Approach to Slum Upgrading

Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Meeting

Addis Ababa, 9 July 2014

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Urbanisation trends and challenges

Unique speed and scale of urbanisation in Asia - the sheer size of urban population increase defines the challenges in Asia

Currently, one-half of the global population lives in Asia

Over the next 35 years to 2050, Asia’s urban population is expected to increase from around 1.9 billion to 3.2 billion

The largest increases in urban population are expected in India, which will add 497 million to its urban population, China - 341 million, Indonesia - 92 million, Pakistan - 92 million, Bangladesh - 60 million and the Philippines - 56 million

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Urbanisation trends and challenges

Poverty levels in Asia have declined significantly over the past 25 years and there have been significant improvements in human development indicators but the region still has the largest concentration of poor

There is a direct relation between human development and urbanisation level for Asian countries

There is a positive co-relation between per capita GDP and urbanisation level of Asian countries but urbanisation is a necessary but not the only condition for economic growth

In addition to low income levels, the other manifestation of urban poverty in Asia are: - low access to safe water and adequate sanitation facilities - low access to housing - half of the world’s urban slum-dwellers are estimated to be

in the region, • India and China alone account for 65 per cent of the Asian slum population • Region’s group of least developed countries have slum concentration at 72 per

cent in urban areas, which is about 30 per cent more than the regional average

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Improving QoL of Slum-dwellers - Approaches

Re-location to alternative sites

Forcible or through consensus

o Brazil now has a guiding policy on voluntary resettlement

Sites and services or built housing units

In-situ redevelopment

Using land as a resource – incentive FSI

VGF

In-situ slum upgrading

Physical, social, economic, organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities

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In situ Slum Upgrading

Upgrading unserved slum settlements is a sustainable and scalable strategy for improving the living conditions of the urban poor Upgrading makes a highly visible, immediate, and large difference in the

quality of life of the urban poor Investment in local public goods through upgrading catalyzes private

investment by residents, unleashing their vast productive energy and leveraging private capital

the international community has successful experience supporting upgrading

Local authorities lack capacity to engage multiple stakeholders, particularly communities Retrofit network services in dense settlements

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In situ Slum Upgrading Actions

Installing or improving basic infrastructure Removal or mitigation of environmental hazards Providing incentives for community management and maintenance Constructing or rehabilitating community facilities such as nurseries, health

posts, community open space Regularizing security of tenure Home improvement Relocation/compensation for the small number of residents dislocated by

the improvements Improving access to health care and education as well as social support

programs to address issues of security, violence, among others Enhancement of income-earning opportunities through training and micro-

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Examples – In Situ SU Programmes

City-wide slum upgrading in Thailand

Ban Mankong (secure housing) programme – national slum and squatter settlement upgrading programme

Targets upgrading of housing, infrastructure, living environment and land tenure security covering 200 cities/towns in Thailand

Implemented by Community Organisations Development Institute (CODI) under Ministry of Social Development and Human Security

Programme provides infrastructure subsidies and soft housing loans directly to informal communities, which survey, design and implement their own housing and settlement improvement projects – in the same place where possible or on land in close proximity

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Examples – In Situ SU Programmes

Asian Coalition for Community Action (ACCA) Programme

Under implementation in 250 Asian cities The 4 programmatic pillars:

Small grant to communities for small scale infrastructure Loan to communities for large housing projects Help communities design housing and infrastructure by providing architectural and

planning assistance Help communities acquire formal land title, by negotiating land purchase, a land grant

or a long-term lease from the owners Major element of the programme is community savings Often adopts a city-wide approach, linking community savings into a larger City

Development Fund Leverages funds from government and other sources for inclusion in the City

Development Fund

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Examples – National SU Programmes

Kampung Improvement Programme (KIP) Indonesia Government-assisted, self-help community planning programme Provides three levels of infrastructure

Paved access roads, bridges and footpaths Water supply, sanitation and drainage canals Schools and health clinics

These improvements are threaded along existing rights-of-way, with little disturbance to the existing housing.

Although the programme does not offer direct housing assistance, the improved access, flood control and increased economic activity within the kampungs has stimulated home improvement

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Examples – National SU Programmes

Earlier National Slums Upgrading Programme – Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

Curative and preventive approach - upgrading of existing slums as well as prevention of future growth of slums

‘Whole City’ approach Legislative framework for property rights to slum- dwellers Easing credit availability for urban poor for housing, including

interest/capital subsidy Public-Private Partnerships for affordable housing New paradigm of inclusive planning - reservation of land for housing the

poor in city master plans and security of land tenure to slum-dwellers

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