cite it right: referencing the harvard way. why reference? allows you to use other author’s views...

Cite it right: Referencing the Harvard way

Why reference? Allows you to use other author’s views

without being accused of stealing them (or plagiarism)

E.g. without – I think the team did well, and never was so much owed by so many to so few.

With – The team did well in their endeavours and in the words of the great man, ‘Never was so much owed by so many to so few’ (Churchill, 1940, p22)

Why reference? Helps your lecturer/reader find

the source you have used

E.g. Without – It has been said that action research is an approach which is appropriate in any context.

With – ‘Action research is an approach which is appropriate in any context.’ (Bell, 2005, p.8)

Why reference? It’s being marked – get a better grade A16 A15 A14 There is evidence of research/ investigation & critical

evaluation using a wide range of appropriate criteria, sources and perspectives. The student inter-relates and synthesises concepts & theories. There is evidence of independent thought and coherence. Very well written.

E4 Limited evidence of appropriate reading & inadequate use

of evidence to substantiate points. Mainly descriptive, lacks analysis, & coherence. Possibly sweeping statements, poor grammar.

What Should You Avoid? What Should You Seek to Achieve? (warning in course guide)

Always acknowledge the use of someone else’s work, using the appropriate system of referencing. Also, it is a very serious offence to use someone else’s work, especially word-for-word or paraphrased contents of other’s work. This is called “plagiarism” and will be covered throughout the programme to ensure that you are aware of how to avoid it.

Harvard referencing Main system in use at the University

Sometimes called the author date method

2 main elements References in the text Bibliography (list at the end)

Full guide available at http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level5.asp?UserType=4&Level5=500

What you need to record

BOOK

AuthorYear publishedTitleEditionPlace of publicationName of publisher

JOURNAL

AuthorYear publishedTitle of articleTitle of JournalVolumePartPage

ELECTRONIC

As much as you can from the other columnsDate you accessedElectronic address or email

Finding author and date

Book : on the title page, front and back

Journal : at the top of the article and on front cover of the journal

Web page Other items, e.g., a Report

Reference info on books from OPAC

From Academic Journals

Books Arya, C. (2003) Design of structural elements.

2nd ed., London: Spon Press.

http://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level6.asp?UserType=6&Level6=79

Chapter in an edited book Whittaker, K.A. (1990) Dictionaries. in Lea, P.W.

and Day, A. (eds.) Printed reference material. London: Library Association Publishing, pp.11-23.


Journals Oulton, T. (1995) Using libraries.

Management Decision, 33(51), pp.51-62.


Electronic sources Chartered Institute of Library and

Information Professionals (CILIP) (2008) Information literacy: a definition [online]. London: CILIP [cited 7th August 2008]. <http://www.cilip.org.uk/policyadvocacy/informationliteracy/definitiondefault.htm>.


Citing a direct quote from a book:

Bartlett and Burton (2007, p.33) note that “watching other people becomes observation, asking questions becomes interviewing”.

Researchers have concluded “that although not all young people may possess the abilities to pursue higher mathematics or quantum mechanics, all should - be afforded significant exposure to serious literacy, historical, cultural and moral appreciation”. (Carr 2004, p.18)

Citing an author for an indirect quote or general theme:

. . . . In discussing the background of educational inequality, Trowler (2003) states that it was only the relatively wealthy who could afford an education of reasonable quality prior to 1870. . . . .

Examples of within and at end

Different ways of referencing within the text

In his discussion about wartime film, Chapman (1998) notesthat the cinema was a valuable tool for propaganda

Chapman (1998) explains that cinema was a valuable tool forwartime propaganda

Cinema was a valuable tool for wartime propaganda(Chapman, 1998)

Reference in Bibliography (list at the end):

Chapman, J. (1998) The British at war: cinema, state and propaganda 1939-1945. London: I.B. Tauris

Words to use Green (1999) argues… Green (1999) reports… Green (1999) concludes… Green (1999) finds… Green (1999) states…

Secondary referencing This refers to authors quoting other

authors.

Do not mislead your reader – within your text, cite the original author, date and the author of the secondary source, date and page number, e.g……” The continuing health of mathematics as a subject depends… on…creating a wider understanding of why mathematics should be financially supported.” (Anderson, 2002 in Sharp et al., 2006,p.84)


Citing in the text Quoting

Using the exact words from the text. Quotation marks should be used.

Summarising Taking the key points from a book or article

and expressing them in your own words. Paraphrasing

Interpreting an author’s ideas and expressing them in your own words. The same meaning written in a different way.

Plagiarism Using an author’s words or ideas

without acknowledging the source of information you used

Need to be able to describe and discuss an author’s ideas without plagiarising

ExamplesQuotationGreen (1999) writes that “we live in the shadow of the sixties. Of all the artificial constructs by which we delineate our immediate past, ‘the sixties’ have the greatest purchase on the mass imagination. They stand rightly or not, as the dominant myth of the modern era”.SummaryGreen (1999) argues that the sixties are the pivotal period of the modern world.

Examples (2)

ParaphrasingFor Green (1999), the idea of ‘the sixties’ has a very powerful hold on our contemporary culture.

Paraphrasing and quotingFor Green, ‘the sixties’ have a strong resonance in contemporary culture, describing them as “the dominant myth of the modern era” (1999, p62)

Spot the mistakes (1)

Copied word for word without attribution - Plagiarism

OriginalAt the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.

Essay extractAt the crux of any discussion of what happened during the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word ‘revolution’. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.


The 2nd sentence is directly lifted but only the 1st is attributed – Plagiarism


Essay extractGreen (1999) points out the inevitability of encountering the word ‘revolution’ when looking at the sixties. For the purposes of this discussion it seems best to divide the ‘revolution’ into two parts.


This is still plagiarism. The essay example just exchanges one word for another. Possibly most dangerous. (subtle)


Essay extractAt the core of any discussion of what occurred during the sixties, one unavoidably meets the word ‘revolution’. For the intention of this discussion, it is necessary to separate the ‘revolution’ into two parts.


The source is correctly referenced. No plagiarism.


Essay extractGreen (1999) argues that any discussion of ‘the sixties’ inevitably involves use of the term ‘revolution’. In his book, he chooses to divide this ‘revolution’ into two distinct parts.

Bibliography At the end of your work before

appendices Must contain everything that you

have referenced in your assignment Listed in alphabetical order by

author regardless of format

Example of list

Ashworth, A. (2002) Human rights, serious crime and criminal procedure. London: Sweet & Maxwell.

Cane, A. (2002) 3D display points to holograms at home. Financial Times [online]. 22 Oct 2002, Surveys edition, p.11 [cited 11th August 2008]. Accessed via: <http://proquest.umi.com>>.

Cathcart, B. (2007) Art history visual culture. Art History, 136(4845), pp.27-37.

Tips Keep a record of resource details as

you go along be consistent with method you use help on the LC web site –

www.wlv.ac.uk/lib and link to Study Skills - Referencing

ask if you need help!

Study Skills supporthttp://asp.wlv.ac.uk/Level4.asp?UserType=6&Level4=1484

Exercises Referencing quiz on WOLF

Plagiarism quiz – designed by Monash University Library in Australia

Practice referencing websites http://referencing.port.ac.uk/apa/in

dex.html

cite it right: referencing the harvard way. why reference? allows you to use other author’s views...

Documents

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harvard waywhy reference

action research

elses work

report reference info

printed reference material

harvard referencingmain

information literacy