Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 1 – Overview of Civil Engineering and Architecture - Summary

History of Architecture Understand the contribution of the following: Arches - The Vault – Domes – Pantheon – Coliseum - Great Wall of China - Water Supply - Road Systems - Early Bridge Designs - Roman Bridges - After the Fall of Rome - Structural Steel - Reinforced Concrete - Reinforced Concrete Bridges

Visual Design Elements – Components used in creation of design

• Line (Vertical Horizontal Diagonal Curved)

• Color (Warm & Cool)

• Form (3D) and Shape (2D)

• Space (Open, cluttered, organized)

• Texture (Smooth vs Rough)

• Value (Shade – Degree of darkness, Tint – pale variation of color)

Visual Design Principles – Strategies to bring together the elements

• Balance (Symmetry, Formal, Radial, Vertical, Horizontal)

• Rhythm (Regular, Graduated, Random, Gradated)

• Emphasis (Feature viewers eye is initially drawn to)

• Proportion and Scale (Golden mean, 3:5 ratio)

• Movement

• Contrast (Created using color, proportion and scale, shape, texture, etc)

• Unity (Consistency in use of design elements) SWBAT Recognize these Architectural Styles: Art Deco, Arts & Crafts, Bungalow, Cape Cod, Contemporary, Counter Culture, Cubic, Dutch, English, Farmhouse, Federal, French, Garrison, Georgian, Greek Revival, International, I-Style, Italianate, Modern, Neo-Eclectic, Neolithic, Normandy, Prairie Style, Queen Anne, Ranch, Saltbox, Shed, Southern Colonial, Spanish, Split Level, Tudor, Victorian SWBAT Identify these Architectural Features: Architrave, Baluster, Capital, Clerestory, Column, Cornice, Cupola, Dentil, Dormer, Entablature, Façade, Frieze, Jack Arch, Keystone, Lintel, Modillion, Palladian Window, Parapet, Pediment, Pilaster, Portico, Quoins, Transom, Turret, Water Table, Widow’s Walk

Careers in Civil Engineering and Architecture Architecture - licensed professionals trained in the art and science of building design who develop the concepts images and plans for structures intended for human habitation. Licensure requires degree from NAAB Approved School, 3 years experience, and passing Architect

Registration Exams. Design Architects – Project Architects – Construction Architects – Draftsperson – Landscape Architect Civil Engineer - Trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities. Attend a 4 year ABET school often followed by master’s degree, combine experience and exam completion to obtain licensure and Professional Engineer (PE) title. Common Fields in Civil: Structural, Environmental, Geotechnical, Water Resources, Transportation, Construction, Urban Planning Types of Jobs: Private Sector, Public Sector, Academia, Research and Development, Marketing and Public Relations, Combined with Other Disciplines Understand and apply: Concept map, Design Charrette, Stakeholders

1.1

1.2

Civil Engineering and Architecture Unit 2 Residential Design - Summary

2.1.1 Wood Frame Systems 2.1.2 Residential Roof Types

Common Residential Roof Materials Understand and apply: Energy Star roof options, roof truss, rafters, roof pitch/slope related to roof material.

2.1.3 Residential Wall Systems Wall Options: wood (strong, inexpensive, easy to build), precast concrete (more options for shapes) or steel (increasingly common)

2.2.1 Concrete Pad Estimating 1. Determine pad size (yard3) 2. Multiply by cost of concrete ($ per ½ yard) 3. Determine rebar layout (Placed every two feet (max) on a grid, determine length of individual bars (ie. 10 ft lengths), lapped 6 in. to maintain strength, stay 3” from edges)

4. Determine Rebar count, unit cost and total cost. 5. Determine sum of concrete and rebar

2.2.2 Shed Cost Estimate - SWBAT fill out a Building Materials Cost Estimate spreadsheet

2.2.3 Heat Loss and Gain Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical systems (depending on the temperature and pressure) by dissipating heat. Three methods of Heat Transfer:

• Thermal Conduction: The process of heat transfer through a solid by transmitting kinetic energy from one molecule to the next

• Thermal Convection: Heat transmission by the circulation of a liquid or gas.

• Radiant Heat: Energy radiated or transmitted as rays, waves, or in the form of particles.

2.2

2.1

2.3.3 Designing for the Client

Building Codes exist to ensure:

• Health, safety, and well-being of the public

• Protection of human life International Code Council (ICC) oversees:

• International Residential Code (IRC)

• International Building Code (IBC)

• International Mechanical Code

• International Plumbing Code

• International Energy Conservation Code

• ICC Electrical Code Steps for Creating a Floor Plan 1. Bubble Diagram – Freehand sketches

used to determine locations and relationships between spaces

2. Quick Sketch

3. Scaled Drawing (In Revit or similar)

Universal Design

The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. Components of Universal Design:

2.3.1 Affordable House Design

• Habitat for Humanity basics

• Expectations of Habitat homeowners

• Habitat houses are designed to meet local needs.

• Energy Star Buildings

• Better Built Team

• Materials conservation through Optimized Value Engineering

2.3 2.3.2 Green Building & Sustainable Design • Triple Bottom Line: People, Planet, Profit

• Sustainable Design to be considered during

Pre-Building, Building and Post-Building Phases

2.3.4 Adding up to Green Energy Star

• Joint program: US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy

• Goal to save consumers money and protect the environment through energy-efficient products and practices.

• Used for appliances, new homes, and home improvements

LEED

SWBAT provide an example of a design element that would

earn a house LEED points in each category.

2.3.5 Residential Foundations • Provide level, stable surface to safely support building

• Transfer building loads to soil

• Anchors building from wind, flood, and seismic loads Design Considerations:

• Loads from the structure

• Allowable soil bearing pressure

• Frost depth

• Flood elevation

• Drainage

• Costs Foundation Designed to Resist:

• Dead Load - Weight of building

• Live Load - Weight of occupants, furniture, and equipment

• Lateral Loads – Wind, Seismic activity, Flood

2.3.6 Residential Electrical Codes • Electricity supplied to building via service drop with

3 wires, 2 carry 120 V AC, 1 neutral or ground

• Building electrical circuits 120V or 240V

• Energy Cost measured at meter in kWh

• Main Panel distributes power

• Building Wires carry power

• Wall Receptacles allow connection for electrical devices

• GFCI used near water, outlet with internal breaker

• Single Pole Electrical Switch: switch controls one device such as a light

• Double pole/single throw: one switch to two devices

• Three way switch: two switches to one device.

Common Electric Schematic symbols:

Sample Residential Electrical Code:

• Outlets on walls in every habitable room, so that no

point is more than 6 feet from an outlet.

• Outlets on walls in kitchen/dining room so that no

point is more than 24” from an outlet.

• At least one wall outlet in bathrooms within 36” of

the lavatory basin.

• All receptacles in bathrooms, garages, or outdoors

shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter

protection.

2.3.7 Residential Site Planning

Solar Orientation - North arrow, (Winter vs Summer, Deciduous vs conifer trees, passive solar, window orientation)

Wind Orientation – determine prevailing winds, garage placement, conifers, crosswinds

Sound Orientation - barriers to sound such as evergreens, walls, berms, fences.

View Orientation – highlight good views, minimize windows facing bad views

Terrain Orientation – Drainage direction

Existing Features – decide which to hide and which to highlight (example: Large tree, steep slope, stream)

Site Opportunities Map -sketch showing above considerations

Landscaping (house climate, native plants)

Location of Utilities (logistical considerations)

Building Lines (legal requirements)

Ingress and Egress (parking, driveway, street traffic)

2.3.8 Residential Water Supply Why Treat Water? • Nearly all structures require a water supply; relies on

appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality Water Supply System

Sources of Water

Aquifer Surface Water Requires drilled well More treatment Less treatment Water Treatment (Surface requires more treatment) Water Storage (raised storage, 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water) Distribution Systems Loop vs Branch Distribution: 65-75psi Residential: 40-80 psi Commercial/Industrial may

require pumps for higher pressure.

Static Head

• Potential energy of the water at rest

• Measured in feet of water

• Change in elevation between source and discharge Static Pressure

• Pressure of water at rest

• Measured in pounds per square inch (psi)

• 2.31 feet of water = 1 psi

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 × 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖

2.31 𝑓𝑡= 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

Water Supply Pressure Calculations

2.3.9 Residential Plumbing

Water Supply System - Network of pipes that transport hot and cold potable water under pressure

• Fixture – A device that uses water (sink, toilet, dishwasher, etc.)

• Water Heater – Large insulated tanks that heat cold water to be distributed in the hot water supply lines

• Trunk Lines – Hot or cold water pipes that serve many fixtures

• Branch Lines – Hot or cold water pipes that serve only one or two fixtures

• Water Main – Supply pipe installed and maintained by a public entity and on public property

• Water Service – Pipe from the water main to the building supply pipes

• Meter – Measures the amount of water transported through water service

• Valve – A fitting used to control water flow (located next to the meter)

Drain-Waste-Vent System - Network of pipes that transport wastewater and sewer gases from the building

• Drain Pipe – A pipe that carries wastewater in a building

• Vent Pipe – A vertical pipe that provides circulation of air to and from the drainage system

• Trap – A fitting (usually U-shaped) that provides a seal to prevent the flow of sewer gases

• Stack – A vertical pipe (waste or vent) that extends through at least one story

• Cleanout – An access opening to allow cleanout of the pipe

• Sewage – Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter, including liquids containing chemicals

• Sanitary Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries only sewage

• Storm Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries storm water or other drainage (but not sewage)

• Building Sewer or Sewer Lateral – Part of the drainage system from the building to the public, private, or individual sewer disposal system

• Sewer Main – A sewer pipe installed and maintained by a public entity and on public property

2.3.10 Wastewater Management

Three options for Wastewater: • Reuse (gray water) • Recycle (Closed loop treatment, Waste water

reclamation) • Discharge and Treatment (most common option)

Discharge and Treatment • Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)

• Primary treatment: Screening and settling • Secondary treatment: Biological treatment in

which activated sludge “eats” pollutants • Disinfection: Kills bacteria, viruses, and protozoa

• Drainage Fixture Unit (DFU) Relative “load” of fixtures that are drained by a waste pipe

• Minimum Drainage Pipe Slope determined using DFU total and pipe diameter.

• Building Sewer Slope

On-Site and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems • Used when no municipal system is available • Also called septic system or private sewage system Septic Systems include: • Septic tank • Distribution box • Drainfield (leach field) • Soil

Success of Septic System depends on: • Soil quality • Drainfield with low water table • Correct system sizing • Proper construction • Correct and regular maintenance

2.3.11 Calculating Property Drainage Stormwater: Absorbed, becomes run-off, or detained on site. Site development increases runoff. Why minimize Runoff?

• Protect the environment

• Protect property

• Reduce impact on storm drainage systems Runoff affected by:

• Rainfall intensity

• Soil type

• Slope/topography

• Soil condition (compactness)

• Vegetation

Reducing Storm Water Runoff

• Impervious surface reduction

• Rain gardens and bioretention

• Rooftop gardens

• Vegetated swales, buffers, and strips

• Rain barrels and cisterns

• Permeable pavers or pavement