Civil Rights Movement

1950s and Beyond

The Fourteenth Amendment

nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Ratified 1868

Plessy v Ferguson 1896

The object of the 14th Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either."

Up From Slavery

1902

Booker T. Washington

Niagara Movement Formation of NAACP

W.E.B. DuBois

Dangers of Being Black in America 1910s-1920s

                                                                                        

Lynchings

                                                           

Rosewood Massacre

Executive Order 8802 All departments and agencies of the

Government of the United States concerned with vocational and training programs for defense production shall take special measures appropriate to assure that such programs are administered without discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin;

C.O.R.E

James Farmer George Houser

1942

Integration of Baseball

Jackie Robinson 1947

Integration of Armed ForcesExecutive Order 9981

Harry Truman

Brown v Board of Education1954

Linda Brown

Southern ManifestoThe unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law. We regard the decisions of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power.

Al Gore, Sr. Estes Kefauver Lyndon Johnson

These men refused to sign

Emmett Till Case

                                                   

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Creation of SCLC

Reverend Martin LutherKing, Jr.

Central High School

                               

      

Greensboro Sit-Ins

                                         

    

Formation of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

                                                        

The Freedom Rides                           

Birmingham Campaign

Letter from a Birmingham JailWe know through painful experience that

freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I have yet to engage in a direct action campaign that was "well timed" in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation. For years now I have heard the word "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost always meant "Never." We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that "justice too long delayed is justice denied."

                          

           

Medgar Evers

Byron de la Beckwith

Kennedy proposed Civil Rights Act which led to March on

Washington

24th Amendment

outlaws poll taxes

Civil RightsAct of 1964

Forbids discrimination in places of public accomodation

Mississippi Freedom Summer

Malcolm X

March from Selma to Montgomery

                                

     

                                

     

                                

     

                                

     

                                

     

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Outlaws Literacy Tests for voting requirement

Riots in Watts and Detroit1965 and 1967

Assassination

Attempts at Desegregation: Busing

Violence in Boston, 1974

Cleveland’s History on Equality in Education: Rev. Bruce

Klunder, 1964

http://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/254

Mrs. Z’s data/research on Cleveland School Desegregation

Bakke v Regents of the University of California 1978

Los Angeles Riots 1992

                               

Rodney King

Gratz v Bollinger