you and we have helped to

give America and her Allies a dependable

world-wide airline operation for war pur¬

poses.

Equally important, we have all gained the

necessary experience for the "trans-world"

flying which will be so indispensable to the diplomacy, security and economy of our

country when peace is here.

So to you, good Friends and Fellow Workers,

our heartfelt thanks.

TRANSCONTINENTAL & WESTERN AIR, Inc.

POINTS TNf WAY DECEMBER, 1944 683

Washington's

Finest Hotel ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ eign Service men in the Nation’s Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ partment of State. Convenient to all points of interest in Washing¬ ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Lounge. Air Conditioned in the summer.

IHflVFUmjER WASHINGTON, D. C.

C. J. MACK, General Manager

Marvel, William W. Army

WAC

Navy

Nelson, Gladys C., Miss Navy

O’Grady, John F. Olden, Samuel B.

Osborne, Richard A Navv

Pemberton. W. E. Penniman, William .... Poole, Richard Porter, Robert J .... ... Ouinn. Robert S. Ra del iff. Donald G.

Ratliff. Phillip G Rawlinson. John L.

Reid, W. Stafford

Rossow, Robert. Jr.

Sawyer, George

Schweitzer. F. Vernon Navv Schawrtz, Joseph M .... Sebastian, Nathan Sherwell, Henry E Skewes-Cox, Benet Navv

Navv Smith, Harry L. . ... Navv Speer, James Paul. 11

Stoddard, Richard E. Stoessel, Walter J.. Jr StooDs. Don Tanner. Crystal. Mrs Tanzer, Ward H. Taylor, Theodore B Thayer, Charles W Armv


Thorpe, Robert Prieto Marine Corps Turley, Eugene T. Navy Ulfelder, Sidney E. - Navy Usher, Richard E. Army Van Siclen, Cornelia, Miss Wave Vera, Jesus Maria Army Wagner, Frederick B. — Navy Walther, Fred W Navy Waltman Elinor L., Miss .... Air-Wac Watkins, Albert L Navy Watt, Meredith, Miss — Canadian Wac Weaver, Frederick H — Navy Weismann, H. Andre . Navy Wheeler, Ralph H —Navy White, Edwin A. _ . Army Whittinghil], George D. Army Wiens, Harold J. Navy Williams, Allan K. Williams, Jack S. ...Army Williams, John Z. Navy Williams, William L. S. Navy Wing, William C. . Woolons, Sydney L. _ Army Air Force Yates, Evelyn M., Miss Wac Young, Edward M , Young, Samuel H ... Merchant Marine Zavaleta, Enrique A. Army Zimmerly, Samuel R. Navy

VIVE L’AMERIQUE!

August 17, 1944.

To the Consul General of the United States, at the city.

DEAR SIR:

The daring brave soldiers of Uncle Sam are ap¬ proaching themselves to the gates of Paris. It is the Third Amerucan Army which takes the glory to free the big French capital from the nazis. And this event, that likely shall happen within maybe 24 hours, must be celebrated by everybody who loves Liberty and wonders the task of the United States Army.

We are the journalists that translate and arrange the cable service at (name of newspaper) and who are at job constantly to expect the moment when the Americans enter in Paris. In this shining mo¬ ment. we want to do a toast with the French liquor of the big days—champagne, to the victory of the United States bringing back the freedom to the cradle of the freedoms of the World.

And who, but the Amercian Consul General in our city can send us the bottles of the French classic drinking . . .?

Very sincerely yours,

Staff of (Name of Ecuadoran newspaper). (Various signatures.)

Plane of the Future

What will the airplane of the

future be? • The Pan American B-314-type Clipper pictured below was first placed in service early in 1939 ... It was—and still is—the world’s largest commercial aircraft, carry¬ ing 72 passengers.

On order, however, at the time of Pearl Harbor, were Clippers that dwarfed it— huge, 153-passenger craft capable of a New York-London flight in 10 hours . . . War needs took precedence over their completion.

But when Victory is won, wartime de¬ velopments will be reflected in the con¬ struction of even finer Clippers than those projected before Pearl Harbor.

PA A AMERICAS WORLD AIRWAYS

DECEMBER, 1944 685

Retired Foreign Service Officers SEPTEMBER 6, 1944

Adams, Philip, % Mr. George Penn, “The Montana,” 1726 M St., N. W„ Washington, D. C.

Adams, Walter A., Old Orchard, Pelham Road, Greenville, South Carolina.

Alexander, Knox, 3700 McKinley St., N. W., Washington, D. C.

Arnold, Julean, 262 Arlington Ave., Berkeley, California. Atwood, Fianklin B., 3454 Macomb St., N. W.. Washington,

D. C. Balch, Henry H., 441 Hnstis St., Huntsville, Alabama. Biar, Herbert C., % State Hotel, Phoenix, Arizona. Bickers, William A., 312 W. Asher St., Culpeper, Virginia. Blake, Maxwell, Locarn Apts., 235 Ward Parkway, Kansas

City, Missouri. Bliss, Robert W„ 1537 28th St, N. W„ Washington, D. C. Bohr, Frank, 1028 Lincoln Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bouchal, John L, 20 Metropolitan Oval, Apt. 10-C Par-

Chester, New York 62, New York. Boyle, Walter F, Post Office Box 287, McLean, Virginia. Bradford, Robert R, % Trust Dept, Omaha National Bank,

Omaha, Nebraska. Brady, Austin C„ Cathedral Apts, 1201 California St, San

Francisco, California. Brand, Norton F, 88 Main St, Potsdam, New York. Brett, Homer, Springhille, Mobile County, Alabama. Briggs, Lawrence P, % American Trust Co, Berkeley,

California. Brunswick, William W, 1349 Taylor St, N. W, Washing¬

ton, D. C. Bucklin, George A, 230 North Barrington Ave, Los Angeles,

California. Burri, Alfred T, 2035 Garden St, Santa Barbara, Cali¬

fornia. Busser, Ralph C, Carpenter Lane, Germantown, Philadel¬

phia, Pennsylvania. Byington. Homer M, Sr, % 5th Avenue Bank of New York.

530 5th Avenue, New York, New York. Cameron, Charles R, Marine Hospital, 210 State St, New

Orleans, Louisiana. Carter. James G, U. S. Despatch Agent, New York, New

York. Chamberlain, George E, 2138 Rivermont Avenue, Lynch¬

burg, Virginia. Chapman, William E, 528 Elm Avenue, Norman, Oklahoma. Clark. Reed Paige. % Manchester National Bank, Man¬

chester, New Hampshire. Gum, Harold D, Hilltop, Post Office Box 98. Malden-on-

Hudson, New York. Cooke, Arthur B, 3111 First Avenue, Richmond, Virginia. Cookingham, Harris N, % Fitch C. Bryant, 290 Riverside

Drive, New York, N. Y. Corrigan, John, % American Consulate, Durban, Natal,

Union of South Africa. Cruger. Alexander P, 1823 Que Street, N. W, Washington,

D. C.

Edwin S. Cunningham, 306 Cunningham Street, Maryville, Tenn.

Davis, Leslie A., P. O. Box 266, Stockbridge, Mass. Davis, Thomas D., 333 Franklin St.. Tupelo, Miss. Dawson, Claude, 111 Cambridge Road, Asheville, North

Carolina. Dearing, Fred M., Red Hook, Dutchess County, New York. Deichman, Carl F., 3421 Pestalozzi Street, St. Louis, Mis¬

souri. Devault, Charles L., 725 Columbia Avenue, Fort Wayne,

Indiana. Donegan, Alfred W., 4828 Roland Avenue, Baltimore, Mary¬

land. Dorsey, W. Roderick, 729 Euclid Avenue, Orlando, Florida. Doty, William F., “Hokang,” Pinflod Hill, Laxey, Isle of Man, Great Britain. Dow, Edward A., 32 Clifford Avenue, Pelham 65, New York. Dunlap, Maurice, Hotel Bellevue, Beacon Hill, Boston,

Massachusetts. Dye, Alexander V., 108 East 38th Street, New York. New

York. Dye, John W., % Mrs. Mary Mack, 316 8th Street, Antioch,

California. Eberhardt, Charles C., Metropolitan Club, Washington, D. C. Edwards, Clement S., No. 10 Bedford St., Concord, Mass. Ferrin, Augustin W., Bowlers Wharf, Essex County, Vir¬

ginia. Ferris, Cornelius, 6220 23rd St., North, Arlington, Virginia. Fisher, Fred D., Marianne Apts., 1422 Bellevue Ave., Bur¬

lingame, California. Fox, Ray, Glenn, Glenn County, California. France, Leys A., 1506 Standard Oil Bldg., Baltimore. Md. Frazer, Robert, Calle Roma, 34, Mexico, I).F., Mexico. Gamon, John A., 927 Mendocino Avenue, Berkeley, Cali¬

fornia. Gibson, Hugh S., University Club, 1 West 54th St., New

York, New York. Goforth, Herndon W., 166 Prospect St., Lenoir, North

Carolina. Goold, Herbert S., 4825 Indian Lane, Washington. I). C. Gourley, Louis, % Southwestern Presbyterian Sanatorium,

Albuquerque, New Mexico. Grummon, Stuart E., Old Mail Coach Road, Redding,

Connecticut. Halstead, Albert, 21 Ukley St., Cambridge, Mass. Hanna, Miss Margaret M., 1529 Varnum St., N. W., Wash¬

ington, D. C. Harris, Ernest L., Apt. 2-A, 19 Barrow St., New York, N. Y. Hathaway, Charles M„ P. 0. Box 184, Summerland, Santa

Barbara County, California. Heard, William W.. 3940 Lowndes Ave., Baltimore, Md. Heingartner, Robert W., 143 Forest St., Oberlin, Ohio. Heizer, Oscar S., Palma Sola Park, Bradenton, Florida. Hengstler, Herbert C., 2816 27th St., N. W., Washington,

D. C.


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DECEMBER. 1944 687

A note of appreciation to

OUR FRIENDS IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE

EMBERS of American

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Consulates have long looked to

us for their supplies of fine

wines and spirits.

We are extremely grateful for

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MERITO imported brandy. LEJON

California brandy. MARQUES DEL

MERITO ports and sherries. BELLOWS

& CO. ports and sherries. HARTLEY

dry California sherry. LEJON dry

vermouth. CHATEAU LEJON red &.

white wines.

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Holland, Philip, 2014 General Pershing St., New Orleans, Louisiana.

Honaker, Samuel W., Belvedere, Marin County, California. Hoover, Charles L., 1200 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Hunt, William H., 1115 New Hampshire Ave., N. W., Wash¬

ington, D. C. Hurley, John P., The Chase National Bank, 72nd and

Broadway, New York, N. Y. Ifft, George N., % The Tribune, Pocatello, Idaho. Ives, Ernest L., The Holland Apt. 7, Norfolk, Virginia. Jackson, Jesse B., 1030 Parkway Drive, Grandview, Colum¬

bus, Ohio. Jenkins, Douglas, 2257 Oglethorpe Ave., Augusta, Georgia. Keblinger, Wilbur, 410 East 57th St., New York, N. Y. Keena, Leo J., % American Consulate General, Capetown,

Union of South Africa. Keene, Francis B., U. S. Trust Co., 5th and Main Sts.,

Louisville, Kentucky. Kemper, Graham H.. Orange, Virginia. Lee, Samuel T., P. O. Box 366, Fort Myers, Florida. Leonard, Walter A., University Club, Washington, D. C. Letcher, Marion, Chatham, N. J. Luedtke, Charles L., U. S. Maritime Commission, % Divi¬

sion of Economics and Statistics, Washington 25, D. C. MacEachran, Clinton E., 4502 Cheltenham Drive, Bethesda,

Maryland. Macgowan, David B„ 106 Madison St., Lynchburg, Virignia. MacMurray, John Van A., Norfolk, Connecticut. MacVeagh, John lb, Fiduciary Trust Co., One Wall St., New

York, N. Y. MacVitty, Karl de G., % W. M. Parrish, Howell Place,

Belle Meade, Nashville 5, Tennessee. Magruder, Alexander R., University Club, One West 54th

St., New York, N. Y. Makinson, George A., % Rosemary S. Makinson, Elizabeth

Waters Halls, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis¬ consin.

Marsh, O. Gaylord, 112 Clark St., Buchanan. Michigan. Masuret, Eugene A., P. O. Box 451, Brewton, Alabama. Maynard, Lester, Villa Mont Agel, 29 Blvd. d’ltalie, Monte

Carlo, Monaco. McCafferty, William J., 711 Leavenworth St., San Fran¬

cisco, California. McConnico, Andrew, 63 East 56th St., Jacksonville, Fla. Meinhardt, Carl D., Middleburgh, N. Y. Memminger, Lucien, 227 Victoria Road, Asheville, N. C. Miller. Hugh S., % Mrs. J. E. Wagner, 25 West Delaware

Place, Chicago, 111. Moorhead, Maxwell K., P. O. Box 600, Lee Highway, War-

renton, Virginia. Nathan, Edward I., Bruselas 902, Colonia el Mirador, Mon¬

terrey, Mexico. Osborne, John B., Westchester Apts., 4000 Cathedral Ave.,

Washington, D. C. Pisar, Charles J., 142 Morris Ave., Mountain Lakes, N. J. Playter, Harold, 2360 Catherine Rd., Altadena, California. Putnam, John R., P. O. Box 718, Cobourg, Ontario, Canada. *Rairden, Bradstreet S., 532 7th St., Santa Monica, Calif. Ramsay, Hugh S., 1835 17th St., South, St. Petersburg, Fla. Randolph, John, 5350 Central Ave., St. Petersburg, Fla. Ravndal, Gabriel Bie, Highland Lake Apts., Orlando, Fla. Remillard, Horace, 1409 E. Broadway, Tucson, Ariz. Robertson, William R., 39 University Circle, Charlottesville,

Virginia.

*Died September 11, 1944.

Salisbury, Laurence E., RFD, Higganum, Connecticut. Sauer, Emil, 5649 Western Ave., Chevy Chase, D. C. Schoellkopf, Walter H., 2700 Macomb St., N. W., Washing¬

ton, D. C. Seltzer, George E., 1535 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Slater, Fred C., 435 Kansas Ave., Topeka, Kansas. Skinner, Robert Peet, 2 Congress St., Belfast, Maine. Sloan, Alexander K., Andrew Jackson Hotel, Floridatown,

Florida. Southard, Addison, 241 Montalvo Ave., San Francisco 16,

California. Sperner, Carl O., 1914 Connecticut Avenue, Washington,

D. C. Sterling, Frederick A., 3404 Prospect Ave., N. W., Washing¬

ton, D. C. Stewart, Francis R., 140 Woodlyn Ave., Glenside, Penna. Swenson, Laurits S., 644 Landfair Ave., Westwood Village,

Los Angleles, Calif. Swift, Merritt, % Riggs National Bank, Dupont Circle

Branch, Washington, D. C. Totten, Ralph J., 2800 Ontario Road, N. W., Washington,

D. C. Tredwell, Roger Culver, R.F.D. 3, Ridgefield, Connecticut. Von Trescknow, Egmont C., Greene St., Camden, S. C. Wadsworth, Craig W., Genesco, New York. Wakefield, Ernest A., Route 6, Box 144-A-l, Tacoma, Wash. Weddell, Alexander W., % Virginia House, Richmond, Va. Wheeler, Post, Century Club, 7 West 43rd St., New York,

New York. Wiley, Samuel Hamilton, Gauranty Trust Co. of New York,

New York, N. Y. Wilson, Charles, Hotel Ritz, Boston, Mass. Wilson, Hugh R., 2839 Woodland Drive, Washington, D. C. Wilson, Thomas M., Crawford House, Crawford Notch, New

Hampshire. Wilson, Warden McK., 2101 Connecticut Ave., Washington,

D. C. Woodward, Carleton, 5200 11th Ave., N. E., Seattle, Wash. Wormuth, Romeyn, P. O. Box 1223, Sweetwater, Texas. Yerby, William J., 4756 Camplain Ave., Chicago, Illinois. Yost, Bartlety F., 1633 E. Washington St., Passadena, Cali¬

fornia. Young, James Barclay, Church St., Stonington, Connecticut.

FOREIGN SERVICE EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATION

A new school. The Foreign Service Educational Foundation, has opened in Washington, for prepa¬ ration for Foreign Service. The program of the foundation is divided into two sections, the School of Advanced International Studies and the Foreign Service Training Center.

The Director of the Foundation, Dr. Halford Lancaster Hoskins, states that it “has been organ¬ ized for the purpose of assisting materially in the enlistment, development and training of an able personnel in the field of international affairs.”

The Board of Trustees, headed by Representative Herter of Massachusetts, includes Robert Woods Bliss; Joseph C. Grew, special assistant to the Sec¬ retary of State; Henry R. Luce, publisher of Time, Life and Fortune, and Will L. Clayton, surplus property administrator, and others.

DECEMBER, 1944 689

MEET THE MAGDALENA (Continued from page 677)

SOCONV-VACUUM

Through the door, which had blown open in the night, streamed yellow, gleaming, almost tangible sunshine. It was warming the tangled green growth along the shore, and it was beginning to steam. The engines had slowed and we were drifting with the current. Now 1 could hear the sounds I had ex¬ pected,—shrill long cries of birds, chattering para¬ keets, whistlings, cacklings. Smoke tvas rising from outdoor ovens in front of huts, not a stone’s throw away. Wavelets from our wake set bobbing the canoes tethered to the shore. I dressed hurriedly, as I was hungry again, and furthermore did not want to miss anything important that we might pass. A sleepy voice came from the next room: “What are YOU doing up at this hour?” “I can’t sleep any more; it’s a beautiful day,” I replied rather sheep¬ ishly, as in Bogota it takes a major domestic crisis to rouse me before nine-thirty. On deck 1 found that practically everyone was ahead of me and seemed astonished, not that I was up so early but that I had not appeared for breakfast at quarter of seven. Swarthy Captain Valderrama greeted me:

“Good morning, Senora, did you sleep well? Is your cabin comfortable?”

“Good morning, Sefior Capitan, everything is just fine,” I said. And it was. He told me we were the first two Americans to travel on his boat, which is one of three of the new Marvasquez Line. He, and all the rest of the staff, were eager that we should enjoy the trip and did everything possible to make us comfortable. As our table companions had long ago finished breakfast, we were served in state by Gabriel, who was learning English, and ended each short comment with a sly wink of one brown eye. 1 tried not to stare at him or to smile at what seemed excessive courtesy. Then I noticed he winked at Tig too, and his habit was simply exaggerated by the supreme concentration required in pronounc¬ ing “aigs,” “bakin’,” “toasties,” and “orringis.” We asked for orange juice, and it came, golden and cool, squeezed out by Gabriel himself, without seeds or pulp,—delicious. Only after breakfast did I realize that there was one less bull in the stall and a tan pelt drying on the roof of the pen in the sun. Doubtless the tender filet I had just consumed was a piece of the animal. Oh well, I felt fine,—everyone was stretched out on the fore deck in the sun and made places for us in the circle; life was good. The mountains, far in the distance, were hazy in the heat. The shore lines advanced and receded as the pilot skillfully managed to ease our considerable length around curves and edges of sand-bars. We met several vessels going up-stream, making slower progress against the current. One w>as the Medellin,

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a deluxe passenger boat, carrying no freight and pushing no barge as we were. She had mahogany cabin doors, with a palm set between each door. We could see her brass work shining. It was possibly comparable to the Queen Mary passing a respectable freighter, but she saluted us with three blasts on her whistle, which I discovered meant “We are pass¬ ing on your right.” We replied politely, with two blasts, “Thank you, we are passing on your right, too.”

The captain favored us with another visit. “There are six hundred miles of jungle and mountains on any side you look,” he said, waving both arms grandly. We nodded gravely, and asked if he thought we would see any alligators; no jungle seemed worthy of the name to us if there weren’t alligators. “Maybe,” he judged, “use your glasses, and focus on the shore-line where little rivers empty into the big stream.” The binoculars brought the shore very close. One could see inside the isolated huts, even see a fowl roasting on a spit, a Singer sewing machine, but no alligators. “We seem to be coming to a town,” Tig observed. “Yes, Puerto Berrio,” said Captain Valderrama; “it is the town where we unload cargo to go by rail to Medellin, and take on cargo for Barranquilla.” He went away to lend his official presence to the pilot house. Then, with whistles blasting, band playing, and paddle wheel churning in reverse, we swung neatly in be¬ tween a Tropical Oil Company barge and a river tug-boat. The sun-scorched dock reflected on our lowered awnings. Shoe-shine boys, baggage car¬ riers swarmed aboard. “Let’s lock the cabins and get out of this oven,” said Tig. We took the cam¬ eras and stepped onto the baking platform of rail¬ road tracks. The broad porches of the hotel, set in the midst of switch-backs, sidings, and the main line to Medellin, looked inviting. Fans hummed on the veranda, palms moved in their breeze. There was a tiled swimming pool. The three vacationing charm¬ ers from Bogota succeeded in persuading the man¬ agement to let them swim free. Smiling, slow-gaited waiters served us with coca cola and the famous An- tioquian rum for twenty-five cents a glass. Busy locomotives huffed by at the rate of two a minute shunting cars back and forth, importantly hauling cattle cars, flat cars, blistering passenger coaches filled with hot passengers who forlornly eyed us on the cool porch. We decided to look over the town itself, perhaps buying a bottle of the Ron Don Felix to take back to the city, or a souvenir or two. I must refrain from doing an injustice to Berrio, as we only survived a few streets, but in those we scared vultures off the sidewalks, brushed by roving pigs and felt sorry for the comparatively intelligent looking donkeys. The heat, dirt, lack of sanitation,

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DECEMBER, 1944 691

“Give Us MORE C-54s”

This is the title of a dramatic TJ. S. Army Official Poster placed in each of the big Douglas plants turning out C-54s. Further, it quotes: “Many a gravely wounded soldier owes his life to speedy air evacuation by the same giant C-54 Skymasters which flew in the men and materiel that so often have turned the tide of battle.”

“To the Limit

of Our Ability” This was our answer in national ad¬ vertising: . a tribute to a great airplane and to the workers who are building it. With this tribute comes a challenge. The entire Douglas or¬ ganization has only one answer to the Army’s appeal for more C-54s . . . ‘it shall be done’ ... to the limit of our ability.”

LONG BEACH, EL SEGUNDO, DAGGETT, CALIF.

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*

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and smells, sent us rushing back to the Jesusita. I did see four of the prettiest and best ridden horses I have ever seen in this country or elsewhere. Their owners ride in from outlying haciendas, proud of their mounts, proud of the hand-made leather bri¬ dles, silver stirrups and embossed spurs. They hold their chins high, and the reins close under their chins, utterly ignoring their drab surroundings and the pedestrians near the clattering hoofs. I saw them at close range, and one caballero swept off his hat to me when he noticed my admiring stare.

On the boat, rumors were circulating: we were sailing at sun-down; we would not sail that night; but we were not in a hurry and didn’t much care. We were watching the procession of half-clothed men marching back and forth to our barge, loading fresh fruits, vegetables, eggs, poultry, meal, cattle for the seaport of Barranquilla. They wore pants or simply a knotted cloth, and over their shoulders a blanket to prevent the boxes from cutting their necks and heads; around their foreheads were twisted blue or pink bandanas to keep the sweat out of their eyes. Sometimes the foreman would yell for more speed; then for a few trips they would ac¬ tually run from shed to barge and back. They were whistling, humming, making monosyllabic wise¬ cracks to one another. I believe a normal, white, city-bred man couldn’t have made the trip more than once in that sun, with those loads, at a slow walk.

We pulled out into the stream at sun-down, then unexpectedly scuttled back to the dock for some boxes that had been overlooked. This took an hour, and when we finally set off we were excitedly hailed in mid-stream by a little outboard motor launch that seemed to be trying to catch up with us. We oblig¬ ingly slowed down and picked up two passengers who had sat too long at the hotel bar. We settled down on deck to let the welcome breeze cool our sun-burns. Then the Magdalena rewarded us with one of the famous sights of Colombia: a flaming sunset raged across the heavens, gold lights touched the edges of the clouds, the river turned rose and blue, rippling like a lovely garment touched by the wind. We were speechless before the phenomenon. It was as remarkable as we had been told it would be,—one of those things one must experience in this country, and in our case, it surpassed our anticipa¬ tion.

Suddenly we noticed we were slowing down. We stopped with a bump.

“Sand bar,” said Tig with satisfaction; “that is one prediction, at least, about this trip that came true.” Up on the top deck we watched the Captain manipulating a spot-light crusted with big moths and flies.


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DECEMBER, 1944 693

“Use your machetes, ’ he bellowed to the crew members who were floundering around in the dense growth. “Si, Senor,” they cried back, “we are.”

“Hard luck.” I risked saying to the harassed man; “we’re stuck,” though I could not imagine how we came to bump into the shore there, as the river looked miles wide at that point.

“Oh, not at all, Senora, we are tying up here for the night. The river from this place on is too curv¬ ing, too treacherous, to negotiate in the dark. We will be on our way again the moment it is light enough to see.”

That night was long and hot. Trees brushed against the sides of the boat, there were slushing noises, sucking noises; one wondered what might creep, fly, or jump from that dense shore to our deck. Vivid dreams of pushing through deep mud, clinging vines, with animals of all descriptions stalk¬ ing me, made the night endless, but finally I felt we were moving again, and I thankfully realized it was cooler and morning had come.

We were obviously becoming acclimatized to the tropics, for it was easy to get up at six-thirty. On deck, Gabriel greeted us. “Barrancabermeja,” he said, pointing ahead, “you — get — down — here,” he enunciated carefully, blinking rapidly. It was an arresting sight we saw from mid-stream. The great silver tanks of the Tropical Oil Company loomed in dignified order as far as we could see. Buildings, water towers, complicated structures whose functions I could not imagine, were sil¬ houetted along the shore. The town sprawled to one side, looking like any little river port, with its thatched roofs, uneven streets, church towers.

We said good-bye to the members of the staff of the Jesusita, the passengers who were going further, and went ashore.

A CENTURY OF PROGRESS (Continued from page 675)

one each in the Hanseatic or Free Cities of Ham¬ burg, Bremen, and Frankfort on the Main.

Switzerland had Consuls at Basil or Basle, and Zurich. Italy was as yet ununited. 7’here was a Charge d’Affaires at Turin for the Sardinian States, with Consuls at Genoa and Nice. Tuscany had Consuls at Leghorn and Florence. The Pontifical States had Consuls at Rome, Ravenna, and Ancona, and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies has, beside a Charge d’Affaires at Naples, a Consul there, and others at Palermo and Messina.

Turkish Dominions show a Minister Resident at Constantinople, who had a Drogaman in lieu of Secretary, with Consuls at Constantinople and Smyrna, and one for Beirout, Damascus, and Sa'id.

In the Near East, we find a Consul at Alexandria, “under the Goverment of the Pasha of Egypt.” Greece had a Consul, with the future historic name of Perdicaris, at Athens, and the Dominions of the Imaum of Muscat had a Consul at Muscat and an¬ other on the Island of Zanzibar.

The Barbary States were served by Consuls at Tangiers and Tunis. Another Consul was at Tripoli. Algiers had a Consul under French Dominions.

In China, Caleb Cushing was our Commissioner, and Daniel Fletcher Wilson was his Secretary and Chinese Interpreter, and Consuls adorned (or we hope they did) Canton and Amoy.

In the Sandwich Islands, we had a Commissioner at Honolulu with a Consul at Ooha.

A Consul was at Tahiti in the Society Islands. There was a Consul at Bay of Islands, New Zea¬

land. In “Hayti or San Domingo” Commercial Agents

were stationed at Port au Prince, Aux Cayes, and Cape Haytien.

Our representation in the other American Re¬ publics was rather extensive for those days. In the Republic of Texas we had a Charge d’Affaires, with Consuls at Velasco. Galveston, Sabine, and Matagorda.

In the Mexican Republic, beside the Envoy, there were Consuls at Mexico and Santa Fe. “On the Atlantic Side,” one each was at Tampico or Santa Anna de Tamaulipas, Matamoras, Vera Cruz and Alvarado, Tobasco, Laguna (Carmen Island), Cam- peache, and Merida and Sisal. “On the Pacific Side,” Consuls were at Monterey (California), Mazatlan, San Bias, San Francisco (California), and Guaymas. Central America had to be contented without diplomats, but with Consuls at Guatemala, and Omoa and Truxillo; and Granada (Nicaragua I.

In New Granada, there was a Charge d’Affaires at Bogota, with Consuls at Carthagena, Santa Mar¬ tha, Chagres, and Panama.

Venezuela had three Consuls at Maracaibo. Puerto Cabello and Laguayra. In Equator, one Consul was at Guayaquil.

Brazil had. beside an Envoy, Consuls at Maran- ham Island, Para, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Santos, Saint Catherine’s Island, Rio Grande, and Bahia de San Salvador.

Uruguay or Cisplatine Republic had a Consul at Montevideo.

Argentine Republic or Buenos Ayres had a Charge d’Affaires and a Consul at Buenos Ayres.

In Chile, there was a Charge d’Affaires at Sant¬ iago, with Consuls at Valparaiso, Talcahuano, and Coquimbo.

Peru closes the chapter with a Charge d’Affaires and Consuls at Lima and Paita.

694 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAT.

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THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE INVITES YOU

to tell the timely story of your travel observations as a Foreign Service Officer

IS a news story likely to break in the land you are now visiting as a Foreign Service Officer? You may have an opportunity to pro¬ vide The Geographic with an illustrated story of time¬ ly geography, thereby add¬ ing to knowledge of current events. Liberal payment is made for all manuscripts and photographs accepted for this educational work. Before preparing an arti¬ cle please submit a brief outline for consideration.

• • •

Left: A Chengtu lady rides a wheelbarrow in Szechwan prov¬ incey China, where draft animals and carts are scarce.

The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE — Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor — WASHINGTON 6, D. C.

THE OIL SHIPPER CASE (Continued from page 663)

agent and interested British authorities to get the ship at sea immediately after the expiration of the writ. Further delay might have enabled the owner to obtain another writ of attachment and May 1st was the beginning of a 4-day official Turkish holi¬ day, during which it would have been impossible to obtain clearance of the vessel by Turkish Port officials.

Mr. Honaker and I, the agent and his assistants, the police and Turkish officials were on hand at the docks in Istanbul long after midnight on April 30th, clearing the vessel’s papers, assembling the crew, passing their baggage through customs and perform¬ ing many other small tasks normally connected with sailing a ship. There were some disheartening last minute incidents, as when the Turkish port authori¬ ties suddenly pointed out that the bill of health ex¬ pired at midnight. By getting a doctor out of bed and making other emergency moves, this techni¬ cality, too, was at last overcome. At 1:30 on the morning of May 1st, the ship weighed anchor in the Bosphorus and sailed for the Marmara Sea.

When the ship was 25 miles out into the Marmara, it was stopped and work began to disguise it so that it should look like other ships commonly seen in Turkish waters. The funnel was cut down l-l1/^ meters, the fore and aft over-deck gangway was cut off and thrown into the sea and a third mast was raised just forward of the bridge. The name and markings were painted out. Work was completed in about two days. The ship finally cleared the Dardanelles on May 8th after further delay at Chanakkale.

The dangerous trip then began down the Turkish Aegean coast. The narrow channel between the Turkish mainland and German-occupied Mitylene was traversed uneventfully in the night of May 8th, and the ship anchored near the mainland to await daylight. At 7 o’clock on the morning of Maiy 9th, a German sea-plane flew low over the ship, dropping two bombs of perhaps 100 kilos each which fell harmlessly into the sea. Seligman headed the ship for a small cove for shelter and ran aground. Ten minutes later three more German planes flew over, scarcely 300 feet above the deck. Turkish shore batteries opened fire on the planes. The Captain pumped out water ballast, refloated the ship, and sailed back to Ayvalik, where he anchored while


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Seligman went ashore for consultation. On May 13th the ship again put to sea and proceeded along shore as close as the draught allowed. Early in the morning of May 14th, it again ran aground, but, as on the previous occasion, grounded on a sand reef, doing no damage to the hull. May 15th was spent in the Turkish port of Ali Abab, following a policy of sailing only at night to avoid the danger of enemy planes, submarines and motor torpedo boats. At 9 p.m. the Captain, as he put it in his log,, again “sailed to sea.” On May 16th the ship ar¬ rived at Port Sahip but was not permitted to stay there, being in a Turkish military zone. The ship was ordered by the Turks to proceed to Izmir and arrived there at 8 p.m. the same day. While sailing along the coast of the Turkish military zone around Izmir, the ship was frequently fired upon by Turkish coast guard rifles and machine-guns.

Two days after his arrival in Izmir, the Turkish- authorities brought charges against the Captain for allegedly displaying the Turkish flag while follow¬ ing the Turkish mainland. The Captain was soon acquitted of the charges and the ship was ready to- sail again by May 23rd. Seligman, however, de¬ cided the moonlight nights were too dangerous to- venture out. Without instructions he left the ship and came to Istanbul for further consultation.

The owner’s lawyers, who had proceeded to Izmir urgently, immediately brought charges with the- Captain of the port that the Captain was a lunatic and that the ship had not been entitled to fly the- Panamanian flag since April 24th, when they claimed the Panamanian registry had expired. These- fictitious charges were intended to delay the clear¬ ance of the ship’s papers until the lawyers should be able to bring more effective action in court. On May 26th, Dembergs’ lawyers managed to obtain an arrest in the Second Civil Peace Court in Izmir by depositing 10,000 liras and raising the question of the ownership of the vessel. Lawyers engaged by the American Vice Consul in Izmir, Mr. Johnson, argued that the court could not detain the vessel since the Turkish authorities had recognized it as the property of the Sovereign State of Panama. Nevertheless, the judge issued a detention order. The strategy of Dembergs and Diacon Zade was to entangle the ship and the Panamanian Government in court proceedings concerning the ownership of the vessel, a complication which Ali Kemal Bey had avoided in Istanbul and which our Izmir lawyer also did his best to escape.

The Turkish authorities in Izmir recognized the ship as the property of the Sovereign State of Pan¬ ama, but, they added, it was engaged in commerce and was, therefore, not immune from legal or ju-

698 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL.

dicial proceedings. The case obtained much pub¬ licity in Izmir. It engaged a great deal of the time and attention of the Governor, the Public Prosecu¬ tor, the harbor Master, the judge handling the case and the American Vice Consul, Mr. Johnson.

In the court hearings lawyers for Diacon Zade claimed that the ship had been bought by him and then stolen and removed from Istanbul by Dem- bergs, who disguised the ship in order to deceive him. The Consulate’s lawyer in Izmir sought to convince the court that the Istanbul 4th Commercial court had already decided that the ship belonged to the Panamanian Government, a point which should logically have annulled Diacon Zade’s claim, and furthermore that clearance papers obtained by La Fontaine in Istanbul in the name of the Pana¬ manian Government gave further proof of the recog¬ nized ownership of the vessel. Our Izmir lawyer filed a strong protest in the courts against the writ of detention.

Early in June the basic legal proceedings were instituted at the 1st Commercial court in Istanbul and the entire case was transferred there. The law¬ yers of Diacon Zade apparently hoped to compel the Panamanian Government to intervene in the litigation and so surrender its judicial immunity, which would then enable the owner to cause the Tribunal to examine the validity of the requisition, leading the whole case into an impasse, as had hap¬ pened in the Goeland Danube Barges Case. The Izmir Court, headed by a woman and perhaps moved to unusual procedure by the considerable interest shown in the case by many official parties including the Ministry of Justice, not only allowed the entire dossier to be referred to Istanbul but also abstained from examining our protest against the arrest.

While litigation dragged on through June and July, Ambassador Steinhardt, whose legal knowl¬ edge and experience were most valuable in all stages of the proceedings, was advised by the British that the risks were now probably too great to attempt to sail the ship further south through dangerous enemy waters. Shorter nights and consequent bet¬ ter visibility reduced the chances of the ship’s es¬ cape—if she were released by the Turkish authori¬ ties—through such narrow channels between the Turkish mainland and enemy-occupied strong points as at Chios, Samos, Leros and Rhodes. The possi¬ bility was, therefore, considered of selling the vessel to the Turkish Government for employment in carry¬ ing petroleum from the Near-East to Turkey—per¬ haps the use to which it would have been put had it escaped. The Turkish Government made the first moves towards purchasing the vessel for the State Maritime Lines on July 17th. The American War

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Shipping Administration agreed to the proposed sale as being most advantageous for the Turkish Government and a good means of terminating the vexatious problems involved. Negotiations to this end went forward in Ankara and Istanbul. The nature of the settlement was not to involve any loss or gain for the Panamanian or American Govern¬ ments but was to end the case and to provide just compensation for the owner who, incidentally, at one time in the legal proceedings stated that he had paid only $36,000 for the ship.

Late in July a new legal complication and prac¬ tical threat arose when a German citizen in Istan¬ bul named Heinle applied to the court, claiming to have purchased the Oil Shipper on April 29th, 1942, from Dembergs. He demanded that the ship be de¬ tained in Izmir, her present crew removed and the vessel searched for explosives he suspected to be on hoard. The court granted this, the second writ of detention in Izmir, and the harbor master searched the ship. The crew, however, was left on board. In view of the negotiations with the Turks, there seemed no urgent necessity for judicial action on our part, but it was feared that on the strength of Heinle’s action the German Consul in Izmir might, by administrative action, endeavor to secure the removal of the crew and the hoisting of the German flag on the ship. The American Consul in Izmir took urgent measures to prevent any such develop¬ ment.

Then, on August 6th at 9 a.m. the Turkish author¬ ities suddenly took matters into their own hands. They boarded the ship, displaying orders from An¬ kara. and announced its requisition by the Turkish Government. The Turkish flag was run up and our crew was sent ashore. The Captain and men were ordered to Istanbul where they were held in custody by the Turkish police for more than 24 hours. This action was explained by the Turkish Government as a friendly gesture made necessary by legal steps begun by the Germans to take possession of the Oil Shipper. It had been arranged by prior agreement between Ambassador Steinhardt and the Foreign Minister. Negotiations for the purchase of the ves¬ sel continued and the American Government ac¬ quiesced in the preventive action of the Turkish Government.

Soon afterwards the Turkish Maritime Lines re¬ named and re-equipped the Oil Shipper and sailed it to Alexandretta. There it mysteriously caught fire and was badly burned. It was brought back to Istanbul for extensive repairs and now as the SS Bashari is in valued and regular use by the Turkish Government, which has a very limited number of tank vessels.

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the Oil Shipper case. The complications of pay¬ ment of bills, repatriation of crew, negotiations over ownership, and final settlement of legal proceedings dragged on for more than a year. Great satisfac¬ tion was felt by all American and British authorities concerned that the original purpose had been achieved—the prevention of a trim and useful ship from falling into the hands of the Germans, who would have found it invaluable for the war in Rus¬ sia and the Balkans.

AFRICAN LANGUAGE The Governor’s wife was nervous. She had just

arrived from France and was inexperienced in the ways of the Colony. She was anxious to maintain the prestige of her husband’s new position, but she felt ill at ease in her new surroundings. The native servants frightened her.

Today she would be called upon to make an extra effort. Her first caller, the wife of an admin¬ istrator, was coming to tea. She must be poised with this woman whose several years’ experience in the colony gave her an authoritative background.

The ice was rather thick, but the serving of the tea by the native “boy” was a relieving interrup¬ tion in the guarded conversation. Finished with the serving the boy took his position at a distance and to the rear of his Mistress, standing rigidly at attention.

"1 hat will be all. said the Governor’s wife throwing the words over her shoulder in the direc¬ tion of the boy. He did not move.

“That will be all, I said, you may go,” she turned in the direction of the boy and spoke the words firmly, but he did not move. She was uncomfort¬ able inside. Disobedience among the natives was rare and serious. She felt incompetent. She was making a failure in the presence of this, her first guest.

The Administrator s wife sensed the tense situa¬ tion. She looked at the boy and recognized him as a servant of the previous governor. She had known the previous Governor, a bachelor, a gruff man. who was noted for his picturesque vocabulary. The situation became clear.

“Madame,” said the Administrator’s wife, “may I speak to the boy?”

-—“Why, yes, of course.” In a voice of authority, the Administrator’s wife

faced the boy and said: “Get the hell out of here.” The boy solemnly bowed and left. The ice was broken.

LAURENCE W. TAYLOR,

Brazzaville.

MR. BYINGTON’S REMARKS (Continued from page 668)

Mr. Secretary, Mr. Grew, my friends in the De¬ partment, Brother Foreign Service Officers: 1 feel very humble!

I thank you, Mr. Secretary and Mr. Grew, for the kind expressions regarding me made in connection with this wonderful presentation for which I am most deeply grateful. Mrs. Byington and I will treasure the gifts as long as we may live and, when we are gone, another young Foreign Service Officer of the same name and his wife will enjoy them.

Mr. Secretary: I know that I may speak for all Foreign Service Officers in thanking you for the interest you are taking in the service. It is well for it to be in young hands and we welcome the improvements you propose to make. Any service which cannot be improved becomes stagnant.

Foreign Service Officers: God bless you all, give you successful careers, and, when the time for retire¬ ment comes to you, as it must come to all of us, may you look back with the same happiness that I do on the years spent in the service which we all believe to be one of the finest in the possession of this great government of ours.

EDITORS’ COLUMN (Continued from page 666)

of Commerce and Agriculture. In making this rec¬ ommendation he said: “What it does do is to co¬ ordinate the foreign services into one Foreign Serv¬ ice in the Department of State, where it ought to be, with the resulting advantages of economy, efficiency, better functional grouping, elimination of overlap¬ ping and duplication of effort, and greater service to our commercial and agricultural interests.”

In order to fulfill the vision of the President of one Foreign Service under the Department of State representing America’s interests abroad, there will have to be drastic changes and adjustments to new conditions that now exist. The Foreign Service must be expanded and equipped with many new skills to meet successfully the complexities of the vastly more intricate fields of future international relationships.

Only by the adoption and enactment of a vigorous program of improvement and change such as that outlined by Mr. Stettinius will the Foreign Service be able to function abroad as the Foreign Service of the United States, adequately equipped to repre¬ sent all the interests of the Government and the American people.


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JOEL BARLOW (Continued from page 669)

village officials. It was the wish and intention of Thomas Barlow

to have the body of his uncle transported via Dan¬ zig to America, but fate decreed otherwise. The Cossacks were sweeping westward in the wake of the retreating French army, sparing neither age nor sex, and every moment he expected them to over¬ take him. After being constantly in danger and difficulty he eventually escaped and was able to re¬ turn to Paris.

Late in the autumn of 1813 Mrs. Barlow and her sister returned to Washington and took up their residence at Kalorama, where the bereaved lady spent the remaining five years of her life. The Capi¬ tal City in its onward march has long since swept past Kalorama’s gates, within which she sleeps in eternity. The ground is also consecrated to the memory of her brother, Abraham Baldwin, a sena¬ tor from Georgia, who died on March 4, 1807: Colonel George Bomford, Henry Baldwin Bomford. his son, and Henry Baldwin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, who died in April. 1844.

Old Washingtonians will instantly recognize the site from a description of the estate penned by Joel Barlow to a relative in 1807, when his charming retreat had become the Holland House of America:

“It is a beautiful hill, about one mile from the Potomac, and two hundred feet in elevation above tidewater, with Washington and Georgetown under my eye and Alexandria eight miles below, still in view, the Potomac reflecting back the sun in a mil¬ lion forms and losing himself among the hills that try on each side to shove him from his course.

“If you have a plan of the city, I can show you my very spot. Look at the stream called Rock Creek, that divides Washington from Georgetown. I am just outside the city, on the Washington side of the creek, just above where it takes its last bend and begins its straight, short course to the Potomac. My hill is that white, circular spot.

“I find the name of Redair has already been given to many places in Maryland and Virginia, so by the advice of friends we have changed it for one that is quite new—Kalorama, from the Greek, sig¬ nifying fine view, and this place presents one of the finest views in America.”

Kalorama contained thirty acres, half woodland, half grass and garden. Latrobe, the architect, fur¬ nished ideas for its embellishment, and another bosom friend, Robert Fulton, also lent his genius to the task. Fulton is said to have constructed his model of the Clermont there and to have first test¬ ed its powers on the waters of Rock Creek.

After one of his visits to Kalorama, Thomas Jef-


ferson wrote to Barlow and suggested that the lat¬ ter return his call at Monticello, shortly before his retirement from the presidency. This letter, dated July 25, 1808, says in part:

. I omitted to furnish you an itinerary of the route to this place. It is as follows, from George¬ town Ferry . . .” (Included then is both the mileage and the fares) . . . “In the hope that nothing may intervene to deprive us of the pleasure of possessing Mrs. Barlow and yourself here, after presenting her my respects, I salute you with friendship and great consideration.

Thomas Jefferson.” Joel Barlow was born in Redding, Fairfield Coun¬

ty, Connecticut, barely eight miles from the pillar separating New York from Connecticutt. The date was March 24, 1754. He received his early educa¬ tion at the district school and then attended a pre¬ paratory school in Hanover, New Hampshire, after which he entereded Dartmouth.

He later transferred to Yale and was graduated with great honors in 1778. It was perhaps the strongest class that Yale had ever graduated, num¬ bering among its members Noah Webster, Zephania Swift, Chief Justice of Connecticutt; Uriah Tracy, famous statesman; Josiah Meigs, president of the University of Georgia, and Oliver Wolcott, Wash¬ ington’s Secretary of the Treasury after Hamilton and later governor of Connecticutt.

He did some writing and also studied for the Congregational ministry. He served as chaplain in the War for the Revolution, and in 1783, after peace was declared, he edited in Hartford the American Mercury. He spent several years in France, return¬ ing to America to purchase the estate which he christened Kalorama. In 1806 he projected a plan for the establishment of a national university, which the Senate considered but failed to do anything fur¬ ther about.

In 1808 he published “The Columbiad,” the great poem of his life; a national, patriotic epic with Columbus as the hero, and in the last “vision” the hero beholds a general congress of the nations as¬ sembled to provide for the settlement of all vexed questions by a court of arbitration, thus inaugurat¬ ing a perpetual peace.

It is interesting to note that the Warsaw Courier in 1930 made this comment:

“The Polish National Heroes Graves Society, which has been conducting researches for the grave of Joel Barlow, who died in Zarnowiec in 1812, has established the fact that up to fifty years ago the grave and monument were still intact, but owing to the war and turning over of the soil, the traces have disappeared of many graves, including that of Barlow. But the certificate of death is still pre¬ served in the Zarnowiec parish records.”

lODAY, as always, the Great White Fleet i9 proud to be serving the Americas . . . proud to be wearing wartime grey as it carries out government orders necessary for Victory and the protection of the entire Western Hemi¬ sphere. Tomorrow, it will be ready to resume its place in the trade and travel between the United States and Middle America.

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THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 673)

THE AMERICAS AND TOMORROW, by Virginia Prewett, E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York, 1944. 292 pages. $3.00.

This is a breathless running account of the events of the past several years written by a journalist whose column often appears in the Washington Post. The title is misleading to the extent that the volume treats almost entirely of the past and the immediate present and in but slight measure of the future. The breathless quality, typical of our troubled times, is perhaps most marked in the pas¬ sages focusing attention on the effects felt in Latin America of the events of Europe and Asia leading to the outbreak of the war.

A summary of the contributions of the Latin American countries to the war effort catalogues the political and economic actions taken, such as decla¬ rations of war, or of solidarity, the making available of strategic and scarce materials, the directing of measures against Axis agents and citizens, and the establishment of naval patrols. In these points, and particularly when describing the work of the Inter- American Emergency Committee for Political De¬ fense and the Inter-American Defense Board, the author presents a lucid brief explanation of some of the outstanding public acts of the other American republics.

These results of the building up of the inter- American system Miss Prewett traces back through the leadership of President Roosevelt and Secretary Hull, as exponents of the Good Neighbor policy, to earlier beginnings in the Hoover administration. The latter’s interest and achievement in Latin American friendship took place in a more strictly political realm rather than in the economic. Secre¬ tary Hull is described as delivering masterful strokes at the Montevideo Conference in 1933: “The way Cordell Hull stopped the Argentine attempt to break up the Pan-American Conference system at the time of Montevideo is one of the most skillful pieces of personal diplomacy in United States history.”

An illustration of the breathless speed with which many subjects are covered in brief span is found in Chapter 11 which treats of the Atlantic Charter, the Declaration of the United Nations, Lend Lease Policy, the Hot Springs Food Confer¬ ence, UNRRA. and the Declarations of Teheran and of Moscow. Often the author digresses somewhat from Latin America as she plunges into the maze of Die Grosse Politik, coming up with some views of her own on a world-wide international structure which she prophesies “may likely resemble the New World's international system.”


The concluding chapter and, by far the best, is devoted to a study of the means of safeguarding the Inter-American system: economic cooperation, completion of the inter-American highway, sound industrialization and diversification of Latin Ameri¬ can economies. The author points out that one-half of all United States direct foreign investment is in Latin America; that it is of advantage to the United States to spread its war risks by sharing with its neighbors the production of strategic materials; and that the inter-American system is based on and aspires toward security, peace and stability.

Curiously omitted are a table of contents and chapter headings.

WILLARD F. BARBER.

VISITORS The following visitors called at the Department during

the past month: October

Winona Zeigler 9 Walter Galenson 9 Sue E. Harlow 9 Herman J. Cole 9 L. D. Mallory, Mexico, D.F 9 Everett Hutchinson 9 Louise D. Ziegler, London 9 Lawrence B. Haley, Paris 9 Norris B. Chipman, Paris _ 9 Roger S. Abbott, Paris ... 9 Isabella H. Henry, Panama 9 John J. Ronto, Naples 9 F. A. Kuhn, Beyrut 9 John G. Van Zile, Matamoros .. 9 Betty C. Sullivan, Habana ... 9 George Abbott, Paris : . 10 Elizabeth Coty, Bogota 10 E. Johnson, Ciudad Trujillo 10 Herbert J. Cummings, Istanbul 10 Adolf B. Horn, Habana 10 Robert B. Moody, Teheran 10 Charles S. Campbell, London 10 Alfred J. Peterson, Barcelona 11 John Muccio, Habana 1 11 W. B. Fitzgerald , , 11 Elinor C. Bond ..._ 11 Mary J. Jennings . 11 Turner C. Cameron . 12 George Widney, Georgetown 12 Patricia Foster 12 J. A. Lloyd Hyde 12 Dorothy E. Knapp, Madrid 12 Virginia L. King, Bogota 12 Harry C. Hawkins, London , 12 Edgar H. Wilson, Stockholm 12 Louis Andre Fernandez, Asuncion ... 12 Hazel Ruth Halt, Rome 13 H. J. Wadleigh 13 Roy L. Davis, Jr. 14 Shirley D. Law, Managua 14 John M. McSweeney 14 Dorothy R. Faxon, Cali ..... 14 Ann Forbes 16 Gisela Pill 16 Neil L. Parks, Baghdad 16

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Christmas gifts selected and forwarded Ask me to attend to your orders.

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112 Park Avenue New York City Telephone: Murray Hill 5-5479

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CALVERT SCHOOL 1312 W. Tuscany Road, Baltimore 10, Md.

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Foreign Service Officers and personnel are cordially invited to visit our show rooms, where our complete line of office equipment is on display.

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Government Contractors — Business Furniture Exclusive Agents for Standard Desks and

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1014 15TH ST., N. W. (Investment Building) Free Parking in Building WASH., D. C.

DECEMBER. 1944 707

Edith H. Stagg Dorothy F. Solon, Paris _ Betty J. Schnerre Audrey Kluczny, Paris John T. Howell David Henry .._ Elizabeth C. Mooney Paul Reveley, Mexico, D. F. Mary V. Blackman G. Louise Ford , ... . Glion Curtis, Jr., Madrid George Platt Waller, Luxembourg Lester Walton, Monrovia Ben Franklin Brannon, New Delhi Mary R. Quirk Herman Moss, Port-au-Prince Phyllis Weygint Edward M. Mueller William M. Gibson, Angra do Heroismo . .. William H. Ziegler, Rome Bertira E. Casson, Paris Bernard Gotlieb, Windsor John F. Simmons, San Salvador Mary Jane Penny, Quito Joseph H. Shollenberger, Cairo Claude E. Hobbs, Jr., Antwerp ...... Irwin M. Eitreim, London James D. Bell, Bogota _ Grace L. Snead Elaine J. Brown, Managua. Ivan B. White, Rio de Janeiro William B. Randolph, Cartagena Ruth Harwood, Panama City Myre May Elliott, Santiago .. Virginia Martin, Santiago A. Ogden Pierrot, Madrid ..... Llwellyn E. Thompson, Jr., London Thomas J. Cory, La Guaira Iona A. McNulty, London........ Arthur Bliss Lane, London Leigh W. Hunt, Brussels Stanley H. Matthews, Jr., Asuncion ... Horace V. Geib, Bogota Bernice R. Spears, Managua... ... Elizabeth N. Gleason, Ciudad Trujillo ... Andrew Donovan, Ciudad Trujillo Lucy Richmond Lentz, Guatemala Fred Taylor Charles M. Howell, Jr.. Rio de Janeiro Eugene J. Cromin, Madrid William N. Fraleigh, Belgrade Harry M. Donaldson, St. John Edward L. Crocker Jeanne Passett . William T. Handley ... Harold L. Williamson ... Florence Davenport Edith H. Stagg, Paris Dorthea Speyer, Naples Constance Hang, Paris Virginia A. Simonson. Paris M. Jeanne Bovnton, Paris H. Gardner Ainsworth, Rome Jean E. King Janet Worrell Temple Wanamaker. Jr., Bilboa Herman R. Kasper, Buenos Aires „ Elizabeth J. Foster Helen Aquila Airright .... Terry B. Sanders, London

William E. Nash, London 30 Richard M. Bownass, Tangier... 30 Forrest D. Pfeiffer, Paris 30 D. Chadwick Braggiotti 30 Victor H. Loftus, Rome 30 Neil L. Parks, Baghdad 30 Jerome T. Gaspond, Brussels , 30 John Service 30 Jean F. Phillips, London 30 Carmen B. Overson, London 30 A. L. Boeck 30 Cabot Sedgwick, Port-au-Prince 30 Rachel McBride 31 Charles V. Kolt, Caracas 31 John T. Kross 31 Paul L. Guest, Santiago 31 E. Eileen Kauk 31

November H. J. L’Heureux, Marseille 1 Jean Chisholm, Guatemala 1 Mrs. John G. Van Zile 1 Ruth von Bloeker, Lima 1 Lucien T. Valle.__„ 1 Geraldine Vise 1 Louis R. Pescatore . ... 1 Charlotte V. Yarbrough 1 Betty M. Bohanon, Lima : 1 A. Virginia Walker, Jr 1 , 1 Elmer D. Sitkin, Moscow 2 Charles Ducote, Habana 2 William M. Rountree, Cairo 2 Robert Woodward, Guatemala 2 Vincent D. Williams, Puerto Cortes 2 Frederick D. Hunt, Tourenco Marques 2 Malcolm A. Smith 3 Patrick Mallon _ — 3 Carlos Warner, London 3 John T. Sanders 3 D. Eugene Delgado Arias, Caracas 3 Percy Samuel Browne, Rio de Janeiro 3 James E. Parks, Paris 3 Robert M. Taylor, Paris 3 Cyril E. Black , 3 Horace Hatch, Oporto — 3 Charles J. Lutto, Paris... 3 Dorothy E. Fainler 3 R. John Bay — 3 Ralph M. Wood, London . 3 Archibald H. Douglas, Jr 3 Laurence C. Mitchell, Moscow 3 Ralph H. Hunt, Melbourne 3 Herbert F. N. Schmitt, Bogota 4 Elsa Clara Steeler , 4 Duran B. Lueders 4 Turner C. Cameron, Jr., Asuncion 4 Chester Cutler Dennis, Bahio 7 George A. Grim 6 C. Grant Haves, London 6 Miss Eulaila B. Fisch : . 6 Lela A. Camnbell 6 Muriel C. Williams 6 Joyce V. Cavanah 6 Margaret R. Wilson . 6 Louise Schaffner 6 Richard Forsyth 6 Erman R. McKelvey 6 Ethel P. Valentine, Buenos Aires 6 Francis B. Arden 6 Augustus Arterlog 1 6 Harold T. Pepin, Montreal 6

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THIS IS NOT FRANCE, BUT

IT HAS TAKEN a world war to make many of us here at home realize that

in some ways we are not as dependent upon foreign sources as we had thought. We have frequently found that our own home-grown products are as good as — and often better than —those we once imported as a matter of course.

One such instance is California wine. People in the States used to believe that only European wines could measure up to every standard of excellence. Perhaps they were not aware that the climate and soil of California is comparable to that of the most famous French vineyards;

that American vintners have a tradition which reaches back into Colonial days.

To their surprise, when other sources were cut oflf, they found that American wines are often superior to the imported peacetime products. We know this be¬ cause unbiased experts say so —and be¬ cause the active demand for CrestaBlanca is increasing daily.

Maybe you haven’t yet had the op¬ portunity to enjoy Cresta Blanca. If not, you owe it to your critical taste to try some of its nine superb types...and to let your friends share the experience of so many of us back home.

CRESTA BLANCA for over fifty years the finest of North American loines

w I I _ lil 1 nrpfwn

uafejkiwiG -M!W *»J

Foreign Department: MR.F.DELL'AGNESE

Utin-American Department:

MRS. LAZO STE1NMAN

c , 25% Discount to Retire ^rubers of the S,’eaal African Tori** Stro.ce

The most extensively air

cjl american foreign service journal...on request, we will mail you a copy of a booklet containing...

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