Presenter  and  Author  of  Study

• Gene Citrone, Jr.

Process Plants Corporation Vice President

Energy & Environmental Sector ProjectsCranberry Township, PA 16066

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©  E.  Citrone,  Jr.  2011        Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved

Which  cons@tuents  of  FFW/PW  are  par@cularly  troublesome?  

• Explora@on  and  Produc@on  companies  can  treat  Frac  Flowback  and  produced  waters  to  an  industry  standard  that  allows  treated  water  to  be  returned  and  reused  at  the  drill  site?

Reduction of TDS, Metals (Aluminum, Magnesium, Strontium, Manganese, Barium, Iron, etc.) and Salts (Sulfates, Chlorides, Sodium, Potassium, etc)

©  E.  Citrone,  Jr    2011          Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved

Is a Contaminant still a contaminant if the dissolved constituents are reduced?

• “  Water  treatment  is  a  difficult  process  in  the  Marcellus  Shale  gas  produc@on.  The  brine  resul@ng  can  be  pumped  into  fresh  water  at  a  rate  prescribed  by  the  DEP.  Unlike  the  BarneR  Shale,  evapora@on  in  open  tanks  is  not  an  op@on  due  to  the  high  rainfall  in  Pennsylvania.  Between  30  to  70%  of  fracing  water  typically  returns  to  the  surface  along  with  hydrocarbons,  heavy  metals,  naturally  organic  radioac@ve  materials,  and  the  TDS.”

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• Carnegie  Mellon  University  in  a  2010  report  Marcellus  Shale:  Winners  and  Losers  An  Analysis  of  Current  Issues,  

Our question is: Do we offer an Improved Chemical Reaction Kinetics for Treatment of Frac Flowback Discharge Water Using the Redox Reactor

• It is foremost a reactor, a process vessel with multi-stage internal design. The multi-stage internal design acts in part as multiple cavitating venturies. As water is forced at high pressure into and throughout the reactor certain redox reactions are preparing to take place.

• Dissolved species of minerals and gases in the water in these areas also cause an increase in the formation of vapor cavities. When these cavities collapse, localized areas of high temperature and pressure exist which enhance reduction and oxidation (redox) chemical reactions.

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©  E.  Citrone,  Jr    2011          Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved

Improved  Chemical  Reac@on

• Process  reduces,  metal,  minerals  and  salts.

• System  treats  high  levels  of  Chloride  and  TDS  in  Frac  water.

• Reactor  significantly  neutralizes  metallic  salts  and  sulfates.  

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©  E.  Citrone,  Jr    2011          Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved

Result  from  1st  Feasibility

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The Trials

We have run field trials and have confidential agreements with producers in both Pennsylvania and West Virginia looking for various solutions.

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At withdraw, discharge time (Post Treatment) a dual stage filter operation to effectively remove the TSS. Using a Sand Filter to capture separated material and a specialty filter, activated carbon filter. This final step is needed and allows the treated water to be reclaimed and reused as fracturing water.

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TCLP testing - no bad leachate  

Does our Evaluation and Field Application work present a viable water recovery technology for the Natural Gas Industry?

• The Results

The changes in these properties from beginning to end of the process indicate that the product stream has been purified from tested contaminants and fracwater has been reduced from contaminants.

Further, the chemical makeup of the contaminants have been changed as indicated by the change in values of TDS, pH, conductivity, specific gravity, and chlorides

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A lab director said, “Your treatment is doing what you were expecting in the reduction of samples especially samples with as

complex of a matrix as yours...”

Claims and Conclusions from development in field and laboratory

• Our  propriety  system  treats  high  levels  of  Chloride  and  TDS  in  Frac  Flowback  Water  

• Our  process  reac@on  significantly  neutralizes  metallic  salts  and  sulfates.

• Dissolved  species  of  minerals  and  gases  in  the  water  Oxida@on  rates  of  dissolved  metals  (Aluminum,  Magnesium,  Stron@um,  Manganese,  Sodium,  Potassium,  Barium,  Iron,  etc.)  and  salts  (Sulfates,  Chlorides,  etc.)  are  enhanced  by  the  forma@on  of  the  above  free  radicals  

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©  E.  Citrone,  Jr    2011          Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved

Portable    &  On-­‐site

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©  E.  Citrone,  Jr.  2011        Patent  Pending        All  rights  reserved