cj © 2011 cengage learning chapter 1 criminal justice today
TRANSCRIPT
CJ
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Criminal Justice Criminal Justice TodayToday
Learning Outcomes
LO1: Define crime and identify the different types of crime.
LO2: Outline the three levels of law enforcement.
LO3: List the essential elements of the corrections system.
LO4: Explain the difference between the formal and informal criminal justice processes.
LO5: Contrast the crime control and due process models.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
1LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Define crime and identify the different
types of crime.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• What is crime?– “a wrong against society proclaimed by
law and, if committed under certain circumstances, punishable by society.”
• Different societies can have vastly different ideas of what constitutes a crime.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• The Consensus Model– Assumes that a diverse group of
people have similar morals and share an ideal of what is “right” and “wrong.”
– Crime are acts that violate this shared value system and are deemed harmful to society.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• The Conflict Model
– Assumes that society is so diverse that members do not share moral attitudes.
– The most politically powerful members of society have the most influence on criminal law and impose their value system on the rest of the community.
– Crimes are defined by whichever group holds power at a given time.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• An Integrated Definition of Crime
– Punishable under criminal law, as determined by the majority, or in some cases, by a powerful minority.
– Considered an offense against society as a whole and prosecuted by public officials, not by victims and their relatives or friends.
– Punishable by statutorily determined sanctions that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• Criminal behavior can be grouped
into six categories:– Violent crime– Property crime– Public order crime– White collar crime– Organized crime– High-tech crime
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• Violent Crime– Crimes against persons.– D our perspectives on crime.– Includes:
• Murder• Sexual assault• Assault and battery• Robbery
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• Property Crime
– The most common form of criminal activity.
– The goal of the offender is some form of economic gain or to damage property.
– Includes:• Larceny/theft• Burglary• Motor vehicle theft• Arson
© 2011 Cengage Learning
ABC Video: Cape Cod Murder
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• Public Order Crimes
– Behavior that is outlawed because it violates shared social values.
– Also referred to as victimless crime.– Includes:
• Public drunkenness• Prostitution• Gambling• Illicit drug use
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• White Collar Crime– Business related offenses.– Illegal act(s) committed to obtain
personal or business advantage. – White collar crime costs U.S.
businesses as much as $994 billion a year.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1• Organized Crime
– Illegal acts by illegal organizations (often violent.– Usually geared toward satisfying a public demand
for unlawful goods and services.– Implies a conspiratorial and illegal relationship
among a number of people engaged in unlawful acts.
– Includes:• Loan sharking• Gambling• Prostitution
© 2011 Cengage Learning
ABC Video: US Tyco
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• High-Tech Crime– Also referred to as cyber crimes.– Includes:
• Selling pornographic material online• Cyberstalking• Hacking
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
The Criminal Justice System
The interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to
enforce criminal laws.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 1
• The Purpose of the Criminal Justice System– To control crime– To prevent crime– To provide and maintain justice
© 2011 Cengage Learning
The Structure of the Criminal Justice System
Federalism – government powers are shared by the
national government and the states.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
ABC Video: Internet Crime
2LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Outline the three levels of law enforcement.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
• Local and County– County sheriff – chief law enforcement
officer of most counties. – Responsible for the “nuts and bolts”:
• Investigations• Patrol activities • Keeping the peace
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2• State
– State police– Highway patrols– Fire marshals– Fish, game, wildcraft wardens
• Federal – Anti-terrorism– FBI– Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives– Almost every federal agency has some kind of
police power.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 2
• Courts– The US has a dual court system – two
independent judicial systems, one at federal level and one at state level.
– Criminal court responsible for determining guilt or innocence of suspects.
3LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
List the essential elements of the
corrections system.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
• The Corrections systems includes:– Probation– Jails– Community-based corrections (halfway
houses, residential centers, work-release centers).
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 3
• The Corrections systems includes:– Probation– Jails– Community-based corrections (halfway
houses, residential centers, work-release centers).
4LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Explain the difference
between the formal and
informal criminal justice processes.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4
• The Formal Criminal Justice Process– Functions as an assembly-line– “a series of routinized operations
whose success is gauged primarily by their tendency to pass the case along to a successful conclusion.”
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 4• The informal criminal justice process
– Based on the use of discretion – the authority to choose between and among alternative courses of action.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
The Wedding
Cake Model
5LO
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Contrast the crime control and
due process models.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 5
• The crime control model – Law enforcement is necessary to control
criminal activity.– Control is difficult and probably
impossible. – The system must be quick and efficient.– Police are in a better position than courts
to determine guilt.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Learning Outcome 5
• The due process model– Strives to make it difficult to prove
guilt. – Ultimate goal – fairness, not efficiency. – Rejects idea of a criminal justice
system with unlimited powers. – Criminal justice system should
recognize its own fallibility.– Relies heavily on courts.
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Mastering Concepts
Crime Control Model versus Due Process Model
© 2011 Cengage Learning
ABC Video: Crime In America
© 2011 Cengage Learning
Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Correctional Populations in the United States, 1995 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, June 1997), Table 1.1, page 12; and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prisoners in 2008 (Washington, D.C.; U.S. Department of Justice, 2009), 2.