Cities Throughout History

Ancient Cities : Walled, Temples and Palaces in Middle, settlements surrounding. Graves outside the cities, well planned, narrow passages

City States: Trade oriented, diffused along the Mediterranean

Roman Cities: Connected by roads

Medieval Cities: Walled cities in Europe, supported by surplus from rural areas

Modern World Cities

Headquarters of Major Banks and other financial institutions

Higher % of affluent Clustering of major corporationsDisproportionately high # of fine dining,

plays, opera, pro. sports teams, clubs, bars, etc.

Headquarters for trade organizations, professional organizations, multinational organizations

Hierarchy of Cities

Why Downtown?

CBD

Accessibility… High land costs Underground … Peak Value Intersection

Skyscrapers Vertical Geography

Clustering (agllomeration) Financial analysts near brokerage firms; lawyers

Traditionally High Threshold businesses… Ex: Goldsmiths, Bry’s, Sears, Wollworth

Traditionally High Range businesses…

Downtown Today

What other businesses are located downtown? Financial, government, legal… Lunch… New downtown malls… Ban motor vehicles… Entertainment Districts… Sports

Downtown living has declined…

Manufacturing decline has led to… Empty nesters and “yuppies”

Land Costs in CBD

Most high in world cities… Ex: Tokyo business men – hotels

Intensive Land UseSpace is used below and…SkyscrapersSense of place…Rent differs…Dominates skylines worldwideEuropeNarrow streets and lowrise…Parks in the center…Limitations on cars and…Preservation of historic CBD

Why the Suburbs?

Historic emphasis on neighborhoods and downtown has been replaced by suburbanization

After WWII the transportation changed Prosperity Leisure to… Streetcars… Enabled people and business…

Retailers and people went where land was abundant and cheaper Neighborhood grocers have been replaced by… Downtown shopping has been replaced by… Factories abandoned 2-4 story CBD sites for large… Technology encouraged service businesses… Geography of nowhere???

Where Have Cities Grown?

Urbanization

1800 1850 1900 1950 20000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

% of People Living in Cities Worldwide

%

Physical Definitions of a CityCity Self-Governing unit

Urbanized Area Density is greater than 1000/sq. mile 70% of US (30 city, 40 surrounding areas)

Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop. Of at least 50,000 The county within which the city is located Adjacent Counties w/high pop. And large% of residents working in the

county the city is in

Micropolitan Statistical Area Urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 (Considered Rural)

Overlapping Metropolitan Areas (Conurbation) Megalopolis, (Boswash, Tokaido, Jakota Triangle)

Where Are People Distributed Within Cities? Models of Urban Structure

Concentric Zone ModelSociologist E.W. Burgess

Sector ModelEconomist Homer Hoyt

Multiple Nuclei ModelGeographers Harris and Ullman

European Cities

Less Developed Cities

Precolonial Cities

Colonial Cities

Cities Since Independence

Latin American ModelGeographers Griffin and Ford

http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1

http://aphg.northgwinnett.com/aphg/review-guides-aphg-1

Squatter Settlements

Barrios – Mexico, Central AmericaBarriadas – (Spanish) South AmericaFavelas – Brazil (Portuguese) Bidonvilles – North AfricaBustees – IndiaGecekondu – TurkeyKampongs – MalaysiaBarong-Barong – Phillipines

Inner-City Economic Problems

Loss of Tax Revenue Do to Suburbanization Funding Gap Federal Tax Cuts

Annexation of Peripheral Land Prohibition Challenges Too much annexation???

Chicago, IL

Inner City Physical Problems

Deterioration Filtering Redlining

Carter to Fanie MaeUrban Renewel

Public Housing Gov. Subsidies Cluster vs. “Scatter-site”

Renovated Housing Gentrification

Inner City Social Problems

Underclass High rates of… Lack of Job Skills Homelessness

Poverty Cycle Family Decay Crime Ethnic and Racial Segregation

Suburban Sprawl and Smart Growth

Suburban Challenges

Costs to the inner coreRoads and utilities must be extendedAesthetic loss (parking lots, Geog. Of

Nowhere)Loss of Agricultural landSuburban Segregation

Zoning ordinances Income segregation

Reliance on Personal transportation Rush hour commuting

Peripheral Model

Cleveland, Ohio

New Urbanism and Smart Growth

Purpose:Limit SprawlReduce Traffic

CongestionReverse Inner-City

DeclineCompact and

Contiguous Development

Protection of Rural farm, Recreation, and Wildlife areas