CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

LINAG Exp. Hall S3LINAG Exp. Hall S3

Low energy RNB DESIRLow energy RNB DESIR

2 - Superconducting LINAC: Stable-Ion beamsE ≤ 14.5 AMeV HI A/q=3, 1mAE ≤ 20 A MeV p,d, 4He (A/q=2 ions), 5mAPossible extension to A/q=6 ions

1 - Production Caves:: RNBC converter+UCx target 1014 fissions/sp- & n-rich RNB (transfer, fusion-evaporation, DIC)

CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

Low energy RNB DESIRLow energy RNB DESIR

1 - Production Caves:: RNBC converter+UCx target 1014 fissions/sp- & n-rich RNB (transfer, fusion-evaporation, DIC)

SPIRAL 2 Challenge : Up to 1014 fissions/s

SPIRAL 2 Challenge : Up to 1014 fissions/s

ALTO (5x1011 fiss./s)

SPIRAL 2 (5x1013 fiss./s)Fast neutron induced fission

5mA

C

Source

UCx2000°C

diffusion / effusiondeuterons40 MeV neutrons

1+ n+

C

Source

UCx2000°C

diffusion / effusiondeuterons40 MeV neutrons

1+ n+

200 kW Max. few kW

Today

A

Kr

Yie

ld,

pps

SPIRAL 2 Challenge : Up to 1014 fissions/s

SPIRAL 2 Challenge : Up to 1014 fissions/s

ALTO (5x1011 fiss./s)

SPIRAL 2 (5x1013 fiss./s)Fast neutron induced fission

5mA

C

Source

UCx2000°C

diffusion / effusiondeuterons40 MeV neutrons

1+ n+

C

Source

UCx2000°C

diffusion / effusiondeuterons40 MeV neutrons

1+ n+

200 kW Max. few kW

A

Sn

Yie

ld,

pps

Rough Estimation of Yields (Examples)

RI Beam ReactionProduction

methodYield (min. - max.)

pps

6He 9Be(n,α)6He ISOL 5x107 - 1012

11C 14N(p,α)11C ISOL 107 - 3x1011

15O 15N(d,2n)15O ISOL 3x107 - 1010

18Ne 19F(p,2n)18Ne ISOL 6x106 - 7x109

34Ar 35Cl(p,2n)34Ar ISOL 2x106 - 2x108

56Ni 58Ni(p,p2n)56Ni Batch mode 2x104 - 108

58Cu 58Ni(p,n)58Cu Batch mode 104 - 108

80Zr 24Mg+58Ni In-flight < 3x104

Light and N=Z RIB at SPIRAL 2

Reactions to be used: transfer, fusion-evaporation, deep-inelastic

Fusion reaction with n-rich beamsFusion reaction

with n-rich beams

Fission products (with converter)Fission products (with converter)

Fission products (without converter)Fission products (without converter)

High Intensity Light RIBHigh Intensity Light RIB

Regions of the Chart of Nuclei Accessible with SPIRAL 2 Beams : LINAG & RIB

Production of radioactive beams/targets: (n,), (p,n) etc.

Production of radioactive beams/targets: (n,), (p,n) etc.

light beams

RIB induced reactions

light beams

RIB induced reactions

Physics with Radioactive Ion Beams Reactions & Rates (From 0 to 100 MeV/n)

2007 2012-2015

Low energy RNB DESIRLow energy RNB DESIR

1 - Production Caves:: RNBC converter+UCx target 1014 fissions/sp- & n-rich RNB (transfer, fusion-evaporation, DIC)

DESIRDESIR physics programphysics program

Decay spectroscopy - decay properties and nuclear structure studies- particle-particle correlations, cluster emission, GT strength - exotic shapes, halo nuclei

Laser spectroscopy - static properties of nuclei in their ground and isomeric states- nuclear structure and deformation

Fundamental interactions- CVC hypothesis, CKM matrix unitarity via 0+ 0+ transitions- exotic interactions (scalar and tensor currents)- CP (or T) violation with e.g. Radium

Solid state physics and other applications

• Decay studies with halo nuclei

• Clustering studies in light nuclei

• Super-allowed decays and the standard model of electro-weak interaction

• Angular correlation measurements and standard model of electro-weak interaction

• Cases of astrophysical interest

• New magic numbers

• Transition from Order to Chaos

• Shape coexistence, deformation and Gamow-Teller distribution

• High-spin isomers

• Test of isospin symmetry combined with charge exchange reactions

• Beta-delayed charged-particle emission: e.g. proton-proton correlation

Summary of decay spectroscopy experiments:Summary of decay spectroscopy experiments:The BESTIOL facilityThe BESTIOL facility

(BEta decay STudies at the SPIRAL2 IsOL facility)

Decay properties of exotic nucleiDecay properties of exotic nuclei

• Selection rules:• Fermi: T= J=0 ; f = i

• Gamow-Teller: T=0±1; J=0±1 ; f = i

Very Selective probe

B(GT)B(F)

CK

..*

22222/1

AV GGRBT

ftf

• Reduced transition probability:

Global properties• Short half-lives (10ms)

• High Q values

• Low Sp/n values

-delayed particle emission

1916 Rutherford & Wood α [Philos. Mag. 31 (1916)

379]

1963 Barton & Bell identified 25Si as p emitter

E,

Level density

Spin, Isospin

-decay properties

Vud

0+0+ = 0.9738(4) (1)

0.9736(3) (1,2,3)

VusK = 0.2200(23) (PDG)

0.2254(21) (4)

VubB = 0.00367(47) (PDG)

= 3073.5 (12) s (1) 3074.4 (12) s (1,2)

2 2 2 2 = + + 0.9967(13= )ui ud us ubi

V V V V

(1) Towner and Hardy, PRL 94 (2003) 092501, PRC 71 (2005) 055501(2) Savard et al., PRL 95 (2005) 102501(3) Marciano & Sirlin, PRL 96 (2006) 032002(4) E865, KTeV, NA48, KLOE(PDG) Particle Data Group, S. Eidelman et al., PLB 592 (2004) 1

(~ 2 shift) 0.9987(11)

CVC, CKM, exotic currents: 0+ CVC, CKM, exotic currents: 0+ 0+ 0+ decaysdecays

Measurements: - Q value - T1/2 - branching ratios

• Collinear Laser spectroscopy: - spins - magnetic moments - quadrupole moments - change of charge radii

N=50, N=64, N=82, etc.

• -NMR spectroscopy: - nuclear gyromagnetic factor - quadrupole moment

monopole migration of proton and neutron single particle levels around 78Ni persistance of N=50 shell gap around 78Ni persistance of N=82 shell gap beyond 132Sn

• Microwave double resonance in a Paul trap: - hyperfine anomaly and higher order momenta (octupole and hexadecapole deformation)

Eu, Cs, Au, Rn, Fr, Ra, Am ….

LUMIERELUMIERE::Laser Utilisation for Measurement and Laser Utilisation for Measurement and

Ionization of Exotic Radioactive ElementsIonization of Exotic Radioactive Elements

for ground and isomeric states}

Isotope shift and nuclear moment measurementsIsotope shift and nuclear moment measurements

101Zr at JYFLP. Campbell et al.

178Hf isomer at OrsayF. Le Blanc et al.

with I ~ 103-104 pps:

Isotope shift measurements at Isotope shift measurements at DESIRDESIR

N~50: neutron skin in N > 50 Ge isotopes (neutron star studies) deformation in N ≤ 50 Ni isotopes (collectivity vs magicity)

N~82: shape evolution for Z ≤ 50 (Ag, Cd, In, Sn)

N~64: strongly oblate shapes predicted in Rb, Sr and Y for N > 64

Z~40: shape transitions predicted in the Zr region (Mo, Tc, Ru)

Rare earth elements: large deformation and shape transitions predicted (Ba, Nd, Sm)

N=50N=40

Z=28

Z=40

The physics case for -NMR on polarized beams:

Ni

Zn

nuclear structure towards and beyond 78Ni

Evolution of orbits from Z=40 to Z=28:

ground state spins and momentsof 83Ge, 81Zn, 79Ni and of 81Ge, 79Zn, 77Ni

g-factors can reveal erosion of N=50 shell closure

Produce

d at S

PIRALII

with d

-induce

d fiss

ion

Lifetime OK for -NMR studies

Ge

Se

Kr

G. Neyens et al., KU Leuven

CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

CIME Cyclotron Acceleration of RI Beams

E < 25 AMeV, 1 - 8 AMeV for FF

1 - Production Caves:: RNBC converter+UCx target 1014 fissions/sp- & n-rich RNB (transfer, fusion-evaporation, DIC)

Physics with RIB at 2-20 MeV/nucl.

Physics Areas Considered:

• single-particle structure • nuclear pairing • spectroscopy of very neutron-rich nuclei• nuclear clustering and nuclear molecules• direct reaction mechanisms• studies of correlation in heavy-ion reactions• applications to astrophysics

Reaction Types

• elastic• inelastic• transfer• breakup• fusion

N=28

48Ca

46Ar

44S

42Si

Structure of 46Ar L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin et al, PRL97(2006)092501

-46Ar(d,p)47Ar transfer reaction at GANIL/SPIRAL

- Spectroscopy of final nucleus- Angular distributions of protons- Comparison with DWBA : ℓ - Spectroscopic factor

49Ca : R. Abegg et al. [NPA303 (1978)]

49Ca 47Ar

Similar effects to a reduction of thespin-orbit interaction

Observations incompatible withdiffusivity arguments

Other effects…

4.8 MeV 4.47 MeV-330keV

f7/2-f5/2 : 8.8 MeV 7.92 MeV-8%

p3/2-p1/2 : 2.02 MeV 1.13 MeV-45%

Gap N=28 :

Structure of 46Ar L. Gaudefroy, O. Sorlin et al, PRL97(2006)092501

- Reduction of the spin-orbit splitting

N=28

48Ca

46Ar

44S

42Si

Coulomb Excitation of 74,76Kr : Evidence for Shape Coexistence

2+1

74Kr+ 1.9(8) eb

- 0.9(6) ebprolate

oblate

0+1

4+1

6+1

8+1

+ 2.1(4) eb

0+2

2+2

4+2

+ 3.1(8) eb

differential Coulex cross section

complete set of transitional and diagonal matrix elements (including sign) first reorientation measurement with RIB direct confirmation of shape coexistence E. Clément et al.

SPIRAL beams 76Kr 5105 pps74Kr 104 pps 4.5 MeV/u

EXOGAM

Pb

Prolate

Oblate

Quadrupole deformation of the nuclear ground states

M. Girod, CEA Bruyères-le-Châtel

oblate ground states predicted for A~70 near N=Z prolate and oblate states within small energy range ⇒ shape coexistence

Shapes of atomic nuclei

Wolfram KORTEN

Reaching the highest angular momenta

CdSn

Te

Xe

Ba

CeNd

Sm

Gd

Dy

Er

Yb

Hf

64Ni

48Ca + …70Zn

76Ge

82Se

86Kr

88Sr

96Zr

100Mo

104Ru110Pd 116Cd

124Sn130Te

94Kr + …

26Mg30Si

36S

40Ar

48Ca

50Ti

54Cr

58Fe64Ni 70Zn 76Ge

132Sn+48Ca

136Te+48Ca

compound nucleus reached

in 48Ca induced reaction

in 94Kr (or 132Sn) induced reaction

new spin regime:70 - 80 ħ

pushing the angular momentumalways led to new physics !

Hyperdeformation Jacobi shape transition Band termination Collapse of pairing …?

Examples:48Ca+ 64Ni 112Cd*94Kr+ 26Mg 120Cd*

64Ni+ 64Ni 128Ba*94Kr+ 48Ca 142Ba*

48Ca+ 124Sn 172Yb*132Sn+ 48Ca 180Yb*

New detectors (Main Collaborations)

Particle ArrayParticle ArrayGamma ArrayGamma Array

SPIRAL 2 n-tof

Sample

Detector(s)

DESIRS3

AGATA

PARISGASPARD FAZIA

EXOGAM 2

ACTAR

LINAG Exp. Hall S3LINAG Exp. Hall S3

Low energy RNB DESIRLow energy RNB DESIR

2 - Superconducting LINAC: Stable-Ion beamsE ≤ 14.5 AMeV HI A/q=3, 1mAE ≤ 20 A MeV p,d, 4He (A/q=2 ions), 5mAPossible extension to A/q=6 ions

Co

mit

é d

e d

ire

cti

on

GA

NIL

, 2

2 N

ov

. 2

00

7

H.

Sa

va

jols

S3: The Super Separator Spectrometer for LINAG beamsS3: The Super Separator Spectrometer for LINAG beams

Combination:- Very high intensity primary beam- Whole range of primary beams available- High acceptance spectrometer- High beam rejection

unique opportunities for the creation of short-lived isotopes by fusion-evaporation, transfer reactions and deep-inelastic reactions

Provide access to species not available by isolde techniques

Co

mit

é d

e d

ire

cti

on

GA

NIL

, 2

2 N

ov

. 2

00

7

H.

Sa

va

jols

Focus on1014part/s 36evt/day @ 1pb1014part/s 36evt/day @ 1pb

SHE/VHE SHE/Heavy synthesis + spectroscopy SHE/Heavy chemistry SHE/Heavy (gas cell/masses/laser)

N=Z 100Sn region (gas cell/masses/decays/laser) Secondary Coulex with inverse kinematics

Light nuclei (transfer reactions)

DIC need more inputs !!!

Co

mit

é d

e d

ire

cti

on

GA

NIL

, 2

2 N

ov

. 2

00

7

H.

Sa

va

jols

High Beam intensityHigh Beam intensityHigh power target : 10pµA ( = 6.1014pps) or moreRejection of the beam : >1013

Low EnergyLow Energy (fusion-evaporation residues)Large angular acceptance : +/- 80 mrad X and YLarge Charge state acceptance : Bρ acceptance: +/- 10%

Many reaction channelsMany reaction channels (evaporation channels)M/q selection : 1/350 resolutionIdentification when possible

Challenges

Co

mit

é d

e d

ire

cti

on

GA

NIL

, 2

2 N

ov

. 2

00

7

H.

Sa

va

jols

S3 Low energy branch

Why a Gas catcher => universal technique Fast extraction time Chemical independence Isobar separation

Why at S3

A S3 offers unique potential for important isotopes produced with low cross section, in particular proton rich nuclei and heavy elements.

The low-energy branch of S3 will allow the production of beams of refractory elements as well as of very short-lived isotopes at ISOL energies

Co

mit

é d

e d

ire

cti

on

GA

NIL

, 2

2 N

ov

. 2

00

7

H.

Sa

va

jols

Detection:Detection: Recoil Decay Tagging α, e-, γ, p spectroscopy COULEX Measurements Gas catcher to a low energy branch

Detection:Detection: Recoil Decay Tagging α, e-, γ, p spectroscopy COULEX Measurements Gas catcher to a low energy branch

Two stages separator for rejection and purificationTwo stages separator for rejection and purificationTwo stages separator for rejection and purificationTwo stages separator for rejection and purification

High speed Rotating TargetRefractive materialsActinides targetsCooling…

High speed Rotating TargetRefractive materialsActinides targetsCooling…

Optical design WG Technical concepts

Fusion reaction with n-rich beamsFusion reaction

with n-rich beams

Fission products (with converter)Fission products (with converter)

N=Z Isol+In-flightN=Z Isol+In-flight

Transfermiums In-flight

Transfermiums In-flight

Fission products (without converter)Fission products (without converter)

High Intensity Light RIBHigh Intensity Light RIB

SHESHE

Deep Inelastic Reactions with RIB/stable beamsDeep Inelastic Reactions with RIB/stable beams

Regions of the Chart of Nuclei Accessible with SPIRAL 2 Beams : LINAG & RIB

Production of radioactive beams/targets: (n,), (p,n) etc.

Production of radioactive beams/targets: (n,), (p,n) etc.

light beamsheavy ionsRIB induced reactionsLINAG beams & exp. area

light beamsheavy ionsRIB induced reactionsLINAG beams & exp. area

SPIRAL 2 yields of fission fragment after acceleration compared to other RIB facilities (best numbers for all)

TodayToday

A

Kr

Yie

ld,

pps

Yie

ld,

pps

A

Sn

GANIL FUTURE

1. Fission of Uranium: heavy neutron rich. Ex: > 109 132Sn / s.

5. Fusion of stable: high rate of N=Z. Ex: >10 100Sn / s.

3. Fusion of exotic beams:

neutron rich & heavy nuclei

140Xe + 136Xe 276108

2. Fusion of exotic: Ex: 2. Fusion of exotic: Ex: 134Sn + 48Ca 182Yb134Sn + 48Ca 182Yb

4. Fusion of stable beams: Search for Super-heavy

6. Light ion reaction:

9Be(n,α)6He ~ 1011 pps

Neutron number N

Pro

ton

nu

mb

er

ZSPIRAL 2 Nuclear Physics - Examples

The scientific case of SPIRAL 2

Spins&Shapes

Position of

drip-lines

N=Z

rp-process

Heavy and Super Heavy Elements

r-process path

Haloes & Structures in the Continuum

Dynamics and thermodynamics in charge asymmetric

nuclear matter

Spins & Shapes

Shell structure far from stability

Neutrons for scienceAtomic & solid state physicsRadiobiology & Isotope production

ISOSPIN DEGREES OF FREEDOM IN NUCLEAR FORCES

SPIRAL 2 White Book: www.ganil.fr

100Sn20+

72Kr20+Isotope Maximum Energy Beam

Intensity

(MeV/u) (pps)132Sn20+ 6.0 2x109

132Sn21+ 6.7 2x109

132Sn22+ 7.3 1.7x109

132Sn23+ 8.0 1.2x109

132Sn24+ 8.7 4x108

132Sn25+ 9.4 1x108

RNB post acceleration - Beam Energies from CIMERNB post acceleration - Beam Energies from CIME

Energy range of SPIRAL2 RIB : < 30keV and 1-20 MeV/nucl.Energy range of SPIRAL2 RIB : < 30keV and 1-20 MeV/nucl.

Lower EnergiesLower Energies

F. ChautardF. Chautard