civil engineering applications of ancient indian botany
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The presentation is about ancient Indian Sciences.TRANSCRIPT
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But modern Specialist doctors say
“Go, try this, it may work”
Family doctors of last century used to
say
“Go, use this, It will work”
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Sushruta says “Cancer is not a disease,
cancer cells are present in every human
body”
Modern doctors say “Diabetes cannot be
cured, it can be only controlled”
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But modern buildings, after 100 years, are
declared UNSAFE.
Same is true for Engineering.
Ancient Temples, Palaces, Forts etc were
constructed to last for 1000 years,
What is the secret of endurance of our heritage structures?
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Ancient Indian engineering philosophy,
comprise of ten sciences, thirty-two
techniques and sixty-four skills of
engineering. All these sciences are
interlinked in one way or other. Hence one
can find hundreds of references of botany
related to engineering.
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Many ancient texts, describes engineering
applications of various components
(Panchanga) of trees, plants, and creepers .
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The Engineering applications of botany can
be grouped under following heads.
1. Adobe construction- brick earths, mud plasters,
pottery , mud floorings etc.
2. Tempering of steel implements
3. Water purification.
4. Rainfall predictions.
5. Gold plating of copper and silver
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6. Crack detection by herbal paints.
7. Adamantine Glue.
8. Lime Mortars and lime plasters
9. Basic colors and pigments.
10.Herbal paste for water divining.
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Chemical soil stabilization includes soil
selection, treatment with organic additives.
Such soil is used for brick earth, mud
walls, plastering, and outer coat of idols,
pottery, base coat of cave paintings and
other purposes.
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Functions of soil plasticizers are; to increase 1. workability with optimum water content
2. water repellent property
3. strength by increasing the density
Soil plasticizers
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Soil plasticizers can be grouped as
•Flowers: Palash, Shalmali
•Fruits : Trifala1Wood apple2, Holy tree
fruit3
•Barks: Khadir4, Arjun trees
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1-Extracts of
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2-Natural fibers
Cotton, coir, wool, silk cotton , jute, spider’ web etc.
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3-Natural polymers
Cow Dung, Jaggery, Coconut water, Eggs,
Green Algae, rice husk, burnt coconut shell
etc.
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1a Bricks and Roofing tiles
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Shukla Yajurvedhita (3000 BC) mentions
methods of preparation bricks and a
special type of pot (Ukha). The soil is
stabilized by adding hairs of goat, fine
sand, iron slag and stone dust.
Shatapatha Brahman (2500 BC) mentions
use of sand, stone dust and iron slag for
soil stabilization.
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Trifala (three fruits-Aamla, Hirda and Behda)
are boiled in water till the solution is reduced
to one fourth of original volume. This
decoction is called Trifala-Kashaya. (Ref.
Shilparatna).
The suitable soil is mixed with Trifala-
Kashaya. The soil is kneaded for a long period.
The soil such prepared was used for plastering
of walls.
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Vastu Vidya describes the soil preparation
as below,
•Add extracts of barks of milky trees,
knead for one to ten days
•Add extracts of barks of Shirish tree,
knead for one to ten days
•Add decoction (Kashaya), knead for 3 to
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13th Centuary Floating Bricks of Ter and Dhoki Villiage
On Kurduwadi Latur Road, Maharashtra.
(Supposed to be made by Saint Gora Kumbhar)
• Sizes in mm : 100 x 75 x 62.5 Min to 300 x 150 x 75. • Weight in kg: 0.75 min to 3.15 Max. • Density ratio (Std Brick/ Ter brick): 1.88 to 2.37 • Floating period prior to sinking in water : 4 to 40 hours . • Probable Ingredients: Rice Husk creating partially interconnected pores.
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Brick Floating on Water
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1b-Clay idols
Additives- milk, yogurt, ghee , stone dust; iron slag . Decoctions made from barks of Khadir or Arjun trees ,oil, resinous exudation of Sal tree, grass of kundru plant. Ref. Tantrasamuchhyaya,Sakaladhikar and Vastu Vidya
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Suitable soil (white, red or yellow) is mixed with cow’s milk, linseed oil, floor of wheat and barley. A decoction is prepared by boiling barks of Kshir and bakul in water Clay balls are prepared and allowed to dry. Further lime and gum is added to dry pulverized clay balls are allowed to mature for on month. Lime in 1:2 parts is added and the mixer is used for coating the idols.
Aparajitprichha (1200-1300 AD)
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1c-Foundry soils for metal casting
The Dhokra Technique of Metal casting developed by tribes of Bastar
1. The first layer, the closest to the wax sculpture, is the river bed soil, water and coal powder applied with brush.
2. A paste of red soil with rice husk is applied to
first dry solidified layer This is applied with hands.
3.A final coating of rice husk, sand and clay is applied to the entire surface of the piece.
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Floors are made from poured and trowelled mud mixed
with Isabgol (psyllium hulls).
The mud is easy to work and acts as a binder when the
floor dries.
It reduces cracking and increases strength.
1d-Adobe floors
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1d-Light weight wood
For seats of air balloons wood of certain
trees (Palash) are specified.- Ref.
Agastsamhita.
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1f- Earthen pots
Mix floor of Satu, powder of Amaksh
,Tatwasi and coconut water to clay in a
proportion of 8 parts of clay and 1 part
of admixtures. Ref. Shilparatna 1.14.48
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1g. Ceramic pots
Prepare a mixture of Shraveshat,Guggul and
Kunda grass (one eleventh of clay) and curd .
Apply this mixture to clay pot before baking in a
furnace. Ref. Shilparatna 2.19.11
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1h- Glazing of earthen pots
Apply a mixture of milk ghee, honey
and Herb powder (churni, Pipli,Marichi
and Rasani ) to clay pots. This process
imparts glazing to the ceramic pots.
Ref. Shilparatna 1.14.15
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1i- Coloring of Clay pots
Mix sesame powder and resins of Kapittha and
Beal trees. Add desired coloring agent
(Kushta, Red ochure, orpiment etc). Polish the
pot with the mixture to impart suitable color.
Ref. Shilparatna 1.14.16
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2a-Tempering or hardening of tools
1. Heating the tool in fire until it becomes red hot.
2. Application of paste of certain materials (excreta of
pigeon and rat, powder of horns of a buffalo and
milk extract of a Mandar plant) OR dipping the
red-hot tool in Solution of buttermilk and ash of
banana plant.
3. Sharpening the tools. Ref.Brihatsamhia ch.54
Ref. Brihat Samhita
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2b-Breaking of stone blocks
Heating: The stone block is heated by make a
pyre of wooden logs of Palash or Tinduk trees.
The heating is continued till the color of wooden
logs becomes bright red or orange.
Cooling: The fire is moved to adjacent area of
rock surface. The preheated surface is cooled
down quickly by pouring certain types of liquids
listed below.
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•Solution of quick lime in cold water
•Solution prepared by mixing buttermilk
with rice paste, ripe berries.
•Solution prepared by boiling Neem leaves
and some tree barks. Ref. Brihat Samhita
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• Powder of Nirmali seeds is used to remove the turbidity of
water,
roots of Khus plant to give pleasant smell to drinking water
certain seeds to kill the bacteria present in the water. Ref.BS
Ch.54
• Use of Basil or Bilva leaf was known for increasing shelf life
water.
• Core of Jamun tree wood acts as algaecide, it destroys the
algae in 24 hours.
• Seeds of drumstick tree also act as coagulant for turbidity
removal. Ref.Pade
3-Water Purification:
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Abhilashartha ChintamaNi
Period 1124-1127 A.D.
Editor King Somadev
Aim Raw water purification Ingredients Khus, Chandan, pippali, Nagarmotha ,
cardamom, and Multani Mitti for cover
Process Mix all ingredients and encapsulate in Multani
Miiti dove. Prepare peanut size pallets.
Calcinate at 600 deg.
Use One palette per 5 litres of water
Experimental
Results
(VNIT )
DO increase: 5 to 11, COD increase:51 to
220 , MPN decrease :2400 to 14
Process patented by Dr.Deopujari &
Dr.Mandavgane, 2011.
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Ancient text Kadambini mentions certain precursors of rainfall. It mentions flowering of certain trees can be linked to onset of rainy season.
4-Rainfall prediction
Rainy season starts 45 days after Amaltash flowers bloom
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“Vanaushadhi GunAdarsh” mentions that “if juice of
Palash flowers 1, treated with sulfur, is rubbed on
copper surface, the surface shines as gold”.
Similarly, decoction of mixture of flowers juice and
Hartal 2(Orpiment) is used to make silver like lead
metal. Ref. Pade,Abhilisharth ChintamaNi
5-Gold / Silver plating of copper
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The juice of coreless trees contains water retarding
substances (lac) and hence the juice was used in
preparing silk cloth gas holders in ancient India.
Air balloons
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Waterproof cloth for hot air balloons
Apply three coats of decoction of barks of trees
(Umber, Kadamb, Mango , Hirda and Behda) to
the cloth. Then apply three coats of black gram
paste Soak the cloth in solution of sugar and
powders sea shells. Allow the cloth to dry to
make it water tight. Ref.Agasthya Samhita
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Wood Varnish
Extract of barks of milky trees
(Vat,Pipal,Umber, Beal and cedar trees) is
mixed in water. Mixture is boiled. sealing wax,
Jatuling, oil and Hingul is added. Such varnish is
applied to wood for polishing and preservation.
Ref. Shilparatna 1.14
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Preservation of Ropes
Soak the freshly woven rope in coconut oil mixed with ripe bananas and hide glue. Ref. Shilparatna 2.18.12
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6-Detection Of Defects In Rocks
Microscopic defects in stones , which were
invisible to eyes, were detected by applying
some herbal paints so that the defects were
clearly visible. Ref. Shilparatna 1.14.33-36
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Herbal paints for stone softening
•Mix powder atis root 1, Hiracus 2 and red ochre 3 in milk. Apply this paint to the stone and keep it overnight. OR •Grind Jatamasi 4,Koshta, Gayaratri Hirkus and chor in milk add coconut water. Apply the solution to the stone. OR •Grind and mix Jatamasi,Rog and Aswamari 5 in rain water. Apply the solution to the stone.
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red ochre atis root Hiracus
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Ashwamari Jatamasi
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In ancient India different materials for
mortar and plaster were used. Texts such as
Vishnudharmottar Puran, Samarangan
Sutradhar, Aparajitpruccha, Abhilisharth
Chintamani and Brihat Samhita mention such
materials.
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Desired
Properties
Ingredients
a)Hardness Kaitha, Belgiri, Linseed, Urad
dal,Mahuva flowers, powder of
cattle horns , Cow dung, Neem
seeds etc
b) bond and
adhesion
Belgiri, tree resins (Deodar, Pine
or Sal), Lac etc
c)
reinforcement
Cotton fibers, Silk cotton,
Coconut husk, barks of trees
etc.
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1-Vishnudharmottar Puran
Period: 4th to 5th Century A.D.
Editor: Khemraj Shrikrushanadas
Support: Stone masonry
Plaster: Brick powder and Mud
Ingredients
: Surkhi, Guggul, Bee wax, Mahua
flowers,Jaggery, saaf flower oil,
lime ,belgiri, Bark of Pakar, Neem
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2-Samarangan Sutradhar
Period: 10th Century A.D.
Editor: King Bhoja
Support: Stone masonry
Plaster: Mud plaster
Ingredients: Sand, Clay, Juice of
cactus, Petha,
Kharmarjiri, Sugar cane,
Milk, Fruits of Shisam,
Arjun, Belgiri pulp
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3-Aparajitpruccha
PeriodL 11th Centuary A.D.
Editor: Shri Bhuvan Dev
Support: Stone masonry
Plaster: Mud plaster
Ingredients: Chalk, Geru, Yellow
ochre, Linsed, Barlry,
Wheat flour, Barks of
milky trees, Milk, flowers
of Mohuva
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4-Abhilisharth Chintamani
Period: 12th Century A.D.
Editor: King Somadev
Support: Stone masonry
Plaster: Lime plaster
Ingredients: Chalk, powder of
shells, Gud, Glue
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5-Brihatsamhita
Period : 5th Centuary A.D.
Editor : Varahmihir
Support : Stone masonry
Plaster :
Ingredien
ts:
Decoction (of Unripe fruits of
Tinduka and Kapittaka, Flowers of
silk cotton , Seeds of Sallaki) and
barks of Dhanavana and Vacha and
Shrivasaka, Raktabola (myrrh),
Guggulu , Bhallataka , Kunduruka
Atasi resin , Bilva tree fruit
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6-Shilparatnakar
Year: 1939 A.D.
Editor : Sompura N.M
Support : Stone masonary
Plaster
Ingredients :
Unripe fruits of Tinduka and
Kapittaka , flowers of silk
cotton, seeds of Sallaki ,barks
of Dhanavana and Vaca .
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7- Mayamatam
Period : 7 th Centuary
Editor : Sage Maya
Support : Stone masonary
Plaster
Ingredients:
Lac , Kunduru, soot (lamp black),
Guggulu, wood-apple, Manjiostha
resin, Bilva fruit kernel, fruits of
Naga, neem,Tinduka , Madana ,
Madhuka, myrrh and Ambalaka.
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Preparing the mixture is a 41-day long
procedure and the eight ingredients are
# From the Bharatapuzha a river in Kerala, India
1-Finely powdered conch,2-gall-nut (Myphal)
3-sealing wax ,4-Fruits of gooseberry
5-Resin of pinus damar,6-Cotton fibers
7-Medium sizes gravels #
8-Small sizes gravels #
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Mixture is hammered by four or five men
alternatively. During this process one turns it
with an iron spatula. For hammering, only
wooden hammers made of tamarind wood are
used. The weight of the hammer would be 8
to 10 kilos.
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The lump is very soft and malleable. It
becomes hot during the hammering and
becomes hard like stone when the
hammering is stopped. An estimated 0.1
million hits of hammering are needed for a
kilogram of adhesive.
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Hide Glue
Hide glue (Sirus or Shirus) is prepared from fresh
skin of a buffalo cooked in water till it becomes soft
as butter. Water is allowed to evaporate. The material
is cut into small pieces are dried in sunlight. When
needed the dried piece is boiled in water. This is a
substitute for resins of tree. This glue is called
Vajralep .
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Shilparatna (Part 1 and 2) mentions
different techniques for lime
mortars.Many natural polymers are
mentioned in this text.
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Ingredient for Lime mortar & plasters
1 Ash 9 Cow dung 17 Mahuwa flowers
2 Bark of Neem 10 Egg white 18 Milk, curd or ghee
3 Bark of Pakar tree 11 Flowers Silk cotton tree 19 Mustard cake
4 Bee wax 12 Green gram (Moog) 20 oil
5 Belgiri (aegle'pulp) 13 Guggul 21 Powder of Cattle
horn
6 Black gram(Udad ) 14 Hemp fiber 22 Resin of Sal tree
7 Brick powder 15 Jaggery 23 Rice husk
8 Clay 16 Juice of Cactus 24 Saaf flower oil
Natural Polymers
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a-Lime Mortar
Grind ripe bananas, fibers of cotton
and pulp of cactus and mix in slaked
lime to make a good quality lime
mortar. Alternatively add decoction of
barks of trees (Pipal.Amla,Kadamb)
and paste of black gram to the slaked
lime. Ref.Shilparatna 1.14.60
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b-Sudha - Molding Lime for sculpturing
Lime prepared by burning conches (Shankha) or
oysters (Shipi) is called Sudha. Fine sand, decoction
of moog, jiggery water and Banana powder is added
to lime.
The recommended proportions are, Lime - 4 parts,
Fine sand- 2 parts, Banana powder – 1 part and
jiggery -1 part. All ingredients are mixed by rolling
again and again. Ref.Shilparatna 1.14.68-69
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c-Sunla
Curd, milk, black gram paste, gud,
ghee, ripe bananas, coconut and
mango pulp are added to slake
lime. Plaster made of these
materials is non-shrinking .
Ref.Shilparatna 1.14.70
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8d-Waterproof lime mortar
Mix Ghee, coconut water, black gram
paste , extract of barks(Pipal), milk,
curd, decoction of Trifala, and
Pichhit, in proportion of
3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 and 11 parts to 100
parts of slaked lime. Ref.Shilparatna
1.14.70
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8e-Base coat for Cave Paintings
Caves Constituents of plaster
Ajanta caves Clay, cow dung, stone powder, rice
husk and lime.
Sirgirea caves Tempered kaolin clay, rice husk,
Coconut shell fibers and lime.
Bagh caves Red clay, green gram, lime and
jute.
Mansoullas recommends use of powder of conchs,
katha, pulses, molasses, and boiled bananas.
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8f- Leveling coat of lime plaster
Mix 3 parts of slaked lime and 1
part of powder of dry raw banana.
Add water to make butter like
mixture. Such leveling coat gives
marble finish to the wall surface.
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To enhance the aesthetics of any structure.
To improve the durability .
•Vishnudharmottara Purana
•Chitrasutra
•Manosollas
Related ancient Indian texts
The main purpose of colors and paints
Colors and Paints
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Basic Colors
White, yellow, red, black and blue
are five basic (pure) colors. All other
composite colors are made from
these colors. Ref. Vishnudharmottar
PuraN, Ch.27
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White color - White color is prepared from lime
made of shells or mother of pearls or from white clay
(pottery clay-Kaolin). White color is prepared by
mixing resins of Neem or wood apple tree with white
soil or lime. The mixture is pulverized and dissolved
in hot water.
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Yellow color - Yellow color is prepared from
pounding yellow wood trees (Haridru) and
yellow soil (from hills or river banks) together.
The mixture is poured in clear water for two
hours. The top yellow solution is stored in
earth pot till it dries. The dry powder is used
for preparing yellow color.
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Red color - Red color is prepared from Sindur
(Vermilion), Gaierik (Red ochre), Hingul (Cinnabar) or
Laksharus (Shellac) to get light, medium, dark and very
dark shades respectively. Red ochre is finely
pulverized and sieved through a muslin cloth. The
powder is cleaned by mixing with water. Vermillion is
mixed in water and stirred for 12 hours. All these
colors are mixed with resin of Neem.
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Black color -Oil lamp is ignited in a mud pot. Inner surface
of another mud pot is smeared with powder of dry cow
dung. This pot is place on the first pot such that lamp black
is coated inside the top pot. The lamp black is cleaned with
water before application.
Blue color - Blue color is prepared by drying a mixture of
blue minerals or indigo and resin of wood apple.
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Golden color - Golden color is prepared from
gold foil pulverized with fine sand. The mixture
is poured in water and top suspension is
separated and mixed with adamantine glue. The
painted surface is polished with horn (of an ox
or wild boar).
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Organic Colors for Textile printing
Select wood of suitable colors from
forest. Crush into clean water.
Filter the mixture. Again crush the
filtered wood particles and repeat
the procedure and store the liquid
color in an earthen pot.
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Dowsing is a method to locate
underground water sources. This
technique includes use of pendulums,
Y shaped tree branch.
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Water Diviner
A person born as Breach child
person possesses some magnetic
powers which are useful for water
dowsing.
But dowsing can be done by any
person with the help of herbs
mentioned in ancient Indian text
Mantrashashtra.
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A herbal paste is prepared by
grinding eleven types of seeds or
roots in cow’s urine. Such paste is
applied to the feet of a person.
This paste helps in locating
underground water. 79 ISC-2015 Mumbai
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81 Tree/Plant/Creeper roots of 9 types
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Seeds of 2 trees
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Table - Constituents of this herbal paste
Sanskrit Name English/ Latin Sanskrit Name English/ Latin
1 viû Marking nut Tree
Prosopis cineraria 2 kae:aatkI Wild ribbed gourd
Luffa operculata
3 v¿I SnuhI Holy Milk Hedge
Euphorbia neriifolia
Linn
4 ñetakR White_variety of
Madar plant
Calotropis_gigantea
5 igirki[Rka Butterfly pea
Clitoria ternatea 6 vca Vacha
Calamus -root
7 paQa Patha creeper
False pareira brava 8 inRgufI Nirgundi
Vitex negundo
9 kqutuMb Bitter Pumpkin
lagenaria
siceraria
10 inMb Lemon
Citrus × limon
11 kezr nagkezr Mesua Ferrea 12 gaemuÇ Cow’s Urine
83
The constituents of this herbal paste.
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CASE STUDIES
A. Gadhi soils –white soil
The main constituents are local soil, fine sand, cow dung, quick lime, extracts of Belphal , fibers of jute and water for mixing. The mixture is allowed to mature for a minimum period of 30 days and kneaded everyday.
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B. Brick temple at Sirpur M.P.
(7th century A.D.)
This temple is among the best examples of brick temples of ancient India.
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B. Mud flooring.
The floors of Padmanabhapurum palace (1601 A.D) in
Kerala were made of a material that is unique blend of
burnt coconut shells, quick lime, palm toddy, the whites
of eggs and extracts of certain herbs.
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Ancient techniques mentioned in Shilparatna were successfully used for restoration of Ajantha paintings Ref. Singh & Arbad, 2014
a - ingredients for the preparation of mud mortar, b - preparation of adhesive extract, c - Preparation of soil + lime + aggregates mixture, d - final step showing the preparation of mud mortar)
C-Ajantha paintings
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Consolidation of paintings with newly prepared mud mortar
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Experimental Studies
Research workers in different parts of world
conducted experimental studies on natural
polymers and found positive results as claimed
in ancient Indian literature. These were
summarized . (Ref. Satishchandra 2003, ch.
12, page 537-567).
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Year Name Product Purpose Ingredients
1983 Chandra & Aavik Cement
mortar
plasticizers Black Gram+
linseed oil
1985 Gangopaddhyay Low density
concrete
Heat
insulation
CNSL, Cinder
1986 Jain water
repellant
water
proofing
CNSL
1988 Ernesto et al Mud plaster Durability Cactus, Banana
1990 Singh et al Lime mortar Restoration Belgiri, black
gram
1990 Singh et al plasters and
mortars
Restoration Belgiri, black
gram, Jaggery
1996 Chandra et al Concrete Durability Veg. oils
1997 Chandra et al Mortar &
Concrete
Workability
,Strength
Cactus juice
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Home Remedies
1-Hot decoction of Trifala is substitute of Drainex, to clean the chocked drain water pipes. 2. Double boiled linseed oil prevents rusting of iron, can substitute under coat for automobiles. 3. Double boiled linseed oil protects wooden doors and windows from white ants. Second coat (oil paint) to be applied after one year.
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It can be concluded that;
1. Ancient Indian engineers had adequate knowledge of Indian botany and knew how to implement this knowledge for strength, durability and aesthetic purposes.
2. With the advent of modern materials, organic materials were replaced by synthetic materials.
3. However the secret of endurance of Indian heritage structures lies in building materials and the construction techniques.
Conclusions
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Ancient References
•Aparajitprichha- (12th to 13th Century A.D.), by
Bhuvana Dev Acharya
•Brihatitasamhita or Varahsamhita (5th Century A.D.),
by Varahmihir
•Manasollas or AbhilisharthchintamaNi (1124 A.D.) by
of King Someshwara
•Mayamat (5th Century A.D.), by Sage Maya
•Rig Veda (3000 B.C.)
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•Sakaladhikar, (5th Century A.D.), by Sage Agasta
•Shatapath Bramhan (5th Century B.C.)
•Shilpratna (5th Century A.D.),by Shrikumar,
•Shukla-Yajurveda samhita-(2500 B.C.)
•Tantrasamuchhyaya-(1428 A.D.),
•Vastuvidya Savyakhya (1500 A.D.)
•Vishnu-dharmottara Pooran - (2000 B.C.)
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Modern References
Nene,A.S. (2009),” Geotechnical engineering of ancient India”, Pub. Pune Vidyarthi Gruha, Pune.
Satish Chandra(2003),”Ancient Building Materials in India”, Tech
Books International, N.Delhi. Vaze,K.V. (1924),“ Prachin Hindi Shilpasar” (Essence of ancient
Indian Engineering Philosophy) ,a Marathi Book, Pub. ,Varada Publications Pune.
Singh, M and, Arbad, B.R.(2014),” Ancient Indian painting recipes
and mural art technique at Ajanta”, International journal of conservation science, volume 5, issue 1, January-march 2014: 35-50
Kadambini (1999),Ed. and Pub. by P.S.Oza,Jaipur,
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Visit Late G.G.Joshi Shilpa Sanshodhan Trust Library, 53 Ramkrishna Nagar, Nagpur.
This presentation is based on texts available in, “Ancient Indian Shilpashastra library”, established by Late Shri G.G.Joshi of Nagpur.
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