citizen science + amphibian infectious...
TRANSCRIPT
Reptiles:• Dry, scaly skin• Lay hard-shelled or
leathery eggs• Breathe via lungs only• Undergo no
metamorphosis• Examples: turtles,
snakes, lizards, crocodilians
Amphibians:• Smooth, moist,
mucous-covered skin• Lay soft, jelly-like eggs• Breathe via gills, lungs,
or through their skin• Often go through
metamorphosis• Examples:
salamanders, frogs, toads, caecilians
HERPETOLOGY = the study of reptiles and amphibians
REPTILES VS. AMPHIBIANS
GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN DECLINE
1098350231
2231406127
76016226
245607
102126641
7354
2293519
3566610
411201
198336
107440
41
Afrotropical
Austral ian
Madagascan
Nearctic
Neotropical
Oceanina
Oriental
Palearctic
Panamanian
Saharo-Arabian
Sino-Japanese
AmphibiaWeb: Wallacean Biome Map of Amphibian Species in Decline. [web application]. 2014. UC Regents, Berkeley, CA. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/declines/. (12 May 2014).
Total No.Amphibians
EVCRX
CRX = Critically Endangered or Extinct; EV = Endangered or Vulnerable
GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN DECLINECauses for decline:
• Habitat loss or modification• Over-exploitation: pet trade and food• Disease: Chytridiomycosis (chytrid; Bd or Bs) and Ranaviruses• Environmental Pollutants
• With an aquatic-based life cycle, amphibians are vulnerable to water contaminants at all life-stages.
• Pesticides, heavy metals, acids, nitrogen• Introduced Species• Climate Change
• Changes in breeding season of themselves or prey• Differing effects of disease• Drying out
SYNERGY!!!!!
C Hof et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2011) doi:10.1038/nature10650
Current amphibian species richness and the intensity of threefactors threatening global amphibian diversity projected for the year 2080.
C Hof et al. Nature 000, 1-4 (2011) doi:10.1038/nature10650
Spatial distribution and pairwise overlap of the three main factorsthreatening global amphibian biodiversity, projected for the year 2080.
CHYTRID FUNGUS
• Fungal infection• Affects skin and
mouthparts
Batrachochytrium dendrobatis (Bd)Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bs or Bsal)
RANAVIRUS (RV)
• Systemic infection• Causes lethargy,
hemorraging, and death
Ranavirus
All photos: Drew R. Davis
CSI
RO
Sci
ence
Imag
e
DISEASE RESULTS IN OK(MUSEUM SPECIMENS)
Chytrid remains found on museum specimens, throughout Oklahoma
SOUTHEAST OK (Bd)
Marhanka, E.C. et al. (In press). Detection of high prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians from southern Oklahoma, USA. Herpetological Review.
NORTHEAST OK (Bd & RV)2015–2016
Watters, J. L., et al. In press. Concurrent infection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus among native amphibians from northeastern Oklahoma, USA. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health.
NORTHEAST OK (Bd)
2015–2016
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Adair Cherokee Delaware Mayes Muskogee Nowata Osage Sequoyah
Bd
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
County
Total: 49% (total #/species #: 563/22)
28/7
155/14
125/15
37/6
28/7
56/6
66/4
68/5
NORTHEAST OK (RV)
2015–2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Adair Cherokee Delaware Mayes Muskogee Nowata Osage Sequoyah
RV
Prev
alen
ce (%
)
County
165/14
27/7
Total: 17% (total #/species #: 534/22)
123/16
37/6
28/754/6
43/4 57/5
WESTERN OK (Bd & RV)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cimarron Comanche Ellis Kiowa Woodward TOTAL
Infe
ctio
n Pr
eval
ence
(%)
County
Bd+ %RV+ %Bd+/RV+ %
Total Sample SizesBd: 113 samples/8 speciesRV: 112 samples/8 species
HOW CAN YOU HELP?
Clean ALL nets, waders, boots, etc. at the end of each day’s activities by one of the following two methods:
1. Spray down equipment with 10% bleach solution and allow it to dry for one hr. before putting away.
2. Allow equipment to dry in the sun for a full day.
Avoid the use of felt-bottomed waders
Notify us immediately if you ever come across a water body with a large number of dead amphibians
HOW CAN YOU HELP?
Participate in our new Citizen Science Project to help screen for chytrid throughout the state of Oklahoma!!Kit contents:• 10 pre-sterile, individually packaged cotton swabs
• 10 pre-sterile, 1.5mL screwtop vials
• instructions and datasheets • permanent marker
• Oklahoma frog identification guide
• links to additional online educational materials
HOW CAN YOU HELP?
General Procedures for Citizen Science:• Find a pond or stream, get GPS coordinates• Catch frogs at a pond
• Identify them• Take photos• Swab their skin
• Send swabs back to us at the Sam Noble Museum• View your results (and those of other schools and
scientists) online!• www.cameronsiler.com/citizen-science