civil engineering reference manual

Professional Publications, Inc. • Belmont, CA

Index toCivil EngineeringReference Manual9th ed., 1st printing

Italicized page numbers represent sources of data in tables, figures, and appendices. “G” indicates a glossary entry.

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P R O F E S S I O N A L P U B L I C A T I O N S , I N C .

1% flood, 20-62,4-D, 32-1110-minute unit hydrograph, 20-1218-kip ESAL, 76-1260-degree method, 40-285th percentile speed, 74-4100 yr

flood, 20-6storm, 20-6

A

A36 steel properties, 58-2

AAR, 48-2AASHTO, G

flexible pavement nomograph, 76-17

lump-sum loss, 56-3

rigid pavement nomograph, 77-6, 77-7

sight distance, 79-10

soil classification, 35-4, 35-5Abandonment, GABET (see Accreditation Board for

Engineering and Technology)Abram’s strength law, 48-4Abscissa, 7-2Absolute

convergence, 3-12English system, 1-4position, 72-9pressure, 14-2volume method, 49-2, 77-2

Absorbedasphalt, 76-9dose, G

Absorption, Gcoefficient, 22-7, 31-8coefficient, gas, 31-9

dry, 34-14dynamometer, 84-12factor, 34-17masonry, 68-3process, 34-2

ABS pipe, 16-10, 28-3Abstraction, initial, 20-2Abundance, relative, 22-2Abutment, GAcanthamoeba castellani, 27-2Accelerated

Cost Recovery System, 85-21depreciation, 85-23flow, 19-20, G

Accelerating force, railroad, 75-3Acceleration

centripetal, 15-19 (ftn)Coriolis, 72-8fluid mass, 15-19gravity, 1-2head, 18-2, 18-3

linear, 72-4normal, 72-8resultant, 72-8

tangential, 72-7uniform, 72-3uniform, formulas, 72-3

Accelerator, set, 48-3Acceptance, 86-3

testing, concrete, 49-1Access

control of, Gpoint, 74-2right of, G

Accessibility, 19-15Accessible parking, 74-19

Accessible parking space, 74-19Accident

data, 75-7history warrant, signalization, 74-15rate, 75-7type, 75-7

Accounting, 85-35Accreditation Board for Engineering and

Technology, 87-1 (ftn)Accrual system, 85-34Accumulation, 8-6Accumulator, 17-36Accuracy, 11-13, 84-1

concrete batch, 49-2order of, 78-4, 78-5

ACImoment coefficient, 47-19

shear coefficient, 47-19

Acid, 22-9, Gamino, 23-1 (tbl)carbonic, 25-1, 31-8, 34-18 (ftn)carboxylic, 23-2 (tbl)constant, 22-12-extractable metal, 28-14fatty, 23-2 (tbl), 27-6-forming bacteria, 30-14fulvic, Ggas, 32-4haloacetic, 25-10humic, Ghydrochloric, 25-9hypochlorous, 25-9organic, 23-2 (tbl)polyprotic, 22-13rain, 32-4-splitting bacteria, 30-14-test ratio, 85-35volatile, 27-6

Acidity, 25-1AC machine, 83-17

Acousticemission testing, 43-12holography, 43-12

Acoustical velocity, 14-14Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 27-6ACR, 48-2Actinide, 22-2Actinon, 22-2

Actioncapillary, 14-11composite, 57-1galvanic, 22-16level, 82-3line of, 5-1, 41-2prying, 65-5shear force of, 45-16

Activatedcarbon, 29-12, 34-3carbon, granular, 26-12controller, 74-16sludge, Gsludge plant, characteristics, 30-3, 30-5

sludge process, 30-2Active

collection, gas, 31-6component, retaining wall, A-67, A-68

earth pressure, 37-2, 37-3earth pressure coefficient, 37-3pressure, Gresultant, total, 37-3zone, 37-2

Activity, 81-1-on-branch, 81-2-on-node, 81-1specific, G

Acute angle, 6-1ADA, 74-19Add chain, 78-7Addition of vectors, 5-3Additive, pozzolanic, 48-3Adenosine triphosphate, 27-5, GAdenoviruses, 27-2Adfreeze force, 38-6Adhesion, 14-11 (ftn), 38-3

clay, 38-4

factors, 38-3, 38-4

road, coefficient of, 75-4Adiabatic

compressibility, 14-13compression, 15-13expansion, Gflame temperature, 24-15

Adjacentangle, 6-2side, 6-2

Adjoint, classical, 4-5Adjudication, GAdjusted weight, 49-3Adjusting, traverse, 78-13, 78-14Admittance, 83-5Admixture, 48-3, G (see also type)

lithium-based, 48-2Adsorbed water, G Adsorbent, 26-7, 34-3Adsorption, 26-12, 34-3, 34-24

carbon, 29-12edge, G

Index

Advancedflue gas cleanup, 34-4oxidation, 34-4oxidation process, 26-17scrubbing, 24-5wastewater treatment, 29-3

Advantagemechanical, 41-10mechanical, pulley block, 41-11

pulley, 41-11Advection, GAdverse cross slope, 79-7Aerated

grit chamber, 29-6lagoon, 29-4, 29-5, Glagoon, characteristics, 29-5

Aeration, 26-4, Gcharacteristics, 30-4

complete-mix, 30-3conventional, 30-3cost, 30-9extended, 30-3high purity oxygen, 30-3high-rate, 30-3period, 30-8power, 29-4, 29-5, 30-9sludge, 30-3 step-flow, 30-3tank, 30-8tapered, 30-3zone of, G

Aerial mapping, 78-17Aerobe, G

obligate, 27-3Aerobic, G

decomposition, 27-5digester, 30-15digester, characteristics, 30-15

digestion, 30-14pond, 29-4

Aero horsepower, 17-39Affinity law, 18-18Afterburner, 34-12Age, BOD, sludge, 30-6Agency, 86-2Agent, 86-2

chelating, 34-15 (ftn)sequestering, 26-16weighting, 26-6

Age of the suspended solids, 30-6Aggregate, 48-2, 76-3, G

alkali reactivity, 48-2coarse, 48-2, 76-3, Gfine, 48-2, 76-3, Glightweight, 48-9, GPCC, 77-3

properties, 49-1

Aggressive index, 26-16Agonic line, GAgreement, letter of, 86-3AIDS, 27-6Air

atmospheric, 24-8, 30-8blower, 30-9 change, Gentraining mixture, 48-3entrainment, 77-3excess, 24-12flow rate, SCFM, 30-9flush, G-fuel ratio, 24-9, 24-12heater ash, 24-3in concrete, 49-3

injection, 26-4pollutant, 32-2prewash, 26-11properties, A-14

resistance, 75-2resistance coefficient, 75-1stripping, 29-12, 34-16-to-cloth ratio, 34-5toxic, 32-2voids, 76-9

Airborne survey, 78-5Aircraft cable, 45-20Airfoil, 17-37Airport

pavement grade, 79-19runway, 74-25

Alachlor, 32-11Alcohol, 23-2 (tbl), 24-7

aliphatic, 23-2 (tbl)aromatic, 23-2 (tbl)

Aldehyde, 23-1 (tbl), 23-2 (tbl)Aldrin, 32-11Algae, 27-1, 27-2, 27-2, 27-3, G

growth, in water, 25-9pretreatment, 26-3

Algebra, 3-1matrix, 4-3

Algebraic equation, 3-2Algicide, 26-3Alias component, 9-7 (ftn)Alidade, 78-9, GAlignment

chart, column, 53-2, 53-3, 61-3

stake, 80-3, 80-5Aliphatic alcohol, 23-2 (tbl)Alkali

-aggregate reactivity, 48-2-carbonate reaction, 48-2metal, 22-2-silica reaction, 48-2

Alkaline earth metal, 22-2Alkalinity, 25-2, 25-4, G

vs. hardness diagram, 25-5

Alkane, 23-1, 23-3 (tbl), 24-1Alkene, 23-1Alkoxy, 23-1 (tbl)Alkyl, 23-1 (tbl)

halide, 23-2 (tbl)Alkyne, 23-1, 23-3 (tbl), 24-1All-directional interchange, 74-21Allergen, 32-4Alligator crack, 76-4All-lightweight concrete, 48-9Allochthonous material, 25-7Allowable

bearing capacity, 36-2, 36-2

bearing stress, 65-3bending stress, 59-3, 59-4compressive stress, steel column, 61-4load, fastener, 65-3shear stress, 59-4stress design, 58-4, 67-1stress, fasteners, 65-3

stress, masonry wall, 69-3

stress method, 50-3, 59-7stress, sheet piling, 39-4

stress, steel, 58-5tensile stress, 60-3

Alluvial deposit, GAlluvium, GAlphabet, Greek, 3-1, 3-1, back endpaper

Alphanizomenon flos-aquae, 27-2

Alternatedepth, 19-15, Gmode, 74-15

Alternating current, 83-2, 83-4Alternative

disinfection, 29-12sewer, 28-4to chlorination, 25-12, 26-17

Alternator, 83-10 (ftn)Altitude valve, 26-19Alum, 26-6Aluminum, structural, properties, A-72

American Society of Civil Engineers, 87-1Amictic, GAmide, 23-2 (tbl)Amine, 23-1 (tbl), 23-2 (tbl)Amino acid, 23-1 (tbl), 23-2 (tbl)Ammonia

in wastewater, 28-13in water, 25-10nitrogen, in wastewater, 28-13removal, in wastewater, 29-3, 29-12slip, 34-15 (ftn)stripping, 28-13, 29-12toxic effect on fish, 25-10un-ionized, in water, 25-8

Amoeba, 27-2Amoebic dysentery, 27-2Amortization, 85-24Ampere, 83-2Amperometric sensor, 84-3Amphoteric behavior, GAMU, GAnabaena flos-aquae, 27-2Anabolism, 27-5, GAnabranch, GAnaerobe, G

digester, 30-15obligate, 27-3pond, 29-4

Anaerobic digester, characteristics, 30-16

Analysis (see also type)accident data, 75-7chemical, 22-6dimensional, 1-8first-order, 53-1Fourier, 9-6frequency, 9-7 (ftn)gravimetric, 24-2hydrograph, 20-7period, 76-14proximate, 24-2sensitivity, 85-43signature, 9-7 (ftn)time-series, 9-7 (ftn)ultimate, 22-4, 22-5, 24-2volumetric, 24-2

Analytic function, 8-1Analyzer

FFT, 9-7signal, 9-7spectrum, 9-7

Anchorpull, 39-5trench, 31-4

Anchoragemasonry, 68-5shear reinforcement, 50-19

Anchored bulkhead, 39-4Andrade’s equation, 43-16Amemiza, 27-2Andesite porphyry, 35-31

C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L


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I N D E X I-3


Anemometer, 17-26Angle

banking, 79-7between figures, 7-8between lines, 6-1contact, 14-12

deflection, 78-13, 79-3depression, 6-2direction, 5-2, 7-5elevation, 6-2explement, 78-13friction, external 37-3

friction, soil, 37-3function of, 6-2helix thread, 45-13interfacial friction, 31-5, 31-5

interior, 78-13, 79-1internal friction, 35-16, 35-25, 40-7, 43-7,

73-7lead, bolt, 45-13lift valve, 16-12plane, 6-1power, 83-7repose, 40-7, 73-6, 80-1, 80-2rupture, 43-7solid, 6-6spiral, 79-17static friction, 73-6station, 78-13to the right, 78-11trihedral, 6-5twist, 43-8, 45-13type, 6-2 (see also by name)valve, 16-12

Angularacceleration, 72-6frequency, 83-4impulse, 73-12momentum, 73-3motion, 72-6orientation, 5-1perspective, 2-3position, 72-6velocity, 72-6

Anhydride, 23-3 (tbl)Anion, 25-1, GAnisotropic material, 5-1Annual

amount, 85-7 cost, 85-7cost method, 85-15return method, 85-15traffic, 74-4

Annuity, 85-7 Anode, sacrificial, 22-17Anoxic

condition, 27-3decomposition, 27-5denitrification, 27-3

Antecedentmoisture condition, 20-16 (ftn)runoff condition, 20-16

Anthracite, 24-4Anthrafilt, 26-11Anticlinal spring, GAntiderivative, 9-1Antilock brake, 75-5Antiskid brake, 75-5Antoine equation, 14-9 (ftn)Apex, 41-21Aphelion, 73-19API scale, 14-4

Apogee, 73-19Apparatus

Orsat, 24-11vane shear, 35-28

Apparentcolor, in water, 25-8modulus, 43-11specific gravity, 76-8, Gvelocity, 21-3

Applicationexam, 88-2point of, 5-1

Applied load, pressure from, 40-2Approach

tangent, 79-1velocity of, 16-4, 17-16

Approaches, 74-12Approximate structural methods, 47-18Approximation, small angle, 6-3Approximations, series, 8-8Appurtenance, GApron, GAquatic plant, 25-9Aquation, 22-7Aquiclude, 40-10, GAquifer, 21-1, G

confined, 21-2free, 21-1unconfined, 21-1

Aquifuge, GAquitard, GAramid

fiber, 32-4tendon, 56-4

Arbitrarypoint in time value, 67-4proportions method, 49-2volume method, 49-2weight method, 49-2

ARC, 20-16Arc, 81-1

basis, 79-3length, by integration, 9-5

Archimedes’ principle, 15-14Architect, 86-4Arctic, 32-11Area

between two curves, 9-4bolt, tensile stress, 65-3by integration, 9-4centroid, 42-1circulation, pedestrian, 74-15critical net, 60-2effective net, 60-3first moment, 42-2, 46-5gross, 60-1irregular, 7-1law of, 73-18method, landfill, 31-2moment of inertia, 42-3net, 60-1, 60-2of steel reinforcement bars, 50-8, 51-3

reduction in, 43-6second moment of, 42-3specific, filter, 29-8transformation method, 44-19under the standard normal curve, A-12

weaving, 74-22Areal rain, 20-19Argument, 3-8

Arithmeticsequence, 3-11series, 3-11

Arm, moment, 41-2Aromatic, 23-3 (tbl)

alcohol, 23-2 (tbl)liquid, 14-9 (ftn)

Array, 4-1Arrival type, 74-13Arterial, 74-3

highway, GArtesian

formation, Gspring, Gwell, 21-2

Artificial expense, 85-20Aryl, 23-1 (tbl)

halide, 23-3 (tbl)Asbestos, 32-4

-cement pipe, 16-10, 26-10, 28-4substitutes, 32-4, 32-5

Asbestosis, 32-4Ascaris lumbricoides, 27-2ASCE (see American Society of Civil

Engineers)ASD, 58-4Aseptic meningitis, 27-2As fired, 24-3Ash, 24-3

air heater, 24-3bottom, 24-3, 32-5coal, 24-3combined, 32-5economizer, 24-3fly, 24-3pit, 24-3refractory, 24-3soda, 26-13

ASME long-radius nozzle, 17-30 (ftn)Aspect ratio, 17-37

diaphragm, 69-10

ellipse, 7-11Aspergillus, 27-2Asphalt

absorbed, 76-9binder, 76-2binder grade, Superpave, 76-3

cement, 76-2concrete, 76-1concrete mix, 76-4

content, effective, 76-9content, optimum, 76-11cutback, 76-2emulsion, 76-2, Ggrading, 76-2hot rubber mix, 76-24mix, 76-3mixer, 76-6modifier, 76-5pavement, 76-1pavement, full-depth, 76-20, 76-21

pavement recycling, 76-22polymer-modified, 76-5rubber, 76-23stone matrix, 76-23synthetic, 76-24

Asphaltic coating, pipe, 16-11ASR, 48-2Asset

account, 85-33current, 85-34fixed, 85-34

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Assignment, 86-3Associative law

addition, 3-3matrix, 4-4multiplication, 3-3sets, 11-2

Assumedinflection point, 47-18meridian, 78-11

Assumption, Whitney, 50-6AST, 33-1ASTM

prestressing tendon, 56-5

soil tests, 35-15, 35-16, 35-16

standards, pipe, 16-11standards, steel reinforcing, A-89, A-90

Asymmetrical function, 7-4Asymptote, 7-2Asymptotic, 7-2Atmosphere,

air, 30-8

air, properties, A-14

earth, 15-12pressure, 14-3

standard, A-34

Atmosphericair, 24-8, 30-8fluidized bed combustion, 24-5head, 18-6 (ftn)refraction, 78-9

Atom, 22-1Atomic

mass unit, 22-1number, 22-2, A-47, Gnumbers and weights of the elements,

A-52

structure, 22-1weight, 22-1, A-47, G

Atrazine, 32-11At-rest

earth pressure coefficient, 37-5soil pressure, 37-5

Attack, intergranular, 22-16Attenuator, impact, 75-8Atterberg limit test, 35-4, 35-21 Auger

boring, 40-11hole method, 35-23

Augmented matrix, 4-1Austenitic stainless steel, 22-16 (ftn)Autochthonous material, 25-7Autogenous

fuel, 31-11waste, 34-8 (ftn)

Autoignition temperature, 24-8Automatic traffic recorder, 74-5Autotroph, 27-1, 27-3, GAutotrophic bacteria, 28-9Auxiliary

equation, 10-1lane, Gview, 2-2

Availablecombined residual, 28-13hydrogen, 24-3, 24-14method, 32-13

Averageannual daily flow, 26-18, 74-4annual daily traffic, 74-5daily traffic, 74-4end area method, 80-2highway speed, 74-4

power, 83-7precipitation, 20-2pressure, 15-6running speed, 74-4spot speed, 74-4travel speed, 74-4value, by integration, 9-4value, sinusoid, 83-5velocity, 16-8

Avogadro’shypothesis, 22-4law, 22-4, Gnumber, 22-4

AWWA standards, pipe, 16-11Axial

compression, large, 62-2compression, small, 62-2flow impeller, 18-4, 26-9flow turbine, 18-23 loading, 44-11member, 41-11strain, 43-4stress, 35-25tensile stress, 60-1

Axis,bending, 45-15conjugate, 7-11neutral, 44-10oblique, 2-2parabolic, 7-10principal, 42-8, 59-14, 71-2rotation, 42-7torsional, 45-15

Axleload (see Equivalency factors)spread-tandem, 76-13

Axonometric view, 2-3Azimuth, 78-11, 78-12, G

magnetic, 74-25

B

Babcock formula, 17-9Bacillary dysentery, 27-2Back

station, 79-3tangent, 79-1

Backfill, 40-8broken slope, 37-5

Backsight, 78-9Backward pass, GBackward soil pressure, 37-2Backwashing, filter, 26-11Backwater, G

curve, GBacteria, 27-1, 27-2, 27-3

acid-forming, 30-14acid-splitting, 30-14autotrophic, 28-9carbonaceous, 28-8facultative, 27-3iron, 27-3mesophyllic, Gthermophilic, G

Bacteriology, 27-1Bag, cement, 48-1Baghouse, 34-4Balance

line, 80-2point, 80-2sheet, 85-34water, equation, 20-2weld group, 66-4

Balancedcondition, 69-4draft point, 34-8load, electrical, 83-9point, column, 52-5steel, 50-4, 50-8

Balancing, 71-2chemical equations, 22-6traverse, 78-13, 78-14

Balantidiosis, 27-2Balantidium coli, 27-2Ballast circuit, 84-9Balling scale, 14-4 (ftn)Ballistic pendulum, 73-3Balloon payment, 85-41Ball valve, 16-12Bandwidth, 9-8, 74-16Banking

angle, 79-7roadway, 73-19

Bardowel, 55-5, 77-10purple, 48-8steel, 48-6

Barsreinforcing, A-89

total area of, 50-8, 51-3

Barometer, 15-2multi-fluid, 15-5

Barometricheight relationship, 15-12pressure, 14-3

Barrel, 19-26Basalt, 35-31Base, 22-9, G

breakaway, 75-8cement-treated, 48-9, Gcircle failure, 40-7constant, 22-12course, Gexchange process, 26-14flow, 20-6, 20-7 (ftn), Gmetal, 66-1of the cut, 39-2plates, column, 61-9time, 20-6unit, 1-5

Baseball, 17-34 (ftn), 17-39Baseline rate, 83-7Base units, SI, 1-5

Basinchemical sedimentation, 29-7sedimentation, plain, 29-6settling, Gstilling, G

Basis, depreciation, 85-20Batch

gravity thickening, 30-13mix, 76-6trial, 49-2

Batching, 49-1Bathtub distribution, 11-7Batter

decrement, 37-1, 37-9pile, G

Baumé scale, 14-5Bazin formula, 19-4 (ftn)Beam (see also type)

allowable loads table, 59-9allowable moments chart, 59-9bearing plate, 59-15circular, 50-18



I-4


I N D E X I-5


-column, 44-11, 59-1, 62-1composite, 64-5concrete, cracking, 50-10concrete, deflection, 50-12concrete, design, 50-7, 50-8concrete, maximum deflection, 50-14

concrete, minimum thickness, 50-13

concrete, minimum width, 50-5

concrete, shear stress, 50-16conjugate, 44-15, 47-6

continuous, 46-5continuous, plastic design, 59-10curved, 44-19, 44-19

deep, 50-3, 50-22deflection, 44-13–44-16, 47-4deflection, elastic, A-76–A-78

deflection, midspan, prestressing, 56-4

deflection, prestressed, 56-4deflection, steel, 59-5depth, concrete, minimum, 50-13design selection table, 59-7doubly reinforced, 50-20, 50-21fixed-end, 46-1, 46-6hole in, 59-15indeterminate, 46-1, A-83–A-87

overreinforced, 50-4serviceability, 50-10, 50-12shear strength, 50-17shear stress, 44-9steel, 59-1steel, analysis flowchart, 59-6

steel, design flowchart, 59-8

T-, 50-14underreinforced, 50-4unsymmetrical bending, 59-14width, minimum, 50-5

Bearing, 45-10, 78-12capacity, 36-1capacity, allowable, 36-2, 36-2

capacity, clay, 36-4capacity, factors, 36-3, 36-3, 36-4

capacity, factors, long trench, 39-3

capacity, factors, piles, 38-2

capacity, gross, 36-3capacity, net, 36-4capacity, rock, 36-7capacity, sand, 36-6capacity, ultimate, 36-3capacity, ultimate, pile, 38-1capacity, water table, 36-7connection, 65-2plate, beam, 59-15pressure, safe, 36-2ratio, California, 35-29, 76-15stiffener, 44-18, 59-5, 63-4stress, allowable, 65-3value, plate, test, 35-30wall, 54-2

Bedbiological, 29-8chemically active, 34-9fluidized, 31-10moisture, 24-3residence time, 34-5sand drying, 30-17sand filter, 32-13

Bedding load factor, 40-9Begin slope rounding, 80-5Bell, G

-shaped curve, 11-6Belt

filter press, 30-16

friction, 73-7highway, Gthickening, gravity 30-14

Benchmark, 78-7Bend, pipe, force on, 17-34Bending

axis, 45-15biaxial, 59-14moment diagram, 44-8plane of, 59-2stress, 59-2stress, allowable, 59-3, 59-4stress, beam, 44-10stress, plate girder, 63-3unsymmetrical, beam, 59-14

Beneficial reuse program, 30-18Benefit-cost ratio, 85-16Bent, GBent, pile, GBenthic zone, GBenthos, GBentonite, 40-10, G

cement, 40-10soil, 40-10

Benzene ring, 23-1 (tbl)Berm, G

filter, 32-13Bernoulli equation, 16-2, 17-14, 19-7Bessel equation, 10-5Best available technology, 34-2Beta

distribution, 81-3-method, 38-3ratio, 17-28

Bias, 11-13, 84-2Biaxial bending, 59-14, 70-4Bidding, competitive, 87-3Bifurcation ratio, GBillion, 1-7 (tbl)Binary fission, 27-4, GBinder

asphalt, 76-2grade, Superpave, 76-3

specification, 76-23Bingham

fluid, 14-7-plastic model, 17-11

Binomialcoefficient, 11-2distribution, 11-4theorem, 3-3

Bioaccumulation, Gfactor, G

Bioactivation process, GBioassay, GBioavailability, G Biochemical oxygen demand, 28-8, G (see

also BOD)Biochemistry, 27-1Biocide, 27-4, 34-17 (ftn)Bioconcentration, G

factor, GBiodegradation, GBiofilm filter, 26-11Biofilter, 34-5Biogas, GBiological

bed, 29-8contactor, rotating, 29-10contactor, rotating, characteristics, 29-11

filter, 29-8Biology, 27-1

Biomagnification, Gfactor, G

Biomass, GBioreactor, 34-6Bioremediation, 34-5Biosolid, 30-2, 32-2 (ftn)Biosorption process, 30-3, GBiosphere, G Biostat, 34-17 (ftn)Biota, GBiot number, 1-9 (tbl)Bioventing, 34-6Bisection method, 3-4, 12-1Bituminous

coal, 24-4coating, pipe, 16-11mix, 76-1

Black steel pipe, 16-10Blade

jet force on, 17-33pitch, circular, 18-4

Blasiusequation, 17-5solution, 17-42

Blast furnace gas, 24-7 (ftn)Bleeding, G

pavement, 76-5Blending formula, 59-4Blind drainage, GBlock

and tackle, 41-11shear strength, 60-3stress, 50-6

Bloom, GBlow

-down, 32-6-up, pavement, 76-5

Blowerair, 30-9wastewater, 29-4, 30-9

Blowingpavement, 76-5whistle, 87-3 (ftn)

lue-center steel, 45-20Blunder, 78-13Board

of directors, 86-2of engineering licensing, 88-1

BOCA, 58-4BOD, 28-8

escaping treatment, 30-6exertion, 28-8loading, 29-8removal efficiency, 29-8, 30-6removal fraction, 29-8, 30-6removal rate constant, 29-5seeded, 28-9sludge age, 30-6soluble, 30-6treatment efficiency, 30-6ultimate, 28-8

Body burden, GBoiler

efficiency, 24-16horsepower, 24-16

Boilerplate clause, 86-3Boiling, 14-9

-point margin, 32-8Bolster, 50-2Bolt, 45-8, 65-1

allowable stress, 65-3

area, tensile stress, 65-3

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common, 65-1dimension, 45-10

family, 45-8grade, 45-8grade and type, 45-9

high-strength, 65-1marking, 45-9preload, 45-11, 65-3pretension, 65-3standards, 45-8tensile stress area, 65-3tension, minimum, 65-3

thread, 45-8

torque factor, 45-12structural, 65-3

Bolted connection reduction values, 60-3

Bomb calorimeter, 24-14Bond, 85-29

fully amortized, 85-29 (ftn)masonry, 68-3pattern, 68-6running, 68-6yield, 85-30

Bondedstrain gage, 84-8tendon, 56-2

Bookkeeping, 85-33Book value, 85-23Boom, sonic, 14-14Boring, auger, 40-11Bottom ash, 24-3, 32-5Bound

lower, 9-4upper, 9-4vector, 5-1 (ftn)

Boundaryirregular, 7-1layer, 16-8, 17-42value, 10-2

Bourdon pressure gauge, 15-2Boussinesq contour chart, 40-2Boussinesq’s equation, 40-1Boussinesq stress contour chart, A-69, A-70

Bowditch method, 78-14Box

closed, 45-14section, 61-2shape, 59-2shoring, 39-1

Bracedcolumn, 45-2, 53-2, 53-4cut, 39-1cut, clay, 39-2cut, sand, 39-1, 39-2

Bracingdiagonal, 53-2lateral, 59-3member, 61-1spacing, 59-3

Braided stream, GBrake

antilock/antiskid, 75-5assist system, 75-5dynamometer, 84-12horsepower, pump, 18-9pump power, 18-9

Brakingdistance, 75-5rate, 75-5time, 75-5

Brale indentor, 43-13Branch (see Curve)

Branch sewer, G Brass pipe, 16-10Breach of contract, 86-5Breakaway pole, 75-8Break-even point, 85-37Breaking

chain, Gstrength, 43-3

Breakpoint, 28-13, 34-3chlorination, 26-17, 26-17, 28-13, G

Breakthrough, 26-11, 29-12, 34-3Breathing apparatus, 82-2Breeze, 24-5Brick, 68-2

building, 68-2face, 68-2hollow, 68-2

Bridgeconstant, 84-10crane, 59-15deck, 46-11, 48-8deck, orthotropic, Grotary, 74-21truss, 41-12Wheatstone, 84-9

Brinell hardness, 43-12Brink depth, 19-19British thermal unit, 13-1Brittle

failure, 43-14, 50-4material, 43-16

Brix scale, 14-4 (ftn)Broad-crested weir, 19-13Broad fill, 40-9Broken slope backfill, 37-5Bromine, 26-17Btu (see British thermal unit)Bubbling bed combustor, 34-7Buckingham pi-theorem, 1-8Buckling, 45-2

beam, 44-18elastic, 61-4Euler, 61-2flexural, 61-2inelastic, 61-4load, 53-4load, Euler, 61-2local, 59-4, 61-2, 61-7stress, 61-2torsional, 61-2

Buffer, 22-9Building

brick, 68-2code, 58-4 designer, 86-4-related illness, 32-4

Built-in end beam, 46-6Bulk

modulus, 14-13modulus, water, 14-14

specific gravity, 76-8, 76-9, Gvelocity, 16-8

Bulkheadanchored, 39-4cantilever, 39-4flexible, 39-4tied, 39-4

Bulking, Gsludge, 30-6, 30-11, G

Bunker C oil, 24-5Buoyancy, 15-14

center, 15-16

pipelines, 15-16theorem, 15-14

Buoyant density, 35-7Burden, 85-36Buried pipe loading coefficients, 40-9

Buried pipe, loads on, 40-8Burner, staged-air, 34-16Burning

mass, 31-9rate, 31-9

Burnout velocity, 73-17Bus, 74-3

equivalent, 74-7

Business property, 85-20 (ftn)Butterfly valve, 16-13, 17-12 (tbl)Buttress wall, 37-1Byproduct, disinfection, 25-9, 25-10

C

Cabinet projection, 2-3Cable, 41-16–41-20

aircraft, 45-20catenary, 41-18hoisting, 45-19parabolic, 41-17tension, 73-11

Caisson, 40-10, GCake

filter, 30-18sludge, 30-16

Calcium carbonate equivalents, A-56, A-57

Calculus, fundamental theorem of, 9-4Calibration, 84-2California bearing ratio, 35-29, 35-29, 76-15,

77-5

Calming, traffic, 74-22Calorimeter, bomb, 24-14Camp formula, 29-5Camp’s correction, 19-4Campylobacter jejuni, 27-2Candida, 27-2Canon, 87-1Canonical form, row, 4-2Cantilever

bulkhead, 39-4footing, 36-2retaining wall, 37-1, 54-2wall, 39-4

Capacitance, 83-5Capacitive reactance, 83-5Capacitor, 83-5Capacity

bearing, 36-1bearing, allowable, 36-2, 36-2

bearing, clay, 36-4bearing, gross, 36-3bearing, net, 36-4bearing, rock, 36-7bearing, sand, 36-6bearing, ultimate 36-3design, traffic, 74-5field, 31-7heat, 13-4, 13-4

ideal, 74-5intersection, 74-12landfill, 31-3moment, 50-6pedestrian, 74-17pile group, 38-5point, 38-2pull-out, 38-5reduction factor, 50-4



I-6


I N D E X I-7


sewer, 28-4

shaft, 38-3skin friction, 38-3specific, 21-3tensile, pile, 38-5

Capillaryaction, 14-11water, G

Capitalized cost, 85-7, 85-15Capitalizing an asset, 85-20Capital recovery method, 85-15Cap, landfill, 31-5Carbamate, 32-11Carbinol, 23-1 (tbl)Carbohydrate, 23-3 (tbl), 28-14Carbon

adsorption, 29-12dioxide, 31-6

dioxide, emission, 32-5dioxide, in leachate, 31-8dioxide, in water, 26-13dioxide, properties, 31-6fiber-reinforced concrete, 48-8fixed, 24-4granular activated, 26-12, 29-12, 34-3monoxide, emission, 32-5powdered activated, 29-12steel, 58-1

Carbonaceousbacteria, 28-8demand, G

Carbonatehardness, 25-3, 26-13, Greaction with alkali, 48-2

Carbonic acid, 25-1, 31-8, 34-18 (ftn)Carbonyl, 23-1 (tbl)Carboxylic acid, 23-2 (tbl)Carcinogen, GCar resistance, railroad, 75-3Carrier, G

slurry, 17-11Carryover factor, 47-14Cartesian

coordinate system, 7-3equation form, 3-3 (ftn)triad, 5-2unit vector, 5-2

Carver-Greenfield process, 30-19Casagrande method, 35-24Cascade impactor, GCased hole, GCase, Westergaard, 40-2Cash flow, 85-3

analysis, 85-9diagram, 85-3factors, 85-6, A-120

Cash system, 85-34Cast-iron pipe, 16-10, 26-20, 28-3, A-23

Catabolism, 27-5, GCatalytic

cracking, 24-3reduction, selective, 34-14

Categoryseismic performance, 70-2severity, 75-7

Catena, GCatenary cable, 41-18Cathodic protection, 48-7Cation, 25-1, GCauchy

equation, 10-5

number, 1-9 (tbl)-Schwartz theorem, 5-3

Caustic embrittlement, 22-16Cavalier projection, 2-3Caveat emptor, 86-6Cavitation, 18-14, 18-15

coefficient, 18-15corrosion, 22-17preventing, 18-15

CBR, 35-29, 77-5

loads, 35-29

C-coefficient, runoff, A-45

CD-test, 35-27Cell, 31-3

height, 31-3wall, Gyield, 30-12, 30-12

Cement, 48-1asbestos, pipe, 16-10asphalt, 76-2bentonite, 40-10factor, 49-2low-alkali, 48-2properties, 49-1

soil, 48-9-treated base, 48-9, G

Center, 7-2-entry mixer, 76-6instantaneous, 72-12, 72-13of buoyancy, 15-16of force, 73-17of gravity, 9-6, 71-1of mass, 71-1of pressure, 15-4, 15-9, 15-10, 41-5of pressure, shapes, 15-10 (fig)of rotation, 66-6of twist, 45-16of vision, 2-3-radius form, 7-9shear, 45-15, 59-14torsional, 45-16

Centerline velocity, 16-8Centipoise, 14-7Centistoke, 14-8Central

force field, 73-17impact, 73-16limit theorem, 11-11tendency, 11-10view, 2-2

Centrate, 30-17Centrifugal

factor, 79-7force, 73-5pump, 18-2, 18-4ratio, unbalanced, 79-7

Centrifugation, 30-17Centrifuge, 30-17Centripetal

acceleration, 15-19 (ftn)force, 73-5

Centroid, 9-6, A-71

area, 42-1line, 42-2of volume, 71-1plastic, 52-5

Centroidalmass moment of inertia, 71-2moment of inertia, 42-3

Century storm, 20-5Cesspool, 29-2Cetane number, 24-7

CFR, GCFSTR, 30-6Cgs system, 1-4Chain

breaking, Gengineer’s, 78-7Gunter’s, 78-7surveyor’s, 78-7

Chair, 50-2Chalk, 35-31Challenger, 85-18Chamber

diversion, 29-12filter, 32-13grit, 29-5secondary combustion, 31-11surge, 18-24

Change, air, GChannel

erodible, 19-25nonrectangular, 19-18open, 19-2rectangular, 19-6, 19-8, 19-17routing, 20-22steel, 61-2transition, 19-15trapezoidal, 19-6, 19-8, 19-9triangular, 19-7

Channeling, 34-16pavement, 76-5

Channelization, 20-22, Gdevice, 74-25taper, 74-25

Chaos theory, 84-2 (ftn)Chaotic error, 84-2Char, 24-5Characteristic

dimension, 16-6equation, 4-7, 10-1log, 3-5polynomial, 4-7specific feed, 31-11, 34-9

Characteristicsactivated sludge plant, 30-3, 30-5

aerated lagoon, 29-5

aeration, 30-4

aerobic digester, 30-15

anaerobic digester, 30-16

electrostatic precipitator, 34-7

final clarifier, 30-5

flocculator-clarifier, 26-10

gasoline, 32-8

grit chamber, 29-6

municipal solid waste, 31-2, 31-10

pump, 18-2, 18-12

rotating biological contactor, 29-11

sedimentation basis, 29-7

septage, 29-3

septic tank, 29-2

sludge, 30-13

stabilization pond, 29-4

valves, 16-13

wastewater, 28-5Charcoal, activated, 34-3Charge

electric, 83-2number, 22-3

Charpy test, 43-14Chart

alignment, column, 53-2, 53-3, 61-3

control, 11-13Cox, 14-9

Ind

ex


influence, 40-2Newmark, 40-2particle size distribution, 35-4Taylor, slope stability, 40-7

Check, Gvalve, 16-12

Chelant, 34-15 (ftn)Chelate, 34-15 (ftn), GChelating agent, 34-15 (ftn)Chelation, GChemical

application point, water treatment, 26-2

equations, balancing, 22-6equilibrium, 22-9flocculation, 29-7hazard, 82-1loading, 34-18oxygen demand, 28-12precipitation, Greaction, 22-5scrubbing, 34-14sedimentary rock, 35-31sedimentation basin, 29-7volatile organic, G

Chemically active bed, 31-11, 34-9Chemicals

names and formulas, A-52

used in water treatment, A-62

Chemistryinorganic, 23-1organic, 23-1

Chemocline, GChemotroph, 27-1Chert, 35-31Chezy

coefficient, 19-4equation, 19-4-Manning equation, 19-4

Chloramination, 26-18Chloramine, 25-9, 28-13, GChlordate, 32-11Chloride

corrosion, 48-7limit, 48-7

Chlorinated pesticide, 32-10, 32-11Chlorination, 26-16, 28-13, 32-6

alternatives, 25-12breakpoint, 26-17, Gcontact tank, 29-12pretreatment, 26-4split, Gsuper-, 26-13wastewater, 29-12

Chlorinator, flow pacing, 29-12Chlorine, 26-16, 34-6

alternatives, 29-12demand, 28-13, Gdioxide, 26-17dose, 26-17, 28-13dose, well, 21-4in pesticide, 32-11in water, 25-9

Chlorofluorocarbon, 32-5, 32-6

Chlorothalonil, 32-11Chlorpyrifos, 32-11Choke, 19-20Choked flow, 19-20Cholera, 27-2Chord, 41-12, 61-1

basis, 79-3distance, 79-4length, 17-37

modulus, masonry, 68-3offset, 79-5

Churn, 18-16Cipoletti weir, 19-12Circle, 7-9

Mohr’s, 42-8, 44-6unit, 6-1

Circularbeam, 50-18blade pitch, 18-4channel, critical depth, A-40

channel ratios, 19-5, A-39

curve, 79-1mil, 83-2motion, 72-6permutation, 5-5pipe ratios, A-15, A-39

shaft, design, 45-13transcendental function, 6-2

Circulating fluidized-bed boiler, 34-9Circulation, 8-7 (ftn), 17-38

area, pedestrian, 74-15Circumferential

strain, 45-5stress, 45-3, 45-4

Cis form, 3-8Civil

complaint, 86-5tort, 86-5 (ftn)

Clam, 27-4Clarification, 29-7

zone, 30-13Clarifier

chemical, 29-7final, 29-11, 30-5-flocculator, 26-10grit, 29-5intermediate, 29-11plain sedimentation, 29-6secondary, 29-11

Class, Glimit, 11-9property, bolt, 45-9survey, 78-4

Classical adjoint, 4-5Classification, soil, 35-4

AASHTO, 35-4, 35-5Unified, 35-5, 35-6

USCS, 35-5, 35-6

Clastic sedimentary rock, 35-31Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 14-9 (ftn)Clay, 35-4

adhesion, 38-4

bearing capacity, 36-4bentonite, 40-10braced cut, 39-2cap, 31-5cohesion, 35-26, 38-4

consistency, 35-21formation, 35-31heave, 39-3liner, 31-4masonry, 68-2pipe, vitrified, 16-10, 28-4raft on, 36-9sensitivity, 35-28, 35-28

slope stability, 40-7varved, 40-4versus sand, 36-1

Clean coal technology, 24-5Clean-out, GClearance, G

Clear distance, 50-5Clearwell, 26-11Client, dealing with, 87-2Clinker, 24-3, 26-16Clinographic projection, 2-3Closed

box, 45-14loop recovery, 34-3traverse, 78-13

Closely held corporation, 86-2Close sheeting, 39-1Closure

error, 78-5

in departure, 78-14in latitude, 78-14

Cloth, filter, 40-10Cloud point, 24-7Cloverleaf interchange, 74-21Cluster information, 80-3CMP, A-25, A-44Coagulant, 26-6, 29-7

dose, 26-7Coagulation, 29-7Coal, 24-4

ash, 24-3blending, 32-13cleaning, 24-5dry ultrafine, 32-7formation, 35-31micronized, 24-5properties, 24-5

substitution, 32-14tar epoxy, 16-11upgrading, 24-5

Coarseaggregate, 48-2, 76-3aggregate, PCC, 77-3

aggregate, properties, 49-1

screen, wastewater, 29-5Coat

prime, Gseal, Gtack, G

Coating, pipe, 16-11COD, 28-12Code, 87-1

building, 58-4Coefficient

absorption, 22-7, 31-8air resistance, 75-1binomial, 11-2cavitation, 18-15Chezy, 19-4conductivity, 35-23Coriolis, 19-26correlation, 11-13discharge, venturi, 17-28

distribution, Gdrag, 17-39drag, cars, 17-39drainage, 31-7, 77-5draining, 76-18earth pressure, 37-5

end condition, 61-3, 61-3

endogenous decay, 28-7, 30-7end restraint, 45-2, 45-2

film, 30-16flexibility, 47-8flow, orifice plate, 17-30

friction, 73-7

gas absorption, 31-9

half-velocity, 28-6



I-8


I N D E X I-9


Hazen uniformity, 35-3Horton, 19-13layer, 76-18layer strength, 76-18

load transfer, 77-5, 77-5

loss, 17-12, 17-12, 17-13

Manning roughness, 19-4, A-37

mass-transfer, 34-17matrix, 4-6maximum yield, 28-6moment, ACI, 47-18, 47-19

neutral stress, 21-9of active earth pressure, 37-3of compressibility, 14-12, 40-5of consolidation, 40-5of contraction, 17-16, 17-28of creep, 56-3of curvature, soil, 35-3of discharge, 17-17, 17-28of drag, 17-39, 17-40

of earth pressure at rest, 37-5of expansion, thermal, 14-12 (ftn)of flow, 17-28of friction, 73-6of friction, skidding, 75-4

of friction, static, 15-12of friction, tire, 75-4of gradation, 35-3of heat transfer, overall, 30-16of lateral earth pressure, 38-3of lift, 17-37of linear expansion, 44-3of passive earth pressure, 37-4of permeability, 21-2of restitution, 73-15of road adhesion, 75-4of rolling friction, 73-8of rolling resistance, 73-7, 73-19of secondary consolidation, 40-6of the instrument, 17-27of thermal expansion, 34-14, 44-4

of thermal resistance, 84-6

of transformation, 5-2of transmissivity, 21-3of uniformity, 21-5of variation, 11-11, 67-3of velocity, 17-16, 17-28of viscosity, 14-6of viscous damping, 73-16of volumetric expansion, 44-3orifice, 17-17

oxygen saturation, 30-9partition, Groughness, 17-7saturation, 68-4shear, ACI, 47-19, 47-19

skin friction, 17-42, 38-3smoothing, 85-41spillway, 19-13stability, 53-2Steel rainfall, 20-5

storage, 21-3strength, 43-5, 76-18torque, 45-12valve flow, 17-13yield, 30-7

Coefficients, method of undetermined, 10-4Cofactor

matrix, 4-1of entry, 4-2

Cofferdam, 40-10Co-firing, 31-10

Cogeners, 22-2Coherent unit system, 1-2Cohesion, 14-11 (ftn), 35-25, 43-7

clay, 35-26gravel, 35-26intercept, 35-25sand, 35-26soil, 35-25

Cohesionless soil, 37-2Cohesive soil, 37-2Coke, 24-5Coke-oven gas, 24-7 (ftn)Cold

-cracking, pavement, 76-5flow, 43-16in-place recycling, 76-22planing, 76-22train, 76-22-weather concrete, 49-6

Colebrook equation, 17-5Coli, Escherichieae, GColiform, G

fecal, 27-4, Gtotal, 27-4

Collapsing pressure, 45-4 (ftn)Collector, 28-2

road, 74-3sewer, 28-2

Collinear, 7-2force, 41-6

Collision, 73-15diagram, 75-7

Colloid, 34-19, GColor, in water, 25-8Column

alignment chart, 53-2, 53-3, 61-3

base plate, 61-9braced, 45-2, 53-2, 53-4concrete, 52-1design strength, 52-3eccentricity, 52-3, 52-5effective length, 53-2end coefficient, 45-2

footing, 36-2, 55-2ideal, 61-2interaction diagrams, A-91–A-93,

A-103–A-108

intermediate, 45-3, 61-4long, 52-1, 53-1, 61-4masonry, 70-1matrix, 4-1rank, 4-5 (ftn)short, 52-1slender, 45-2spiral, 52-2spiral wire, 52-3

steel, 61-1strip, slab, 51-6tied, 52-1unbraced, 53-2, 53-4

Combination, 11-2direct, 22-5sections, compression, 61-8

Combinedash, 32-5footing, 36-2residual, 25-11, Gresidual, available, 28-13residual, unavailable, 28-13sewer, 28-2sewer overflow, 29-12

stress, 44-5system, G

Combining weight, 22-5Combustible loss, 24-15Combustion

complete, 24-12data, 24-10

efficiency, 24-16fluidized bed, 24-5, 31-10heat of, 24-14, A-53

incomplete, 24-11loss, 24-15reaction, 24-8, 24-9

staged, 34-16stoichiometric, 24-9temperature, 24-15

Combustor, fluidized-bed, 34-7Comfort curve length, 79-15Comity, 88-2Comminutor, 29-6, GCommon

bolt, 65-1curvature, point of, 79-6ion effect, 22-10ratio, 3-11

Commutative law,addition, 3-3matrix, 4-4multiplication, 3-3sets, 11-2

Compaction, Gfactor, 31-3relative, 35-17relative, suggested, 35-19

Compact section, 59-2Comparative negligence, 86-5Comparison test, 3-12Compartment, water quality, 32-12Compass rule, 78-14Compatibility method, 46-2Compensation

footing, 36-9level, G

Compensatorydamages, 86-6fraud, 86-6

Competitive bidding, 87-3Complaint, 86-5Complementary

angle, 6-2equation, 10-1probability, 11-4solution, 10-4

Complement, set, 11-1Complete

combustion, 24-12filtration, 26-2-mix aeration, 30-3, 30-6mixing, Gmixing model, 26-8

Completion time, 81-3Complex

conjugate, 3-8matrix, 4-1number, 3-1, 3-7number operations, 3-8plane, 3-7power, 83-7

Componentalias, 9-7 (ftn)moment, 41-3

Components of a vector, 5-2

Ind

ex


Compositeaction, 57-1, 64-3, 64-4beam, 64-5concrete member, 57-1construction, 64-1load, 57-3pile, 38-1spring constant, 45-19steel member, 64-1structure, 44-19

Compositing, wastewater, 28-14Composition, atmospheric air, 30-8, 30-8

Compostingin-vessel, 30-19sludge, 30-19static pile, 30-19

Compound, 22-3, Gamount factor, 85-5curve, 79-6interest, 85-11organic, 23-1organic family, 23-3, 23-3

properties, A-62

volatile, organic, 28-14, 32-14, 34-3Compounding

factors, 85-7

period, 85-28Compressed soil pressure, 37-2Compressibility, 14-1, 14-12

adiabatic, 14-13coefficient of, 14-12, 40-5factor, 14-12 (ftn)index, 35-24isentropic, 14-13isothermal, 14-13

Compressible fluid, flow, 17-30Compression

adiabatic, 15-13 air, 30-9index, 35-24, 40-4index, secondary, 40-6isentropic, 30-9isothermal, 15-12line, virgin, 35-23member, 61-2

member, steel, 61-1polytropic, 15-13ratio, 40-4strength, concrete, 77-2

strenth, masonry, 68-3

zone, 30-13Compressive strength, 43-7

allowable, steel column, 61-4concrete, 48-4grout, 68-5masonry, 68-2unconfined, 35-28

Compressor efficiency, 30-9Concave, 7-2

down curve, 7-2up curve, 7-2

Concavity, 7-2Concentrated force, 41-2

plate girder, 63-5Concentration

cell corrosion, 22-16curve, 20-6ionic, 22-9metal, 28-14stress, 44-4stress, press-fit, 45-7time of, 20-3, G

Concentricconnection, 65-1, 65-4cylinder viscometer, 14-6, 14-6 (ftn)loading, 44-11tension connection, 66-3

Concrete, 48-1, Gall-lightweight, 48-9asphalt, 76-1asphalt, mix, 76-4

beam, deflection, 50-12–50-14beam, doubly reinforced, 50-20, 50-21beam, maximum deflection, 50-14

beam, minimum thickness, 50-13

beam, minimum width, 50-5

beam, shear stress, 50-16carbon fiber-reinforced, 48-8cold-weather, 49-6column, 52-1column, long 53-1components, properties, 49-1, 49-3compressive strength, 48-4consolidation, 49-5cover, 50-11, 50-5curing, 49-5density, 15-11 (ftn), 48-4disintegration cracking, 48-2durability, 49-1fiber-reinforced, 48-8, 77-10flowable, 48-9footing, 55-1form, 49-6high-performance, 48-8high-slump, 48-3high-strength, 48-8honeycomb, 49-5hot-weather, 49-5lightweight, 48-9masonry unit, 68-1member, composite, 57-1mixing, 49-5mixture, proportioning, 77-2MMA, 48-8modulus of elasticity, 48-5modulus of rupture, 48-5nonvibration, 48-9normal weight, 48-9pavement, 77-1 (see also type)pipe, 16-10, 28-3, A-22

placing, 49-5Poisson’s ratio, 48-6polymer, 48-8, 77-10post-tensioned, 56-2pressure, lateral, 49-6prestressed, 56-1pretensioned, 56-1proportions, typical, 48-1

roller-compacted, 48-9, 76-24sand-lightweight, 48-9segregation, 49-5self-compactible, 48-9self-consolidating, 48-9self-placing, 48-9shear strength, 48-6, 50-17, 50-18shrinkage compensating, 48-2slab, 51-1slump, 49-1, 49-1

strength acceptance testing, 49-1test cylinder, 48-4wall, 54-1water pipe, 26-20tremie, 40-10workability, 49-1

Concurrent force, 41-6Condemnation, G

inverse, GCondenser cooling water, 32-6Condition

antecedent moisture, 10-16 (ftn)antecedent runoff, 20-16standard, 24-2

Conditionalconvergence, 3-12probability, 11-4probability of failure, 11-7

Conditionsof equilibrium, 41-6standard, 14-4

Conductance, 83-2, 83-5 Conductivity, 83-2

coefficient, 35-23hydraulic, 21-2

Conduitburied, 40-8pressure, 16-6

Coneinfluence, 40-2of depression, 21-5, Gpenetrometer test, 35-17

Confidenceinterval, 78-2level, 11-11level z-values, 11-12

limit, 11-11Confined

aquifer, 21-2compression test, 35-23space, 82-2water, G

Confining stress, 35-25Confirmed test, GConflagration, GCongestion pricing, 74-23Congruency, 7-3Conic section, 7-8, 7-9

Conjugateaxis, 7-11beam, 44-15beam method, 47-6beam supports, 47-6

complex, 3-8depth, 19-22, 19-25, G

Connate water, GConnection

bearing, 65-2bolt, 45-10concentric, 65-1, 65-4concentric tension, 66-3eccentric, 45-16, 65-1, 65-5, 66-4flexible, 65-6framing, 65-6, 66-7framing, type 1, 65-6, 65-7, 66-7framing, type 2, 65-6, 66-7framing, type 3, 65-6, 66-7moment-resisting, 65-7nonconcentric tension, 66-4reduction values, 60-3

rigid framing, 65-6shear, 65-4, 65-5simple framing, 65-6slip-critical, 65-3tension, 65-5

Connector, 65-1shear, 57-2, 64-4stud, 64-4



I-10


I N D E X I-11


Consequential damages, 86-7Conservation of momentum, 17-31, 73-2Consideration, 86-3Consistency

clay, 35-21concrete, 48-3

Consistentdeformation method, 46-2, 44-19, 47-7system, 3-7unit system, 1-2

Consolidated-drained test, 35-27normally, 35-23normally, curve, 40-4soil, normally, Gvolume method, 49-2-undrained test, 35-27

Consolidation, 40-3, Gclay, 36-2coefficient of, 40-5concrete, 49-5curve, 40-3, Gdegree of, 40-5primary, 40-3, 40-4rate, primary, 40-5secondary, 40-3, 40-5secondary, coefficient of, 40-6test, 35-23time factors, 40-5

virgin, 35-23Constant

acid, 22-12base, 22-12bridge, 84-10coefficient, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 deoxygenation, 28-8dissociation, 22-12elastic, 43-8

elastic relationships, 43-8equilibrium 22-11Euler’s, 9-8 (ftn)formation, 22-12fundamental, back endpaper

gravitational, 1-2, 73-18

Hazen-Williams, A-25

-head test, 35-22Henry’s law, 22-7, 34-17

ionization, 22-12, 22-12

Joule’s, 13-1Manning, 19-4matrix, 4-6Newton’s gravitation, 73-18of integration, 9-1, 10-1percentage method, 85-21 (ftn)physical, back endpaper

reaction rate, 22-10, 22-11, 34-5reaeration, 28-7reoxygenation, 28-7self-purification, 28-10spring, 44-2, 45-19stability, 22-12storage, 21-3temperature variation, 28-8thermoelectric, 84-7universal gas, inside back cover

Constrained motion, 73-9Construction

contract, 86-3 (ftn)joint, 77-1, 77-9manager, 86-4shored, 57-3slip-form, 77-1

stake, 80-3stake markings, 80-4

unshored, 57-3Consulting engineer, 88-1Contact

angle, 14-12, 14-12

stabilization, 30-3tank, 30-3tank, chlorinator, 29-12unit, solid, 26-10

Contactor, biological, rotating, 29-10Containment

landfill, 31-2wall, 40-10

Contaminant level, maximum, 25-5, 28-14Content

moisture, 35-7water, 35-7

Continuity equation, 17-2Continuous

beam, 46-1, 46-5beam, plastic design, 59-10compounding, 85-28distribution function, 11-5-flow stirred tank reactor, 30-6

Continuously reinforced concrete pavement,77-1

Contourchart, Boussinesq, 40-2, A-69, A-70

interval, 78-20line, 78-20

Contract, 86-2breach, 86-5documents, 86-3 (ftn)construction, 86-3 (ftn)discharge of, 86-5privity, 86-6requirements for, 86-2standard, 86-4

Contracted weir, 19-10Contraction, 17-12, 17-13, G

coefficient, 17-16, 17-28joint, 77-9weir, 19-10

Contractor, 86-4Contraflexure, point of, 7-2, 8-2, 44-16Control

chart, 11-13delay, 74-12downstream, 19-20inlet, 19-26joint, 77-9of access, G on flow, 19-20outlet, 19-26station, 78-7upstream, 19-20zones, temporary traffic, 74-25

Controlled low-strength material, 48-9Controller

activated, 74-16fixed-time, 74-15multi-dial, 74-15on-demand, 74-16

Conventionhalf-year, 85-3year-end, 85-3

Conventionalaeration, 30-3filtration, 26-2

Convergenceabsolute, 3-12

conditional, 3-12tests for, 3-11

Convergentsequence, 3-10series, 3-11

Converging-diverging nozzle, 17-27Conversion

factors, A-1–A-6, front endpaper

power, 13-6 (tbl)viscosity, 14-8

Convex, 7-2hull, 7-2, 7-3

Convexity, 7-3Conveyance, 19-4, 19-8

factor, Espey, 20-12

factor, trapezoidal channel, A-41, A-43, GConveyor, submerged scraper, 32-5Convolution integral, 10-7Cooling

Newton’s law of, 10-10tower blow-down, 32-6

Coordinateholonomic, 72-2system, 7-3

Coordinates of fluid steam, 17-17Coordination warrant, signalization, 74-15Coplanar, 7-2

force, 41-6Copper

loss, 83-15pipe, 16-10tubing, 16-10

Copperas, 26-6Cordon charge, 74-23Core, 44-12, 84-4 (ftn)

loss, 83-15wire rope, 45-20

Coriolisacceleration, 72-8coefficient, 19-26

Corner, meander, GCornering ratio, 79-7Corona wire, 34-7Corporation, 86-2Correction, overburden, 36-7

Correlationcoefficient, 11-13Germain, 29-10hardness, 43-14

Othmer, 14-11Schulze, 29-10

Corrosion, 22-15cavitation, 22-17chloride, 48-7concentration cell, 22-16crevice, 22-16erosion, 22-16fatigue, 22-17fretting, 22-17galvanic, 22-16intergranular, 22-15-resisting compound, 48-3stress, 22-17tendon, 56-4two-metal, 22-16

Corrosive substance, 32-2Corrugated metal pipe, A-33, A-33

Corrugation, pavement, 76-5Cosine

direction, 5-2, 7-5, 41-2function, integral, 9-8

Cosines, law of, 6-5, 6-6

Ind

ex


Cost (see also type), 85-31accounting, 85-35aeration, 30-9capitalized, 85-7electricity, 18-9of goods sold, 85-37opportunity, 85-18plus fee, 86-4road user, 74-23sunk, 85-3

Coulomb, 83-2earth pressure theory, 37-2, 37-3, 37-4friction, 73-5

Coulomb’s equation, 35-25Counter-flow mixer, 76-6Counterfort wall, 37-1Couple, 41-4, 41-9Coupon rate, 85-30Course, base, GCover

concrete, 50-5, 50-11final, 31-5plate, 61-2steel, 50-5type, 20-16

Cox chart, 14-9CPM, 81-1CPT value, 35-17Crack

alligator, 76-4concrete disintegration, 48-2reflection, 76-5Crackedmoment of inertia, 50-11transformed inertia, 50-11

Crackingconcrete beam, 50-11hydrocarbon, 24-2moment, 50-12, 56-5pavement, 76-5strength, 40-9

Cramer’s rule, 3-7, 4-6Crandall method, 78-14Crane, bridge, 59-15Crank-slider, 72-13Crash

cushion, 75-8experience warrant, signalization, 74-15

Crawl speed, 74-4Credit, 85-33

investment, 85-25tax, 85-25

Creed, 87-1Creep, 43-15

coefficient of, 56-3modulus, plastics, 43-11pretension loss, 56-3rate, 43-15strength, 43-15test, 43-15

Crestcurve, 79-13curve, curve length, 79-13–79-15

dam, 15-11Crevice corrosion, 22-16Crippling, web, 59-4Criteria pollutant, 32-2Criterion

interaction, 62-2stability interaction, 62-2strength interaction, 62-2

Criticaldensity, 74-6depth, 19-17, 38-2, A-40, Gexcavation height, 39-3fastener, 45-16flow, 16-8, 19-17, Gflow, nonrectangular channel, 19-18flow, occurrences, 19-18lane group, 74-12load, column, 45-2movement, 74-12net area, 60-2part, 65-1path, 81-1, 81-2path method, 81-1point, 8-2, 28-10slenderness ratio, 45-2, 61-4slope, 19-3, Gspeed, 74-6velocity, 26-5, Gvelocity, sludge, 18-6volume-capacity ratio, 74-12zone, 16-8

Cross-beam deck, 46-11Hardy, Professor, 47-13product, 41-2product, vector, 5-4section, most efficient, 19-9slope, adverse, 79-7

Crosswalk, 74-17Crown, 19-26 (ftn), 79-7

runoff, 79-7Crow’s foot, 80-5Crud, 26-15Crumb-rubber asphalt, 76-23, 76-24Crushing strength, 40-9Crustacean, 27-1, 27-4Crusting agent, 32-7Cryptosporidiosis, 27-2Cryptosporidiuma, 27-2Crystallization, water of, 22-4CSO, 29-12CSTR, 30-6CTB, 48-9Culvert, 17-19, 19-26

classifications, 19-27

entrance loss, 17-19

Cumulativefrequency, 11-9rainfall curve, 20-2

Cunette, GCup-and-bob viscometer, 14-6 (ftn)Cup-and-cone failure, 43-4Curb

flare, 79-4inlet, 28-5

Cure speed, asphalt, 76-2Curing, G

concrete, 49-5Curl, 8-7Current

asset, 85-34divider, 83-4electrical, 83-2liability, 85-34meter, 17-26ratio, 85-34

Curvaturecoefficient of, soil, 35-3earth, 78-9

Curve, 7-3backwater, Gbell-shaped, 11-6circular, 79-1compound, 79-6concentration, 20-6consolidation, 40-3crest, 79-13cumulative rainfall, 20-2degree, 7-3degree of, 79-1, 79-2drawdown, Geasement, 79-17e-log-p, 35-23Euler’s, 45-2flow, 35-21, 43-5highway, 79-3horizontal, 79-1horizontal, through point, 79-5IDF, 20-5intensity-duration-frequency, 20-5layout, 79-3learning, 85-42, 85-42

length, comfort, 79-15length, crest curve, 79-13–79-15

length of, 79-2, 79-3, 79-12load-elongation, 43-1number, runoff, 20-17, 20-18

number, NRCS, 20-15overconsolidated, 40-4parabolic, 79-4, 79-10performance, 18-16preconsolidation, 40-4q-, Grailway, 79-3rating, Grebound, 35-23recession, 20-6recompression, 40-4reloading, 35-23, 43-7resistance, 75-2, 75-4sag, 28-10, 79-15spiral, 79-17stationing, 79-3stress-strain, 43-1, 43-3symmetry, 7-4system, 18-16transition, 79-17unloading, 43-7vertical, 79-10vertical, through point, 79-12, 79-13vertical, unequal tangent, 79-15vertical, unsymmetrical, 79-15virgin, 40-4zero air voids, 35-18

Curved beam, 44-19, 44-19

Cushion, crash, 75-8Cut

-and-sum method, 41-15base of, 39-2braced, 39-1braced, clay, 39-2braced, sand, 39-2chain, 78-7-off wall, 40-10size, 34-6

Cutback asphalt, 76-2CU test, 35-27Cutting hardness, 43-13Cyanazine, 32-11Cycle, hydrologic, 20-1, G



I-12


I N D E X I-13


Cyclicstrain, 43-9 (ftn)stress, 43-9 (ftn)stress ratio, 40-11

Cycloalkene, 23-3 (tbl)Cycloid, 7-3Cyclone, 34-6

impactor, GCylinder

-operated pump, 18-2split, concrete, 48-5thick-walled, 45-4, 45-5

Cylindrical coordinate system, 7-3 (tbl), 7-4(fig)

Cypermethrin, 32-11

D

Daily traffic, 74-4D’Alembert’s

paradox, 17-2 (ftn)principle, 73-6

Dalton’s law, 24-13, 31-6Dam

flood control, 20-21force on, 15-11gravity, 15-11RCC, 48-9

Damage, 86-6 (see also type)hydrogen, 22-16punitive, 86-5relative, 76-15

Damaging flood, 20-6Damper, pulsation, (pump) 18-2Dangerous section, 44-11Darcy, 21-2

chart, 17-6

equation, 17-7friction factor, 17-5, A-26–A-29

velocity, 21-4Darcy’s law, 21-2, 31-7, 35-22Darcy-Weisbach equation, 17-7Data collector, 78-5Date, examination, 88-3Datum, 78-7Davis equation, 75-4Daylight

line, 80-5stake, 80-5

DBF, 20-6DC

machine, 83-14

motors, A-118

D-cracking, 48-2DDE, 32-11DDT, 32-10, 32-11Dead load, 41-4, G

pressure, 40-8Deaeration, 28-7Debit, 85-33Decay

coefficient, endogenous, 30-7endogenous, 28-7exponential, 10-9rate, Velz, 29-10weld, 22-15

Deceleration, braking, 75-5Dechlor, 26-17Dechlorination, 29-12, 34-6Decile, 11-10Decision sight distance, 79-10, G Deck

bridge, 46-11, 48-8

bridge, orthotropic, Gcross-beam, 46-11

Declaration, negative, 32-3Declination, 78-11Declining balance method, 85-21, 85-26Decoloration time, 28-12Decomposition, 22-6, 27-5

aerobic, 27-5anaerobic, 27-6anoxic, 27-5end product, 27-5

Decrement, batter, 37-1, 37-9Deep

beam, 50-3, 50-22strength asphalt pavement, 76-2

Defect, spherical, 6-6Defendant, 86-5Defender, 85-18Deficit, oxygen, 28-7Definite integral, 9-1 (ftn), 9-4Deflection, 44-3

angle, 78-11, 78-13, 79-3angle, spiral, 79-15beam, 44-13–44-16, 47-4beam, elastic, A-76–A-78

bridge, 84-9concrete beam, 50-12concrete beam, long-term, 50-13concrete beam, maximum, 50-14, 50-14

frame, 47-5prestressed member, 56-4slab, 51-2, 51-7steel beam, 59-5temperature, 43-11truss, 44-17, 47-4

Deformationconsistent, method of, 44-19elastic, 44-2, 46-1linear, 47-3thermal, 44-3, 47-3

Deformed bar, 48-6Degenerate

circle, 7-10ellipse, 7-11

Degradability, VOC and VIC, 34-4

Degree, 6-1of consolidation, 40-5of curve, 7-3, 79-1, 79-2of freedom, 47-11, 72-2of indeterminacy, 41-7, 46-1 of kinematic indeterminacy, 47-10 of polynomial, 3-3of precision, 78-4of redundancy, 46-1of saturation, 35-7, 74-12of static indeterminacy, 47-7

Dehydration, 23-2Deicing chemical, 48-7Delay, control, 74-12Del operator, 8-5Delta-connection, 83-9Delta rosette, 84-12Demand

biochemical oxygen, 28-8, Gcarbonaceous, Gchemical oxygen, 28-12chlorine, 28-13, Gelectrical, 83-7first-stage, Gmultiplier, wastewater, 28-2

multiplier, water, 26-17

nitrogen, G

nitrogenous, 28-9oxygen, 30-9second stage, Gstarvation, 74-21water, 26-17, 26-18,

Demineralization, 26-18De Moivre’s theorem, 3-8de Morgan’s law, sets, 11-2Denitrification, 27-5, 28-13Denitrifier, 27-3Dense-graded mix, 76-3Density

buoyant, 35-7concrete, 15-12, 48-4critical, traffic, 74-6drainage, Gdry, 35-7dry, maximum, 35-17equivalent, 37-6fluid, 14-3

function, 11-4gauge, nuclear, 35-20index, 35-7jam, Gjam, traffic, 74-6mass, 1-3moist, 35-7of a fluid, 14-3-on-the-run meter, 76-8optical, 32-13pedestrian, 74-17relative, 35-8, 35-17, 35-17

saturated, 35-7soil, 35-7solid, 35-7submerged, 35-7, 36-7test, field, 35-20test, in-place, 35-20traffic, 74-6weight, 1-3wet, 35-7zero air voids, 35-19zero-voids, 35-7

Deoxygenation, 28-7, Grate constant, 28-8

Departure, 78-12tangent, 79-1

Dependentevent, 11-3motion, 72-11variable, 3-2

Depletion, 85-24Deposit, alluvial, GDepreciation, 85-20, 85-21

accelerated, 85-23basis, 85-20formulae, 85-27

rate, 85-21recovery, 85-26

Depressionangle of, 6-2cone of, 21-5, Gstorage, G

Depth, 2-2alternate, 19-15, G-area-duration, Gbrink, 19-19concrete beam, minimum, 50-13conjugate, 19-22, 19-25, Gcritical, 19-17, 38-2, A-40, Ghydraulic, 19-3, Gimpoundment, 20-20

Ind

ex


normal, 19-6, Gplate girder, 63-1profile, 19-21side water, 29-7-thickness ratio, 63-1

Derivative, 8-1directional, 8-6Laplace transform of, 10-6

Derivedfrom rule, 32-2unit, 1-5, 1-6 (tbl)

Desalination, 26-18Descartes’ rule of signs, 3-4Design

allowable stress, 58-4basis flood, 20-6capacity, 74-5flood, 20-4, 20-6interaction diagram, 52-5life, 76-14limit state, 58-5load and resistance factor design, 58-4period, 76-14power, 73-7 (ftn)professional, 86-6speed, 74-3, 74-4

storm, 20-4strength, 50-4traffic, 76-12, 76-13vehicle, 74-3

vehicle, standard, 74-3, 76-13Desorption

gas, 34-2 (ftn)thermal, 34-18

Destruction removal efficiency, 34-10Destructive test, 43-14Desulfurization, flue gas, 24-5, 34-2Detector-transducer, 84-3Detention (see also Retention)

period, 26-5surface, Gtime, 26-5, 29-7time, hydraulic, 30-5, 30-8

Detergent, 25-9Determinacy, 41-7Determinant, 4-3Detour, 74-25Detrial mineral, GDetritus tank, 29-5Deuterium, 22-2Devastating flood, 20-6Developer, 86-4Development length, 55-5

masonry, 68-5Deviation, standard, 11-10Deviator stress, 35-26Device, pressure measurement, 15-2Devlo admixture, 48-3Dewatering, 26-10, G

groundwater, 31-7sludge, 30-16

Dew point, flue gas, 24-13Dezincification, 22-16Diagonal

bracing, 53-2matrix, 4-1parking, 74-18shear reinforcement, 50-18tension stress, 50-16

Diagramcash flow, 85-3collision, 75-7

free-body, 41-7influence, 46-7–46-13interaction, 52-4–52-6mass, 20-21, 80-2moment, 44-8plastic moment, 59-12profile, 80-2ripple, 20-21shear, 44-8time-space, 74-15

Diameterequivalent, 16-6, 16-7, 17-9, 17-40hydraulic, 16-6, 17-9

Diametralinterference, 45-6strain, 45-5

Diamond interchange, 74-20Diaphragm

flexible, 69-10floor, span-to-width ratio, 69-10

gauge, 15-2 pump, 18-3rigid, 69-10

Dieldrin, 32-11Diene, 23-1 (ftn)Diesel

-electric locomotive, 75-4fuel, 24-7

Differencedivided, 12-3Rth-order, 3-10table, divided, 12-3 (ftn)

Differentialequation, 10-1equation, higher order, 10-8gear ratio, 75-2leveling, 78-9manometer, 15-3positioning, 78-6settlement, 36-1term, 9-1transformer, 84-4

Differentiationimplicit, 8-4partial, 8-4

Diffused air injection, 26-4Diffusion-controlled cell, 84-3Digester

aerobic, 30-15anaerobic, 30-15egg, 30-15gas 30-15 (see also Methane)

Digestion, Gaerobic, 30-14

Digit, significant, 3-1Dihaloacetonitrile, 25-10Dilatancy, G

test, 35-4Dilatant fluid, 14-6, 14-7Dilation, 44-2Dilution

disposal, G of position, 78-6purification, 28-9

Dimensioncharacteristic, 16-6nominal, 16-10primary, 1-7sieve, 35-2

Dimensional analysis, 1-8Dimensionless

group, 1-7, 1-9 (tbl)

groups, 1-9

number, 1-7, 1-9 (tbl)unit hydrograph, NRCS, 20-11

Dimensionsbolt, 45-10

cast iron pipe, A-23

concrete pipe, A-22

of variables, 1-8 (tbl), 1-8

parking lot, 74-14

prestressing tendon, 56-5

PVC pipe, A-21

steel pipe, 16-11, A-16–A-19

Dimetric view, 2-3Dimictic, GDimple spring, GDioxin, 32-7Direct

-acting pump, 18-2combination, 22-5current, 83-2design method, 51-6design method, ACI, 47-18filtration, 26-2impact, 73-16labor, 85-32leveling, 78-9shear, 66-5shear test, 35-24

Directed graph, 81-1Direction

angle, 5-2, 7-4cosine, 41-2, 5-2, 7-5number, 7-5

Directionalderivative, 8-6design hour volume, 74-5distribution factor, 76-13factor, 74-5interchange, 74-21

Directrix, 7-10Disabled parking, 74-17Disbenefit, 85-16Disbursement, 85-3Discharge, 18-4

coefficient of, 17-17, 17-28coefficients, venturi, 17-28

from tank, 17-16, 17-17of contract, 86-5side, 18-4specific, 21-4

Discounting, 85-5Discriminant, 3-3, 7-9Disinfection, 26-16

byproduct, 25-9, 25-10(chlorine) dose, 28-13

Disintegration, pavement, 76-5Disjoint set, 11-1Dispersion, 11-10

test, 35-5Displacement, 22-6, 72-2

meter, 17-25virtual, 46-9

Disposal,dilution, Geffluent, 29-12sludge, 30-18

Dissociation constant, 22-12Dissolved

air flotation thickening, 30-13metal, in wastewater, 28-14organic solid, 29-3oxygen, 28-7



I-14


I N D E X I-15


oxygen in water, A-58

oxygen standard, 28-10solids, 28-6

Distance, 72-2between figures, 7-7braking, 75-5clear, 50-5decision sight, 79-10, Gedge, 65-1embedment, 50-19freeboard, Gnonstriping sight, Gpassing sight, 79-9, Gsight, Gskidding, 75-5stopping, 75-5stopping sight, 79-9, 79-10, G

Distillate oil, 24-6Distillation, 26-18

global, 32-11temperature, 32-8

Distortion energy theory, 43-8Distributed load, 41-4, 41-6Distribution (see also type)

and marketing, sludge, 30-18bathtub, 11-7beta, 81-3binomial, 11-4chart, particle size, 35-3, 35-4coefficient, Gcontinuous, 11-6discrete, 11-4exponential, 11-6factor, 47-13factor, directional, 76-13factor, lane, 76-13frequency, 11-9Gaussian, 11-6gravity, 26-19hypergeometric, 11-5multiple hypergeometric, 11-5normal, 11-6of moments, 5-17, 51-6

particle size, 35-2Poisson, 11-5velocity, 16-8water, 26-19

Distributive law, 3-3, 4-4, 11-2Ditch, oxidation, 30-3Diverge gore area, 74-22Divergence, 8-6Divergent sequence, 3-10Diversion

chamber, 29-12road, 74-25

Divideddifference, 12-3difference table, 12-3 (ftn)highway, 74-3, G

Division, matrix, 4-4D-load strength, 40-9Domain, eminent, GDomestic

sewage, 28-6

waste, Gwastewater, 28-1

Dominant load, 46-13LRFD, 67-4

Donnan formula, 31-7Dose

absorbed, Gchemical feed, 26-7

chlorine, 26-17, 28-13coagulant, 26-7fluoride, 26-11infective, 27-6

DOT geotextile specifications, 40-10

Dot product, 5-3Double

-acting hammer, 38-2-acting pump, 18-2-action shear, 55-3alternate mode, 74-15-alternate parking, 74-18-angle formula, 6-4angle member, 61-8butt, 45-10 (ftn)declining balance, 85-21, 85-26draining, 40-5-entry bookkeeping, 85-33integral, 9-3integration method, 44-13liner, 31-3meridian distance, 78-16rivet, 45-10 (ftn)root, 3-3seal, 34-13shear, 45-10-stage process, 26-13suction pump, 18-4

Doubling time, 85-8, 85-8

Doubly reinforced concrete beam, 50-20,50-21

Dowel, 55-5bar, 55-5, 77-10bar spacing, pavement, 77-8

Downcycling, 32-11Downdrag, 38-6Downpull, GDownstream

control, 19-20taper, 74-26

Draftforced, 26-4gauge, 15-3 (ftn)tube, 18-24

Drag, 17-38 (see also type)coefficient, 17-39, 17-39, 17-40

coefficient, cars, 17-39disk, 17-39sphere, 17-39vehicular, 75-2

Drain-down, pavement, 76-5extraction, 31-7relief, 31-7subgrade, 76-24

Drainageblind, Gcoefficient, 31-7, 76-18, 77-5density, Gpavement, 77-5two-way, 40-5

Drainingcoefficient, 31-7double, 40-5netting, 31-3one-way, 40-5single, 40-5

Drawbar pull, 75-3Drawdown, G

curve, Gwell, 21-5

Drawing, pictorial, 2-2 (ftn)

Dredge line, 39-2Drift

story, 53-2velocity, 34-7

Drilled hole, 60-2Drinking water

demand, 26-18standards, 25-5, A-55

Drins, 32-11Drive train efficiency, 75-3Driving dynamometer, 84-12Drop

hammer, 38-2hydraulic, 19-19 (ftn), 19-25panel, 51-4pressure, steel pipe, A-30

spherical, 10-10Drum

filter, vacuum, 30-16mixer, 76-6wire rope, 45-20

Dryabsorption, 34-14air, composition, 24-8

basis, concrete, 49-3density, 35-7density, maximum, 35-17flue gas loss, 24-15scrubbing, 34-14strength test, 35-4ultrafine coal, 32-7unit weight at zero air voids, 35-19weather flow, 20-7 (ftn), G

Drying bed, sand, 30-17Dual-certified steel, 58-5Dual-layer

filter, 26-10pavement, 77-10

Ductilecast iron, pipe, 16-10failure, 50-4material, 43-5transition temperature, 43-15

Ductility, 43-5, 58-2transition temperature, 43-15

Dulong’s formula, 24-14Dummy

activity, 81-2joint, 77-9node, 81-1unit load, 46-6unit load method, 47-3–47-5

Dump, 31-2Dumping, ocean, sludge 30-19Dumpy level, 78-9Du Nouy ring, 14-10Du Nouy torsion balance, 14-11 (fig)Duplex pump, 18-2Dupuit equation, 21-5Durability

concrete, 49-1factor, 49-1masonry, 68-4pavement, 76-3

Dust, 32-7coal, 32-7control, 32-7

Duty cycle, 83-12Dynamic

analysis, 44-7, 47-2balance, 71-2energy, 16-2 (ftn)

Ind

ex


equilibrium, 73-5friction, 73-6friction, coefficient of, 75-4head, 18-6reaction, 73-5 (ftn)response, 44-7similarity, 17-43viscosity, 14-6 (ftn)

Dynamics, 72-1vehicle, 75-1

Dynamometer, 84-12Dyne, 1-4Dysentery, 27-2Dystrophic, G

E

Earthcurvature, 78-9pressure, 37-2pressure, active, 37-2, 37-3pressure coefficient, 37-3–37-5, 37-5

pressure, Coulomb, 37-2–37-4pressure, lateral, coefficient of, 38-3pressure, passive, 37-2, 37-4pressure, Rankine, 37-2, 37-4rare, 22-2

Earthquake load, 50-3Earthquake, Northridge, 65-6Earth’s atmosphere, 15-12, 15-13Earthwork volume, 80-1, 80-2Easement, G

curve, 79-17East declination, 78-11Eastern coal, 24-4Eccentric

connection, 65-1, 65-5, 66-4impact, 73-16load, column, 45-3load, connection, 45-16 load, footing, 36-8loading, 44-11

Eccentricity, 7-8, 7-11, 7-12, 44-11, 45-3column, 52-3, 52-5dam, 15-12normalized, 52-3 orbit, 73-19, 73-19

Echelonform, row-reduced, 4-2matrix, 4-1

Echoviruses, 27-2Eckert number, 1-9 (tbl)E. coli, 27-3, 27-4, GEconocrete, 77-10Economic

analysis factors, A-121–A-139

evaluation, roads, 74-23indicator, 85-39life, 85-19order quantity, 85-42

Economical shape, 58-5Economizer ash, 24-3Eddy current testing, 43-11Edge, adsorption, GEdge distance, 65-1EDM, 78-5, 78-8EDTA, 25-4Eductor pipe, 21-4Effect

common ion, 22-10isotope, 22-2 (ftn)Magnus, 17-38P-delta, 53-1, 62-1

Peltier, 84-6 (ftn)photoelectric, 84-4piezoelectric, 15-2, 84-4second-order, 62-1Seebeck, 84-6Thompson, 84-6 (ftn)

Effectiveasphalt content, 76-9flexural stiffness, 53-3floor area, 26-19fluid weight (see Equivalent fluid weight)force, 73-5 (ftn)grain size, 35-22green ratio, 74-12green time, 74-16head, 17-16height, masonry column, 70-2interest rate, 85-28, 85-5 length, 61-2length, column, 45-2, 53-2length factor, 53-2, 61-2, 61-3

length factor alignment chart, 53-3, 61-3

length factor, wall, 54-2moment of inertia, 50-12, 64-3net area, 60-3number of passes, 29-9period, 85-2porosity, 21-2pressure, 37-6, 40-5red time, 74-16roadbed soil resilient modulus chart,

76-16

section modulus, 64-3slab width, composite member, 57-2soil resilient modulus, 76-15specific gravity, 76-8, G stress, 35-14, 35-27, 37-6, 40-5stress friction angle, 35-25

value, 83-5velocity, 21-3walkway width, 74-17weld throat, 45-13width, 50-14, 64-2width, transformed, 64-3

Effectiveness, lever, 15-14Efficiency, 13-6

boiler, 24-16combustion, 24-16compressor, 30-9destruction removal, 34-10drive train, 75-3furnace, 24-16isentropic, 30-9joint, 16-10, 45-11lever, 15-14motor, 83-15overall, pump, 18-9oxygen transfer, 30-9pile group, 38-5pulley, 41-11pump, 18-9

pumping (temperature), 18-20removal, 34-5thermal, 24-16

Efficient cross section, 19-9Effluent, G

disposal, 29-12stream, G

Efflux, speed of, 17-16Effort, 41-10Egg digester, 30-15Eigenvalue, 4-7Eigenvector, 4-7

EIR, 32-3Ejector pump, 18-2Elastic

analysis, 45-16 (ftn)beam deflections, A-76–A-78

buckling, 61-4constants, 43-8

constants, relationships, 43-8deformation, 44-2, 46-1design method, 59-7failure, 44-18fixed-end moments, A-81, A-82

impact, 73-15limit, 43-2line, 44-14method, 66-4region, 43-2, 48-7settlement, 40-3strain, 43-2toughness, 43-6

Elasticity, modulus of, 43-2, 43-2, 44-2, 58-2Electric

charge, 83-2machine, 83-14

motor size, 18-10

Electricalplant, hydroelectric, 18-21protection, rebar, 48-7

Electricity, cost, 18-9Electrode, 66-1Electrodialysis, 26-18Electromotive force, 83-2Electronic distance measurement, 78-5, 78-8Electrostatic

precipitator, 34-7precipitator, characteristics, 34-7

unit, 83-2Element, G

stiffened, 61-7transition, 22-2unstiffened, 61-7

Elementary row operation, 4-2Elements

atomic numbers and weights, A-47

periodic table of the, A-48

types, 22-2

Elevationangle of, 6-2drawing, 2-2equilibrium, 79-9

Elimination, Gauss-Jordan, 4-2Ellipse, 7-10, 7-11

equation, 31-7Elliptic integral function, 9-8 (ftn)e-log-p curve, 35-23Elongation at failure, 43-5Elutriation, G Elutriator, GEmbankment, G

fill, 40-9, 80-2Embedment

distance, 50-19length, masonry, 68-5

Embrittlementcaustic, 22-16hydrogen, 22-16

Eminent domain, G Emission, fugitive, 32-8Employer, dealing with, 87-2Emulsified asphalt, 76-2Emulsion, 22-7 (ftn), G

asphalt, G



I-16


I N D E X I-17


Encephalitis, 27-2Encroachment, G End

condition coefficient, 61-3, 61-3

place construction, 66-7point, titration, 25-2post, 41-12-restraint coefficient, 45-2, 45-2

-restraint factor, 61-3slope rounding, 80-5

Endoergic impact, 73-15Endogenous decay, 28-7

coefficient, 28-7, 30-7Endosulfan, 32-11Endothermic reaction, 22-14Endrin, 32-11Endurance

limit, 43-9ratio, 43-9strength, 43-9

Energy, 13-1change, 47-3conservation law, 13-2dynamic, 16-2 (ftn)-efficiency ratio, 13-6 (ftn)falling mass, 13-3 (ex)flow, 13-3, 16-2grade line, 16-9, 17-15gradient, 19-3, G gravitational, 13-3impact, 16-4internal, 13-4kinetic, 13-3, 16-2line, 16-9lost in a jump, 19-22method, 47-3potential, 13-3, 16-2pressure, 13-3, 16-2-production efficiency, 13-6sink, 17-15source, 17-15specific, 13-1, 16-1, 16-9, 19-14spring, 13-3stagnation, 16-4static, 13-3, 16-2 strain, 43-6, 44-11, 44-2tapered, 26-9total, 16-2, 16-4-use efficiency, 13-6velocity, 16-2 (ftn)-work principle, 13-3, 13-4

Engineeringdimensional system, 1-7economy factors, A-121–A-139

intern, 88-1 (ftn)News Record equation, 38-2registration, 88-1strain, 43-2stress, 43-2

Engineer-In-Training exam, 88-1Engineer’s

chain, 78-7level, 78-9transit, 78-11

Engineers’ Creed, 87-1Engineers, dealing with, 87-3English

engineering system, 1-2gravitational system, 1-3

Enlargement, 17-12, 17-13ENR equation, 38-2Entamoeba histolytica, 27-2

Enteric, GEnteropathogenic coli, 27-2Enteroviruses, 27-2Enthalpy

of formation, 22-14, 22-15

of reaction, 22-14Entrained air, 77-3, 77-3

Entranceloss, culvert, 17-19

spiral, 79-17Envelope

failure, 35-25maximum shear, 47-20shear, 50-17

Environment, 32-2Environmental

engineering, 32-2impact report, 32-3

Enzyme, 27-3, G Eötvös number, 17-43Ephemeral stream, G Epicycloid, 7-3Epidemic, 10-10Epilimnion, GEpoxy

coal tar, 16-11-coated rebar, 48-8, 68-6coating factor, 55-5pipe coating, 16-11

Equalangle, 61-1-tangent parabola, 79-10vectors, 5-1

Equality of matrices, 4-3Equalization, flow, 29-3Equation, 3-2

Andrade’s, 43-16Antoine, 14-9 (ftn)auxiliary, 10-1Bernoulli, 16-2, 17-14, 19-7Bessel, 10-5Blasius, 17-5Boussinesq’s, 40-1Camp, 29-5Cauchy, 10-5characteristic, 10-1Chezy, 19-4Chezy-Manning, 19-4Clausius-Clapeyron, 14-9 (ftn)Colebrook, 17-5complementary, 10-1Coulomb’s, 35-25Darcy, 17-7Darcy-Weisbach, 17-7Davis, 75-4differential, 10-1Donnan, 31-7Dupuit, 21-5ellipse, 31-7Engineering News Record, 38-2ENR, 38-2Euler’s, 3-8, 10-5Euler’s, of motion, 73-8Francis weir, 19-11Gauss’ hypergeometric, 10-5Hagen-Poiseuille, 17-7Hazen’s, 35-22Hazen-Williams, 17-7Horton, 19-13, 21-9interaction, 62-2Jacob’s, 21-7Legendre, 10-5

Lloyd-Davies, 20-13 (ftn)Manning, 19-4Mohr-Coulomb, 35-25 (ftn)Monod’s, 28-6Nikuradse, 17-5non-parametric, 3-3NRC, 29-9O’Connor and Dobbins, 28-7parametric, 3-2quadratic, 3-3rational, 20-13reduced, 10-1Rehbock weir, 19-11Rohsenow, 14-10NRCS lag, 20-4simultaneous linear, 3-7Streeter-Phelps, 28-10tension field action, 63-3Terzaghi-Meyerhof, 36-3Theis, 21-6Thiem, 21-5three-moment, 46-5Torricelli’s, 17-16Velz, 29-10water balance, 20-2Weisbach, 17-7Zuber, 14-10

Equiangular rosette, 84-12Equilateral hyperbola, 7-12Equilibrium, 73-2

chemical, 22-9, 22-11conditions, 41-6conditions, static, 41-6

constant, 22-11dynamic, 73-5elevation, 79-9in three dimensions, 41-20isopiestic, 14-9method, beams, 47-17phase, 73-6static, 15-16

Equipotential line, 17-3, 21-7Equity, 85-34Equivalence, economic, 85-5Equivalency factors, 62-4

flexible pavements, A-110–A-112

rigid pavements, A-113–A-115

Equivalentsand derived SI units, back endpaper

axial compression method, 62-1chemical, 22-4density, 37-6diameter, 16-7, 16-7, 17-9, 17-40fluid height, 15-5 (tbl), 15-5

fluid pressure, 37-6fluid weight, 37-6frame method, 51-5hydrostatic pressure, 37-6Joule, 13-1length, 17-11, 17-12, A-31

population, 28-3resultant, 41-4single-axle load, 76-12specific weight, 37-6spring constant, 45-19truck/bus/RV, 74-7

uniform annual cost, 85-7vector, 5-1 (ftn)vehicle, 74-6velocity, 21-3water chemistry, A-49, A-50

Ind

ex


weight, 22-4, Gweight, milligram, 22-8

erf, 9-8Erodible channel, 19-25

side-slopes, 19-25

velocities, 19-25

Erosion corrosion, 22-16Error, 11-13

analysis, 78-1, 78-2, 78-4function, 9-8, 11-6magnitude, 84-3of the mean, 78-2order of, 78-4product, 78-4straight-line, 45-19 (ftn)sum, 78-4terms, 84-3

type, 84-2Errors and omissions insurance, 86-7ESAL, 76-12Escape velocity, 73-19Escherichieae coli, G (see also E. coli)Espey

conveyance factors, 20-12

synthetic hydrograph, 20-12

synthetic unit hydrograph, 20-12Ester, 23-1 (tbl), 23-3 (tbl)Estimator, unbiased, 11-10Estuary, GEthanol, 24-7Ether, 23-1 (tbl), 23-3 (tbl)Ethical priority, 87-2Ethics, 87-1Ethyl alcohol, 24-7Euler

buckling load, 53-4, 61-2constant, 9-8 (ftn)curve, 45-2equation, 3-8, 10-5equations of motion, 73-8load, 45-2number, 1-9 (tbl)

Eutrophic, GEutrophication, 25-7Evaluation, nondestructive, 43-11Evaporation, 10-10

pan, 20-21reservoir, 20-21

Evapotranspiration, GEven symmetry, 7-4, 9-7 (tbl)Event, 11-3, 81-1E. vericularis, 27-2Exact, first-order, 10-3 Exaggeration, vertical, 78-19Exam

date, 88-3licensing, 88-1, 88-2

Excavation, 80-2height, critical, 39-3safety, 82-1

Excessair, 24-12air, in concrete, 49-3spherical, 6-6water, in concrete, 49-3

Excitation, motor, 83-13Exemplary damages, 86-7Exertion, BOD, 28-8Exfoliation, 22-16Exhaustion, premature, 29-12Exit spiral, 79-17Exoergic impact, 73-15 (ftn)

Exothermic reaction, 22-14Expansion

adiabatic, Gby cofactor, 4-3coefficient of, 14-12 (ftn)factor, 17-31, 17-31

joint, 77-9linear, coefficient, 44-3series, 8-8thermal, coefficients, 34-14, 44-4

volumetric, coefficient, 44-3Expected value, 78-1, 85-30Expense, 85-32Expensing an asset, 85-20Explement angle, 78-13Exponent, 3-5

polytropic, 15-13rules, 3-5

strain-hardening, 43-5Exponential

decay, 10-9distribution, 11-6, 11-7form, 3-8function, integral, 9-8gradient cash flow, 85-4 growth, 10-9, 85-4reliability, 11-7weighted forecast, 85-41

Exposed fraction, 15-15Exposure level, noise, 82-3

Extended aeration, 30-3Extending screed, 76-7External

force, 41-2, 73-2friction angle, 37-3

pressure, 15-14rate of return, 85-12work, 13-2

Extractiondrain, 31-7method, 76-9well, gas, 31-6

Extremefiber, 42-7, 44-11 point, 8-2stress, 44-5

Extrinsic waste, 32-2Extrusive igneous rock, 35-31

F

FAA formula, 20-4Fabric

nonwoven, 40-11reinforcing, 40-10woven, 40-11

Facebrick, 68-2value, 85-29velocity, 21-4, 34-5

Facilitymaterial recovery, 31-10waste-to-energy, 31-9

Factor (see also type)absorption, 34-17adhesion, 38-3, 38-4

bearing capacity, 36-3, 36-3, 36-4

bioaccumulation, Gbioconcentration, Gbiomagnification, Gbolt torque, 45-12capacity reduction, 50-4carryover, 47-14

cement, 49-2centrifugal, 79-7compaction, 31-3compounding, 85-7

compressibility, 14-12 (ftn)conversion, front endpaper, A-1–A-6

conveyance, trapezoidal channel,A-41, A-43

Darcy friction, 17-5, A-26–A-29

directional, 74-5directional distribution, 76-13distribution, 47-13durability, 49-1economic analysis, A-121

effective length, 53-2, 61-2, 61-3

effective length, wall, 54-2end-restraint, 61-3epoxy coating, 55-5equivalency, 62-4expansion, 17-31, 17-31

Fanning friction, 17-5 (ftn)fatigue notch, 43-10fatigue stress concentration, 43-9, 43-10friction, pavement, 77-8gage, 84-8, 84-8

growth, 76-13growth projection, 76-13heavy vehicle, 74-8impact, 16-4, 40-9, 58-5

instrument, 78-8integrating, 10-2interval, 78-8joint quality, 16-10lane distribution, 76-13load, 40-10, 50-3load, bedding, 40-9load equivalency, 76-12loading, 31-3load, LRFD, 67-3moment amplification, 62-1nut, 45-12of safety, overturning, 15-11of safety, sliding, 15-12peak hour, 74-5peaking, 28-2phase, 83-7piping geometry, 17-13population adjustment, 74-8power, 83-7, 83-8resistance, 67-4resistance, LRFD, 67-4

section, 19-3service, 73-7 (ftn), 83-11shape, 35-23, 36-3side friction, 38-3, 73-19, 79-7size, 55-5slenderness reduction, 69-7, 69-7

standard cash flow, A-120

strength reduction, 50-4stress concentration, 44-4stress concentration, press fit, 45-8

stripping, 34-17surface area, 76-7surface finish, 43-10

table, A-121

time, 40-5transverse sensitivity, 84-8truck, 76-12utilization, 74-23velocity of approach, 17-28

Factored load, 50-3Factorial, 3-2 (tbl, ftn)



I-18


I N D E X I-19


Factors vs. strength, 43-16Factory cost, 85-32, 85-36 Facultative, G

bacteria, 27-3heterotroph, 27-4pond, 29-4, 29-5

Failure, 11-3base circle, 40-7brittle, 43-14, 50-4cup-and-cone, 43-4ductile, 50-4envelope, 35-25line, 35-25mean time to, 11-7shear, soil, 36-3slope circle, 40-7soil, 35-25toe circle, 40-7veneer, 31-5

Faith of an engineer, 87-1Fall

-arrest system, 82-2protection, 82-2

Falling-head test, 35-22limb, 20-6mass energy, 13-3 (ex)

Familychemical, 22-2organic compound, 23-1, 23-2, 23-3

Fanning friction factor, 17-5 (ftn)Faraday, 83-2Fast

Fourier transform, 9-7track pavement, 76-24

Fastener, 45-8, 65-1allowable load, 65-3allowable stress, 65-3

critical, 45-16Fatigue

corrosion, 22-17failure, 43-8life, 43-9loading, 58-5notch factor, 43-10notch sensitivity, 43-10ratio, 43-9resistance, pavement, 76-3strength, 43-9stress concentration factor, 43-10, 44-5test, 43-8

Fatty acid, 23-2 (tbl), 27-6Faulting, pavement, 76-5Fecal coliform, 27-4, 27-5, GFeed characteristic, specific, 31-11Fee structure, 86-4Feldspar, 35-31Fenvalerate, 32-11Fermentation, 27-6Ferritic stainless steel, 22-16 (ftn)FFT, 9-7

analyzer, 9-7Fiber

core wire rope, 45-20extreme, 42-7-reinforced concrete, 48-8, 77-10

Fiberglass, 32-4Fiduciary responsibility, 86-2Field

autogenous, 31-11capacity, 31-7density test, 35-20

File hardness, 43-14Fill, 80-2

broad, 40-9embankment, 40-9

Fillermetal, 66-1mineral, 76-3

Fillet weld, 45-13, 66-1size, minimum, 66-3

Film coefficient, 30-16Filter

backwashing, 26-11berm, 32-13biofilm, 26-11biological, 29-8cake, 30-18chamber, 32-13cloth, 40-10dual-layer, 26-10fixed media, 29-8fly, 29-8high-rate, 29-8low-rate, 29-8multi-media, 26-10others, 26-11polishing, 29-11porous, 21-5press, belt, 30-16press, recessed plate, 30-17pressure, 26-11rapid, sand, 26-11ratio, 34-5roughing, 29-8sand, 26-10, 29-11sand, bed, 32-13slow, sand, 26-11specific area, 29-8standard-rate, 29-8super high-rate, 29-8trickling, 29-8two-stage, 29-9vacuum drum, 30-16

Filtering velocity, 34-5Filtration, 26-10

complete, 26-2conventional, 26-2direction, 26-2in-line, 26-2pressure, 30-17

Finalclarifier, 29-11, 30-5clarifier, characteristics, 30-5

cover, 31-5Fine aggregate, 48-2, 76-3

properties, 49-1

screen, wastewater, 29-5Fineness modulus, 48-2Fines, 24-4, 35-4, GFinish

surface, 2-4, 2-9, 43-9, 43-10

Finite series, 3-11Fire

fighting, water demand, 26-19suppression, 26-19

Firstderivative, 8-1flush, 32-12-in, first-out, 85-37law of thermodynamics, 13-2 (ftn)moment of a function, 9-6moment of area, 42-2, 46-5-order analysis, 47-2, 53-1

-order, exact, 10-3-order, linear, 10-2-order, separable, 10-3-stage demand, G

Fish, toxic effects on, 25-10Fission, binary, 27-4, GFit

interference, 45-5press, 45-5shrink, 45-5

Fitting, 17-12 (ftn)equivalent length, A-31

threaded, 17-12 (ftn)Fixation, nitrogen, GFixed

asset, 85-34carbon, 24-4cost, 85-31dissolved solids, 25-9element, 74-2-end beam, 46-6-end moment, 46-6, A-80, A-81

flux, 26-18 (ftn)media filter, 29-8-point iteration, 12-2pulley, 41-11solids, 30-5suspended solids, 25-9-time controller, 74-15vector, 5-1 (ftn)

Fixity, 61-3Flagella, 27-4Flagellated protozoa, 27-4Flame temperature, 24-15

peak, 32-9Flange, 42-4

plate girder, 63-2, 63-3stiffener, 44-18, 59-5

Flap, 17-37Flare, 31-6, 34-12

curb, 79-4parabolic, 79-4

Flashmixer, 26-8point, 24-5 (ftn)

Flatfriction, 73-6plate, 45-18, 51-4plate, uniform pressure, 45-18

slab, 51-4Flatworm, 27-4Flexibility

coefficient, 47-8method, 47-7pavement, 76-3

Flexiblebulkhead, 39-4connection, 65-6diaphragm, 69-10membrane liner, 31-3, 31-4pavement, G pavement, design, 76-14pavement, equivalency factors,

A-110–A-112

pavement, minimum thickness, 76-17,

76-19

pavement, nomograph, AASHTO, 76-17

pipe, 40-8Flexural

buckling, 61-2stiffness, 53-3stress, 44-10

Ind

ex


Flint, 35-31Float, 81-1

independent, Gtotal, G

Floatable, 29-6Floating object, 15-15, 15-16Floc, 26-6, GFlocculation, 26-9, 26-10, 34-19

additive, 26-6chemical, 29-7tapered, 26-9

Flocculator, 26-8, 29-7-clarifier, 26-10-clarifier characteristics, 26-10

Flood, 20-6control dam, 20-21damaging, 20-6design, 20-4, 20-6design basis, 20-6devastating, 20-6hundred year, 20-6nuisance, 20-6one percent, 20-6probability, 20-6probable maximum, 20-6routing, 20-22standard, 20-6standard project, 20-6velocity, 34-2

Flooding, 34-2, 34-17Floor

area, effective, 26-19beam, 59-2

Flotation, Gthickening, dissolved air, 30-13

Flowaccelerated, 19-20, Garound cylinder, 17-40base, 20-6, 20-7 (ftn), Gchoked, 19-20coefficient, 17-28coefficients, orifice plate, 17-30

coefficient, valve, 17-13control, 19-20critical, 16-8, 19-17, Gculvert, 19-27

curve, 35-21, 43-5dry weather, 20-7 (ftn), Genergy, 13-3, 16-2equalization, 29-3, 34-18gravity, 18-5laminar, 16-7line, 21-7, 29-2measurement, 17-25, 26-4needed, fire, 26-19net, 20-7, 21-7, 21-8

net, seepage, 21-7nonuniform, 19-2, 19-14, 19-20nozzle, 17-30number, 26-9of water, steel pipe, A-30

over flat plate, 17-42overland, 20-7, 20-7 (ftn), Gpacing chlorinator, 29-12rapid, 19-15, Grate, 26-11, 74-6, 74-8rate, 15 min passenger car equivalent, 74-

11rate equation, 26-9rate, maximum service, 74-5rate of, 74-5rate, pedestrian, 74-17

rate, saturation, 74-12, 74-13rate, service, 74-5, 74-7, 74-10ratio, 74-12regime, Gregime, subsonic, 14-14 (ftn)retarded, 19-21, Gshear, 45-15sheet, 20-3shooting, Gsteady, 19-2, Gsteady, well, 21-5streamline, 16-7subcritical, 19-15, Gsupercritical, 19-15, Gsurface, 20-7, 20-7 (ftn)-through velocity, 26-5tranquil, 19-15, Gtubular, 30-6turbulent, 16-8, 17-5type-n, culvert, 19-28types, 19-2uniform, 16-9, 19-2, 19-4, 19-6, Guninterrupted, 74-2unit width, 74-17unsteady, well, 21-6value, asphalt mix, 76-11varied, 19-20, Gviscous, 16-7work, 13-3

Flowable concrete, 48-9Flowchart

steel beam analysis, 59-6

steel beam design, 59-8

steel tension member design, 60-6

Flowing well, GFlue gas, 24-11, 32-4 (ftn)

calculations, 24-12cleanup, 34-4desulfurization, 24-5, 34-2dew point, 24-13recirculation, 34-7temperature, 24-13

Fluiddensity, 14-3

height equivalent, 15-5 (tbl), 15-5

ideal, 14-2mass, accelerating, 15-19mass, rotating, 15-19Newtonian, 14-2, 14-6pressure, 14-2, 15-14real, 14-2shear stress, 14-6type, 14-2velocity, maximum, 17-3

viscosity type, 14-6weight, equivalent, 37-6

Fluidized-bedboiler, 34-9combustion, 24-5, 31-10combustor, 34-7

Fluke, 27-4Flume, G

Parshall, 19-13Parshall, K-values, 19-14

Fluoridation, 26-11chemicals, 25-8

Fluoride ion, in water, 25-6Fluorosis, 25-6Flush

air, Gfirst, 32-12

Flushing, pavement, 76-5

Flux, 66-1Flyash, 24-3, 48-3Flyash-modified concrete, 77-10Fly, filter, 29-8Focus, 7-10Food-to-microorganism ratio, 30-5Footing, 36-2

cantilever, 36-2column, 36-2, 55-2combined, 36-2concrete, 55-1eccentric load, 36-8isolated, 36-2spread, 36-2wall, 36-2, 55-2

Force, 73-2 (see also type)adfreeze, 38-6amplification, 41-10centrifugal, 73-5centripetal, 73-5concentrated, 41-2-couple system, 41-4downdrag, 38-6external, 41-2field, central, 73-17inertial, 73-5internal, 41-2main, 28-4, G majeure, 86-3normal, 15-12, 73-6normal, on a dam, 15-11on blade, jet, 17-33on pipe bend, 17-34on plate, jet, 17-32specific, 19-15tractive, 75-2uplift, 21-9velocity-dependent, 73-17work performed by, 9-4

Forced draft air injection, 26-4Forcing function, 10-1, 10-4Forebay, 18-23, GForecasting, 85-41Foresight, 78-9Form

cis, 3-8concrete, 49-6drag, 17-39exponential, 3-8Newton, 12-3 (ftn)operational, log, 3-5phasor, 3-8polar, 3-8rectangular, 3-7slip-, 49-6trigonometric, 3-7

Formality, 22-8Formation

artesian, Gconstant, 22-12enthalpy, 22-14, 22-15

heat of, 22-14Formula

Babcock, 17-9blending, 59-4Camp, 29-5chemical, A-52

Donnan, 31-7double-angle, 6-4Dulong’s, 24-14FAA, 20-4G.K., 19-4 (ftn)



I-20


I N D E X I-21


half-angle, 6-4Hazen’s, 21-2, 35-22JB Johnson, 45-3kinematic wave, 20-4Maney, 45-12Marston’s, 40-8NRC, 29-9O’Connor and Dobbins, 28-7Panhandle, 17-9parabolic column, 45-3prismoidal, 80-2secant, 45-3soil parameter, 35-9, 35-10

Spitzglass, 17-9Steel, 20-5two-angle, 6-4Velz, 29-10weight, 22-4Weymouth, 17-9

Formwork, 49-6pressure on, 49-6

Forwardpass, Gsoil pressure, 37-2station, 79-3tangent, 79-1

Foundation, 36-1compensated, 36-9shallow, 36-1

Fourieranalysis, 9-6inversion, 9-6number, 1-9 (tbl)series, 9-6transform, fast, 9-7waveforms, 9-7

Fourier’s theorem, 9-6Four-phase signal, 74-12Fraction

gravimetric, 22-5, 24-2ionized, HOCl, 26-16

mole, 14-5, 24-2partial, 3-6, 9-3partial pressure, 24-2submerged, 15-15volumetric, 24-2

Fractureappearance transition temperature, 43-15strength, 43-3transition plastic temperature, 43-15

Frame, 41-12deflection, 47-5non-inertial, 72-9

Framing, connection, 65-6, 66-7type 1, 66-7type 2, 66-7type 3, 66-7

Francisturbine, 18-22weir equation, 19-11

Fraud, 86-5Frauds, Statute of, 86-2 (ftn)Fraudulent act, 86-5Free

aquifer, 21-1-body diagram, 41-7, 41-20-flow mode, 19-14-flow speed, 74-4, 74-6, 74-8, 74-10moment, 41-4, 41-9pulley, 41-11residual, 25-11, Gsurface, 16-6

Freeboard distance, GFreedom, degree of, 47-11, 72-2Freehaul, GFreehaul distance, 80-3Freeway, 74-2, 74-7, G Freeze, ground, piles, 38-6Freezing, pavement, 76-24Freon, 32-6, 32-6

Frequencyanalysis, 9-7 (ftn)distribution, 11-9electrical, 83-4natural, 9-6of occurrence, 20-5polygon, 11-9

Fresnel integral function, 9-8 (ftn)Fretting corrosion, 22-17Friable, G Friction, 73-6 (see also type)

angle, effective stress, 35-25

angle, external, 37-3

angle, interfacial, 31-5, 31-5

angle, soil, 37-3belt, 73-7brake, 84-12coefficient, 73-7

coefficient of, 15-12, 73-6coefficient of, tire, 75-4coefficient, skidding, 75-4

course, open-graded, 76-3factor chart, Moody, 17-6, 17-6

factor, Darcy, 17-5, A-26–A-29

factor, Fanning, 17-5 (ftn)factor, pavement, 77-8flat, 73-6head, 18-6head loss, 17-4internal, angle of, 35-16, 35-25, 40-7, 43-7loss, gas, 17-9loss, slurry, 17-11loss, steam, 17-9pile, 38-1power, 18-9ratio, 35-17sideways, 73-19, 79-6skin, coefficient, 38-3skin, negative, 38-6turbulent flow, 17-7unit shaft, 38-3wall, soil, 37-3, 37-4

Frictionless surface, 41-7Frontage road, G Frost

heave, 37-9, 38-6jacking, 38-6pavement, 76-24susceptibility, G

Froude number, 1-9 (tbl), 17-44, 19-18Fuel

-bound NOx, 32-9consumption, vehicular, 75-3diesel, 24-7economy, 75-3heats of combustion, A-60

oil, 24-5, 24-6

oxygenated, 32-5properties, 24-6

refuse-derived, 31-10, 31-10

subautogenous, 31-11 switching, 32-14waste, 24-4

Fugitivedust, 32-7emission, 32-8, 34-12

Full-bridge, 84-11composite action, 64-3, 64-4-depth asphalt pavement, 76-2, 76-19,

76-20, 76-21

-depth reclamation, 76-22-load value, motor, 83-11station, 78-8-wave symmetry, 9-7 (tbl)

Fullyamortized bond, 85-29 (ftn)compensated foundation, 36-9turbulent flow, 16-8

Fulvic acid, GFunction

circular transcendental, 6-2error, 9-8, 11-6first moment of, 9-6forcing, 10-1hazard, 11-7holomorphic, 8-1hyperbolic, 6-4integral, 9-8integral cosine, 9-8integral elliptic, 9-8 (ftn)integral exponential, 9-8integral Fresnel, 9-8 (ftn)integral gamma, 9-8 (ftn)integral sine, 9-8of an angle, 6-2of related angle, 6-3 performance, 11-8regular, 8-1second moment of, 9-6symmetrical, 7-4trigonometric, 6-2unit impulse, 10-6unit step, 10-6vector, 5-5well, 21-6, 21-7

Functional group, organic, 23-1, 23-1, 23-3

Functionsintegral of combination, 9-2of related angles, 6-3

Fundamentalconstants, back endpaper

theorem of calculus, 9-4Fundamentals of engineering exam, 88-1,

88-3Fungi, 27-1, 27-2, 27-2, 27-3, G Fungicide, 32-11Furnace

efficiency, 24-16sorbent injection, 24-5

Future worth, 85-5F-waste, 32-2

G

Gabion wall, 37-2GAC, 26-12, 29-12Gage (see also Gauge)

factor, 84-8, 84-8

pressure, 14-2, 15-2, 15-6 (ftn)spacing, 60-2strain, 84-8, 84-9, 84-13

Gaging, stream, GGalvanic

action, 22-16series, 22-16, 22-16

Ind

ex


Galvanized steel pipe, 16-10Gamma integral function, 9-8 (ftn)Gap, 74-6, G

-graded mix, 76-3-graded soil, 35-3grading, G

Garbage, 24-4, 31-1Gas

absorption, 34-2, 34-3absorption coefficients, 31-9

collection, 31-6constant, universal, inside back coverdesorption, 34-2 (ftn)digester 30-15 (see also Methane)extraction well, 31-6friction loss, 17-9greenhouse, 32-8incompressible, 16-3 (ftn)landfill, 31-5liquefied petroleum, 24-7manufactured, 24-7 (ftn)methane, 30-15natural, 24-11

noble, 22-2properties, A-54

specific heat, 24-2

synthetic, 24-5, 24-8wah, G

Gasification, 32-12Gasohol, 24-7Gasoline, 24-6

characteristics, 32-8

pollution from, 32-8Gastroenteritis, 27-2Gate valve, 16-12Gauge (see also Gage)

diaphragm, 15-2draft, 15-3 (ftn)nuclear, 35-20pressure (see Gage pressure)staff, 19-10strain, 15-2

Gauging, stream, 19-2Gauss’ hypergeometric equation, 10-5Gaussian distribution, 11-6Gauss-Jordan elimination, 4-2Gear motor, 18-11, 83-12 (ftn)Gee, 73-4 (ftn)Gelular resin, 26-15General

contractor, 86-4damages, 86-6expense, 85-32ledger, 85-33partner, 86-1shear failure, 36-3term, 3-10triangle, 6-5

Generator, 83-10 (ftn), 83-14

pollution, 32-2Geobar, GGeocell, GGeocomposite, G

liner, 31-4Geodetic

level, 78-9survey, 78-5

Geofoam, GGeographical information system, 78-6Geogrid, 31-5Geoid, 78-6Geomat, G

Geomembrane, 31-4Geometric

mean, 11-10sequence, 3-11series, 3-11similarity, 17-42slope, 19-3

Geonet, GGeopipe, GGeospacer, GGeostationary orbit, 73-18Geostrip, GGeosynthetic, 31-4, 40-10Geotextile, 40-10

specifications, 40-10

symbols, A-65, GGermain correlation, 29-10g-force, 73-4 (ftn)Giardia cyst, 26-17Giardia lamblia, 27-2Giardiasis, 27-2Girder, 59-1

depth, 63-1hybrid, 63-1plate, 59-2, 63-1

Girt, 59-2GIS, 78-6, GG. K. formula, 19-4 (ftn)Glacial till, GGlass, volcanic, 35-31Glauconite, 26-14Global distillation, 32-11Global positioning system, 78-6, GGlobal warming, 32-8Globe valve, 16-12Glossary, GGlycol, 23-3 (tbl)GMT, GGneiss, 35-31Gobar gas, GGolf ball, 17-39Gon, 78-7Gore, G Gore area, merge/diverge, 74-22GPS, 78-6, G G-P sewer, 28-4Grab sample, 28-14Grad, 78-7Gradation, 35-3Grade

airport pavement, 79-19bolt, 45-8change, rate of, 79-10line, energy, 16-9, 17-15line, hydraulic, 16-9, 17-15point, 80-2, 80-5railroad, 79-19, 79-19

resistance, 75-1roadway, 75-1rod, 80-7stake, 80-3steel, 48-7weathering, 68-4

Gradient, G cash flow, 85-9energy, 19-3, Ghydraulic, 21-2multiplier, moment, A-96, A-96

roadway 75-1ruling, 75-4series cash flow, 85-4

vector, 8-5velocity, 14-6, 26-9

Gradinggap, 5-5soil, 35-3

Graetz number, 1-9 (tbl)Grain

size, effective, 35-22unit, 25-3, 26-15 (ftn)

Granite, 35-31Granular

activated carbon, 26-12, 29-12, 34-3soil, 37-2

Grashof number, 1-9 (tbl)Grate inlet, 28-5Gravel, G

cohesion, 35-26pack, well, 21-4screen, 21-5

Gravimetricanalysis, 24-2fraction 22-5, 24-2

Gravitation, Newton’s law, 73-18Gravitational

constant, 1-2, 73-18

energy, 13-3water, G

Gravityaltitude, 1-2belt thickening, 30-14center of, 71-1dam, 15-11distribution, 26-19earth, 1-2flow, 18-5sewer, 28-4specific, 14-4, 35-7thickening, 30-13, 30-14

wall, 37-1well, 21-2, 21-4

Grease, 28-14, 29-6Greek alphabet, 3-1, 3-1, back endpaper

Greenbar, 48-8ratio, effective, 74-12sand, 26-14time, effective, 74-16

Greenhouse gas, 32-8Grid

meridian, 78-11roller, 35-17

Grillage, GGrinding, scum, 29-6Grip, 45-11Grit, 29-5, 34-19

chamber, 29-5chamber, aerated, 29-6chamber, characteristics, 29-6

clarifier, 29-5Groove weld, 66-1Grooving, pavement, 77-10Gross

area, 60-1bearing capacity, 36-3heating value, 24-14moment of inertia, 50-12rain, 20-19rainfall, 20-16

Groundrod, 80-7stake, 80-5



I-22


I N D E X I-23


Groundwater, 20-7 (ftn), G dewatering, 31-7table, 37-6, 40-5

Groupchemical, 22-2dimensionless, 1-7, 1-9 (tbl), 1-9

index, 35-5pace, 74-4pile, 38-5

Grout, 68-4-bonded concrete, 77-10compressive strength, 68-5slump, 68-4

Grouted pile, 38-6Grouting, partial, 69-4Growth

exponential, 10-9factor, 76-13rate, maximum specific, 30-7

Guardrail, 75-7Guard stake, 80-5Guinea, 80-3Gumbo, GGunter’s chain, 78-7Gutter inlet, 28-5Gyration, radius of, 42-6, 61-4, 71-2Gyratory compactor, 76-23

H

Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 17-7Half

-angle formula, 6-4-bridge, 84-11-lath stake, 80-3life, 22-10-velocity coefficient, 28-6-wave symmetry, 7-4, 9-7 (tbl)-year convention, 85-3

Halide, 23-1 (tbl)alkyl, 23-2 (tbl)

Halite, 35-31Haloacetic acid, 25-10Halogen, 23-1 (tbl)

fluorine, 32-11Halogenated compound, 25-9Hammer

double-acting, 38-2drop, 38-2single-acting, 38-2water, 17-35

Hardmaterial, 43-16water, 26-13, G

Hardening, strain, 43-4Hardhat, 82-2Hardness

carbonate, 25-3, Gcorrelations, 43-14

ions, water, 25-3

noncarbonate, 25-3, 25-4number, 43-12permanent, 25-4, Gscale, Mohs, 43-14

temporary, Gtest, 43-12, 43-13

vs. alkalinity diagram, 25-5

water, 25-3, 25-4Hardpan, GHardy Cross, (see Cross, Hardy)Hardy Cross method, 44-17, 17-23Harmonic

sequence, 3-11

series, 3-11terms, 9-6

Haulage rope, 45-19Haul distance, 80-2Hazard

chemical, 82-1function, 11-7

Hazardousair pollutant, 32-2material, 33-1spills, 32-13waste, 32-2waste, disposition, 33-2waste, incineration, 34-11

Hazen’s formula, 21-2, 35-22Hazen uniformity coefficient, 35-3Hazen-Williams

constant, A-25

equation, 17-7nomograph, A-32

velocity, 19-6Hazmat, 33-1Head, 15-4 (ftn), 18-6, G

acceleration, 18-2, 18-3

added, 17-14atmospheric, 18-6 (ftn)dynamic, 18-6extracted, 17-14friction, 18-6hydraulic, 26-11impact, 16-5loss, 17-4loss, effect of viscosity, 17-10loss, slurry, 17-11pressure, 18-6 (ftn)protection, 82-2static discharge, 18-6static suction, 18-6total, 16-3vapor pressure, 18-6 (ftn)velocity, 18-6

Header information, 80-3speed, 74-4

Headlight sight distance, 79-15Headwall, G Headway, 74-6, GHearing protection, 82-3Heat

capacity, 13-4, 13-4

loss, 30-16of combustion, 24-14, A-53

of formation, 22-14of hydration, Grelease rate, 31-9specific, 13-4, 13-4

transfer, 30-16transfer coefficient, 30-16

Heating value, 24-14methane, 30-16

Heave, 21-9clay, 39-3frost, 37-9, 38-6

Heavyhydrogen, 22-2metal, 22-2metal, in wastewater, 28-14vehicle factor, 74-8

Heel, 15-17 (ftn), 37-9dam, 15-11retaining wall, 54-4

Height, 2-2cell, 31-3

critical, excavation, 39-3of packing, 34-17of the instrument, 78-10, 80-7of transfer unit, 34-17piezometric, 21-2waviness, 2-4

Helix, 7-12, 7-12

pitch, 7-12thread angle, 45-13

Helmet, 82-2Helminth, 27-1, 27-2

Henry’s law, 22-7, 34-16constants, 34-17

Hepatitis, 27-2Herbicide, 32-11Hess’ law, 22-14Heterotroph, 27-1, 27-3

facultative, 27-4Hexachlorobenzene, 32-11High

-density screed, 76-7early-strength portland cement, 48-1-occupancy vehicle, 74-7-performance concrete, 48-8-performance steel, 58-1, 58-5-purity oxygen aeration, 30-3-range water reducer, 48-3-rate aeration, 30-3-rate filter, 29-8-slump concrete, 48-3-strength bolt, 65-1-strength concrete, 48-8-strength low-alloy steel, 58-1-strength steel, 58-5temperature, structural steel, properties,

A-95

Higher heating value, 24-14Highway, 74-2

arterial, Gbelt, Gcurve, 79-3divided, 74-3, Ginterchange, 74-20 (see also type)multilane, 74-10rainwater runoff, 32-12speed, 74-4

Hindered settling zone, 30-13Hinge, 41-10

joint, 77-9plastic, 44-18, 47-2, 47-17

Hinged pole, 75-8Histogram, 11-8History, accident and crash, warrant,

signalization, 74-15HIV, 27-6Hobby, 85-12 (ftn)HOCl, fraction ionized, 26-16

Hoisting cable, 45-19Hole

cased, Gdrilled, 60-2in beam, 59-15lamp, Gpunched, 60-2spacing, 65-1standard, 60-2tap, 15-2

Hollowbrick, 68-2structural section, 58-2

Holographic testing, 43-12Holomorphic function, 8-1

Ind

ex


Holonomic coordinate, 72-2Homogeneous

circuits, law of, 84-7differential equation, 10-1, 10-2linear equation, 3-7unit system, 1-2

Homologous pump, 18-13 Honeycomb, concrete, 49-5Hook, 50-19

standard, masonry, 68-5, 68-5, 68-6

Hooke’s law, 43-2, 44-2Hookworm, 27-2Hoop

beam, 50-17stress, 45-3, 45-5

Horizon, 85-3, GHorizontal

curve, 79-1curve, through point, 79-5flow grit chamber, 29-5shear, 44-10

Horsepower, 13-6aero, 17-39boiler, 24-16hydraulic, 17-14, 18-7

shaft, 45-13Horton

coefficient, 19-13equation, 19-13, 21-9

Hotin-place recycling, 76-22mix asphalt, 76-1mix recycling, 76-23rubber asphalt mix, 76-24-weather concrete, 49-5-wire anemometer, 17-26

Hourglass failure, 43-7 (ftn)Hourly

vehicular volume warrant, signalization,74-14

volume, 74-8HOV, 74-7HPC, 48-8H-pile, 38-3Hub, 45-6

stake, 80-3, 80-5Human

error, 84-2immunodeficiency virus, 27-6

Humectant, 32-7 (ftn)Humic acid, GHumus, GHundred year

flood, 20-6storm, 20-6

Hveem’s resistance value test, 35-30Hybrid girder, 63-1Hydrated

lime, 26-13molecule, 22-4Hydration, 22-7, 48-1, 48-2, Gheat of, Gwater of, 22-4

Hydraulicconductivity, 21-2depth, 19-3, Gdetention time, 30-5, 30-8diameter, 16-6, 17-9drop, 19-19 (ftn), 19-25grade line, 16-9, 17-15gradient, 21-2head, 26-11

horsepower, 17-14jack, 15-14jump, 19-22, Gload, concrete, 49-9loading, 28-3, 29-8, 34-18mean depth, 19-2 (ftn)NPSHR, 18-21

power, 18-7press, 15-14radius, 16-6, 19-2, A-15, Gram, 15-14retention time, 30-8

Hydraulics, 17-2Hydrocarbon, 23-1, 23-3 (tbl), 24-1

pumping 18-21saturated, 23-3 (tbl)

Hydrochloric acid, 25-9, 32-4Hydrodynamics, 17-2Hydroelectric generating plant, 18-23Hydrogen

available, 24-3damage, 22-16embrittlement, 22-16heavy, 22-2ion, Gsulfide, 28-5

Hydrogenation, 32-11Hydrograph, 20-6

analysis, 20-7separation, 20-7Snyder, 20-10synthesis, 20-10, 20-13triangular unit, 20-11unit, 20-8

Hydrologiccycle, 20-1soil group, 20-16

Hydrological cycle, GHydrolysis, 23-2Hydrolyzing metal ion, 26-6Hydrometeor, GHydrometer, 14-4

test, 35-2Hydronium ion, GHydrophilic, GHydrophobic, GHydrostatic

moment, 15-11paradox, 15-4pressure 37-6 (see also Pressure)resultant, 15-6torque, 15-11

Hydrostatics, 17-2Hydroxyl, 23-1 (tbl)Hyetograph, 20-2Hygroscopic, G

water, GHyperbola, 7-10, 7-11

equilateral, 7-12rectangular, 7-12

Hyperbolicfunction, 6-4function, derivative, 8-2function, integral of, 9-2identity, 6-5radian, 6-5

Hypergeometricdistribution, 11-5equation, Gauss’, 10-5

Hyperion Energy Recovery System, 30-19Hypersonic, 14-14Hypochlorous acid, 25-9

Hypocycloid, 7-3Hypolimnion, 25-7, GHypothesis

Avogadro’s, 22-4test, 11-12

Hysteresis, 84-5 (ftn)spring, 45-19

I

IBC, 58-4ICBO, 58-4Ice point, 84-6Ideal

capacity, 74-5column, 61-2combustion, 24-9fluid, 14-2gases, A-61

machine, 13-6reaction, 22-6spring, 45-19yield, 22-7

Idempotent law, 11-1Identity

hyperbolic, 6-5law, sets, 11-1logarithm, 3-5, 3-5

matrix, 4-1trigonometric, 6-2–6-5, 6-3

IDF curve, 20-5Igneous rock, 35-31Ignitable substance, 32-2Ignition temperature, 24-8 Illegitimate error, 84-2Imaginary number, 3-1Imhoff cone, 25-9Immediate settlement, 40-3Immiscible liquid, 15-12Impact,73-15

attenuator, 75-8central, 73-16direct, 73-16eccentric, 73-16elastic, 73-15endoergic, 73-15energy, 16-4energy test, 43-14factor, 16-4, 40-9factors, 58-5

factors, pipes, 40-9

head, 16-5inelastic, 73-15loading, 44-7oblique, 73-16plastic, 73-15protection, 82-2ramming, 40-11tube, 16-4

Impactor, Gcascade, Gcyclone, G

Impedance, 83-5Impeller, 18-4

mixing, 26-9specific speed, 18-12

Impending motion, 73-6Impermeability, pavement, 76-4Impervious layer, GImplicit differentiation, 8-4Impounding reservoir, 20-20Impoundment depth, 20-20



I-24


I N D E X I-25


Impulse, 73-12fluid, 17-31function, 10-6-momentum principle, 17-31, 73-13 turbine, 17-34, 18-21

Impulsive force, 73-12Incidental resistance, 75-4Incineration, 24-4

liquid, 34-11MSW, 31-9sludge, 30-19, 34-12soil, 34-12

Incinerator, 34-9no-boiler, 31-9performance, 34-10

Inclined plane, 73-9Income tax, 85-24Incomplete combustion, 24-11Incompressible gas, 16-3 (ftn)Inconsistent system, 3-7Incremental

analysis, 85-17cost, 85-31

Indefinite integral, 9-1, 9-1 (ftn), 9-1, 9-2,

9-4, A-10

Indempotent law, sets, 11-1Independent

event, 11-3variable, 3-2wire rope core, 45-20

Independent float, GIndeterminacy

degree of, 46-1kinematic, degree of, 47-10static, degree of, 47-7

Indeterminatebeams, A-78–A-82

statics, 46-1truss, 46-6

Indexaggressive, 26-16compressibility, 35-24compression, 35-24, 40-4compression, secondary, 40-6contour, 78-20density, 35-7group, 35-5Langelier, 26-16liquidity, 35-21Mohlman, Gmost probable number, 27-4plasticity, 35-21recompression, 40-4reconsolidation, 35-24reliability, 67-2, 67-3reliability, LRFD, 67-3

roughness height, 2-4Ryznar, 26-16shrinkage, 35-21sludge volume, 30-6spring, 45-19 (ftn)swelling, 35-24, 40-4terminal serviceability, 76-12, 76-15viscosity, 14-9

Indicatororganism, 27-4solution, 25-2, 25-2

Indirect manufacturing expense, 85-32Induced drag, 17-39Inductance, 83-6Induction motor, 18-10, 83-12

Inductivereactance, 83-6transducer, 84-4

Inductor, 83-6Industrial

exemption, 88-1pollution, types, 34-17

wastewater, 28-1, 28-8, 29-2

wastewater, standards, 29-1Inelastic

analysis, 47-2buckling, 61-4impact, 73-15strain, 43-2

Inertia, 71-1area moment, 42-3cracked, transformed, 50-11force, 71-1, 73-5mass moment of, 71-2polar moment, 42-5principal moment, 42-8product of, 42-6, 71-2resistance, vehicle, 75-1vector, 71-1, 73-5 (ftn)

Inertialforce, 71-1, 73-5,resisting force, vehicle, 75-1separator, 34-6survey, 78-6

Infant mortality, 11-7Infective dose, 27-6Infiltration, 20-7 (ftn), 21-9, G

sewer, 28-2Infinite series, 3-11, 3-11 (ftn)Inflation, 85-39Inflection point, 7-2, 8-2

assumed, 47-18deflection, 44-16

Inflow, 28-2Influence

chart, 40-2, 40-3

cone, 40-2diagram, 41-10, 46-7–46-13graph, 41-10line, 41-10radius of, 21-5, 31-6value, 40-2zone of, 40-2

Influent, Gstream, G

Infrared incineration, 34-11testing, 43-11

Initialabstraction, 20-2, 20-19

loss, Gmodulus, 48-5rate of absorption, 68-4value, 9-3, 10-1

Injectionsorbent, 34-15well, 34-9

Injured party, 86-5Inlet

control, 19-26curb, 28-5grate, 28-5gutter, 28-5pressure, net positive, 18-2 (ftn)

In-line filtration, 26-2Innovative method, 32-13

Inorganicchemical, 28-14salt, removal, in wastewater, 29-3

In-placedensity test, 35-20form, concrete, 49-6recycling, 76-22

Insecticide, 32-11 (see also Pesticide)Insensitivity, 11-13, 84-2In situ, 35-17, G

form, concrete, 49-6Instability, 84-2Instantaneous center, 72-12, 72-13

of rotation, 66-6Instrument

coefficient of, 17-27factor, 78-8height of, 80-7person, 80-6

Insurance, 86-7Intangible property, 85-20 (ftn)Integral, 9-1, 9-2

convolution, 10-7cosine function, 9-8definite, 9-1 (ftn), 9-4double, 9-3elliptic function, 9-8 (ftn)exponential function, 9-8Fresnel function, 9-8 (ftn)function, 9-8gamma function, 9-8 (ftn)indefinite, 9-1, 9-4, A-10

of combination of functions, 9-2of hyperbolic function, 9-2of transcendental function, 9-1sine function, 9-8triple, 9-3

Integrand, 9-1Integrating factor, 10-2Integration, 9-1

by parts, 9-2by separation of terms, 9-3constant of, 9-1, 10-1

Intensity-duration-frequency curve, 20-5Intensity, rainfall, 20-4Interaction

criterion, stability, 62-2criterion, strength, 62-2diagram, 52-4–52-6, A-91–A-93,

A-103–A-108

diagram, masonry wall, 69-9

equation, 62-2Intercept

cohesion, 35-25form, 7-5

Interception, GInterceptor, 28-3Interchange, highway, 74-20 (see also type)

parclos, 74-21Interest

compound, 85-11rate, effective, 85-5, 85-28rate, nominal, 85-28simple, 85-11

Interfacialarea, 34-17friction angle, 31-5, 31-5

Interference, 45-5Interflow, GIntergranular, 22-17

attack, 22-16corrosion, 22-15

Ind

ex


Interior angle, 78-13, 79-1Intermediate

clarifier, 29-11column, 45-3, 61-4metals, law of, 84-7stiffener, 59-5, 63-3temperatures, law of, 84-7

Intermittent sand filter, 29-11Internal

energy, 13-4force, 41-2, 41-13, 73-2friction, angle of, 35-16, 35-25, 40-7, 43-7,

73-7rate of return, 85-12work, 13-2, 43-6

International Building Code, 58-4International standard atmosphere, A-34

Intern engineer, 88-1 (ftn)Interpolating polynomial, Newton’s, 12-3Interpolation, nonlinear, 12-2, 12-3Intersecting lines, 2-1Intersection

line, 7-6set, 11-1signalized, 74-12signal warrant, 74-14

Intervalconfidence, 78-2factor, 78-8pace, 74-4recurrence, 20-5

Intrinsicpermeability, 21-2waste, 32-2

Intrusive igneous rock, 35-31Invar, 78-7

rod, 78-9Inventory, 85-37

value, 85-37Inversability, 78-6Inverse

condemnation, Gfunction, 6-4Laplace transform, 10-6matrix, 4-5-square field, 73-17

Inversing, 78-12Inversion

Fourier, 9-6lining, 40-11

Inversion layer, GInvert, 19-26Inverted siphon, GIn-vessel composting, 30-19Investment

credit, 85-25return on, 85-11, 85-14

In vitro, GIn vivo, GIOC, 28-14Iodine, 26-17Ion, G

common, effect, 22-10exchange regeneration, 26-15exchange softening, 26-14hydrogen, Ghydronium, Gproduct, 22-12

Ionic concentration, 22-9Ionization constant, 22-12, 22-12

Ionized HOCl fraction, 26-16

Ironbacteria, 27-3ion, in water, 25-6, 26-12loss, 83-15pipe, A-23

removal processes, 26-12

Irradiation, 26-18Irrational number, 3-1Irreducible factor, 85-2Irreversible reaction, 22-10ISA nozzle, 17-30 (ftn)Isentropic

compressibility, 14-13compression, 30-9efficiency, 30-9

Isogonic line, GIsohyet, 20-2Isohyetal method, 20-2Isolated footing, 36-2Isolation joint, 77-9Isometric view, 2-3Isometry, 7-3Isopiestic equilibrium, 14-9Isothermal

compressibility, 14-13compression, 15-12

Isotope, 22-2, Geffect, 22-2 (ftn)

Iteration, fixed-point, 12-2Izod test, 43-15

J

Jack, hydraulic, 15-14Jacking

frost, 38-6pipe, 40-11

Jackson and Moreland alignment chart, 53-2,53-3, 61-3

Jam density, 74-6JB Johnson formula, 45-3Jet

force on blade, 17-33force on plate, 17-32propulsion, 17-32pump, 18-2

Job cost accounting, 85-35Joint (see also type)

construction, 77-1efficiency, 16-10, 45-11lap, 66-2lap, bolted, 45-10pavement, 77-9probability, 11-3processing, 28-1quality factor, 16-10reinforcement, 68-6type, 66-2

Jointedconcrete pavement, 77-1reinforced concrete pavement, 77-1

Joints, method of, 41-14Joist, 59-2

construction, 50-18Joule, 1-6

equivalent, 13-1Joule’s

constant, 13-1law, 13-5

Journal, 85-33Judgment factor, 85-2Jump, hydraulic, 19-22, GJuvenile water, G

K

Kepler’s law, 73-18Kern, 44-12, 70-3Kernal, 44-12Ketone, 23-3 (tbl)Key (footing), 37-1Kick-out, toe, 39-4Kilograin (unit), 26-15 (ftn)Kinematic

equation, Manning, 20-3GPS survey, 78-6indeterminacy, degree of, 47-10viscosity, 14-8, 16-7wave formula, 20-4

Kineticenergy, 13-3, 16-2model, CSTR, 30-7model, PFR, 30-7pump, 18-2

Kinetics, 73-2reaction, 22-11

reaction, irreversible, 22-10reaction, reversible, 22-11

Kingdom, 27-1, GKirchoff’s voltage law, 83-3Knoop hardness, 43-13Knudsen number, 1-9 (tbl)Krause process, GKutta-Joukowsky theorem, 17-38Kutter equation, 19-4 (ftn)k-value, 45-19, 77-4, 77-5

kVA rating, 83-12K-waste, 32-2

L

Labordirect, 85-32 variance, 85-36

Laboratory strength, 40-9Lacing bar, 61-2Lag

equation, NRCS, 20-4time, 20-10, 20-11

Lagging, Gcircuit, 83-7storm method, 20-13

Lagoon, aerated, 29-4, Gstabilization, 29-4

Lagrange stream function, 17-3Lagrangian interpolating polynomial, 12-2L’Hôpital’s rule, 3-9Lake

dimictic, Gmeromictic, Gmonomictic, Gpolymictic, G

Lame’s solution, 45-5 Laminae, 16-7Laminar flow, 16-7, 17-5Lamp hole, GLand ban, 33-2Landfill, 31-2

cap, 31-5capacity, 31-3containment, 31-2gas, 31-5monitoring, 31-8natural attenuation, 31-2siting, 31-5sludge, 30-18Subtitle C, 31-3Subtitle D, 31-3



I-26


I N D E X I-27


Landvault, 31-2Lane

auxiliary, Gdistribution factor, 76-13median, Goccupancy ratio, G

Langelierindex, 26-16saturation index, 26-16

Lang lay, 45-20Lanthanide, 22-2Lanthanon, 22-2Lap joint, 66-2

bolted, 45-10Laplace

transform, 10-5transform of a derivative, 10-6transform table, A-11

Lapse rate, GLarge eccentricity, 52-5Last-in, first out, 85-37Late distribution, 74-6Late group, critical, 74-11Latency, 27-6Lateral, G

bracing, 59-3buckling, 44-18earth pressure, coefficient, 38-3pressure on formwork, 49-6ratio, 79-7spreading cracking, pavement, 76-5strain, 43-4support, 59-3tie, masonry column, 70-2

Latex-modified concrete, 77-10 synthetic, 76-6

Lath, 80-3Latitude, 78-12Latus rectum, 7-10, 7-11Launching, 75-8Law

affinity, 18-18Archimedes’, 15-14associative, addition, 3-3associative, multiplication, 3-3Avogadro’s, 22-4, Gcommutative, addition, 3-3 commutative, multiplication, 3-3Dalton’s, 24-13, 31-6Darcy’s, 21-2, 31-7, 35-22distributive, 3-3Henry’s, 22-7, 34-16Hess’, 22-14Hooke’s, 43-2, 44-2Joule’s, 13-5Kepler’s, 73-18Newton’s cooling, 10-10Newton’s first, 73-4Newton’s, gravitation, 73-18Newton’s second, 73-4Newton’s third, 73-5of areas, 73-18of conservation of energy, 13-2of cosines, 6-5, 6-6of definite proportions, 22-3of homogeneous circuits, 84-7of intermediate metals, 84-7of intermediate temperatures, 84-7of mass action, 22-10, 22-11of multiple proportions, 22-3of orbits, 73-18

of periods, 73-18of sines, 6-5, 6-6of tangents, 6-5Pascal’s, 15-4sets, 11-1similarity, 18-19Stokes’, 17-39, 26-4strength, Abram’s, 48-4

Laylang, 45-20regular, 45-20

Layerboundary, 16-8 (ftn)coefficient, 76-18impervious, Ginversion, Gstrength coefficient, 76-18

-thickness equation, 76-18Leachate, 31-6

carbon dioxide in, 31-8generation rate, 31-7migration, 31-7recovery, 31-8treatment, 31-8

Leachingcesspool, 29-2selective, 22-16

Lead, 32-9angle, bolt, 45-13

Leading circuit, 83-7Leak detection, 32-8Learning curve, 85-42, 85-42

Leastradius of gyration, 42-6, 61-4squares method, 11-13, 78-14

Le Chatelier’s principle, 22-9Ledger account, 85-33Legal speed limit, 74-3Legendre equation, 10-5Legionella pneumophila, 27-2Legionnaire’s disease, 32-4Length, 2-2, 61-2

arc, by integration, 9-5curve, 79-2, 79-3, 79-12curve, comfort, 79-15development, 55-5development, masonry, 68-5effective, column, 45-2, 53-2equivalent, 17-11, 17-12, A-31

of hydraulic jump, 19-24of spread, 76-7

Letter of agreement, 86-3Level

compensation, Gconfidence, 11-11maximum contaminant, 28-14of accuracy, 78-4of service, 74-3, 74-4, 74-7, 74-9, 74-16

piezometric, Gsurvey, 78-8, 78-9tangent resistance, 75-4

Leveler, 80-6Leveling, 78-9

direct, 78-9rod, 78-9

Lever, 41-10effectiveness, 15-14efficiency, 15-14

Leverage, 85-34Lewis number, 1-9 (tbl)Liability

account, 85-33

current, 85-34in tort, 86-5

Licensing, 88-1LIDAR, 78-5Life

-cycle cost, 85-20economic, 85-19fatigue, 43-9half-, 22-10service, 85-20

Lifeline rate, 83-7 (ftn)Lifetime, water treatment plant, 26-2Lift, 17-37, 31-2, 35-17

coefficient of, 17-37rotating cylinders, 17-38thickness, asphalt pavement, 76-8valve, 16-12

Lifting velocity, water, 21-4, 21-4

Lightdistance, 79-15metal, 22-2-sensitive detector, 84-4

Lightweightaggregate, 48-9concrete, 48-9

Lignite, 24-4Limb

falling, 20-6rising, 20-6

Limehydrated, 26-13slaked, 26-13-soda ash process, 26-13softening, 26-13 (ftn)

Limestone, sweetening with, 48-2Limit, 3-9

Atterberg, 35-4confidence, 11-11elastic, 43-2endurance, 43-9liquid, 35-21plastic, 35-21proportionality, 43-2shrinkage, 35-21simplifying, 3-9state, 67-2state design, 58-5

Limited partnership, 86-2Limiting

current, sensor, 84-4reactant, 22-7value, 3-9

Limnetic, GLimnology, GLindate, 32-11Line, 6-1 (ftn), 7-3

agonic, Gcentroid, 42-2current, 83-9dredge, 39-2energy grade, 16-9, 17-15equipotential, 17-3, 21-7failure, 35-25flow, 21-7, 29-2hydraulic grade, 16-9, 17-15intersection, 7-6isogonic, Gmud, 39-2, Gnormal vector, 8-6of action, 41-2, 5-1rupture, 35-25straight, 7-4

Ind

ex


surcharge, 37-5virgin compression, 35-23waiting, 74-21

Linearacceleration, 72-4deformation, 47-3differential equation, 10-1elastic analysis, 47-2equation, 3-7equations, simultaneous, 3-7expansion, coefficient, 44-3first-order, 10-2 force system, 41-4frequency, 83-4impulse, 73-12momentum, 73-2motion, 72-2regression, 11-13second-order, 10-3 spring, 13-2, 13-3 (ftn) system, 72-2variable differential transformer, 84-4yield, paving, 76-7

Linearity theorem, 10-6Liner

clay, 31-4double, 31-3flexible membrane, 31-3, 31-4geocomposite, 31-4synthetic membrane, 31-4

Linesangle between, 6-1intersecting, 2-1perpendicular, 2-1

Lining, pipe, 16-11Lintel, 59-2Lipid, GLipiphilic, GLiquefaction, 40-11Liquefied petroleum gas, 24-7Liquid

aromatic, 14-9 (ftn)fuel, 24-5immiscible, 15-12limit, 35-21penetrant testing, 43-12pore-squeeze, 31-7volatile, 14-9, 22-7 (ftn)

Liquidated damages, 86-7Liquidity index, 35-21Liquor, mixed, 30-2List, 15-17 (ftn)Liter, 1-6Lithium admixture, 48-2Lithotroph, 27-1Littoral, GLive load, GLloyd-Davies equation, 20-13 (ftn)Load

and resistance factor design, 58-4, 67-1buckling, 53-4-carrying wall, 54-2cell, 84-12combinations, 50-3composite, 57-3dead, 41-4, Gdistributed, 41-4, 41-6dominant, 46-13LRFD, 67-4

-elongation curve, 43-1equivalency factor, 76-12factor, 40-10, 50-3

factor, bedding, 40-9factor, jacking force, 50-3factored, 50-3factor, LRFD, 67-3factor method, 59-7live, Gmoving, 46-13noncomposite, 57-3overhung, 18-11proof, bolt, 45-8, 45-12service, 50-3shock, septage, 29-2thermal, 47-3transfer coefficient, 77-5, 77-5

truck, 76-14vector, 47-12

Loadingaxial, 44-11BOD, 29-8chemical, 34-18coefficients, buried pipe, 40-9

concentric, 44-11error, 84-2factor, 31-3hydraulic, 28-3, 29-8, 34-18impact, 44-7organic, 28-3, 29-8pump shaft, 18-11rate, 26-11sewage treatment plant, 28-3steel, 58-5steel, fatigue, 58-5surface, 26-5, 29-7, 29-8volumetric, 30-8weir, 26-6, 29-7

Loadometer, 76-12Loads on buried pipe, 40-8Loan, 85-39Local

buckling, 44-18, 59-4, 61-2, 61-7loss, 17-11, A-31

road, 74-3shear failure, 36-3

Locationlandfill, 31-5water treatment plant, 26-2

Locomotivediesel-electric, 75-4resistance, 75-3tractive force, 75-3

Locus of points, 7-2Loess, GLogarithm, 3-5

identities, 3-5

Log-spiral theory, 37-3Long

column, 52-1, 53-1, 61-4stress, 45-4-term deflection, 50-13-term liability, 85-34

Longitudinal stress, 45-4Loop, 74-21

pipe, 17-20ramp, 74-21

Los Angeles abrasion test, 76-4Loss

coefficient, 17-12, 17-12, 17-13

combustion, 24-15electrical machine, 83-15entrance, culvert, 17-19

factor, pulley, 41-11heat, 30-16

initial, Glocal, 17-11, A-31

lump-sum, 56-3lump-sum, AASHTO, 56-3

minor, 17-11, A-31

prestress/pretension, 56-3time-dependent, 56-3

Lost time, 74-13Lot, parking, 74-18

dimensions, 74-19

Low-alkali cement, 48-2excess-air burner, 34-12-heat portland cement, 48-2-lift loader, 76-7NOx burner, 34-12-rate filter, 29-8-strength material, controlled, 48-9-sulfur coal, 24-4

Lowerbound, 9-4heating value, 24-14

LRFD, 58-4, 67-1Lump

coal, 24-4-sum fee, 86-4-sum loss, 56-3-sum loss, AASHTO, 56-3

Lysimeter, G

M

Machine, 41-19-drilled pile, 38-6electric, 83-14

ideal, 13-6real, 13-6

Mach number, 1-9 (tbl), 14-14Maclaurin series, 8-7 (ftn)Macrofouling, 27-4Macrophyte, 25-7Macroporous resin, 26-15Macroreticular resin, 26-15Magma, 35-31Magnaflux, 43-11Magnaglow, 43-11Magnesia, 24-3 (ftn)Magnesium, structural, properties, A-72

Magneticazimuth, 74-25declination, 78-11flowmeter, 17-26meridian, 78-11particle testing, 43-11

Magnus effect, 17-38Main, G

force, 28-4, Gsewer, 28-2

Majoraxis, 61-4, 7-11plant, 28-3source, pollution, 32-2

Malaria, control of, 32-11Malodorous, GManey formula, 45-12Manganese

ion, in water, 25-6, 26-12removal processes, 26-12

Manhole, 28-5Manning

constant, 19-4constant, variations, 19-5equation, 19-4



I-28


I N D E X I-29


equation nomograph, A-38

kinematic equation, 20-3roughness coefficient, 19-4, A-37

roughness coefficient, sheet flow, 20-3

Manometer, 15-2, 15-3differential, 15-3open, 15-3

Mantissa, 3-5Manual on Uniform Traffic Control

Devices, 74-2, 74-12, 74-23Manufactured gas, 24-7 (ftn)Manufacturing cost, 85-32Map

scale, 78-19symbols, 78-20

topographic, 78-19Mapping

aerial, 78-17function, 7-3

Marble, 35-31Margin

boiling-point, 32-8of safety, 67-1

Market value, 85-23Markings, construction stake, 80-4

Marl, GMarshall

mix criteria, 76-10

mix method, 76-9Marshland survey, 78-5Marston coefficients, 40-9

Marston’s formula, 40-8Martensitic stainless steel, 22-16 (ftn)Masking, 34-15Masonry, 68-1

absorption, 68-3clay, 68-2column, 70-1compressive strength, 68-2, 68-3

cross sections, properties, A-98–A-102

density, 15-12embedment length, 68-5mortar, 69-3partially grouted, 69-4plain, 69-2properties, 68-2, 68-3seismic performance category, 70-2unit, 68-1unreinforced, 69-2wall 69-2wall, allowable stress, 69-3

wall, interaction diagram, 69-9

Mass, 1-1, 71-1action, law of, 22-10, 22-11burning, 31-9center of, 71-1curve, 20-2diagram, 20-21, 80-2moment of inertia, 71-2, A-109

sludge, 26-10, 30-12-to-power ratio, 75-7-transfer coefficient, 34-17yield, 31-10

Mastic, split, 76-23Mat, 36-8Material

anisotropic, 5-1breach, 86-5low-strength, controlled, 48-9orthotropic, Gpipe, 16-9recovery facility, 31-10

safety data sheet, 82-1variance, 85-36

Matrix, 4-1 (see also by name)algebra, 4-3inverse, 4-5multiplication, 4-4order, 4-1transformation, 5-3type, 4-1, 4-2

Mattermineral, 24-3volatile, 24-4

Maturation pond, 29-4Maximum

capacity, 74-6contaminant level, 25-5, 28-14contaminant level goal, 25-5deflection, concrete beam, 50-14

dry density, 35-17flame temperature, 24-15flood, probable, 20-6flow, 74-6fluid velocity, 17-3

plastic moment, 59-12

point, 8-2precipitation, probable, 20-6prestress, 56-6, 56-7

rainfall, probable, Gservice flow rate, 74-5shear envelope, 47-20shear stress theory, 43-8slenderness ratio, steel tension member,

60-3specific gravity, 76-8specific growth rate, 30-7stress, with and without shoring, 64-4value, sinusoid, 83-5velocity in pipe, 17-3velocity, open channel, 19-25yield coefficient, 28-6

MCL, 25-5, 28-14MCLG, 25-5Mean, 11-10

arithmetic, 11-10cell residence time, 30-6, 30-8depth, hydraulic, 19-2 (ftn)geometric, 11-10residence time, 29-7sea level, 78-7speed, 74-4speed, space, Gstress, 43-9time to failure, 11-7velocity, open channel, 19-2

Meander corner, GMeandering stream, G Measurement, flow, 17-25, 26-4Mechanical

advantage, 41-10advantage, pulley block, 41-11

seal, 34-12, 34-13

similarity, 17-42Mechanism, 41-19, 47-2Media

factor, 29-10packing, 34-16

Median, 11-10, Glane, Gspeed, 74-4

Medium screen, wastewater, 29-5Meinzer unit, 21-2

Memberaxial, 41-11redundant, 41-13three-force, 41-6two-force, 41-6zero-force, 41-13

Membranereinforced, 31-4support, 40-10supported, 31-4synthetic, 31-4unreinforced, 31-4unsupported, 31-4

Meningitis, 27-2Meningoencephalitis, 27-2Meniscus, 14-11Mensuration, 7-1

pile, 80-1, 80-2three-dimensional, A-9

two-dimensional, A-7

Mer, 26-6Mercaptan, 27-6Mercury, density, 14-3, back endpaper

Merge gore area, 74-22Merging taper, 74-26Meridian, 78-11, GMeromictic lake, GMesh, steel A-90

Mesophile, 27-1Mesophyllic bacteria, GMetabolism, 27-5, GMetacenter, 15-17Metacentric height, 15-17Metal, 22-2

alkali, 22-2alkaline earth, 22-2base, 66-1concentration, 28-14filler, 66-1heavy, 22-2, 28-14light, 22-2pipe, corrugated, A-31

total, in wastewater, 28-14transition, 22-2 (ftn), 22-3weld, 66-1

Metalimnion, GMetallic properties, 22-2Metalloid, 22-2Metals, properties, A-73–A-75

Metamorphic rock, 35-31Metathesis, 22-6 (ftn)Meteoric water, GMeter

current, 17-26displacement, 17-25obstruction, 17-25orifice, 17-29pressure, 14-3turbine, 17-26variable-area, 17-25venturi, 17-27

Metering, pump, 18-4Methane

gas, 30-15heating value, 30-16landfill, 31-5properties, 31-6series, 24-2sludge, 30-15

Methanol, 24-7Methemoglobinemia, 25-8

Ind

ex


Method (see also type)60-degree, 40-2absolute volume, 77-2allowable stress, 50-3area transformation, 44-19average end area, 80-2beta-, 38-3bisection, 12-1, 3-4Bowditch, 78-14Casagrande, 35-24chord offset, 79-5compatibility, 46-2consistent deformation, 46-2cut-and-sum, 41-15deflection angle, 79-3direct design, 51-6double meridian distance, 78-16elastic, 66-4equivalent axial compression, 62-1equivalent frame, 51-5extraction, 76-9Hardy Cross, 17-23isohyetal, 20-2lagging storm, 20-13Marshall mix, 76-9Newton’s, 12-2nonsequential drought, 20-20normal-ratio, 20-2numerical, 3-4of consistent deformations, 44-19, 47-7of coordinates, 78-15of joints, 41-14of least squares, 11-13of sections, 41-15of undetermined coefficients, 3-6, 10-4parallelogram, 5-3polygon, 5-3prism test, 68-3rational, modified, 20-20rational, peak runoff, 20-13regula falsi, 12-2 (ftn)S-curve, 20-13stadia, Gstation offset, 79-5storage indication, 20-21strength design, 50-3superposition, 46-4surface area, 76-7tangent offset, 79-5Thiessen, 20-2unit strength, 68-3Winfrey, 85-16 (ftn)

Methods, numerical, 12-1Methyl alcohol, 24-7Methyl bromide, 32-11Methylmercury, GMetolachlor, 32-11Metric system, 1-4Meyer hardness, 43-13Meyerhof bearing capacity factors, 36-3,

36-4

for piles, 38-2

Mho, 83-2 (ftn)Mica, 35-31Microbe, 27-1

growth, 28-6Micronized coal, 24-5 (ftn)Microorganism, 27-1, GMicropile, 38-6Microsilica, 48-3Microstrain, 84-8Microstrainer, 26-3, 26-12

Microtunneling, 40-11Microwave asphalt recycling, 76-23Middle strip, slab, 51-6Midspan beam deflection, prestressing, 56-4

Migration, leachate, 31-7Miles per gallon, 75-3Milligram equivalent weight, 22-8Milligrams per liter, 22-8Million, part per, 22-8Mineral

aggregate, 76-3detrial, Gfiller, 76-3matter, 24-3

Minimumattractive rate of return, 85-14, 85-16bolt tension, 65-3

concrete beam thickness, 50-13

concrete beam width, 50-5

design speed, 74-4

fillet weld size, 66-3

point, 8-2thickness, slab, 51-2, 51-2, 51-8

velocity, open channel, 19-2Minipile, 38-6Minor

axis, 61-4, 7-11loss, 17-11, A-31

of entry, 4-2plant, 28-3

Minusdeclination, 78-11sight, 78-9

Mirex, 32-11Missing

angle, traverse, 78-15side, traverse, 78-15

Mixasphalt, 76-3asphalt concrete, 76-4

flow value, 76-11plant, Groad, G stability, 76-11tender, 76-5

Mixedflow pump, 18-4, 18-4 (ftn)flow reaction turbine, 18-23liquor, 30-2liquor suspended solids, 30-5liquor volatile suspended solids, 30-5triple product, 5-4

Mixer, 26-8asphalt, 76-6flash, 26-8paddle, 26-8quick, 26-8rapid, 26-8

Mixingcomplete, 26-8, Gconcrete, 49-5model, complete, 26-8opportunity parameter, 26-9plug flow, 26-8problem, 10-8rate constant, 26-8Reynolds number, 26-9velocity, 26-8water, concrete, 77-3

Mixture, Gconcrete, 49-1 (see also type)concrete, typical, 48-1

proportioning, concrete, 77-2rule, 32-2sweetening, 48-2

Mks system, 1-4MLSS, 30-5MLVSS, 30-5MMA concrete, 48-8Mobile batcher mixer, 49-5Mode, 11-10

free-flow, 19-14speed, 74-4submerged, 19-14

Model, 17-42Bingham-plastic, 17-11

Modelingstormwater, 20-22watershed, 20-22

ModifiedDavis equation, 75-4portland cement, 48-1Proctor test, 35-18rational method, 20-20

Modifier, asphalt, 76-5Modular ratio, 44-19, 50-11, 56-3, 57-3, 57-3,

64-2Modulus, 3-8

apparent, 43-10bulk, 14-13bulk, water, 14-14

chord, masonry, 68-3creep, plastics, 43-11fineness, 48-2of elasticity, 43-2, 43-2, 44-2, 58-2of elasticity, concrete, 48-4, 77-4of elasticity, steel, 48-7of resilience, 43-6of rigidity, 43-7of rupture, 50-12, 77-4of rupture, concrete, 48-6of subgrade reaction, 35-30, 35-30, 76-15,

77-4of toughness, 43-6plastic section, 59-10resilient, 76-15, Gsecant, 43-4, 48-5secant bulk, 14-13section, 42-7, 44-11, 59-2shear, 43-7, 43-8, 44-2, 58-2subgrade, 35-30, 35-30

tangent, 48-5tangent bulk, 14-13Young’s, 43-2, 44-2, 48-4

Mohlman index, GMohr-Coulomb equation, 35-25 (ftn)Mohr’s

circle, 42-8, 44-6theory of rupture, 43-7

Mohshardness, 43-13hardness scale, 43-14

Moist density, 35-7Moisture

bed, 24-3condition, antecedent, 20-16 (ftn)content, 35-7content, optimum, 35-17, 35-19

content, soil, 21-2Molality, 22-8Molar

specific heat, 13-4volume, 22-4

Molarity, 22-8



I-30


I N D E X I-31


Mole, 22-4, Gfraction, 14-5, 22-8, 24-2percent, 14-6

Molecular weight, 22-4, GMolecule, 22-1

spacing, 14-2hydrated, 22-4

Moment, 44-8about a line, 41-3about a point, 41-2amplification factor, 62-1area method, 44-14arm, 41-2capacity, 50-6coefficient, ACI, 47-19, 47-19

component, 41-3cracking, 50-12, 56-5diagram, 44-8diagram, plastic, 59-12distribution, 51-6, 51-7

distribution method, 47-2, 47-13distribution worksheet, A-88

first, area, 42-2fixed-end, 46-6, A-81, A-82

free, 41-4, 41-9gradient multiplier, 59-3, A-96, A-96

hydrostatic, 15-11maximum plastic, 59-12

of a function, first 9-6of a function, second 9-6of area, first, 46-5of inertia, area, 42-3, A-71

of inertia, cracked, 50-11of inertia, effective, 50-12, 64-3of inertia, gross, 50-12of inertia, mass, 71-2, A-109

of inertia, polar, 42-5of inertia, principal, 42-8of inertia, transformed, 64-3of momentum, 73-3one-way, 44-8 (ftn)overturning, dam, 15-11-resisting connection, 65-7righting, 15-16second, 42-3statical, 42-2, 44-10ultimate plastic, 59-11

Momentumangular, 73-3conservation, 73-2fluid, 17-31linear, 73-2

Monitorsteel, 45-20well, 21-4, 31-8

Monitoring, landfill, 31-8Monod’s equation, 28-6Monofill, sludge, 30-18Monomial, 3-3Monomictic, GMonte Carlo simulation, 20-21Montreal Protocol, 32-6Moody friction factor chart, 17-6, 17-6

Mortality, infant, 11-7Mortar, 68-4

masonry, 69-3Most

economical shape, 58-5efficient cross section, 19-9likely value, 78-1probable number index, 27-4

Motionconstrained, 73-9dependent, 72-11impending, 73-6linear, 72-2plane, 72-11projectile, 72-4relative, 72-9uniform, 72-3

Motor, 83-11, 83-14, A-117, A-118

electrical, 83-10gear, 18-11induction, 83-12octane number, 24-6size, 18-10, 18-10

speed control, 83-15synchronous, 83-13

Mountain survey, 78-5Movement, critical, 74-12Moving

average forecast, 85-41load, 46-13

MPN, 27-4MSDS, 82-1MSW, 31-1MTTF, 11-7Mud line, 39-2, GMulti-dial controller, 74-15Multilane highway, 74-10Multiloop pipe system, 17-23Multimedia filter, 26-10Multiplate, A-31Multiple

hypergeometric distribution, 11-5pipe containment, 34-13reservoir, 17-21-stage pump, 18-4wythe, 69-11

Multiplication,matrix, 4-4vector, 5-3

Multiplierbearing capacity factors, 36-4

moment gradient, 59-3, A-96, A-96

Municipalsolid waste, 31-1, 31-2, 31-10

solid waste landfill, 31-2wastewater, 28-2water demand, 26-18

Mushroom cap, 82-2Mussel, 27-4

zebra, 27-4MUTCD, see “Manual on Uniform Traffic

Control Devices”Mycobacteria, 27-2Mycrocystis aeruginosa, 27-2

N

Naegleria fowleri, 27-2Nailing, soil, 40-11Nameplate

motor, 83-11rating, 18-10

Names and formulas of chemicals, A-52

Nanofiltration, 26-18Naphthalene series, 24-2Napierian logarithm, 3-5Nappe, 19-10National

Council of Examiners for Engineering andSurveying, 88-1

primary drinking water standards, 25-5,A-55

Research Council, 29-9Society of Professional Engineers, 87-1,

87-3Natural

attenuation landfill, 31-2frequency, 9-6gas, 24-11

logarithm, 3-5watercourse, 19-10

Natural Resources Conservation Service, 20-10

Necking down, 43-4Needed fire flow, 26-19Needle

pile, 38-6valve, 16-12

Negativedeclaration, 32-3exponential distribution, 11-7skin friction, 38-6

Negligence, 86-5NEMA motor size, 18-10, 83-11

Nematode, 27-4Nephelometric turbidity unit, 25-8Nest, piezometer, GNet

allowable bearing pressure, 36-2area, 60-1, 60-2area, critical, 60-2area, effective, 60-3bearing capacity, 36-4flow, 20-7, 21-7heating value, 24-14inlet pressure required, 18-14 (ftn)positive inlet pressure, 18-2 (ftn)positive suction head, 18-14rain, 20-7 (ftn), 20-19, Gstack temperature, 24-13

Netting, draining, 31-3Network

pipe, 17-23roadway, warrant, signalization, 74-15

Neutralaxis, 44-10equilibrium, 73-2pressure, 21-8solution, 22-9, 25-1stress, 35-14stress coefficient, 21-9

Neutralization, 22-9, 34-18Neutron

gaging, 43-12radiography, 43-12

Newmark chart, 40-2Newton form, 12-3 (ftn)Newtonian fluid, 14-2, 14-6Newton’s

first law, 73-4gravitational constant, 73-18, 73-18

interpolating polynomial, 12-3law of cooling, 10-10law of gravitation, 73-18method, 12-2second law, 73-4third law, 73-5

Nikuradse equation, 17-5NIMBY, 31-5Nitrate

in wastewater, 28-13in water, 25-10

Ind

ex


Nitric oxide, 32-9Nitrification, 28-9Nitrification/denitrification process, 29-12Nitrile, 23-1 (tbl), 23-3 (tbl)Nitro, 23-1 (tbl)Nitrogen

dioxide, 32-9fixation, Gin wastewater, 28-13ion, in water, 25-8oxides, 32-9-oxygen ratio, 24-8

Nitrogenous demand, 28-9, GNitrous oxide, 32-9 (ftn)No-boiler incinerator, 31-9Noble gas, 22-2Node, 7-2, 81-1, GNoise

exposure level, 82-3

level limit, 82-2Nominal

damages, 86-7dimension, pipe, 16-10interaction diagram, 52-5interest rate, 85-28shear strength, 50-17system voltage, 83-5 (ftn)value, 50-4

Nonattainment area, 32-2Nonbearing wall, 54-1Noncarbonate hardness, 25-3, 25-4

removal, 26-13Noncatalytic reduction, selective, 34-15Noncircular duct, 17-9Nonclog pump, 18-5Noncohesive soil, 37-2Noncomposite load, 57-3Nonconcentric tension connection, 66-4Noncriteria pollutant, 32-2Nondestructive testing, 43-11, 43-14Nonhomogeneous differential equation,

10-1, 10-4Nonhomogeneous linear equation, 3-7Noninertial frame, 72-9Nonlinear

interpolation, 12-2, 12-3regression curves, 11-14

Nonmetal, 22-2Nonparametric equation, 3-3Nonpathogenic, GNonphotosynthetic bacteria, 27-3Nonplastic soil, 35-21Nonpoint source, GNonpotable water, 27-1Nonquantifiable factor, 85-2Nonrectangular channel, 19-18Nonreverse-flow valve, 16-12Nonsequential drought method, 20-20Nonsingular matrix, 4-5Non-SI units, 1-7

Nonstriping sight distance, GNonuniform flow, 19-2, 19-14Nonvibration concrete, 48-9Nonvolatile solids, 30-5Nonwoven fabric, 40-11Normal

acceleration, 72-8curve, A-10

depth, 19-6, Gdepth, rectangular channel, 19-6distribution, 11-6force, 73-6, 75-4

force, on a dam, 15-12form, 7-5line vector, 8-6portland cement, 48-1-ratio method, 20-2slope, 19-3speed, 73-19stress, 44-2temperature and pressure, 24-3vector, 7-6view, 2-1weight concrete, 48-9

Normality, 22-8Normalized eccentricity, 52-3Normally consolidated, 35-23

curve, 40-4soil, 40-4, G

Northridge earthquake, 65-6Notch

-brittle, 43-6 (ftn)factor, fatigue, 43-10sensitivity, 43-10stress concentration, 44-5toughness, 43-14

NOx, 32-9control, 24-5

Nozzle, 17-27ASME long radius, 17-30 (ftn)coefficient, 18-21flow, 17-30ISA, 17-30 (ftn)loss, turbine, 18-22

NPDES, 29-1, 32-12NPSHR, hydrocarbon, 18-21

NRC equation, 29-9NRCS, 20-3, 20-10

curve number, 20-15dimensionless unit hydrograph, 20-11

graphical method, 20-19lag equation, 20-4peak discharge, 20-19synthetic unit hydrograph, 20-10, 20-11

NSPE (see National Society of ProfessionalEngineers)

NTU, 25-10Nuclear

density gauge, 35-20gauge, 76-9sensing, 43-12

Nucleon, 22-1Nuisance flood, 20-6Null

event, 11-3hypothesis, 75-7indicator, 84-9matrix, 4-1point, 34-8position, 84-4region, 7-3set, 11-1

Numberatomic, 22-2, A-47, GAvogadro’s, 22-4cavitation, 18-15cetane, 24-7complex, 3-1, 3-7curve, NRCS, 20-15dimensionless, 1-7, 1-9 (tbl)direction, 7-5Eötvös, 17-43 Froude, 17-44, 19-18imaginary, 3-1

irrational, 3-1Mach, 14-14octane, 24-6odor, Godor threshold, 26-13of passes, effective, 29-9oxidation, 22-3, 22-3, Gperformance, 24-6random, A-46

rational, 3-1real, 3-1Reynolds, 16-7Reynolds, similarity, 17-43smoke spot, 24-13, 32-13stability, 39-2, 40-7structural, 76-12threshold odor, 26-13type, 3-1Weber, similarity, 17-45

Numbering system, 3-1Numerical method, 3-3, 12-1Nusselt number, 1-9 (tbl)Nut

coal, 24-4factor, 45-12

N-value, 35-17, 36-6correlations, 35-16

O

Objectively scored problems, 88-3Obligate aerobe, 27-3Obligate anaerobe, 27-3Oblique

axis, 2-2impact, 73-16perspective, 2-3triangle, 6-5, A-116

view, 2-2Observation well, G Observed yield, 30-8Obsidian, 35-31Obstruction meter, 17-25Obtuse angle, 6-1Occupancy ratio, lane, GOccupation Safety and Health Act, 82-1Occurrence, frequency of, 20-5Ocean dumping, sludge, 30-19O’Connor and Dobbins formula, 28-7Octane number, 24-6Odd symmetry, 7-4, 9-7 (tbl)Odor, 32-10

in water, 26-12number, Gnumber, threshold, 26-13sewage, 29-3

Oedometer test, 35-23Offer, 86-3Off-gas, 34-16Official benchmark, 78-7Offset, 75-15

chord, method, 79-5parallel, 43-3stake, 80-3, 80-5station, 79-5tangent, 79-4tangent, spiral, 79-16

Ogee spillway, 19-13Ohm’s law, 83-3, 83-6Oil

Bunker C, 24-5distillate, 24-6fuel, 24-5, 24-6



I-32


I N D E X I-33


residual fuel, 24-6spill, 32-10

Olefin series, 24-2Oligotrophic, GOnce-through cooling water, 32-6On-demand

controller, 74-16timing, 74-16

Onepercent flood, 20-6-tail limit, 11-12-third rule, 78-17-way draining, 40-5-way moment, 44-8 (ftn)-way shear, 44-7 (ftn), 55-2-way slab, 51-1

Opacity, smoke, 32-13Open

area, well screen, 21-4channel, 19-2channel, flow, nomograph, A-47

channel, flow, types, 19-2

channel, hydraulic parameters, 19-3

circuit, electrical, 83-2-cut method, 40-11-graded friction course, 76-3-graded mix, 76-3loop recovery, 34-3manometer, 15-3traverse, 78-13

Openings, sieve, 35-2, 35-2

Operatingexpense, 85-32point, pump, 18-17speed, 74-4

Operational form, log, 3-5Operations on complex numbers, 3-8Opportunity cost, 85-18Opposite side, 6-2Optical

density, 32-13holography, 43-12plummet, 78-8

Optimumdensity, 74-6moisture content, 35-19

speed, 74-6water content, 35-17

Orbiteccentricity, 73-19, 73-19

geostationary, 73-18law of, 73-18

Order, G differential equation, 10-1matrix, 4-1of accuracy, 78-4, 78-5

of the reaction, 22-10stream, G

Ordinate, 7-2Organic

acid, 23-2 (tbl)chemical, volatile, Gchemistry, 23-1color, in water, 25-8compound, 23-1compound family, 23-1compound, synthesis route, 23-3

compound, volatile, 28-14, 32-14, 34-3family, 23-2, 23-3

functional group, 23-1, 23-1, 23-3

loading, 28-3, 29-8matter, 35-5

polymer, 26-6precursor, 25-11, 25-12refractory, 28-6sedimentary rock, 35-31solid, dissolved, 29-3sulfur, 24-3trace, 29-3

Organism, indicator, 27-4Organohalogen, 32-10Organochlorine pesticide, 32-10Organophosphate, 32-11Organotroph, 27-1Orientation, angular, 5-1Orifice, 17-16

coefficients, 17-17

large, 17-18meter, 17-29plate, 17-29plate flow coefficients, 17-30

pressure loss, 17-29 (ftn)Orsat apparatus, 24-11Orthogonal, 7-2

vectors, 5-3view, 2-2

Orthographicoblique view, 2-3view, 2-2

Orthophosphate, 25-7Orthotrophic, GOrthotropic

bridge deck, Gmaterial, G

OSHA, 82-1noise limit, 82-3

Osmosis, Greverse, 26-18

Osmotic pressure, 14-9Othmer correlation, 14-11Outfall, GOutlet control, 19-26Overall

coefficient of heat transfer, 30-16efficiency, pump, 18-9stability constant, 22-12

Overautogenous waste, 34-8 (ftn)Overburden, 36-4

correction, 36-7

stress, 35-14Overchute, GOverconsolidated

curve, 40-4soil, 35-24, 40-4

Overconsolidation ratio, 35-24Overdraft, 21-5Overdrive gear, 75-2Overflow

rate, 26-5, 29-7spillway, 19-13

Overhaul, 80-3, GOverhead, 85-36Overhung load, 18-11Overland flow, 20-7, 20-7 (ftn), G

velocity, 20-4

Overload point, 18-16Overreinforced beam, 50-4Overturn, GOverturning

factor of safety, 15-11moment, dam, 15-11

Owner, 86-4Owners’ equity, 85-33Ownership, 86-1

Oxidant, 26-7, 32-10oxidation power, 34-4, 34-14

total residual, 29-12Oxidation, 23-2, G

ditch, 30-3number, 22-3, 22-3, Gpond, 29-4power, oxidants, 34-4, 34-14

process, advanced, 26-17state, 22-3tower, 29-8

Oxidesnitrogen, 32-9sulfur, 32-14

Oxygendeficit, 28-7demand, 30-9demand, biochemical, 28-8, Gdemand, chemical, 28-12dissolved, 28-7-enriched incineration, 34-12in water, dissolved, A-51

sag (Streeter-Phelps), 28-10saturation coefficient, 30-9transfer, rate of, 30-8

Oxygenate, 24-6, 24-7

Oxygenatedfuel, 32-5gasoline, 24-6

Oxygenation, 28-7rate constant, 28-7

Ozonation, 26-18, 34-14Ozone, 26-18

atmospheric, 32-5depleter, 32-11depletion, 32-5pollutant, 32-10

P

PAC, 29-12Pace, 74-4

group, 74-4interval, 74-4range, 74-4

Packed tower, 34-3, 34-16Packing

height of, 34-17media, 34-16

Pad, 36-8Paddle

mixer, 26-8velocity, relative, 26-8

Paint, pipe, 16-11Pan, G

evaporation, 20-21Panel

drop, 51-4shear, 46-11truss, 41-12

Panhandle formula, 17-9Pappus-Guldinus theorem, 42-3Pappus’ theorems, 9-5 Parabola, 7-10, 7-10

Parabolicaxis, 7-10cable, 41-17column formula, 45-3curve, 79-4, 79-10flare, 79-4taper, 79-4

Paradox, hydrostatic, 15-4Paraffin series, 24-2

Ind

ex


Parallelaxis theorem, 42-4, 71-2circuit, electrical, 83-4-flow mixer, 76-6force, 41-6line, 7-8offset, 43-3parking, 74-18perspective, 2-3pipe, 17-20pumps, 18-18reliability, 11-8spring, 45-19

Parallelogram method, 5-3Parameter

catenary, 41-18mixing opportunity, 26-9sludge, 30-5variation of, 10-4

Parametricequation, 3-2equation, derivative, 8-3equation, plane, 7-6

Parasites, 27-2Paratyphoid fever, 27-2Parclos, 74-21Parking, 74-18

accessible (disabled), 74-19

ADA accessible, 74-19diagonal, 74-18double-alternate, 74-18lot, 74-18lot dimensions, 74-19

parallel, 74-18stall, 74-18tandem, 74-18travers, 74-18

Parkway, GParshall flume, 19-13

K-values, 19-14

Partialcloverleaf interchange, 74-21composite action, 64-3, 64-4differentiation, 8-4emission, forced vortex pump, 18-12 (ftn)fraction, 3-6, 9-3pressure, 31-6pressure fraction, 24-2similarity, 17-45treatment, G

Partiallycompensated footing, 36-9filled circular pipes, A-15, A-39

grouted masonry, 69-4Particle size distribution, 35-2

chart, 35-4Particular solution, 10-4, 10-4 (tbl) Particulate matter, 32-10Partition coefficient, GPartner

general, 86-1limited, 86-2

Partnership, 86-1limited, 86-2

Part per million, 22-8 Parts, integration by, 9-2Pascal’s

law, 15-4, 15-14 (ftn)triangle, 3-3

Passenger car equivalent, 74-7

flow rate, 15 min, 74-11Passes, number of, effective, 29-9Passing sight distance, 75-5, 79-9, G

Passivecollection, gas, 31-6earth pressure, 37-2, 37-4pressure, G

Path, critical, 81-1, 81-2Pathogen, 27-1, 27-2

waterborne, 27-2Pathogenic, GPathway, GPattern, bond, 68-6Pavement

asphalt, 76-1asphalt, recycled, 76-2defect, 76-4drainage, 77-5dual-layer, 77-10flexible, Gflexible, AASHTO nomograph, 76-17

full-depth asphalt, 76-2, 76-19 grade, 79-17grooving, 77-10joint, 77-9minimum thickness, 76-17, 76-19

portland cement concrete, 77-1recycled, 76-6, 76-22recycling, PCC, 77-10rigid, 77-1, 77-4, Grigid, AASHTO nomograph, 77-6, 77-7

structural number, 76-18Paving

machine, 76-7temperature, 76-7

Pay as you throw, GPayback period, 85-38PCB, 32-10PCC, 48-1PDC (see Peak discharge compartment)P-delta

analysis, 47-16effect, 53-1, 62-1

PDO accident, 75-7Pea coal screening, 24-4Peak

demand multiplier, 83-7-discharge compartment, 32-12discharge, NRCS method, 20-19flame temperature, 32-9hour factor, 74-5hour warrant, signalization, 74-14runoff, 20-11runoff, rational method, 20-13time to, 20-10

Peaking factor, 28-2wastewater, 28-2

Peclet number, 1-9 (tbl)Pedestal, 52-1Pedestrian

circulation area, 74-15density, 74-17speed, 74-17unit flow rate, 74-17volume warrant, signalization, 74-15

Pedology, GPeltier effect, 84-6 (ftn)Pendulum, ballistic, 73-3Penetration

grading, 76-2resistance, 35-17test, standard, 35-17, 36-7treatment, G

Penetrometer test, cone, 35-17Penstock, 18-23

Per capita daily demand, 26-18Percent

mole, 14-6pore space, 35-7VMA, 76-9

Percentage yield, 22-7Percentile, 11-10

rank, 11-10speed, 74-4

Perception-reaction time, 79-8Perched spring, GPercolation, G

field, 29-2Per diem fee, 86-4Perfect

gases, A-61

reaction, 22-6Perforated cover plate, 61-2Performance

curve, pump, 18-16function, 11-8grading, 76-2incinerator, 34-10

number, 24-6period, 76-14

Perigee, 73-19Perihelion, 73-19Perimeter, wetted, 16-6, GPeriod, 85-2 (see also type)

aeration, 30-8chemical, 22-2detention, 26-5electrical, 83-4law of, 73-18of waveform, 9-6

Periodicchart, A-55

table, 22-2, A-48

time, 73-18waveform, 9-6

Permanenthardness, 25-4, G set, 43-2, 48-7

Permeability, 21-2, 21-2

coefficient of, 21-2intrinsic, 21-2soil, 35-22

specific, 21-2test, 35-22

Permeator, 35-22Permissible exposure limit, 82-2Permutation, 11-2

circular, 5-5Perpendicular

axis theorem, 42-5line, 7-8line principle, 2-1

Perpetual inventory system, 85-37Persistence, 27-6

pesticide, 32-10Personal

property, 85-20 (ftn)protective equipment, 82-2

Person-rem, GPerspective

angular, 2-3oblique, 2-3parallel, 2-3view, 2-2, 2-3

PERT, 81-3



I-34


I N D E X I-35


Pesticide, 32-10 (see also Volatile OrganicCompounds)

chlorinated, 32-10PFR, 30-6pH, 22-8, GPhase, 83-9

angle, 83-4, 83-6current, 83-9factor, 83-7signal, 74-11

Phasor form, 3-8, 83-5Phenol, 23-3 (tbl)Philadelphia rod, 78-9Phosphorous

ion, in water, 25-7removal, in wastewater, 29-3, 29-11

Photoautotroph, 27-3Photochemical

reaction, 32-10smog, 32-13

Photoelectric effect, 84-4Photogrammetric survey, 78-5Photogrammetry, 78-17Photosensitive conductor, 84-5Phototroph, 27-1Photovoltaic cell, 84-4Phreatic zone, 21-1, GPhreatophytes, GPhysical

constants, back endpaper

inventory, 85-37strain, 43-5stress, 43-5

Phytoplankton, GPick-up, 84-3 (ftn)Pictorial drawing, 2-2 (ftn)Pier, 38-6, 44-12, 45-2

shaft, GPIEV time, 75-5Piezoelectric

effect, 15-2, 84-4transducer, 84-4

Piezometer, Gnest, Gring, 15-2 (ftn)tube, 15-2

Piezometricheight, 21-2level, G

Pi-group, 1-8Pilaster, 70-1Pile, 38-1 (see also type)

batter, Gbearing capacity, ultimate, 38-1capacity, tensile, 38-5composite, 38-1friction, 38-1group, 38-5group efficiency, 38-5grouted, 38-6machine-drilled, 38-6Meyerhof values, 38-2

micro-, 38-6mini-, 38-6needle, 38-6pin, 38-6point-bearing, 38-1root, 38-6safe bearing value, 38-2safe load, 38-2settlement, 38-5small-diameter, 38-6

soldier, 39-1, Gtension, 38-5volume, 80-1, 80-2

Pile bent, GPiling

sheet, 39-4sheet, section modulus, 39-3

Pinned support, 41-7Pin pile, 38-6Pinworm, 27-2Pipe

asbestos-cement, 28-4bend, force on, 17-34buried, loads on, 40-8cast iron, 28-3, A-23

circular, A-15

clay, 28-4coating, 16-11concrete, 28-3, A-22

corrugated metal, A-33

eductor, 21-4entrance, 17-13exit, 17-12flexible, 40-8impact factors, 40-9

jacking, 40-11material, 16-9maximum velocity in, 17-3network, 17-23parallel, 17-20plastic, 28-3polyvinylchloride (PVC), 16-10, A-20,

A-21

riser, 21-4sag, Gseries, 17-19specifications, 16-11standards, 16-11steel, 16-11, A-16–A-19

system, multiloop, 17-23truss, 28-4ultimate strength, 40-9water, 26-20 (see also type)

Pipelines, submerged, 15-16Piping

geometry factor, 17-13symbols, A-24

Pitash, 24-3sheeted, G

Pitch, 73-2circular blade, 18-4helix, 7-12spacing, 60-2

Pitot-static gage, 17-27tube, 16-4tube traverse, G

Pitting, 22-16Pivot point, 39-4Placing concrete, 49-5Plain

jointed concrete pavement, 77-1masonry, 69-2sedimentation, 26-4sedimentation basin, 29-6steel pipe, 16-10

Plaintiff, 86-5Planar view, 2-2Plane, 7-6

angle, 6-1complex, 3-7

motion, 72-11, 73-2of bending, 59-2survey, 78-5table survey, 78-5tangent, 8-5

Planimeter, GPlaning, cold, 76-22Plant

hydroelectric generating, 18-23material recovery, 31-10mix, 76-6, Gresource recovery, 31-9waste-to-energy, 31-9waste-to-steam, 31-9

Plasma incineration, 34-12Plastic

analysis, 47-2, 47-17behavior, 44-2 (ftn)centroid, 52-5design, continuous beam, 59-10design method, 59-7hinge, 44-18, 47-2, 47-17impact, 73-15instability, pavement, 76-5limit, 35-21moment diagram, 59-12moment, maximum 59-12

moment, ultimate, 59-11pipe, 16-10, 28-3region, 48-7section modulus, 59-10strain, 43-2types, 32-11waste, 32-11water pipe, 26-20

Plasticity, 35-4index, 35-21test, 35-4

Plastics, 32-11

tests on, 43-10Plat, GPlate

beam bearing, 59-15bearing value test, 35-30column base, 61-9flat, 45-18, 51-4flat, uniform pressure, 45-18

girder, 59-2, 63-1girder, bending stress, 63-3girder, concentrated force, 63-5girder, flange, 63-2, 63-3girder, shear stress, 63-2jet force on, 17-32orifice, 17-29width tolerance, 58-3

Platoon, 74-17length, 74-16ratio, 74-12

Plow steel, 45-20 (ftn)Plug

flow, 30-6flow mixing model, 26-8flow reactor, 30-6valve, 16-12weld, 66-2

Plugging, 29-12, 34-15Plumb bob, 78-8Plummet, optical, 78-8Plunger pump, 18-2Plus

declination, 78-11sight, 78-9

Ind

ex


PMF, 20-6PMP, 20-6Pneumatic roller, 76-8Pneumonia, 27-2pOH, 22-8, GPoint

balance, 80-2-bearing pile, 38-1capacity, 38-2cloud, 24-7contraflexure, 7-2, 8-2, 39-4, 44-16counterflexure (see Contraflexure)critical, 8-2l, 28-10extreme, 8-2force, 41-2grade, 80-2, 80-5inflection, 7-2, 8-2, 44-16in time value, arbitrary, 67-4of application, 5-1of common curvature, 79-6of rotation, 79-7of sale, 85-37operating, 18-17pivot, 39-4pour, 24-7singular, 8-1, 8-3-slope form, 7-5source, Gsurcharge, 37-5terminal, 5-1-to-area rain conversion factors, 20-19

turning, 79-10yield, 43-2, 58-2

Poise, 14-7Poisoning, 34-15Poisson’s

distribution, 11-5ratio, 43-4, 43-4, 58-2ratio, concrete, 48-6

Polarcoordinate system, 7-3 (tbl), 7-4 (fig)form, 3-8, 7-5moment of inertia, 42-5

Pole, breakaway, 75-8Poling, 39-1Poliomyelitis, 27-2Polioviruses, 27-2Polishing

characteristic, pavement, 76-3filter, 29-11pavement, 76-5pond, 29-4

Pollutant, 32-2, GPollution, 32-1

industrial, types, 34-17

source, 32-2Polychlorinated byphenyl, 32-10Polyelectrolyte, 26-6Polygon method, 5-3Polymer, 32-11

asphalt modifier, 76-5concrete, 48-8, 77-10-modified asphalt, 76-5organic, 26-6-portland cement concrete, 48-8synthetic, 26-6water treatment, 26-6

Polymictic, GPolynomial, 3-3

characteristic, 4-7degree, 3-3Lagrangian interpolating, 12-2

Newton’s interpolating, 12-3standard form, 3-3

Polyphase motors, A-117

Polyphosphate, 25-7Polyprotic acid, 22-13Polysaccaride, 23-3 (tbl)Polytropic

compression, 15-13exponent, 15-13

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe, 16-10, A-20,A-21

Pondaerobic, 29-4anaerobic, 29-4facultative, 29-4, 29-5maturation, 29-4oxidation, 29-4polishing, 29-4stabilization, 29-4tertiary, 29-4

Population, 11-3adjustment factor, 74-8equivalent, 28-3

Porepressure, 35-14, 37-6, 38-3, 40-5space, percent, 35-7-squeeze liquid, 31-7velocity, 21-4water pressure, 35-14

Porosity, 21-2, 35-7, Geffective, 21-2

Porous filter, 21-5Portland cement, 48-1

concrete, 48-1concrete pavement, 77-1types, 48-1

Position, dilution of, 78-6Positive displacement pump, 18-2Post

-chlorination, G-tensioned concrete, 56-2

Potable, GPotential

energy, 13-3, 16-2stream, 17-3

Potentiometer, 83-2, 84-3Potentiometric sensor, 84-3Pothole, 76-5Poundal, 1-4Pour point, 24-7Powdered activated carbon, 29-12Power, 13-6

aeration, 29-4, 30-9angle, 83-7blower, 29-4conversions, 13-6

design, 73-7 (ftn)electrical, 83-3, 83-6factor, 83-7, 83-8friction, 18-9hydraulic, 18-7law, viscosity, 17-11line, safety, 82-2number, 26-9phase, 83-9propulsion, 75-2pump, 18-2, 18-7pumping, well, 21-7turbine, 17-34, 18-22unit stream, Gwater, 18-7Powerhouse, 18-23

Pozzolanic additive, 48-3PPCC, 48-8Prandtl number, 1-9 (tbl)Prandtl’s layer theory, 17-42Precedence table, 81-1Prechlorination, 26-4, GPrecipitation, 20-1, 22-8

average, 20-2chemical, Gphosphorous, 29-11probable maximum, 20-6softening, 26-13, 26-14

Precipitator, electrostatic, 34-7, 34-7

Precise rod, 78-9Precision, 11-13, 84-2

degree of, 78-4ratio of, 78-2

Preconsolidated curve, 40-4Preconsolidation pressure, 35-24Precursor, 25-9, 25-10

smog, 32-13Prefix, SI 1-7Prefixes, back endpaper

Preliminary treatment, 26-3, 29-3Preload

bolt, 45-11, 65-3force, 45-11

Preloaded soil, 35-24Premature exhaustion, 29-12Prerequisite of privity, 86-6 (ftn)Presedimentation, 26-4Present worth, 85-5, 85-11Present worth method, 85-14Press

belt filter, 30-16fit, 45-5hydraulic, 15-14

Pressure, 14-2, 15-4absolute, 14-3active, Gat a depth, 15-6 (ftn)atmospheric, 14-3

average, 15-6barometric, 14-3center of, 15-4, 15-8, 15-10, 41-5collapsing, 45-4 (ftn)conduit, 16-6dead load, 40-8differential, 14-3drag, 17-39drop, friction, 17-4 (ftn)drop, steel pipe, A-30

earth, 37-2earth, active, 37-2, 37-3earth, passive, 37-2effective, 37-6, 40-5energy, 13-3, 16-2equivalent, 37-6external, 15-14filter, 26-11filtration, 30-17fit, stress concentration factor, 45-8

flow, 16-6fluid, 14-2from applied load, 40-2from gas, 15-12gage, 14-3gauge, 15-2head, 18-6 (ftn)hydrostatic, 15-4, 37-6lateral, concrete, 49-6loss, orifice, 17-29 (ftn)



I-36


I N D E X I-37


measurement, 15-1measuring devices, 15-2

multiple liquid, 15-12neutral, 21-8on a dam, 15-11on buried pipe, 40-8on curved surface, 15-10on plane surface, 15-6–15-8osmotic, 14-9partial, 31-6passive, Gpore, 35-14, 37-6, 38-3, 40-5preconsolidation, 35-24regulator, 26-20-relief valve, 17-36safe bearing, 36-2saturation, 14-9soil, at-rest, 37-5soil, backward, 37-2soil, compressed, 37-2soil, depth, 40-1soil, forward, 37-2soil, tensioned, 37-2total, 16-3, 37-6transverse, 17-27unit, 14-2uplift, 21-8vapor, 14-9, 14-9

water service, 26-20Pressurized

fluidized bed combustion, 24-5liquid, 15-14tank, 17-17

Prestressloss, 56-3maximum, 56-6, 56-7

tendon, 56-3Prestressed

beam deflection, 56-4concrete, 56-1concrete pavement, 77-1

Prestressingbeam deflection, midspan, 56-4

steel ratio, 56-5tendon, ASTM, 56-5

Presumptive test, GPretension

bolt, 65-3loss, creep, 56-3loss, shrinkage, 56-3

Pretensioned concrete, 56-1Pretreatment, 26-3Prewash, air, 26-11Price-earnings ratio, 85-35Pricing, congestion, 74-23Primary

consolidation, 40-3, 40-4consolidation rate, 40-5creep, 43-16dimension, 1-7structure, 47-7treatment, 29-3unit, 1-7

Primecoat, Gcontractor, 86-4cost, 85-32mover, 18-9 (ftn)

Primer, red, 16-11Principal

axis, 42-8, 59-14, 71-2moment of inertia, 42-8

organic hazardous constituent, 34-10stress, 44-5view, 2-2

PrincipleArchimedes’, 15-14D’Alembert’s, 73-6impulse-momentum, 17-31, 73-13Le Chatelier’s, 22-9of proportionality, 47-2virtual work, 47-3work-energy, 13-3, 13-4, 45-19

Priority, ethical, 87-2Prism, 80-2

level, 78-9test method, 68-3

Prismoid, 80-2Prismoidal formula, 80-2Privity of contract, 86-6Probability, 11-2

complementary, 11-4conditional, 11-4density function, 11-4joint, 11-3of flood, 20-6

Probableerror of the mean, 78-2maximum flood, 20-6maximum precipitation, 20-6maximum rainfall, G ratio of precision, 78-2value, 78-1

Problem, mixing, 10-8Process

bioactivation, Gbiofilm, 26-11biosorption, Gcost accounting, 85-35efficiency, BOD, 30-6Krause, Glime-soda ash, 26-13nitrification/denitrification, 29-12unit, Gwaste, 32-2zeolite, 26-14

Processing, joint 28-1Prochloraz, 32-11Proctor, test, 35-17, 35-18Producer gas, 24-7 (ftn)Product, 22-5

cross, 41-2ion, 22-12mixed triple, 5-4of inertia, 42-6, 71-2solubility, 22-13triple scalar, 5-4vector, cross, 5-4vector, dot, 5-3vector, triple, 5-5

Professionalengineer, 88-1engineering exam, 88-3

Profileauxiliary view, 2-2depth, 19-21diagram, 80-2drag, 17-39

Profiling, 76-22Profit, 85-37

and loss statement, 85-34Programmed evaluation and review

technique, 81-3Progressive method, landfill, 31-2

Projectile motion, 72-4equations, 72-5

Projectioncabinet, 2-3cavalier, 2-3factor, growth, 76-13

Projector, 2-2Prony brake, 84-12Proof

alcohol, 24-7load, bolt, 45-8, 45-12strength, 45-8, 45-12stress, 43-3 (ftn)

Properpolynomial fraction, 3-6 (ftn)subset, 11-1

PropertiesA36 steel, 58-2

air, A-14

carbon dioxide, 31-6, 31-6

coal, 24-5

concrete components, 49-1, 49-3fuel, 24-6

fuel oil, 24-6

gases, A-54

masonry, 68-2, 68-3masonry cross sections, A-98–A-102

metallic, 22-2metals, A-73–A-75

methane, 31-6, 31-6

saturated steam, A-35

solutions, 14-15steam, A-35

steel, 48-7, 58-2structural aluminum, A-72

structural magnesium, A-72

structural steel, A-72

structural steel, high temperature, A-95

water, A-13, A-14

water treatment chemicals, A-62

weld groups, A-80, A-97

Propertybusiness, 85-20 (ftn)class, bolt, 45-9

Propiconaone, 32-11Proportional

region, 43-2weir, 19-13

Proportionalitylimit, 43-2principle of, 47-2

Proportionsarbitrary, method, 49-2law of definite, 22-3law of multiple, 22-3

Propped cantilever beam, 46-1Proprietorship, sole, 86-1Propulsion

jet, 17-32power, 75-2

Protectioncathodic, 48-7scour, 19-13

Protein, 28-14Protista, 27-1Protium, GPrototype, 17-42Protozoa, 27-1, 27-2, 27-4, G

flagellated, 27-4Proximate analysis, 24-2Prying action, 65-5, 66-7P-sequence, 3-11

Ind

ex


P-series, 3-11Pseudokinematic GPS survey, 78-6Pseudoplastic fluid, 14-7Psid (unit), 14-3Psychrophile, 27-1P-system, 47-3Public

corporation, 86-2dealing with, 87-3land system, 78-18

Puffing, 34-8Pull

anchor, 39-5drawbar, 75-3-out capacity, 38-5

Pulley, 41-11advantage, 41-11block, mechanical advantage, 41-11

efficiency, 41-11Pulsation

damper, 18-2stabilizer, 18-2

Pump, 17-14, 18-2 (see also type)centrifugal, 18-2characteristics, 18-2, 18-12

efficiency, 18-9

homologous, 18-13mixed-flow, 18-4 (ftn)nonclog, 18-5overall efficiency, 18-9performance curve, 18-16power, 18-7power factors, sludge, 18-5

power, sludge, 18-5power vs. specific gravity, 18-5shaft loading, 18-11sewage, 18-4similarity, 18-19sludge, 18-5velocity ratio, 18-3

wastewater, 18-4, 29-3, 29-4

Pumped storage, 26-19Pumping

hydrocarbons, 18-21other liquids, 18-20pavement, 76-5power, well, 21-7

Pumpsin parallel, 18-18in series, 18-18

Punched hole, 60-2Punching shear, 55-3Punitive damages, 86-5, 86-7Purchase order, 86-3Purification

dilution, 28-9self-, 28-9

Purlin, 59-2Purple bar, 48-8Putrefaction, GPv work, 13-3PVC pipe, 16-10, 28-3, A-20, A-21

P-waste, 32-2Pycnometer, 76-8, GPyritic sulfur, 24-3Pyrolysis, 32-11Pythagorean theorem, 6-2

Q

q-curve, GQ-system, 47-3Q-test, 35-27

Quad, 13-1Quadrants, 6-3

signs of functions, 6-3

Quadratic equation, 3-3Quality factor, joint, 16-10Quantity

economic order, 85-42of sludge, water treatment, 26-10sludge, wastewater, 30-12wastewater, 28-1, 28-2

Quarter-bridge, 84-11-wave symmetry, 9-7 (tbl)

Quartile, 11-10Quartz, 35-31

-crystal transducer, 15-2Quenched and tempered alloy steel, 58-1Queue, 74-23Quick

mixer, 26-8ratio, 85-35test, 35-27

Quicksand, 36-2

R

Race, tail, 18-24, GRack, 29-5Rad, 6-1 (ftn), GRadial

flow impeller, 18-4, 26-9flow turbine, 18-22, 18-23interference, 45-6strain, 45-5stress, 35-25velocity, 72-9

Radian, 6-1hyperbolic, 6-5

Radiationloss, 24-15ultraviolet, 26-18

Radical, 22-3, GRadiography, 43-12Radius

hydraulic, 16-6, 19-2, Gof gyration, 42-6, 61-4, 71-2of gyration, least, 42-6, 61-4of influence, 21-5, 31-6turning, 74-3

Radon, 32-12Raft, 36-8

on clay, 36-9on sand, 36-10

Railroadgrade, 79-19, 79-19

rolling stock, 75-3superelevation, 79-9

Railway curve, 79-3Rain

areal, 20-19gross, 20-19net, 20-7 (ftn), 20-19, G

Rainfallcurve, 20-2gross, 20-16intensity, 20-4probable maximum, Gtotal, 20-16

Rainwater runoff, 32-12Ram, hydraulic, 15-14Ramping, 75-8Random

error, 84-2number, A-46

Range, 11-10number, 78-18pace, 74-4

Ranger, GRank

matrix, 4-5speed, 74-4

Rankine earth pressure theory, 37-2, 37-4Ranking alternatives, 85-17Rapid

flow, 19-15, Gmixer, 26-8sand filter, 26-11, 29-11static mode, 78-6

Rapper, 34-7Rap, rip, GRare earth, 22-2Raster image, 78-6Rate

15 min passenger car equivalent flow, 74-11

accident, 75-7burning, 31-9constant, BOD removal, 29-5constant, deoxygenation, 28-8constant, mixing, 26-8constant, reoxygenation, 28-7creep, 43-15decay, Velz, 29-10flow, 26-11, 74-8growth, maximum specific, 30-7heat release, 31-9lapse, Gloading, 26-11of braking, 75-5of change, 8-1of consolidation, 40-5of flow, 74-5, 74-6of flow, pedestrian, 74-17of grade change, 79-10of oxygen transfer, 30-8of reaction, 22-10of return, 85-12, 85-14of return method, 85-16of shear formation, 14-6of strain, 14-6of substrate utilization, 30-7overflow, 26-5, 29-7reaction, 22-11

recharge, 31-7saturation flow, 74-12, 74-13service flow, 74-5, 74-8, 74-10settling, 29-7sludge recycle, 30-10sludge return, 30-10spring, 45-19superelevation, 79-6superelevation runoff, 79-7surface loading, 29-7transition, 79-7weir loading, 29-7

Rated valuemotor, 83-11pump, 18-16

Ratingcurve, GSK, 29-8

Ratioair-fuel, 24-9, 24-12air-to-cloth, 34-5aspect, 17-37beta, 17-28bifurcation, GCalifornia bearing, 35-29, 76-15centrifugal, unbalanced, 79-7circular channel, 19-5, A-39

common, 3-11



I-38


I N D E X I-39


compression, 40-4cornering, 79-7critical v/c, 74-12current, 85-34depth-thickness, 63-1effective green, 74-12endurance, 43-9energy-efficiency, 13-6 (ftn)fatigue, 43-9filter, 34-5flow, 74-12food-to-microorganism, 30-5friction, 35-17lane occupancy, Glateral, 79-7mass-to-power, 75-7modular, 44-19, 50-11, 56-3, 57-3, 64-2modulus, 57-3nitrogen-oxygen, 24-8of precision, 78-2of specific heat, 15-13of transformation, 83-6overconsolidation, 35-24platoon, 74-12Poisson’s, 43-4, 43-4, 58-2price-earnings, 85-35recirculation, 29-8recompression, 40-4recycle, 30-10 reinforcement, 50-9return, 30-10saturation flow, 74-12severity, 75-7slenderness, 45-2, 52-1, 61-2, 61-4slenderness, critical, 61-4slenderness, steel tension member, 60-4steel, 50-9steel, prestressing, 56-5stress, cyclic, 40-11test, 3-12void, 35-7volume-capacity, 74-5, 74-12water-cement, 49-1, 77-2, 77-2

width-thickness, 61-7, 61-7, 63-2Rational

equation, 20-13method, modified, 20-20method, peak runoff, 20-13method runoff C-coefficient, A-45

number, 3-1Rationalization, 3-8Rattler test, Los Angeles, 76-4Raveling, pavement, 76-5Ray, 6-1 (ftn)RCP, 28-3RDF, 31-10Reach, 19-2, GReactance, 83-5Reactant, 22-5

limiting, 22-7Reacted asphalt process, 76-24Reaction, 41-6, 41-8

chemical, 22-5combustion, 24-9

endothermic, 22-14enthalpy of, 22-14, 22-15

exothermic, 22-14kinetics, 22-10, 22-11

order, 22-10rate, 22-11

rate constant, 22-10, 22-11, 34-5rate of, 22-10

rate, zero order, 22-10redox, Greversible, 22-9sequencing batch, 30-3speed of, 22-10stoichiometric, 22-6, 22-7turbine, 18-22, 18-23velocity, 22-10

Reactivepower, 83-7substance, 32-2

Reactivity, alkali-aggregate, 48-2Reactor, 30-6

biological, rotating, 29-10continuous-flow stirred tank, 30-6tank, 34-6

Reaeration, 28-7Real

fluid, 14-2machine, 13-6number, 3-1power, 83-6

Rebar, 48-6, A-89

area, 50-8, 51-3

development length, 68-5epoxy-coated, 48-8, 55-5masonry, 68-5pavement, 77-5, 77-8protection, 48-7

Rebound, 73-15curve, 35-23test, 43-14

Receipt, 85-3Receivable turnover, 85-35Recessed plate filter press, 30-17Recession curve, 20-6Recharge rate, 31-7Reciprocating pump, 18-2Reciprocity, 88-2Recirculation, 29-8

flue gas, 34-7ratio, 29-8

Reclamation, 29-12Recommended standards for sewage works,

A-63, A-64

Recompressioncurve, 40-4index, 40-4ratio, 40-4

Reconsolidation index, 35-24Recorder, traffic, 74-5Recovery, 43-2

depreciation, 85-26leachate, 31-8

Recreational vehicle, 74-3Rectangular

channel, 19-6, 19-8, 19-17channel, normal depth, 19-6coordinate system, 7-3form, 3-7hyperbola, 7-12rosette, 84-12Surveying System, 78-18

Rectified sinusoid, 83-5Rectilinear system, 72-2Rectum, latus, 7-10, 7-11Recurrence interval, 20-5Recycle

rate, sludge, 30-10ratio, 30-10

Recycledasphalt pavement, 76-2, 76-6, 76-22pavement, PCC, 77-10

Recyclingcold in-place, 76-22hot mix, 76-23plastics, 32-11wastewater, 29-8

Redprimer, 16-11time, effective, 74-16

Redox reaction, GReduced equation, 10-1Reduction, 23-2, G

factor, slenderness, 69-7, 69-7

in area, 43-6values, bolted connections, 60-3

values, welded connections, 60-3

Redundancydegree of, 46-1reliability, 11-8

Redundant, 47-7member, 41-7, 41-13view, 2-2

Reference state, 80-5Reflection cracking, 76-5Reflex angle, 6-1Reformulated gasoline, 24-6Refraction, atmospheric, 78-9Refractory, G

ash, 24-3organic, 28-6solid, 28-6substance, 29-3

Refuse, 24-4-derived fuel, 24-4, 31-10, 31-10

Regenerating solution, 26-15Regeneration, ion exchange, 26-15Regime

flow, Gsubsonic flow, 14-14 (ftn)

Regionelastic, 43-2, 48-7proportional, 43-2steel, 20-5steel rainfall, 20-5

strain-hardening, 48-7transition, 16-8

Registered engineer, 88-1Registration, 88-1Regression,

linear, 11-13nonlinear curves, 11-14

Regula falsi method, 12-2 (ftn)Regular

function, 8-1lay, 45-20

Regulationspeed, 83-10voltage, 83-10

Regulator, Gpressure, 26-20

Rehabilitation period, 76-15Rehbock weir equation, 19-11Reid vapor pressure, 32-8Reinforced

concrete pipe, 28-3membrane, 31-4

Reinforcementdouble, 50-20, 50-21joint, 68-6ratio, 50-9

Ind

ex


shear, 50-17shear, spacing, 50-18, 50-23shear strength, 50-18

Reinforcingbars, A-89

bar, masonry, 68-5fabric, 40-10steel, 48-6, 50-2steel, pavement, 77-5, 77-8wire, A-90

Related angle, 6-1functions of, 6-3

Relativeabundance, 22-2atomic weight, 22-1compaction, 35-17compaction, suggested, 35-19

damage, 76-15density, 35-8, 35-17, 35-17

motion, 72-9paddle velocity, 26-8position, 72-9positioning, 78-6risk, 85-34roughness, 17-4stability, 28-12, 28-12

velocity difference, 17-33Relaxation, stress, 56-4Reliability, 11-7, 11-8, 11-13

flexible pavement, 76-15

index, 67-2, 67-3index, LRFD, 67-3

measurement, 84-2parallel, 11-8pavement, 76-15serial, 11-8

Relief drain, 31-7Relief well, 21-4Reloading curve, 35-23, 43-7Reluctance, 84-4 (ftn)Rem, GRemediation, 32-13Removal

efficiency, 34-5efficiency, BOD, 29-8fraction, BOD, 29-8rate constant, BOD, 29-5

Reoviruses, 27-2Reoxygenation, 28-7

constant, 28-7Replacement, 22-6

study, 85-18Report, environmental impact, 32-3Repose, angle of, 40-7, 73-6, 80-1, 80-2Research

and development cost, 85-32octane number, 24-6

Reservoirevaporation, 20-21impounding, 20-20multiple, 17-21routing, 20-21sizing, 20-20three, 17-21yield, 20-20

Residence timemean, 29-7mean cell, 30-6, 30-8solids, 30-6

Residual, Gavailable combined, 28-13combined, 25-9, G

free, 25-9, Gfuel oil, 24-6oxidant, total, 29-12unavailable combined, 28-13value, 85-16

Residuals, 30-2Resilience, 43-6Resilient

modulus, Gmodulus chart, 76-16

modulus, soil, 76-15Resin

gelular, 26-15macroporous, 26-15macroreticular, 26-15

Resistance (see also type)bridge, 84-9curve, 75-4electrical, 83-2factor, 67-4factor, LRFD, 67-4

incidental, 75-4level tangent, 75-4locomotive, 75-3motion, 14-2railroad car, 75-3rolling, 73-7, 75-1, 75-2 (ftn)shear, 14-1side, 38-3skid, pavement, 76-3skin, 38-3temperature detector, 84-5thermal, coefficient of, 84-6

tip, 38-2value, Hveem’s, 35-30value, soil, 35-30, 76-15vehicular, 75-1

Resistivity, electrical, 83-2, 84-6

Resistor, 83-2, 83-3, 83-5Resolution, 3-6

of frequency analysis, 9-8Resource recovery plant, 31-9Respiration, GResponse

dynamic, 44-7static, 44-7

Restitution, coefficient, 73-15Restraint, GResultant

acceleration, 72-8equivalent, 41-4shear, 45-16total active, 37-3vector, 5-2, 5-3

Resurfacing, GRetainer fee, 86-4Retaining wall, 54-1, 54-2, A-67, A-68

analysis, 37-6cantilever, 37-1design, 37-8key, 37-1

Retarded flow, 19-21, GRetarder, set, 48-3Retention (see also Detention)

specific, 21-3surface, Gtime, 26-5, 29-7time, hydraulic, 30-8watershed, 20-20

Retentivity, 34-3Retrograde solubility, GRetroreflector, 78-8

Returnon investment, 85-11, 85-14, 85-15rate of, 85-12, 85-14rate, sludge, 30-10ratio, 30-10

Reuse, wastewater, 29-12Reverse

-bias, 84-5 (ftn)osmosis, 26-18

Reversiblereaction, 22-9, 22-11reaction kinetics, 22-11

Revolutionsurface of, 9-5, 42-3 volume of, 9-5, 42-3

Reynolds number, 1-9 (tbl), 16-7mixing, 26-9similarity, 17-43

Rheopectic fluid, 14-7Rheostat, 83-2Right

angle, 6-1-hand rule, 41-3, 5-4of access, Gtriangle, 6-2

Righting moment, 15-16Rigid

body, 72-1, 73-8body motion, 73-2diaphragm, 69-10framing connection, 65-6pavement, 77-1, 77-4, Gpavement nomograph, AASHTO, 77-6,

77-7

pavements, equivalency factors, A-113–A-115

truss, 41-12Rigidity, 44-2, 44-3

modulus, 43-7Ring

benzene, 23-1 (tbl)permutation, 11-2

Ringelman scale, 24-13Rippl diagram, 20-21Rip rap, G Rise in temperature, 13-4Riser pipe, 21-4Rising

limb, 20-6sludge, 30-12

Riskanalysis, 85-43-free investment, 85-11

Rivet, 45-10, 65-1allowable stress, 65-3

rms value, 83-5Road (see also Roadway)

-access charge, 74-23adhesion, coefficient of, 75-4collector, 74-3frontage, Glocal, 74-3mix, Gsafety feature, 75-7user cost, 74-23

Roadbed, Gsoil resilient modulus chart, 76-16

Roadwaybanking, 73-19classification, 74-3

network warrant, signalization, 74-15



I-40


I N D E X I-41


Rock, 35-2bearing capacity, 36-7igneous, 35-31metamorphic, 35-31salt, 35-31type, 35-30

Rocket, 73-17Rockwell hardness, 43-13Rod

grade, 80-7ground, 80-7leveling, 78-9person, 80-6reading, 80-7reading, for grade, 80-7slider, 72-13tie, 39-4waving the, G

Roentgen, GRohsenow equation, 14-10Roll, 15-17 (ftn), 73-2Rollcrete, 48-9Roller

-compacted concrete, 48-9, 76-24grid, 35-17pavement, 76-8 (also, see type)rubber-tired, 35-17sheetsfoot, 35-17smooth-wheeled, 35-17support, 41-6

Rollingequipment, 76-8friction, coefficient of, 73-8resistance, 73-7, 75-1, 75-2 (ftn)resistance, coefficient of 73-7, 73-19stock, railroad, 75-3

Root, 3-3, 12-1double, 3-3finding, 12-1-mean-square value, 11-10, 83-5pile, 38-6

Rope, 41-11 (ftn)haulage, 45-19structural, 45-20transmission, 45-19wire, 45-19, 45-20, 45-21

Rosette strain gate, 84-8Rotameter, 17-25Rotary

action pump, 18-2, 18-3bridge, 74-21

Rotatingbiological contactor, 29-10biological contactor, characteristics, 29-11

biological reactor, 29-10machine, electrical, 83-10, 83-13

Rotation, 72-6, 73-2center of, 66-6of axis, 42-7of fluid mass, 15-19pipe bundle, 34-13point of, 79-7

Rotational symmetry, 7-4Rotaviruses, 27-2Rotifer, 27-4Rotor

concentrator, 34-3motor, 83-12

Roughing filter, 29-8Roughness

coefficient, 17-7, A-37

coefficient, Manning, 19-4

height index, 2-4relative, 17-4specific, 17-4, 17-4, A-25

weight, 2-4Rough-pipe flow, 17-5Round beam, 50-18Roundworm, 27-2Routing

channel, 20-22flood, 20-22reservoir, 20-21

Rowcanonical form, 4-2equivalent matrix, 4-2matrix, 4-1operation, 4-2rank, 4-5 (ftn)-reduced echelon form, 4-2-reduced echelon matrix, 4-1

R-test, 35-27Rth-order difference, 3-10Rubber

-modified asphalt, 76-23-modified concrete, 77-10-tired roller, 35-17, 76-8

Rubberized asphalt process, 76-24 Rubbish, 24-4Rubcrete, 77-10Rule, 87-1

compass, 78-14Cramer’s, 3-7, 4-6derived from, 32-2L’Hôpital’s, 3-9mixture, 32-2of 90s, 76-2of professional conduct, 87-1of signs, Descartes’, 3-4right-hand, 5-4, 41-3Simpson’s, 7-2, 78-17transit, 78-14trapezoidal, 7-1, 78-17

Rules, SI system, 1-6 Ruling gradient, 75-4Run

-of-mine coal, 24-4-of-the-nut method, 45-12

Runaway speed, 17-34Runner, turbine, 18-21Running

bond, 68-6speed, 74-4

Runoff, 32-12C-coefficient, A-45

condition, antecedent, 20-16crown, 79-7curve number, 20-17, 20-18

peak, 20-11subsurface, Gsuperelevation, 79-7surface, 20-6, 20-7 (ftn), Gtangent, 79-7

Runout, tangent, 79-7Runway, airport, 74-25Rupture

angle of, 43-7line, 35-25modulus of, 50-12, 77-4modulus of, concrete, 48-6Mohr’s theory, 43-7strength, 43-15

Ruralarea, 74-3survey, 78-5

Rutting, pavement, 76-5R-value, 35-30

soil, 76-15RV equivalent, 74-7

Ryznar index, 26-16

S

Sack, cement, 48-1Sacrificial anode, 22-17Saddle point, 7-2Safe

bearing pressure, 36-2bearing value, pile, 38-2Drinking Water Act, 25-5load, pile, 38-2yield, 21-5, G

Safety, 82-1feature, road, 75-7margin of, 67-1

Sagcurve, 79-15oxygen, 28-10pipe, G

Salary plus fee, 86-4Saline, GSalmonella paratyphi, 27-2Salmonella typhi, 27-2Salmonellosis, 27-2Salometer scale, 14-4 (ftn)Salt, G

water conversion, 26-18Salvage value, 85-18Sample, 11-2

grab, 28-14space, 11-3standard deviation, 11-10variance, 11-11

Sampler, split-spoon, 35-17Sampling with replacement, 11-3Sand, G

bearing capacity, 36-6braced cut, 39-2cohesion, 35-26drying bed, 30-17filter, 26-10, 29-11filter bed, 32-13filter, intermittent, 29-11filter, polishing, 29-11filter, rapid, 26-11, 29-11filter, slow, 26-11, 29-11-lightweight concrete, 48-9quick, 36-2raft on, 36-10stability, cut, 39-3trap, G vs. clay, 36-1

Sandstone, 35-31Sanitary wastewater, 28-1Saturated

density, 35-7hydrocarbon, 23-3 (tbl), 24-1solution, 22-8steam, properties, A-35

surface-dry condition, 49-3Saturation

coefficient, 68-4coefficient, oxygen, 30-9degree of, 35-7, 74-12flow rate, 74-12, 74-13

Ind

ex


flow ratio, 74-12pressure, 14-9values of dissolved oxygen in water, A-51

SAW process, 66-1Saybolt

seconds universal (SSU), 14-6 (ftn), 18-2(ftn)

viscometer, 14-6 (ftn)SBCCI, 58-4Scalar, 5-1

matrix, 4-1product, triple, 5-4

Scale, 78-17API, 14-4Baume, 14-5map, 78-19model, 17-42Ringelman, 24-13spring, 45-19

Scaling, pavement, 76-5SCFM, 30-9Schedule (pipe), 16-10Schedule-40 pipe, 16-11

Schist, 35-31Schizothrix calciola, 27-2Schmidt number, 1-9 (tbl)Schmutzdecke, 26-11 (ftn)School crossing warrant, signalization, 74-15Schulze correlation, 29-10Scleroscopic test, 43-14Scour, G

protection, 19-13velocity, 29-5

Scratch hardness, 43-13Screed, 76-7 (see also type)Screen

gravel, 21-5wastewater, 29-5well, 21-4

Screening, 26-3Screwed fitting, 17-12 (ftn)Scrim, 31-4Scrubber, 34-2Scrubbing, 34-14

chemical, 34-14dry, 34-14wet, 34-14

SCS (see NRCS)Scum, 29-6

grinding, 29-6S-curve method, 20-13SDG sewer, 28-4Seal, 34-12

coat, Gmechanical, 34-13

Sealing, surface, 77-10Secant

formula, 45-3modulus, 43-4, 48-5modulus, bulk, 14-13

Secondderivative, 8-1moment of a function, 9-6moment of the area, 42-3-order analysis, 47-2, 47-16-order effect, 62-1-order, linear, 10-3 stage demand, G

Secondaryclarifier, 29-11combustion chamber, 31-11, 34-10compression index, 40-6

consolidation, 40-3, 40-5consolidation, coefficient of, 40-6creep, 43-16treatment, 29-3

Section, 78-18compact, 59-2conic, 7-8, 7-9

dangerous, 44-11drawing, 2-3factor, 19-3modulus, 42-7, 44-11, 59-2modulus, effective, 64-3modulus, plastic, 59-10modulus, transformed, 64-3structural, G

Sections, method of, 41-15Sedimentary rock, 35-31Sedimentation, 20-23, 26-4

basin, characteristics, 29-7

basin, plain, 29-6plain, 26-4tank, 26-5

Seebeck effect, 84-6Seed, GSeeded BOD, 28-9Seep, GSeepage

flow net, 21-8velocity, 21-4

Segment (see Curve)Segregation, concrete, 49-5Seiche, GSeismic

load, 50-3performance category (masonry), 70-2

Selectivecatalytic reduction, 32-10, 34-14leaching, 22-16noncatalytic reduction, 34-15Self-cleansing velocity, 19-2, 20-3 (ftn), 28-4cleansing pipe, 20-3 (ftn)compactible concrete, 48-9consolidating concrete, 48-9placing concrete, 48-9purification, 28-9purification constant, 28-10

Semi-dry scrubbing, 34-14gravity wall, 37-1major distance, 7-11minor distance, 7-11precise level, 78-9rigid framing connection, 65-6variable cost, 85-31

Sense, 5-1Sensitivity, 11-13, 84-2, G

analysis, 85-43clay, 35-28, 35-28

fatigue notch, 43-10Sensor, 84-3Separable, first-order, 10-3Separate system, GSeparation

factor, 34-6hydrograph, 20-7of terms, 9-3

Septage, 29-2characteristics, 29-3

Septic, Gtank, 29-2tank, characteristics, 29-2

Sequence, 3-10arithmetic, 3-11convergent, 3-10divergent, 3-10geometric, 3-11harmonic, 3-11p-, 3-11standard, 3-11

Sequencing batch reactor, 30-3Sequestering agent, 26-16Serial reliability, 11-8Series, 3-11

arithmetic, 3-11circuit, electrical, 83-3expansion, 8-8finite, 3-11Fourier, 9-6galvanic, 22-16, 22-16

geometric, 3-11harmonic, 3-11hydrocarbon, 24-2infinite, 3-11Maclaurin, 8-7 (ftn)of alternating sign, 3-12p-, 3-11pipe, 17-19pumps in, 18-18spring, 45-19Taylor’s, 8-7

Server, queue, 74-21Service

factor, 73-7 (ftn), 83-11flow rate, 74-5, 74-8, 74-10level of, 74-3, 74-4, 74-7, 74-9, 74-16

life, 85-20load, 50-3pressure, 26-20

Serviceability, 59-5beam, 50-11, 50-12index, initial, 76-15index, terminal, 76-12, 76-15limit state, 67-2

Set, 11-1accelerator, 48-3laws, 11-1null, 11-1permanent, 43-2, 48-7point, 26-15retarder, 48-3universal, 11-1

Settleable solids, 25-9, 34-19Settlement, 36-1, 40-3 (see also

Consolidation)differential, 36-1elastic, 40-3immediate, 40-3pile, 38-5

Settlingbasin, Grate, 29-7velocity, 26-4, 26-5

Severability, 86-3Severity

category, 75-7ratio, 75-7

Sewagepump, 18-4strength, 28-6

Seweralternative, 28-4branch, Gcapacity, 28-4



I-42


I N D E X I-43


collector, 28-2combined, 28-2G-P, 28-4gravity, 28-4interceptor, 28-3main, 28-2minimum velocity, 19-2overflow, combined, 29-12pipe, dimensions and weights, A-22

pipe, material, 28-3size, 28-4slope, 28-4

small-diameter gravity, 28-4surcharged, Gtrunk, 28-2velocity, 28-4, 28-5

Sexagesimal system, 78-7Shaft

capacity, 38-3design, 45-13loading, pump, 18-11pier, Gtwist, 43-8, 45-13

Shale, 35-31Shallow foundation, 36-1Shape

designations, 58-3, 60-1, 61-2

factor, 35-23, 36-3most economical, 58-5of a fluid, 14-1

Sharp-crested weir, 19-10Shear, 44-7

center, 45-15, 59-14center, thin-wall section, 45-16

coefficient, ACI, 47-19, 47-19

connection, 65-4, 65-5connector, 57-2, 64-4diagram, 44-8direct, 66-5double-action, 55-3envelope, 50-17envelope, maximum, 47-20failure, soil, 36-3flow, 45-15force of action, 45-16formation, rate of, 14-6horizontal, 44-10modulus, 43-7, 43-8, 44-2, 45-13, 58-2one-way, 44-7 (ftn), 55-2panel, 46-11punching, 55-3rate, 14-6, 17-13reinforcement, 50-17reinforcement, anchorage, 50-19resistance, 14-1resultant, 45-16single-action, 55-2single-double, 45-10span, 50-23strain, 43-7strength, 43-8strength, block, 60-3strength, concrete, 48-6strength, nominal, 50-17stress, 44-2stress, allowable, 59-4stress, beam, 44-9stress, concrete beam, 50-16stress, fluid, 14-6, 17-13stress, plate girder, 63-2stress, steel beam, 59-4test, direct, 35-24

torsional, 66-5two-way, 55-3ultimate, 59-11wall, 54-2wide-beam, 55-2

Sheave, 41-11wire rope, 45-20

Sheetflow, 20-3flow, Manning roughness coefficients, 20-3

piling, 39-4piling allowable stress, 39-4

piling, section modulus, 39-3trench, 39-4

Sheeted pit, G Sheeting, close, 39-1Sheetsfoot roller, 35-17Shell, torsion, 45-14Sherwood number, 1-9 (tbl)Shielded metal arc weld, 66-1Shield, trench, 82-1Shifting taper, 74-26Shigella, 27-2Shock

load, septage 29-2treatment, 28-5

Shooting flow, G Shored construction, 57-3, 64-4Shore hardness, 43-14Shoring, 64-2, 82-1

box, 39-1skeleton, 39-1with, 64-4without, 64-4

Shortcircuit, electrical, 83-2column, 52-1

Shortt equation, 79-15Shotcrete, 40-11Shoulder taper, 74-26Shoving, pavement, 76-5Shredder, 29-6Shrinkage, 80-2

compensating concrete, 48-2index, 35-21limit, 35-21pretension loss, 56-3

Shrink fit, 45-5Shutoff point, pump, 18-16Shutoff service valve, 16-12SI

base units, 1-5

conversion factors A-3–A-6

derived units, 1-6

prefix, 1-7prefixes, back endpaper

system, 1-5system rules, 1-6units, equivalent and derived, back

endpaper

Sick building, 32-4Side

friction factor, 38-3, 73-19, 79-7resistance, 38-3slopes, erodible channels, 19-25

water depth, 29-7Sidesway, 47-15Sideways friction, 73-19, 79-6Siemens, 83-2Sieve

sizes, 35-2, 35-2

test, 35-2

Sight distance, G decision, 79-10, Gheadlight, 79-15non-striping, Gpassing, 79-9, Gstopping, 79-9, 79-10, G

Sign(s)alternating, series of, 3-12of the function, 6-3

Signalanalyzer, 9-7coordination warrant, signalization, 74-15four-phase, 74-12three-phase, 74-12two-phase, 74-12versus stop sign, 74-14warrant, 74-14

Signalized intersection, 74-12Signature analysis, 9-7 (ftn)Significant digit, 3-1Silica

fume, 48-3reaction with alkali, 74-14

Silvaculture, 30-18Similarity, 17-42

law, pump, 18-19partial, 17-45

Similar triangle, 6-2Simple

framing connection, 65-6interest, 85-11, 85-39support, 41-7

Simplex pump, 18-2Simpson’s rule, 7-2, 78-17Simulation

Monte Carlo, 20-21reservoir, 20-21stochastic, 20-21

Simultaneousequations, matrix, 4-6equations, solving, 3-7 linear equations, 3-7

Sine function, integral, 9-8Sines, law of, 6-5, 6-6Single

-acting hammer, 38-2-acting pump, 18-2-action shear, 55-2angle, 61-1butt, 45-10 (ftn)draining, 40-5payment cash flow, 85-3payment present worth factor, 85-5point urban interchange (SPUI), 74-21seal, 34-12shear, 45-10stage pump, 18-4suction pump, 18-4

Singularmatrix, 4-1, 4-5point, 8-1, 8-3 (ftn)

Singularity, 4-5Sink, energy, 17-15Sinking fund, 85-7

factor, 85-7method, 85-22plus interest, 85-22

Sinuosity, GSiphon, 17-19

inverted, G

Ind

ex


Siting,landfill, 31-5wastewater treatment plant, 29-3

Six nines rule, 34-10Size

distribution, particle, 35-2factor, 55-5motor, 18-10sieve, 35-2weld, 66-3

Skeleton shoring, 39-1Skempton bearing capacity factors, 39-3

Skewness, 11-11Skew symmetric matrix, 4-2Skidding

distance, 75-5friction coefficient, 75-4

Skid resistance, pavement, 76-3Skimming tank, 29-6Skin

friction, 17-5 (ftn), 17-39friction capacity, 38-3friction coefficient, 17-42, 38-3friction, negative, 38-6resistance, 38-3

SK rating, 29-8Slab

concrete, 51-1deflection, 51-2, 51-7distribution of moments, 51-6, 51-7

flat, 51-4length, pavement, 77-8minimum thickness, 51-2one-way, 51-1thickness, minimum, 51-2, 51-8

two-way, 51-4waffle, 51-4width, effective, composite member, 57-2

Slack time, 81-1, 81-2Slag, 24-3Slaked lime, 26-13Slate, 35-31Slender column, 45-2Slenderness

ratio, 45-2, 52-1, 61-2, 61-4ratio, critical, 61-4ratio, steel tension member, 60-4reduction factor, 69-7, 69-7

Slickenside, G Slider

-crank, 72-13rod, 72-13

Slidingfactor of safety, 15-12 plate viscometer test, 14-6vector, 5-1 (ftn)

Slip, 18-10ammonia, 34-15 (ftn)base, pole, 75-8-critical connection, 65-3electrical, 83-12-form, 49-6-form construction, 77-1pump, 18-3

Sliplining, 40-11Slipping, 73-9

cracking, pavement, 76-5Slope, 8-1, 19-14, G

circle failure, 40-7critical, 19-3, Gcross, adverse, 79-7deflection method, 47-2

energy gradient, 19-3excavation, 82-1form, 7-5geometric, 19-3normal, 19-3-ramp method, landfill, 31-2rounding, 80-5sewer, 28-4

stability chart, 40-8

stability, clay, 40-7stability, Taylor chart, 40-7stake, 80-3, 80-5

Slot weld, 66-2Slow

-closing valve, 17-36sand filter, 26-11, 29-11test, 35-27

Sludge, 26-10, 30-2, 32-2 (ftn), G activated, 30-2, Gage, 30-6age, BOD, 30-6beneficial reuse program, 30-18bulking, 30-6, 30-11, G cake, 30-16characteristics, 30-13

composting, 30-19critical velocity, 18-6dewatering, 30-16disposal, 30-18incineration, 30-19, 34-12landfill, 30-18methane production, 30-15monofill, 30-18ocean dumping, 30-19parameters, 30-5pump, 18-5pump power factors, 18-5

quantity, wastewater, 30-12quantity, water treatment, 26-10recycle rate, 30-10return rate, 30-10rising, 30-12stabilization, 30-14thickening, 30-13volume index, 30-6, 30-10, 30-12washout, 30-12waste activated, 30-2water treatment, 26-6

Slug, 1-3Slump, 48-3, 77-2

concrete, 49-1, 49-1, 77-2

grout, 68-4test, 48-3

Slurryfriction loss, 17-11trench, 40-10wall, 40-10

Smallangle approximation, 6-3-diameter gravity sewer, 28-4-diameter pile, 38-6

SMAW process, 66-1Smog, 32-13Smoke, 24-13, 32-13

spot number, 24-13, 32-13Smoothing coefficient, 85-41Smooth-wheeled roller, 35-17Snyder hydrograph, 20-10Soda ash, 26-13SOC, 28-14Soffit, 19-26 (ftn)

Softmaterial, 43-16water, 26-13, 26-14

Softeningion exchange, 26-14lime, 26-13 (ftn)membrane, 26-18point, Vicat, 43-11precipitation, 26-13, 26-14

Soil, 35-2bentonite, 40-10boring symbols, A-65

cement, 48-9classification, 35-4classification, AASHTO, 35-4, 35-5classification, Unified, 35-5, 35-6

classification, USCS, 35-5, 35-6

cohesionless, 37-2cohesive, 37-2Conservation Service (see NRCS)failure, 35-25gap-graded, 35-3granular, 37-2group, hydrologic, 20-16incineration, 34-12indexing, 35-9, 35-10

mass-volume relationship, 35-7moisture content, 21-2nailing, 40-11noncohesive, 37-2nonplastic, 35-21normally consolidated, 40-4, Goverconsolidated, 40-4parameter formulas, 35-9, 35-10

particles, classification, 35-2, 35-2

permeability, 21-2, 35-22

pressure, at-rest, 37-5pressure, backward, 37-2pressure, compressed, 37-2pressure, forward, 37-2pressure, tensioned, 37-2pressure, vertical, 37-3resilient modulus, 76-15resistance value, 76-15strength, 35-25

tests, ASTM, 35-16

tests, standard, 35-15washing, 34-15well-graded, 35-3

Sol, GSoldier, 39-1

pile, 39-1, G Sole proprietorship, 86-1Solid

angle, 6-6bowl centrifuge, 30-17contact unit, 26-10density, 35-7volatile, Gvolume method, 49-2waste, 32-2waste, municipal, 31-1

Solidity, 80-3Solids, 28-6

dissolved, 28-6fixed, 30-5in water, 25-8 (see also type)nonvolatile, 30-5refractory, 28-6residence time, 30-6suspended, 28-6, 29-3total, 28-6



I-44


I N D E X I-45


volatile, 28-6, 30-5washout, 30-12

Solubility, 31-8, 34-17product, 22-13retrograde, G

Soluble BOD, 30-6Solute, 14-9, 22-7Solution, 14-9, 22-7, G

buffer, 22-9complementary, 10-4 indicator, 25-2, 25-2

neutral, 22-9, 25-1particular, 10-4 regeneration, 26-15saturated, 22-8trivial, 3-7 (ftn)

Solutions, properties of, 14-15Solvency, 85-34Solvent, 14-9, 22-7

recovery, 34-3Sonic

boom, 14-14velocity, 14-14

Sorbent injection, 34-15Sorption, GSound

limit, 82-2speed of, 14-14

Sourceenergy, 17-15nonpoint, Gpoint, G

Spacemean speed, 74-4, Gmechanics, 73-18pedestrian, 74-17-time diagram, 74-16

Spacing, Gbracing, 59-3gage, 60-2hole, 65-1molecule, 14-2pitch, 60-2stirrup, 50-18, 50-23vehicular, 74-6

Spalling, 76-5Span, 17-37

shear, 50-23-to-width ratio, floor diaphragm, 69-10

Spandrel, 59-2Sparging, 34-15Special

damages, 86-6triangle, 6-2

Specificactivity, G area, filter, 29-8capacity, 21-3collection area, 34-7discharge, 21-4energy, 13-1, 16-1, 16-9, 19-14energy diagram, 19-15feed characteristic, 31-11, 34-9force, 19-15gravity, 14-4, 35-7gravity, apparent, 76-8, Ggravity, bulk, 76-8, 76-9, Ggravity, effective, 76-8, Ggravity, maximum 76-8heat, 13-4heat, gas, 24-2

heat, molar, 13-4

heat, ratio of, 15-13heats, 13-4

performance, 86-3, 86-5permeability, 21-2retention, 21-3roughness, 17-4, 17-4, A-25

speed, 18-12, 18-12

speed, suction, 18-16speed, turbine, 18-23storage, Gsubstrate utilization, 30-7utilization, 30-7volume, 14-4, 14-5weight, concrete, 48-4weight, equivalent, 37-6yield, 21-3, G

Specifications, 58-4DOT geotextile, 40-10

pipe, 16-11Specimen, 43-1 Spectrum analyzer, 9-7Speed, 72-3 (see also type)

control, motor, 83-15degradation on grade, 75-7design, 74-3, 74-4

free-flow, 74-4, 74-6, 74-8, 74-10legal, 74-3limit, 74-4of efflux, 17-16of reaction, 22-10of sound, 14-14parameter, traffic, 74-3pedestrian, 74-17regulation, 83-10rule, 79-8runaway, 17-34space mean, Gspecific, 18-12, 18-12

specific, turbine, 18-23synchronous, 18-10, 18-10, 83-12tip, 18-4

SPF, 20-6Sphere, 7-12

unit, 6-6Spherical

coordinate system, 7-3 (tbl), 7-4 (fig)defect, 6-6drop, 10-10excess, 6-6tank, 45-5triangle, 6-5trigonometry, 6-5

Sphericity, 17-40, 17-41

Spheroid, 78-6Spill, hazardous, 32-13Spillway, 19-13

coefficient, 19-13ogee, 19-13

Spiralangle, 79-17column, 52-2curve, 79-17curve, length, 79-18deflection angle, 79-18entrance, 79-17exit, 79-17tangent offset, 79-18wire, column, 52-2

wire, splice, 52-2Spitzglass formula, 17-9Splice, spiral wire, 52-2

Splitbeam tee construction, 66-7chlorination, G cylinder, 48-5mastic, 76-23process, 26-13spoon sampler, 35-17

Splitting tensile strength, 48-5Spoils, 39-2Spot speed, 74-4Spray tower, 34-2, 34-16Spread

footing, 36-2length of, 76-7-tandem axle, 76-13

Spreading cracking, pavement, 76-5Spring, 45-19, G

anticlinal, Gartesian, Gconstant, 44-2, 45-19constant, combinations, 45-19dimple, Genergy, 13-3ideal, 45-19index, 45-19 (ftn)in parallel, 45-19in series, 45-19linear, 13-2, 13-3 (ftn)perched, Grate, 45-19scale, 45-19stiffness, 45-19work, 13-2

SPT value, 35-17Square matrix, 4-2Squirrel case rotor, 83-12SSD condition, 49-3SSF, 14-6 (ftn)SSU, 14-6 (ftn), 18-2 (ftn)Stability, 11-13, 15-16, 26-16, 73-2, 84-2

asphalt mix, 76-11coefficient, 53-2constant, 22-12correction factor, 76-9

interaction criterion, 62-2number, 39-2, 40-7pavement, 76-3relative, 28-12, 28-12

sand, cut, 39-3slope, clay, 40-7slope, Taylor chart, 40-7, 40-8

Stabilization, 32-13contact, 30-3lagoon, 29-4pond, 29-4pond, characteristics, 29-4

sludge, 30-14tank, 30-3time, 28-12treatment, 26-16

Stabilometer test, 35-30Stable equilibrium, 73-2Stack gas (see Flue gas)Stadia

method, 78-8, G reading, 78-8survey, 78-5

Staff gauge, 19-10Stage, G

pump, 18-4

Ind

ex


Staged-air burner, 34-16combustion, 34-16

Stagnationenergy, 16-4point, 16-4tube, 16-4

Stainless steel types, 22-16 (ftn)Stake, 78-8, 80-3 (see also type)

marking, 80-3, 80-4

Stallangle, 17-37width, 74-18

Standardatmosphere, A-34

atmospheric pressure, 14-3

cash flow factors, A-120

condition, 14-4 (ftn), 14-4, 24-2contract, 86-4cost, 85-36cubic feet per minute, 30-9design vehicle, 74-3, 76-13deviation, 11-10dissolved oxygen, 28-10enthalpies of formation, 22-15

error of the mean, 11-11flood, 20-6gravity, 1-2hole, 60-2hook, 50-19hook, masonry, 68-5, 68-6, 68-6

motor, 83-11

normal curve, A-12

normal value, 11-6, 11-12

of care, 86-5 (ftn), 86-6orthographic view, 2-2penetration resistance, 35-17penetration test, 35-17, 36-7polynomial form, 3-3project flood, 20-6-rate filter, 29-8rod, 78-9sequence, 3-11 state, chemical, 22-14temperature and pressure, 14-4, 14-4,

24-2truck, 76-14truck loading, 76-14

wastewater, 28-14Standards

drinking water, 25-5, A-55

industrial wastewater, 29-1national drinking water, 25-5pipe, 16-11

Standing wave, 19-17, GStanton number, 1-9 (tbl)State

limit, 67-2oxidation, 22-3plane coordinate system, 78-5, 78-7standard, chemical, 22-14

Staticanalysis, 47-2balance, 71-2discharge head, 18-6energy, 13-3, 16-2equilibrium, 15-16, 41-6 (ftn)friction, 73-6friction, angle of, 73-6friction, coefficient of, 75-4GPS survey, 78-6head, 18-6indeterminacy, degree of, 47-7pile composting, 30-19

pressure probe, 17-26pressure tube, 15-2response, 44-7roller, 76-8suction head, 18-6

Statical moment, 42-2, 44-10Statically

determinate, 41-7indeterminate, 41-7, 46-1

Statics, 41-1Station

angle, 78-13back, 79-3curve, around, 79-3forward, 79-3offset method, 79-5survey distance, 78-8

Stationary mixer, 49-5Stationing, 78-8

curve, 79-3Statistical

error, terms, 84-3

process control, 11-12Stator, pump, 18-3Statute, 87-1

of Frauds, 86-2 (ftn)Steady flow, 19-2, 19-14, G

well, 21-5Steam

friction loss, 17-9properties, A-35

pump, 18-2saturated, properties, A-35

stripping, 34-17Steel

allowable stress, 58-5area, per foot of width, 51-3, 69-5

balanced, 50-4, 50-8bar, masonry, 68-5beam, 59-1beam analysis flowchart, 59-6

beam deflection, 59-5beam design flowchart, 59-8

blue-center, 45-20carbon, 58-1column, 61-1compression member, 61-1cover, 50-5dual-certified, 58-5fiber-reinforced concrete, 77-10formula, 20-5grade, 48-7high-performance, 58-1, 58-5high-strength, 58-5high-strength low-alloy, 58-1maximum, 50-4member, composite, 64-1minimum, 50-4modulus of elasticity, 48-7monitor, 45-20pipe, 16-10pipe, black, 16-10pipe, corrugated, A-33pipe dimensions, 16-11, A-16–A-19

pipe, galvanized, 16-10pipe, plain, 16-10pipe, water flow, 17-8, A-30

plow, 45-20 (ftn)properties, 48-7, 58-2, 58-2, A-43

quenched and tempered, 58-1rainfall coefficients, 20-5

rainfall region, 20-5

ratio, 50-9ratio, prestressing, 56-5rebar, area, 50-8, 51-3

region, 20-5reinforcing, 48-6, 50-2reinforcing bars, A-89

reinforcing, pavement, 77-5, 77-8reinforcing wire, A-90

shape designations, 58-3

structural, 58-1structural, properties, A-72

structural, types, A-94

temperature, 51-2tension member, 60-1tension member design flowchart, 60-6

water pipe, 26-20weathering, 58-5

Stem, retaining wall, 54-3Stenothermophile, 27-1Step

-flow aeration, 30-3function, 10-6

Stepped cash flow, 85-10STEP system, 28-4Steradian, 6-6Sterilization, well, 21-4S-test, 35-27Stiffened element, 61-7Stiffener, 59-5

beam, 44-18bearing, 59-5, 63-4flange, 59-5intermediate, 63-3

Stiff mixture, 48-4Stiffness, 44-2, 44-3, 47-13

flexural, 53-3method, 47-2, 47-10spring, 45-19

Stilling basin, G Stirrup, 50-2, 50-17

anchorage, 50-19spacing, 50-18, 50-23

Stochasticcritical path model, 81-3simulation, 20-21Stoichiometriccombustion, 24-9reaction, 22-6, 22-7

Stoichiometry, GStokes’, 14-8

law, 17-39, 26-4number, 1-9 (tbl)

Stone-filled asphalt, 76-23mastic asphalt, 76-23matrix asphalt, 76-2, 76-23

Stoppingdistance, 75-5sight distance, 79-9, 79-10, G

Stop sign versus signal, 74-14Storage

coefficient, 21-3constant, 21-3depression, Gindication method, 20-21pumped, 26-19specific, Gtank, 33-1tank, underground, 3-13water, 26-19



I-46


I N D E X I-47


Stormcharacteristics, 20-2design, 20-4

Stormwater modeling, 20-22Story

century, 20-5drift, 53-2

Stouhal number, 1-9 (tbl)STP (see Standard temperature and

pressure)Straddle, 12-1Straight

angle, 6-1-line error, 45-19 (ftn)line, forms, 7-5-line method, 85-21, 85-26line plus interest, 85-22

Strain, 44-2axial, 43-4circumferential, 45-5creep, 43-15diametral, 45-5elastic, 43-2energy, 43-6, 44-2, 44-11, 44-15, 44-17engineering, 43-2gage, 15-2, 84-8, 84-9, 84-13

hardening, 43-4-hardening exponent, 43-5-hardening region, 48-7inelastic, 43-2lateral, 43-4physical, 43-5plastic, 43-2radial, 45-5rate of, 14-6sensitivity factor, 84-8shear, 43-7thermal, 44-4true, 43-5volumetric, 14-13

Strand, 56-4 (see also Tendon)structural, 45-20

Stratosphere, 15-12, 15-13 (ftn)Stratum, G Streaking, pavement, 76-5Stream

braided, Geffluent, Gephemeral, Gfunction, 17-3gaging, 19-2, G influence, Gmeandering, Gorder, Gpotential, 17-3power, unit, G

Streamline, 16-8, 21-7flow, 16-7

Streamtube, 16-8Street, 74-3

inlet, 28-5urban, 74-3

Streeter-Phelps equation, 28-10Strength

acceptance testing, 49-1beam, nominal shear, 50-17block shear, 60-3breaking, 43-3coefficient, 43-5, 76-18compressive, 43-7cracking, 40-9creep, 43-15crushing, 40-9design, 44-2 (ftn), 50-4

design method, 50-3design, wall, 54-2D-load, 40-9endurance, 43-9fatigue, 43-9interaction criterion, 62-2laboratory, 40-9law, Abram’s, 48-4limit state, 67-2proof, 45-8, 45-12reduction factor, 50-4rupture, 43-15shear, 43-8soil, 35-25

tensile, 43-3, 58-2ultimate, 43-3ultimate, pipe, 40-9vs. factors, 43-16yield, 43-2, 43-3, 58-2

Stress, 44-2allowable bearing, 65-3allowable bending, 59-3, 59-4allowable shear, 59-4allowable, sheet piling, 39-4

allowable tensile, 60-3axial, 35-25bending, 44-10, 59-2bending, plate girder, 63-3block, 50-6buckling, 61-2circumferential, 45-3, 45-4combined, 44-5concentration, 44-4concentration factor, fatigue, 43-9, 43-10concentration, press-fit, 45-7, 45-8

confining, 35-25contour chart, Boussinesq, A-69, A-70

corrosion, 22-17cylinder, thick-walled, 45-5

design, allowable, 58-4deviator, 35-26effective, 35-14, 35-27, 37-6, 40-5engineering, 43-2extreme, 44-5flexural, 44-10longitudinal, 45-4mean, 43-9neutral, 35-14normal, 44-2overburden, 35-14physical, 43-5principal, 44-5proof, 43-3 (ftn)radial, 35-25ratio, cyclic, 40-11relaxation, 43-11, 56-4riser, 44-4-rupture test, 43-15shear, 44-2shear, concrete beam, 50-16shear, fluid, 14-6shear, plate girder, 63-2-strain curve, 43-1, 43-3tangential, 45-3tensile, axial, 60-1tension, diagonal, 50-16total, 35-14true, 43-5yield, 43-2, 58-2

Strickler equation, 19-4 (ftn)Strict liability in tort, 86-5Stringer, 59-2, G

Stripcolumn, slab, 51-6middle, slab, 51-6surcharge, 37-5

Stripping, 34-2 (ftn)air, 29-12, 34-16ammonia, 28-13, 29-12factor, 34-17pavement, 76-5steam, 34-17

Strongaxis, 59-3material, 43-16

Structuralaluminum, properties, A-72

bolt, 65-3cell, 41-12magnesium, properties, A-72

number, 76-12number, pavement, 76-18rope, 45-20section, Gshape, compression, 61-2

shape designations, 58-3

shape, tension, 60-1

steel, 58-1steel, corrugated pipe, A-33steel, properties, A-72

steel, properties, high temperature, A-95

steel, types, A-94

strand, 45-20tee, 61-1

Structureatomic, 22-1composite, 44-19

Stud connector, 64-4Subautogenous

fuel, 31-11waste, 34-8 (ftn)

Subbase, G Subcontract, 86-4Subcritical flow, 19-15, G Subgrade, G

drain, 76-24modulus, 35-30, 35-30, 77-5

reaction, modulus of, 35-30, 35-30, 76-15,77-4

Submain, GSubmatrix, 4-1Submerged

arc weld, 66-1density, 35-7, 36-7fraction, 15-15mode, 19-14pipelines, 15-16scraper conveyor, 32-5weir, 19-11

Subset, 11-1proper, 11-1

Subsidence loss, 80-2Subsonic, 14-14

flow regime, 14-14 (ftn)Substitutes, asbestos, 32-5

Substrate, 28-6, Gutilization, rate of, 30-7utilization, specific, 30-7

Subsurfacerunoff, Gwater, 21-1

SubtitleC landfill, 31-3D landfill, 31-3

Ind

ex


Suburbanarea, 74-3survey, 78-4

Success, 11-3Suction, 18-4

head, net positive, 18-14head, total, 18-6specific speed, 18-16

Sugar, 23-3 (tbl)Sulfate

sulfur, 24-3-resistant portland cement, 48-2

Sulfide attack, 28-5Sulfur, 24-3

-asphalt concrete, 76-24concrete, 76-24dioxide, 32-14in stack gas, 32-4low-, coal, 24-4oxides, 32-14trioxide, 24-3, 32-4, 32-14

Sulfurous acid, 32-14Sulphex, 76-24Sum-of-the-years’ digits method, 85-21,

85-26Sunk cost, 85-3Superchlorination, 26-13, GSupercritical flow, 19-15, G Superelevation, 73-19, 79-6, G

railroad, 79-9rate, 79-6runoff, 79-7runoff rate, 79-7transition, 79-7transition distance, 79-7transition rate, 79-7

Super high-rate filter, 29-8Supernatant, 30-13, 30-15, G Superpave, 76-2, 76-23

binder grades, 76-3

Superplasticizer, 48-3Superposition, 44-16

loads, 41-16method, 46-4theorem, 10-6

Supersaturated solution, 22-8 (ftn)Supersonic, 14-14Supplementary

angle, 6-2unit, 1-5

Supplier (dealing with), 87-2 Support

lateral, 59-3membrane, 40-10type, 41-7

Supported membrane, 31-4Suppressed weir, 19-10Surcharge, 15-12, G

line, 37-5point, 37-5soil, 37-5strip, 37-5uniform, 37-5

Surcharged sewer, GSurface

-acting agent, 32-7 (ftn)area factor, 76-7area method, 76-7detention, Gfinish, 2-4, 2-9, 43-9finish factor, 43-10

flow, 20-7, 20-7 (ftn)

free, 16-6frictionless, 41-7loading, 26-5, 29-7, 29-8loading rate, 29-7of revolution, 42-3, 9-5recycling, 76-22retention, G runoff, 20-6, 20-7 (ftn), 32-12, G sealing, 77-10temperature, 10-10tension, 14-10, 14-11

wave, 19-17Surfactant, 32-7Surficial, GSurge

chamber, 17-36, 18-24tank, 17-36wave, 19-17

Survey, 78-5, (see also type)class of, 78-4

Surveying, 78-1Surveyor’s

chain, 78-7transit, 78-11

Susceptance, 83-5Susceptibility, frost, GSuspended

metal, in wastewater, 28-14solids, 28-6, 29-3solids, age, 30-6solids, mixed liquor, 30-5solids, mixed liquor volatile, 30-5

Suspension, 22-7Suttro weir, 19-13SVI, 30-10, 30-12Swale, G Sweet mixture, concrete, 48-2Swell, 35-14, 80-2Swelling, 35-24

index, 35-24, 40-4Swing valve, 16-12Symbols, 3-1

geotextile, A-65

piping, A-24

soil boring, A-65

USCS, A-65

weld, 66-2

well, A-65

Symmetricalfunction, 7-4matrix, 4-2waveform, 9-7 (tbl)

Symmetrycurve, types, 7-4even, 9-7 (tbl)full-wave 9-7, (tbl)half-wave 9-7, (tbl)odd, 9-7 (tbl)quarter-wave, 9-7 (tbl)

Synchronouscapacitor, 83-13motor, 83-13speed, 18-10, 18-10, 83-12

Syndet, 25-7Syngas, 24-8

from tires, 32-14Synthesis, 22-5

hydrograph, 20-10, 20-13organic compound, 23-3

Syntheticasphalt, 76-24detergent, 25-9

gas, 24-5, 24-8 latex, 76-6membrane, 31-4membrane liner, 31-4organic chemical, 28-14polymer, 26-6textured, 31-5unit hydrograph, 20-10, 20-11unit hydrograph, Espey, 20-12zeolite, 26-15

Systemcombined, Gconsistent, 3-7force-couple, 41-4inconsistent, 3-7linear force, 41-4numbering, 3-1of forces, 41-6of units, 1-2performance curve, 18-16separate, GSI, 1-5time, 74-23voltage, 83-5 (ftn)

Systematic error, 84-2

T

T250 temperature, 24-3Table

divided difference, 12-3factor, A-121

groundwater, 37-6, 40-5of integrals, 9-1 (ftn)periodic, 22-2, A-48

water, GTachyometric distance measurement, 78-8Tachyometry, 78-8Tack coat, G Tail

curve, 11-6race, 18-24, G water, 18-24, G

Tandemparking, 74-18seal, 34-12

Tangent, 7-2approach, 79-1back, 79-1curve, 79-1departure, 79-1distance, 79-2, 79-4forward, 79-1modulus, 48-5modulus, bulk, 14-13offset, 79-4, 79-5offset, spiral, 79-16plane, 8-5resistance, 75-4runoff, 79-7runout, 79-7

Tangentialacceleration, 72-7stress, 45-3turbine, 18-22 (ftn)velocity, 18-22, 72-7

Tangents, law of, 6-5Tangible property, 85-20 (ftn)Tank

above-ground, 33-1aeration, 30-8contact, 30-3detritus, 29-5



I-48


I N D E X I-49


discharge, 17-16, 17-17pressurized, 17-17reactor, 34-6sedimentation, 26-5septic, 29-2skimming, 29-6spherical, 45-5stabilization, 30-3thick-walled, 45-4 (see also Cylinder,

thick-walled)thin-walled, 45-3 (see also Pressure

vessel)time to empty, 17-18underground, 32-13upflow, 26-10

Tape, survey, 78-7Taper

channelization, 74-25downstream, 74-26merging, 74-26parabolic, 79-4shifting, 74-26shoulder, 74-26two-way traffic, 74-26

Taperedaeration, 30-3energy, 26-9flocculation, 26-9

Tapeworm, 27-2Tap hole, 15-2Taping, 78-7Tar

coal, epoxy, 16-11pipe coating, 16-11

Target substance, 84-3Taste, in water, 26-12Tax credit, 85-25Taxonomy, G Taylor’s

formula, 8-7series, 8-7

Taylor slope stability chart, 40-7, 40-8

T-beam, 50-14T-delta rosette, 84-12Tee-beam (see T-beam)Telescope, 78-9Telescopic instrument, 78-5Temperature

autoignition, 24-8combustion, 24-15deflection, 43-11effect on output, 84-12flame, 24-15flue gas, 24-13ignition, 24-8net stack, 24-13paving, 76-7rise, 13-4steel, 51-2surface, 10-10transition, 43-15transition, ductile, 43-15

variation constant, 28-8Temporary

benchmark, 78-7hardness, Gtraffic control zones, 74-25

Tendency, central, 11-10Tender mix, 76-5Tendon, 39-4

aramid, 56-4bonded, 56-2

corrosion, 56-4prestress, 56-3prestressing, ASTM, 56-5

unbonded, 56-2Tensile

capacity, pile, 38-5strength, 43-3, 58-2strength, splitting, 48-5stress, allowable, 60-3stress, area, bolt, 65-3stress, axial, 60-1test, 43-1

Tensiometer, 21-2Tension

bolt, minimum, 65-3

cable, 73-11connection, 65-5connection, concentric, 66-3connection, eccentric, 66-4field action equation, 63-3member, 60-1

member, steel, 60-1member, steel, design flowchart, 60-6

member, threaded, 60-5pile, 38-5stress, diagonal, 50-16surface, 14-10, 14-11

Tensioned soil pressure, 37-2Tensor, 5-1Ten States’ Standards, 28-2, 30-5, A-63, A-64

Ten States’ Standards, A-63, A-64

Termgeneral, 3-10in a sequence, 3-10

Terminalpoint, 5-1serviceability index, 76-12, 76-15value, 85-16velocity, 17-40, 73-16

Termsharmonic, 9-6separation of, 9-3

Tertiarycreep, 43-16pond, 29-4treatment, 29-3

Terzaghi bearing capacity factors, 36-3, 36-4

Terzaghi-Meyerhof equation, 36-3Test (see also type)

ASTM, soil, 35-16

Atterberg limit, 35-4, 35-21BOD, 28-8CD-, 35-27comparison, 3-12concrete strength, 49-1cone penetrometer, 35-17confined compression, 35-23confirmed, Gconsolidated-drained, 35-27consolidated-undrained, 35-27consolidation, 35-23constant-head, 35-22CPT, 35-17CU, 35-27direct shear, 35-24falling-head, 35-22fatigue, 43-8field density, 35-20financial, 85-34, 85-35 for convergence, 3-11hardness, 43-12, 43-13

Hveem’s resistance value, 35-30

hydrometer, 35-2in-place density, 35-20Los Angeles abrasion, 76-4oedometer, 35-23on plastic, 43-10penetration, 35-17penetration, standard, 36-7permeability, 35-22plate bearing value, 35-30presumptive, GProctor, 35-17, 35-18Q-, 35-27quick, 35-27R-, 35-27ratio, 3-12S-, 35-27sieve, 35-2sliding plate viscometer, 14-6slow, 35-27slump, 48-3soil, standard, 35-15splitting tensile strength, 48-6

SPT, 35-17stabilometer, 35-30tensile, 43-1third-point loading flexure, 77-4torsion, 43-7triaxial, 35-25unconfined compressive strength, 35-28unconsolidated-undrained, 35-27vane shear, 35-28

Testing (see also type)nondestructive, 43-11

Textured synthetic cap, 31-5Theis equation, 21-6Theodolite, 78-9, 78-11, GTheorem

binomial, 3-3Buckingham, pi-, 1-8buoyancy, 15-14Cauchy-Schwartz, 5-3central limit, 11-11De Moivre’s, 3-8Kutta-Joukowsky, 17-38linearity, 10-6of calculus, fundamental, 9-4of Fourier, 9-6of Pappus, 9-5of Pappus-Guldinus, 42-3parallel axis, 42-4, 71-2perpendicular axis, 42-5Pythagorean, 6-2superposition, 10-6time-shifting, 10-6transfer axis, 42-4Varignon’s, 41-3

Theoretical yield, 22-7Theory

Coulomb earth pressure, 37-2–37-4distortion energy, 43-8log-spiral, 37-3maximum shear stress, 43-8Prandtl’s layer, 17-42Rankine earth pressure, 37-2, 37-4von Mises, 43-8

Therm, 13-1Thermal

ballast, 34-10coefficient of expansion, 14-12 (ftn)cracking, 24-2deflection temperature, 43-11deformation, 44-3

Ind

ex


desorption, 34-18efficiency, 24-16energy, 13-4 (ftn)expansion, coefficients, 34-14, 44-4

load, 47-3NOx, 32-9resistance, coefficient of, 84-6

strain, 44-4Thermistor, 84-5Thermocline, GThermocouple, 84-6

material, 84-7

thermoelectric constants, A-119

Thermoelectric constant, 84-7, A-119

Thermophile, 27-1Thermophilic bacteria, GThermopile, 84-7Thickening

batch gravity, 30-13dissolved air flotation, 30-13gravity, 30-13gravity belt, 30-14sludge, 30-13

Thicknessminimum concrete beam, 50-13

minimum, pavement, 76-17, 76-19

minimum slab, 51-2, 51-8

Thick-walled cylinder, 45-4, 45-5

Thiem equation, 21-5Thiessen method, 20-2Thin

overlay, 77-10-walled tank, 45-3

Third-point loading, 48-5flexure test, 77-4

Thixotropic fluid, 14-7Thixotropy, G Thompson effect, 84-6 (ftn)Thread angle, helix, 45-13Threaded

fitting, 17-12 (ftn)member, tension, 60-5

Threadworm, 27-2Three

-dimensional mensuration, A-9

-force member, 41-6-moment equation, 46-5-phase electricity, 83-9-phase signal, 74-12-reservoir problem, 17-21Thresholdlevel value, 82-2odor number, 26-13

Throateffective weld, 45-13thickness, 66-3

Throttling service valve, 16-12Tie, 39-4

back, 39-4bar spacing, pavement, 77-8

lateral, masonry column, 70-2rod, 39-4wall, 69-11

Tied column, 52-1Tile

bed, 29-2field, 29-2

Till, Gglacial, G

Time (see also type)base, 20-6bed residence, 34-5

decoloration, 28-12-dependent loss, 56-3detention, 26-5, 29-7doubling, 85-8

factor, 40-5factors, consolidation, 40-5

hydraulic detention, 30-8lag, 20-10, 20-11mean cell residence, 30-8mean residence, 29-7mean speed, 74-4of concentration, 20-3, Gperception-reaction, 79-8retention, 26-5, 29-7retention, hydraulic, 30-8rule, 79-8stabilization, 28-12-series analysis, 9-7 (ftn)-shifting theorem, 10-6-space diagram, 74-15to double, 85-8to empty tank, 17-18to peak, 20-10to triple, 85-8tripling, 85-8

value of money, 85-5Timing, on-demand, 74-16Tip

resistance, 38-2speed, 18-4

Tipping fee, 31-2Tire

coefficient of friction, 75-4-derived fuel, 24-4discarded 32-13

Titania, 24-3 (ftn)Titration, 25-2Toe, 37-9

circle failure, 40-7dam, 15-11excavation, 39-2kick-out, 39-4retaining wall, 54-4wash-out, 39-4

Tolerance, 2-4mill plate widths, 58-3

TON, 26-13Tonnage rating, railroad, 75-3Tonne, 1-7Top

cap, 31-5plate construction, 66-7

Topographic map, 78-19symbols, 78-20

Torque, 41-2bolt, 45-12coefficient, 45-12electrical motor, 83-10hydrostatic, 15-11meter, 84-14on a gate, 15-11pump shaft, 18-11shaft, 45-13

Torricelli’s equation, 17-16Torsion

angle, 43-8, 45-13balance, 14-10noncircular shape, 45-15

shell, 45-14solid member, 45-15test, 43-7

Torsionalaxis, 45-15buckling, 61-2center, 45-16shear, 66-5

Tort, 86-5Total

active resultant, 37-3air voids, 76-9coliform, 27-4density, soil, 35-7discharge head, 18-7dissolved solids, 25-9energy, 16-2, 16-4energy line, 17-15fixed solids, 25-9float, Ghead, 16-3, 18-6, 18-7metal (in wastewater), 28-14nitrogen, 25-8phosphorous, 25-9pressure, 16-3, 37-6rainfall, 20-16residual chlorine, 34-6residual oxidant, 29-12solids, 25-8, 28-6station survey, 78-5stress, 35-14suction head, 18-6, 18-7suspended solids, 25-9volatile solids, 25-9

Tough material, 43-6, 43-16Toughness, 43-6, 43-14, 58-2

modulus, 43-6notch, 43-14test, 43-14

Toweroxidation, 29-8packed, 34-3. 34-16spray, 34-16tray, 34-16

Town gas, 24-7 (ftn)Township, 78-18, G

number, 78-18Toxaphene, 32-11Toxicity (in fish), 25-10Toxicity leaching characteristic, 32-2Toxin, G Trace organic, 29-3Tract, 78-18Traction effort, 75-2Tractive force, 75-2

locomotive, 75-3Trade-in allowance, 85-18Traditional organochlorine pesticide, 32-10Traffic, 74-4, 76-12 (see also type)

-activated controller, 74-15calming, 74-22control zones, temporary, 74-25design, 76-12, 76-13recorder, 74-5

Train, cold, 76-22Tranquil flow, 19-15, G Transcendental function

circular, 6-2derivative, 8-2integral of, 9-1

Transducer, 15-2, 84-3Transfer

axis theorem, 42-4efficiency, 26-4efficiency, oxygen, 30-9



I-50


I N D E X I-51


heat, 30-16unit, 34-17

Transformfast Fourier, 9-7Laplace, 10-5, A-11

Transformationcoefficient of, 5-2matrix, 5-3

Transformedeffective width, 64-3moment of inertia, 64-3properties, 64-2section modulus, 64-3

Transformer, 83-6Transgranular, 22-17Transit, 78-9, 78-11

rule, 78-14Transition

channel, 19-15curve, 79-15distance, superelevation, 79-7element, 22-2, 22-3metal, 22-2 (ftn), 22-3rate, 79-7region, 16-8superelevation, 79-7temperature, 43-15temperature, ductile, 43-15

trench width, 40-9zone, 3-13

Translation, 73-2Transmissible vector, 5-1 (ftn)Transmission

dynamometer, 84-12gear ratio, 75-2rope, 45-19

Transmissivity, 21-3, G coefficient of, 21-3

Transmittance, smoke, 32-13Transonic, 14-14Transpiration, G Transpose, 4-4Transverse

axis, 7-11load, truss, 41-16pitot tube, Gpressure, 17-27sensitivity factor, 84-8velocity, 72-9

Trapezoidalchannel, 19-6, 19-8, 19-9channel conveyance factor, A-48–A-51pressure distribution, 39-2rule, 7-1, 78-17weir, 19-12

Trap, sand, GTrash, 24-4Trashphalt, 76-24Trash rack, 26-4, 29-5Traveled way, G Travel speed, 74-4Traverse, 78-13

area, 78-15, 78-16closure, 78-14pitot tube, G

Travers tandem parking, 74-18Tray tower, 34-16Treatment

advanced wastewater, 29-3leachate, 31-8methods, water supply, 26-3

partial, G

penetration, Gplant, wastewater, 29-3preliminary, 29-3primary, 29-3secondary, 29-3shock, 28-5tertiary, 29-3

Tremie concrete, 40-10Trench

anchor, 31-4method, landfill, 31-2sheet, 39-4shield, 82-1slurry, 40-10width, transition, 40-9

Trenching, safety, 82-1Trenchless method, 40-11Trestle, 41-12Triad, Cartesian, 5-2Triadimenol, 32-11Trial, 11-2

batch method, 49-2Triangle, 6-2

general, 6-5oblique, 6-5, A-116

Pascal’s, 3-3right, 6-2similar, 6-2special, 6-2spherical, 6-5

Triangularchannel, 19-7matrix, 4-2unit hydrograph, 20-11weir, 19-12

Triangulation, 78-5station, 78-7

Triaxial stress test, 35-25Triazine, 32-11Trichinosis, 27-2Trichlorophenol, 25-10Trickling filter, 29-8

performance, 29-10

Trifluralin, 32-11Trigonometric

form, 3-7function, 6-2identity, 6-2–6-5, 6-3

Trigonometry, spherical, 6-5Trihalomethane, 25-9Trihedral angle, 6-5Trilateration, 78-5Trimetric view, 2-3Trip generation, 74-5Triphospate, adenosine, GTriple

integral, 9-3product, mixed, 5-4product, vector, 5-5scalar product, 5-4

Triplex pump, 18-2Tripling time, 85-8, 85-8

Tripod, 41-21Tritium, 22-2Trivial solution, 3-7 (ftn)Tropopause, 15-13 (ftn)Troposphere, 15-13Truck

equivalent, 74-7

factor, 76-12loading, standard, 76-14

types, 74-3, 76-14

Truecolor, in water, 25-8meridian, 78-11strain, 43-5stress, 43-5

Trumpet interchange, 74-21Trunk, 28-2Truss, 41-12

deflection, 44-17, 47-4indeterminate, 46-6pipe, 28-4transverse load, 41-16types, 41-13

Tschebotarioff pressure distribution, 39-2

TSS, A-63, A-64

T. trichiuro, 27-2Tube

impact, 16-4piezometer, 15-2pitot, 16-4stagnation, 16-4static pressure, 15-2

Tuberculosis, 27-2Tubing, copper, 16-10Tubular flow, 30-6Turbid water, 25-9Turbidity, 25-8, G

unit, Gunit, nephelometric, 25-8, G

Turbine, 17-14axial flow, 18-23high-head, 18-21impulse, 17-34, 18-21meter, 17-26power, 17-34, 18-22reaction, 18-22runner, 18-21specific speed, 18-23type, 18-23

Turbulent flow, 16-8, 17-5Turning

point, 79-10radius, 74-3

Turnout, GTurns ratio, 83-6Twaddel scale, 14-4 (ftn)Twist

angle, 43-8, 45-13center of, 45-16

Two-angle formula, 6-4-dimensional mensuration, A-7

-force member, 41-6, 41-12lines, angle, 7-8-metal corrosion, 22-16-phase signal, 74-12-point form, 7-5points, distance, 7-7-stage process, 26-13-stage trickling filter, 29-9-tail limit, 11-12-way drainage, 40-5-way shear, 55-3-way slab, 51-4-way traffic taper, 74-26

Type1 connection, 65-6, 65-7, 66-72 connection, 65-6, 66-73 connection, 65-6, 66-7I settling, 26-4 (ftn)II settling, 26-4 (ftn)

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arrival, 74-13cover, 20-16-n flow, culvert, 19-28number, 3-1of flow, 19-2of views, 2-1

Types, structural steel, A-94

Typhoid fever, 27-2

U

UBC, 58-4Ultimate

analysis, 22-4, 22-5, 24-2bearing capacity, 36-3bearing capacity, pile, 38-1BOD, 28-8CO2, 24-12load, 47-2plastic moment, 59-11shear, 59-11strength, 43-3strength design, 44-2 (ftn)strength method, 59-7, 59-10strength, pipe, 40-9

Ultrafilter, 26-11Ultralow NOx burner, 34-12Ultrasonic

flowmeter, 17-26test, 43-14

Ultrasound testing, 43-12Ultrathin white-topping, 76-24Ultraviolet radiation, 26-18Unaccounted-for water, 26-20Unavailable combined residual, 28-13Unbalanced

centrifugal ratio, 79-7force, 41-1

Unbiased estimator, 11-10Unbonded tendon, 56-2Unbraced column, 53-2, 53-4Unburned fuel loss, 24-15Uncertainty analysis, 85-43Unconfined

aquifer, 21-1compressive strength, 35-28

Unconsolidated-undrained test, 35-27Unconstrained motion, 73-9Underground

storage tank, 32-13water, 21-1

Underreinforced beam, 50-4Undetermined coefficients, method of, 3-6,

10-4 Undrained case, 36-4Unequal

angle, 61-1tangent vertical curve, 79-15

Unified soil classification, 35-5system, 35-6

Uniformacceleration, 72-3acceleration formulas, 72-3

attack corrosion, 22-15cost, annual, 85-7exam, 88-2flow, 16-9, 19-2, 19-4, 19-6, G gradient factor, 85-9motion, 72-3series cash flow, 85-3surcharge, 37-5

Uniformitycoefficient, Hazen, 35-3coefficient of, 21-5

Uninterrupted flow, 74-2Union, set, 11-1Unit

circle, 6-1flow rate, pedestrian, 74-17hydrograph, 20-8hydrograph, NRCS dimensionless, 20-11

hydrograph, synthetic, Espey, 20-12hydrograph, triangular, 20-11hydrograph, unit, synthetic, 20-10, 20-11impulse function, 10-6load method, 44-17matrix, 4-2nephelometric turbidity, 25-8, Gprimary, 1-7process, Gshaft friction, 38-3sphere, 6-6step function, 10-6stream power, Gstrength method, 68-3transfer, 34-17turbidity, Gvector, 5-2, 41-2vector, Cartesian, 5-2 velocity, 21-3 (ftn)weight, 35-7weight, concrete, 48-4weight, dry, at zero air voids, 35-19width flow, 74-15

Unitsconsistent system of, 1-2non-SI, 1-7

of pressure, 14-2SI base, 1-5

SI derived, 1-6

Universalgas constant, back endpaper

gravitation, Newton’s 73-18set, 11-1transverse mercator, 78-5, 78-20

Universe, 11-3Unloading curve, 43-7Unreinforced

masonry, 69-2membrane, 31-4

Unsaturated hydrocarbon, 23-3 (tbl), 24-1Unshored construction, 57-3, 64-4Unstable equilibrium, 73-2Unsteady flow, well, 21-6Unstiffened element, 61-7Unsupported membrane, 31-4Unsymmetrical

bending, beam, 59-14vertical curve, 79-15

Upflow tank, 26-10Upgrade, coal, 24-5Upheaving, pavement, 76-5Uplift

force, 21-9pressure, 21-8

Upper bound, 9-4Upstream control, 19-20Urban

area, 74-3interchange, 74-21street, 74-3survey, 78-4

Urea, 32-9 (ftn), 34-15 (ftn)

Usage, electrical, 83-7USCS

soil classification system, 35-6

symbols, A-65

U.S. Rectangular Surveying System, 78-18UST, 32-13, 33-1UTC, GUtilization factor, 74-23U-tube manometer (see Manometer)U-waste, 32-2

V

Vacuum, 14-3, 15-2drum filter, 30-16extraction, 34-18

Vadosewater, G zone, 21-1, G

Valence, 22-3, G Value (see also type)

analysis, 85-43arbitrary point in time, 67-4average (by integration), 9-4book, 85-23boundary, 10-2effective, 83-5engineering, 85-43expected, 85-30face, 85-29heating, 24-14influence, 40-2initial, 9-3, 10-1limiting, 3-9market, 85-23R-, 35-30residual, 85-16resistance, soil, 35-30salvage, 85-18standard normal, 11-6

Valvealtitude, 26-19angle, 16-12ball, 16-12butterfly, 16-12characteristics, 16-13

check, 16-12equivalent length, A-31

flow coefficient, 17-13gate, 16-12globe, 16-12lift, 16-12needle, 16-12nonreverse-flow, 16-12plug, 16-12pressure-relief, 17-36swing, 16-12types, 16-12, 16-12, 16-13

Vane shear test, 35-28Vapor

condensing, 34-18incinerator, 34-12pressure, 14-9, 14-9

pressure head, 18-6 (ftn)pressure, Reid, 32-8

Variable, 3-2-area meter, 17-25-capacitance transducer, 84-4cost, 85-31dimension of, 1-8 (tbl), 1-8

-inductance transducer, 84-4matrix, 4-6



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I N D E X I-53


-reluctance transducer, 84-4resistor, 84-3

Variance, 11-11account, 85-36

Variation, 78-11coefficient of, 11-11, 67-3in water demand, 26-18Manning constant, 19-5of parameters, 10-4wastewater flow, 28-2

Varied flow, 19-20, GVarignon’s theorem, 41-3Varve, GVarved clay, 40-4Varying mass, 19-5, 73-17Vaulting, 75-8V-belt, 73-7 (ftn)Vector, 5-1

addition, 5-3biological, 31-5bound, 5-1 (ftn)Cartesian unit, 5-2cross product, 5-4dot product, 5-3equivalent, 5-1 (ftn)field, curl, 8-7field, divergence, 8-6fixed, 5-1 (ftn)function, 5-5gradient, 8-5image, 78-6load, 47-12multiplication, 5-3normal line, 8-6normal to plane, 7-6resultant, 5-3sliding, 5-1 (ftn)transmissible, 5-1 (ftn)triple product, 5-5unit, 5-2, 41-2

Vectorsequal, 5-1orthogonal, 5-3

Vehicledesign, 74-3, 74-3

dynamics, 75-1equivalent, 74-6high-occupancy, 74-7standard design, 76-13types, 74-3

Vehicular volume warrant, signalization, 74-14

Velocity, 72-3acoustical, 14-14apparent, 21-4average, 16-8bulk, 16-8burnout, 73-17centerline, 16-8cleansing (see Self-cleansing velocity)coefficient of, 17-16, 17-28critical, 26-5, G critical, sludge, 18-6Darcy, 21-4-dependent force, 73-17distribution, 16-8, 19-2drift, 34-7effective, 21-4energy, 16-2 (ftn)equivalent, 21-3escape, 73-19flooding, 34-2

flow-through, 26-5gradient, 14-6, 17-13, 26-9Hazen-Williams, 19-6head, 18-6lifting, water, 21-4, 21-4

maximum, erodible channels, 19-25

maximum fluid, 17-3

maximum open channel, 19-25mean, open channel, 19-2minimum open channel, 19-2mixing, 26-8of approach, 16-4, 17-16of approach factor, 17-28of whirl, 18-11 (ftn)overland flow, 20-4

paddle, relative, 26-8pore, 21-3ratio, pump, 18-3

reaction, 22-10scour, 29-5seepage, 21-4self-cleansing, 19-2, 20-3 (ftn), 28-4settling, 26-4, 26-5

sewer, 28-4, 28-5

sonic, 14-14tangential, 18-22, 72-7terminal, 17-40, 73-16unit, 21-3 (ftn)wave, 19-17

Velzdecay rate, 29-10equation, 29-10

Vena contracta, 17-16, 17-29Veneer failure, 31-5Venturi

discharge coefficients, 17-28

meter, 17-27Vertex, parabola, 7-10Vertical

angle, 6-2buckling, 44-18curve, 79-10curve, through point, 79-12, 79-13curve, unequal tangent, 79-15curve, unsymmetrical, 79-15exaggeration, 78-19soil pressure, 37-3

VFA, 76-9Vibration, concrete, 49-5Vibratory roller, 76-8Vibrio cholerae, 27-2Vicat softening point, 43-11Vickers hardness, 43-13View

auxiliary, 2-2axonometric, 2-3central, 2-2dimetric, 2-3isometric, 2-3normal, 2-1oblique, 2-2orthogonal, 2-2orthographic, 2-2orthographic oblique, 2-3perspective, 2-2, 2-3planar, 2-2principal, 2-2profile auxiliary, 2-2redundant, 2-2trimetric, 2-3

Views, types, 2-1

Virgincompression line, 35-23consolidation line, 35-23curve, 40-4

Virtualdisplacement, 46-9work, 44-17work method, beams, 47-17work principle, 47-3

Virus, 27-1, 27-2, 27-3Viscometer

concentric cylinder, 14-6 (ftn)cup-and-bob 14-6, (ftn)Saybolt, 14-6 (ftn)test, 14-6

Viscosity, 14-6coefficient of, 14-6conversion, 14-8 (tbl), 14-8

dynamic, 14-6 (ftn)effect on head loss, 17-10grading, 76-2index, 14-9kinematic, 14-8, 16-7power law, 17-11water, A-13, A-14

Viscouscoefficient, 73-16flow, 16-7

Vision, center of, 2-3Vitrification, 34-4, 34-18, GVitrified clay, pipe, 16-10, 28-4VMA, 76-9

criterion, 76-11

V-notch weir, 19-12VOC, 28-14

removal, 32-14, 34-3Void

ratio, 21-2, 35-7region, 7-3

Voidsfilled with asphalt, 76-9in mineral asphalt, 76-9total air, 76-9

Volatileacid, 27-6dissolved solids, 25-9inorganic compound, 32-14liquid, 14-9, 22-7 (ftn)matter, 24-4organic chemical, 28-14, G organic compound, 28-14, 32-14, 34-3solids, 25-9, 28-6, 30-5, G suspended solids, 25-9

Volatility, 24-6Volatilization, GVolcanic glass, 35-31Voltage, 83-2

divider, 83-4drop, 83-3motor, 83-15

regulation, 83-10Voltammetric sensor, 84-3Volume

absolute, 49-2-capacity ratio, 74-5, 74-12consolidated, 49-2directional design hour, 74-5hourly, 74-8index, sludge, 30-6molar, 22-4of a fluid, 14-1of revolution, 9-5, 42-3

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of sludge, water treatment, 26-10parameter, traffic, 74-4pile, 80-1, 80-2sludge, 30-12solid, 49-2specific, 14-4three-dimensional, mensuration of, A-9

warrant, signalization, 74-14, 74-15wastewater, 28-1, 28-2

Volumetricair flow rate, 30-9analysis, 24-2efficiency, pump, 18-3expansion, coefficient, 44-3fraction, 24-2loading, 30-8strain, 14-13

Von Mises theory, 43-8Vorticity, 8-7

W

Waffle slab, 51-4Wah gas, GWaiting

line, 74-23time, 74-23

Wake drag, 17-39Wale, G Walkway, 74-16

width, effective, 74-17Wall

bearing, 54-2buttress, 37-1cantilever, 37-1, 39-4cell, Gconcrete, 54-1containment, 40-10counterfort, 37-1cut-off, 40-10effective length factor, 54-2footing, 36-2, 55-2friction, soil, 37-3, 37-4gabion, 37-2gravity, 37-1load-carrying, 54-2masonry, 69-2, A-98–A-101

masonry, allowable stress, 69-3

multiple wythe, 69-11nonbearing, 54-1retaining, 54-1, 54-2retaining, active components, A-67, A-68

retaining, analysis, 37-6retaining, cantilever, 37-1, 39-4retaining, design, 37-8semi-gravity, 37-1shear, 54-2shear stress factor, 17-5 (ftn)slurry, 40-10tie, 69-11

Warming, global, 32-8Warrant, signal, 74-14 (see also type)WAS, 30-2, 30-13Washboarding, pavement, 76-5Washing, soil, 34-15Washout

sludge, 30-12solids, 30-12toe, 39-4

Wastage rate, 30-8Waste, 32-2 (see also type)

-activated sludge, 30-2, 30-13decomposition end products, 27-5

domestic, Gfuel, 24-4municipal solid, 31-1-to-energy facility, 31-9-to-steam plant, 31-9

Wastewater, 34-18characteristics, 28-5compositing, 28-14domestic, 28-1industrial, 28-1, 28-8, 29-2

municipal, 28-2peaking factors, 28-2

plant acreage, 29-3

pump, 18-4, 29-3, 29-4

quantity, 28-1, 28-2reclamation, 29-12sanitary, 28-1sludge quantity, 30-12standard, 28-14standards, industrial, 29-1tests, 28-8treatment, 34-18treatment plant, 29-3volume, 28-1, 28-2

Wasteway, G Water

absorbed, Gabsorption, masonry, 68-3balance equation, 20-2balance, post-closure, 31-7-borne pathogen, 27-2bulk modulus, 14-14

capillary, G-cement ratio, 49-2, 77-2, 77-2

chemistry CaCO3 equivalents, A-49, A-50

confined, Gconnate, Gcontent, 21-2, 35-7content, optimum, 35-17demand, 26-17, 26-18demand, fire fighting, 26-19demand multipliers, 26-18

distribution, 26-19flow, steel pipes, 17-8, A-30

gas, 24-7 (ftn)gravitational, Ghammer, 17-35hard, Ghardness, 25-3, 25-4hardness ions, 25-3

horsepower, 17-14, 18-7

hygroscopic, Gin concrete, 48-2juvenile, Glifting velocity, 21-4meteoric, Gof crystallization, 22-4of hydration, 22-4pipe, 26-20 (see also type)power, 18-7pressure, 26-20properties, 49-1, A-13, A-14

quality compartment, 32-12reducer, high-range, 48-3-reducing mixture, 48-3softening, 26-13softening equivalents, A-49, A-50

storage, 26-19subsurface, 21-1supply demand, 26-17

supply treatment methods, 26-3

table, 40-5, G

table, bearing capacity, 36-7tail, 18-23, Gtreatment chemical application points,

26-2

treatment chemicals, A-62

treatment plant location, 26-2unaccounted for, 26-20underground, 21-1Vadose, Gvapor, 32-14viscosity, A-13, A-14

Waterborne pathogen, 27-2Watercourse, natural, 19-10Watershed

detention, 20-20modeling, 20-22retention, 20-20

Watery mixture, 48-4Watt, 1-6Wave

formula, kinematic, 20-4standing, 19-17, Gsurface, 19-17surge, 19-17velocity, 19-17

WaveformFourier, 9-7

frequency, 9-6period, 9-6periodic, 9-6symmetrical, 9-7 (tbl)

Waviness height, 2-4Waving the rod, GWay, traveled, GWeak

axis, 59-4material, 43-16

Weakenedbase, pole, 75-8plane joint, 77-9

Weatheringgrade, 68-4steel, 58-5

Weavingarea, 74-22configuration, 74-22

Web, 42-4crippling, 44-18, 59-4depth, 63-1stiffener, 44-18yielding, 59-4

Weber number, 1-9 (tbl)similarity, 17-45

Wedge, 73-7Weight, 1-1, 1-3, 71-1

adjusted, 49-3and proportion problem, 22-6atomic, 22-1, A-47, Gcombining, 22-5density, 1-3density, concrete, 48-4equivalent, 22-4, Gformula, 22-4molecular, 22-4, Groughness, 2-4specific, 14-5specific, concrete, 48-4unit, 35-7unit, concrete, 48-4

Weighting agent, 26-6Weir, 19-10

broad-crested, 19-13



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I N D E X I-55


Cipoletti, 19-12contracted, 19-10equation, Francis, 19-11equation, Rehbock, 19-11length, 19-10loading, 26-6, 29-7loading rate, 29-7proportional, 19-13sharp-crested, 19-10submerged, 19-11suppressed, 19-10Suttro, 19-13trapezoidal, 19-12triangular, 19-12V-notch, 19-12

Weisbach equation, 17-7Weld, 66-1

decay, 22-15fillet, 45-13, 66-1groove, 66-1group, balanced, 66-4groups, properties, A-80, A-97

metal, 66-1plug, 66-2shielded metal arc, 66-1size, 66-3size, fillet, minimum, 66-3

slot, 6-2submerged arc, 66-1symbols, 66-2

throat, 66-3throat, effective, 45-13

Weldability, 58-2Well, 21-4

artesian, 21-2chlorine dose, 21-4drawdown, 21-5extraction, gas, 31-6flowing, Gfunction, 21-6, 21-7

-graded soil, 35-3gravel pack, 21-4gravity, 21-2, 21-4injection, 34-9monitor, 21-4, 31-8observation, Gpumping power, 21-6relief, 21-4screen, 21-4symbols, A-65

wet, GWell-graded soil (see Well)West declination, 78-11Westergaard case, 40-2Western coal, 24-4Wet

basis concrete, 49-3density, 35-7scrubber, 34-2

scrubbing, 34-14well, G

Wetted perimeter, 16-6, A-15, G Weymouth formula, 17-9Wheatstone bridge, 84-9Wheelbase, 74-3Whipworm, 27-2Whirl, velocity of, 18-11 (ftn)Whistle blowing, 87-3 (ftn)White-topping, 76-24Whitney assumption, 50-6Wide-beam shear, 55-2Width, 2-2

beam, minimum, 50-5effective, 50-14, 64-2effective slab, composite member, 57-2minimum, concrete beam, 50-5

-thickness ratio, 61-7, 61-7, 63-2trench, transition, 40-9

Windage loss, 83-15Winfrey method, 85-16 (ftn)Wire

fiber core, 45-20independent core, 45-20reinforcing, A-90

rope, 45-19, 45-20, 45-21

sheave, 45-20spiral, column, 52-3

-strand core, 45-20Witness stake, 80-5Wood, as fuel, 24-3Work, 13-2, 47-3

done by force, 13-2done by torque, 13-2-energy principle, 13-3, 13-4, 45-19external, 13-2flow, 13-3internal, 13-2, 43-6performed by a force, 9-4pV, 13-3spring, 13-2 virtual, 44-17

Workabilityconcrete, 48-3, 49-1pavement, 76-4

Working stressdesign, 58-4method, 59-7

Worksheet, moment distribution, A-88

Worm, 27-1, 27-2, 27-2, 27-4Worth

future, 85-5present, 85-5

Woven fabric, 40-11Wye-connection, 83-9Wythe, multiple, 69-11

X

Xeriscape, GXerophytes, G X-ray testing, 43-12

Y

Yard-station, unit, 80-3Yaw, 73-2Y-connection, 83-9Year-end convention, 85-3Yersinia enterocolitica, 27-2Yield, 22-7, 85-28

bond, 85-30cell, 30-12, 30-12

coefficient, 30-7coefficient, maximum, 28-6linear, paving, 76-7mass, 31-10observed, 30-8point, 43-2, 58-2reservoir, 20-20safe, 21-5, Gspecific, 21-3, Gstrength, 58-2, 43-3

stress, 43-2, 58-2Yielding, web, 59-4Young’s modulus, 43-2, 43-2, 44-2

concrete, 48-4

Z

Zebra mussel, 27-4Zeolite

process, 26-14synthetic, 26-15

Zero, 3-3, 12-1air voids curve, 35-18air voids density, 35-19-discharge facility, 32-6-force member, 41-13matrix, 4-2order reaction rate, 22-10-voids density, 35-7

Zone (see also type)active, 37-2benthic, Gof aeration, G of influence, 40-2of saturation, G phreatic, 21-1, Gvadose, 21-1, G

Zoned survey, 78-5Zoogloea, GZooplankton, GZuber equation, 14-10z-values for confidence levels, 11-12

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civil engineering reference manual

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