city speak xii - water we drink: lt ma of water supplies department
DESCRIPTION
Where does the water we drink come from? Is there enough for everyone? Where will it come from? Hong Kong's water supply comes from two sources: the rainfall we collect in our reservoirs (20-30%) and water we buy from the Mainland (70-80%). The current agreement for water from the Dongjiang, a tributary of the Pearl River, will expire in 2015. With demand for water growing sharply throughout the Pearl River Delta and the supply of water compromised by pollution and climate change, Hong Kong's future access to clean water is far from certain. In our drive to become a sustainable city, should Hong Kong become self-sufficient? Should we increase the size of our reservoirs? Follow Singapore and recycle our waste water? Build plants to desalinate seawater? What other possible methods are there? Who's going to pay? CitySpeak invites you to join Hong Kong officials, academics and planners in this discussion about our water issues. The keynote speaker is Mr. LT Ma, Director of the Water Supplies Department, who will set the scene and outline the current situation in Hong Kong. The discussion will be moderated by Mr. Mike Kilburn, Environmental Programme Manager, Civic Exchange. Background reading "Liquid Assets -- Water security and management in the Pearl River Basin and Hong Kong" by Civic Exchange, November 2009 (http://www.civic-exchange.org/eng/upload/files/091204LiquidAssets.pdf). For more information about water in China, visit http://www.asiawaterproject.org/. Civic Exchange is a Hong Kong independent non-profit think tank. See: www.civic-exchange.org Designing Hong Kong is a not-for-profit organisation focused on sustainable urban planning. See: www.designinghongkong.comTRANSCRIPT
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CitySpeak : The Water We Drink
Water Supplies in Hong KongPresented by
LT MADirector, Water Supplies Department
The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region15 May 2010
• Area: approximate 1,100 km2 • Population: approximate 7million• Climate: Subtropical • Rainy seasons: April – September• Average annual rainfall: 2,380 mm • Fresh water consumption in 2009 : 952
million cubic metres (mcm)
Basic InformationBasic Information
Current Water Supply Arrangement
• Dongjiang (DJ) water : 70% – 80% of demand
• Local yield : 20% – 30% of demand
• Ultimate DJ supply arrangement of 1,100 mcm per annum can meet the demand in the next 20 years or more
Per Capita Consumption
Source : Liquid Assets, Civic Exchange
Source: Amsterdam/Netherlands & Sydney/Australia - Brochure on International Statistics for Water Services by the International Water Association Specialist Group on Statistics and Economics (2008) New York/USA - New York City 2008 Drinking Water Supply and Quality ReportLos Angeles/USA – Los Angeles Department of Water & Power (2007-08)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Amsterdam/Netherlands Sydney/Australia Hong Kong New York/USA Los Angeles/USA
PCC Domestic excl. Flushing (litres/day) PCC Flushing (litres/day) Total PCC (Domestic & Flushing) litres/day
Per Capita Consumption (2)
Note : There is room for reduction in per capita consumption in Hong Kong.
50
100
150
200
250
1999
/00
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
2008
/09
(Lit
res
/Da
y)
Per Capita Domestic Consumption (litres/day)
Per Capita Flushing Water Consumption (litres/day)
Per Capita Total Water Consumption (litres/day)
Hong Kong’s Water Supply History
Year
No
. o
f D
ays
wit
h
Fu
ll
Su
pp
ly
365
273
182
91
0
19
39
19
34
19
46
19
50
19
55
20
00
19
65
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
19
70
19
60
20
05
War
Tim
e(N
o
Rec
ord
s)
19
35
20
09
Supply of DJ Water to Hong Kong
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
(mcm
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
(mm
)
DJ Water (mcm) Annual Rainfall (mm)
• 1960 first agreement – delivering 22.7 million cubic metres (mcm) from Shenzhen Reservoir
• 8 agreements up to now – Signed in 1960, 1964, 1978, 1987, 1989, 1998, 2006 and 2008
• 2006 and 2008 agreements adopted the package deal lump sum approach – no pre-determined supply quantity subject to annual ceiling of 820 mcm
• Ultimate supply quantity = 1,100 mcm
Supply of DJ Water To Hong Kong
• 1963 severe drought in GD and HK• GD Provincial government allowed HK t
o take water from Pearl River Outlet by tankers
• GD Province agreed to construct the Dongshen Water Supply Scheme for transferring water from DJ to HK
• Premier ZHOU Enlai endorsed the project in 1963
• Raw water began to supply to HK in Ma
rch 1965
Source : Commemorative publications on the Dongshen Water Supply Improvement Project
Supply of DJ Water To Hong Kong
Guangdong Province Dongjiang Basin Water Resource Distribution Plan
• Promulgated in 2008 by GD Provincial government
• Distribution principle – fairness, sustainability in development and utilisation, conservation and protection, prioritised potable and ecological uses, dual control covering both water quantity and quality
• 8 cities covered – Guangzhou (part), Shenzhen, Shaoguan (part), Meizhou (part), Heyuan, Huizhou, Dongguan, HK
Guangdong Province Dongjiang Basin Water Resource Distribution Plan
• DJ average annual flow amount – 32,660 mcm
• Distribution Limit – 10,664 mcm (32.7%)• HK’s share – 1,100 mcm (3.4%) • Area of DJ basin – 35,340 km2
• Mainly served – Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Huizhou, Dongguan and HK
• Total population served – about 40 million (including HK)
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Guangdong Province Dongjiang Basin Water Resource Distribution Plan
Region Normal Year
Distributed quantity
(million cubic metres)
Meizhou 26
Heyuan 1,763
Shaoguan 122
Huizhou 2,533
Dongguan 2,095
Guangzhou 1,362
Shenzhen 1,663
Hong Kong 1,100
Total 10,664
Water quality monitoring
• The quality complies with the national “Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water, GB3838-2002” set out for Type II water
• Continuous on-line monitoring at Muk Wu Pumping Station
• Regular on-site sampling and monitoring
• Regular exchange of monitoring information
• Regular publishing of monitoring data at WSD web site
GD Province’s commitment• Enactment of the new “GD Province DJ, Xijiang, Beijiang, Hanji
ang Basins Water Resource Management Regulation” in 2008• Implementation of the DJ Water Quantity and Quality Monitoring
and Control System for completion in 2011• Enhancement of regulation plan for the 3 large reservoirs of DJ
Basin – Xinfengjiang, Fengshuba and Baipenzhu• Strengthening of administrative measures for protection of water
resource in DJ Basin
Drought in 1963 – Most Severe in Last Century
Effect of Climate Change in the 21st Century
• Effect of climate change UNCERTAIN AT THIS STAGE
• Frequency of drought is forecast to increase in the 21st century(1)
• Response to Climate Change – Total Water Management
(1) Source : T.C. Lee, W.H. Leung & E.W.L. Ginn (2009). “Rainfall Projections for Hong Kong based on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report". Hong Kong Meteorological Society
Total Water Management (TWM)• We implement TWM to better prepare Hong Kong for
the uncertainties of climate change• TWM is a concept for managing water resources in all
aspects
• In addition, it will enhance Hong Kong’s role as a good partner with other cities in PRD in promoting sustainable use of water resources
TWM Strategy• The TWM Strategy is to manage water demand and supply
in an integrated, multi-sectoral and sustainable manner• The TWM Strategy:
Put emphasis on containing growth of water demand through conservation
Strengthen water supply management
Water Conservation Activities
Water Conservation Starts from Home Campaign
Water Conservation Activities
Press Briefing on School Water Audit
Water Conservation Activities
School Water Audit
Water Conservation Activities
Dow Live Earth Run for Water Hong Kong
Water Conservation Activities
City Millenium Dream 2010 - Water Saviour
Water Conservation Activities
Press Briefing on “Twin Tank Water Supply System” and “Quality Water Recognition Scheme for Buildings”
Total Water Management strategy
Water Demand Measures- Enhance public education on water
conservation
- Promote use of water saving device
- Enhance water leakage control
- Extend use of seawater for toilet flushing
2. Total Water Management for Hong Kong2. Total Water Management for Hong Kong
Total Water Management strategy
Water Supply Measures- Strengthen protection of
water resources
- Actively consider water reclamation
- Develop the option of seawater desalination
Ngong Ping Sewage Ngong Ping Sewage Treatment WorksTreatment Works
Pilot Desalination Plant at Ap Lei Pilot Desalination Plant at Ap Lei Chau (already demolished)Chau (already demolished)
2. Total Water Management for Hong Kong2. Total Water Management for Hong Kong
Continuous Monitoring and Review• The TWM Strategy will form the foundation for future review• Continuous monitoring of the state of water demand and
supply in Hong Kong• Initiate new measures to meet challenges and optimise
utilization and development of water resources
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Thank You