AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment• A period when intellectuals began a

movement• Begins in 17th Century, France• Emphasizing power of reason and

thinking• Started by John Locke’s Essay of

Human Understanding– Plus efforts of other thinkers

• Tackling previously avoided issues, it was, at least initially, an act of great courage to defy the church. 

• It covered the Scientific, the French, and the Industrial Revolution.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

When it started…• Nicolaus Copernicus’ On the

Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres– The world turns around the sun

• Supported by Galileo, Tyche, and Kepler supported Copernican Theory

• The Church did not accept this theories as they were considered to be heretic.

• The Church arrested many thinkers and philosophes that sparked outrage

• Gave way to revolutions, particularly, the French Revolution

FRENCH REVOLUTION

Summary of French Revolution

• The poor felt unjust by their government so they decided to overthrow its leader and create a new one. Eventually, after reforms and wars because of corruption(even in the revolutionaries), Napoleon Bonaparte came and ended the Revolution…

• It was basically a mess after mess.

Before the Revolution• France - entirely a Catholic nation• French Catholics – retained powerful

positions• Clergy– Is with the government– High status– Control over large lands

Clergy(First Estate)Nobles

(Second Estate)

Everyone Else(Third Estate)

• The philosophes from the Enlightenment criticized the Church

• Parish priests and other poor clergy that were excluded to the Church’s wealth pushed for reforms

Eve of Revolution• On the verge of bankruptcy, the

State annulled the tithe and took over the Church’s funding

• Sold the church properties at a private auction

• Monastic vows were forbidden

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

• Published by the National Assembly• Stripped the special rights of priests

and clerics.• Made the clergy as employees -with

salaries• Bishops would be elected by citizens

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

• The pope, Pope Pius VI, rejected it• In response, the State made the

clergy to say an oath of loyalty to the constitution or be stripped of salary and position

• Split of French Catholic Church– The Jurors – those who swore– The Refractory Priests – those who didn’t

Suspicions of Counter-Revolution

• Support for refractory priests became increasingly associated with counter –revolution

• Suspicion led to additional sanctions– Processions are forbidden– Legalization of divorce– Congregations suppressed even further– Priests are to marry

September Massacres• Legislative Assembly fell to chaos• Afraid of the break-outs and siding

with the enemy, Parisians slaughtered the prisoners

• Over 1200 died including 300 priests

Dechristianization of France• Any priest that continued to practice,

now face arrest and deportation• Public worship is forbidden• Churches were converted to stables• Revolutionary calendars• Religion of Revolution

Dechristianization of France• Cults were formed such as:– Cult of Reason• Atheistic views• Worshipped a goddess of reason

– Cult of Supreme Being• Belief that there is a god and that the soul is

immortal

Climax of Dechristianization• Reached when Robespierre fell on

1794• Religious practices where only at

home• “White Masses” - Led by the laity• Any form of religious things were

locked out of public eye

Climax of Dechristianization• Uprisings led to imprisonment of

refractory priests again• Implemented Theophilanthropy

(Friends of God and Man)• French Army captured Rome• Pope Pius VI died in captivity

The Return of the Catholic Church

• Napoleon came to rise and rule over France as its first consul

• Napoleon sees the Catholic Church as to help him control the country

• The Concordat of 1801 was to re-establish ties of France and Rome–Was most in favor to the state

The Concordat of 1801• "Catholicism was the religion of the great majority

of the French" but not the official state religion, thus maintaining religious freedom, in particular with respect to Protestants.

• The Papacy had the right to depose bishops, but the French government still nominated them.

• Imposed clerical salaries and the clergy swore an oath of allegiance to the state.

• The Catholic Church gave up all its claims to Church lands that were confiscated after 1790.

• The Sabbath was reestablished as a "festival"

The Concordat of 1801• Napoleon added the Organic Articles

without approval of Rome• It is said in that all instructions of

Rome would be first approved by the government ö!

Imperial Catechism-Napoleon, No!

• Napoleon crowned himself, declared himself a saint, and taught kids at school as Napoleon’s reign was authorized by God!

• Napoleon was excommunicated by Pope Pius VII and in return, Napoleon arrested the pope

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What is Industrial Revolution?

• Industrial Revolution refers to a rapid major change in an economy (as in England in the late 18th century) marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines.

(Reference: Merriam – Webster Dictionary)

Scientific Discoveries Capitalism

Industrialization

Capitalism• Capitalism is an economic system in

which trade, industry, and the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for profit.

Industrialization • Industrialization (in British English)

or industrialization (in American English) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one.

Important technological developments

• Textiles• Steam power• Iron Making

Labor Issues in the Industrial Revolution

• Labor Abuse is commonly during that time because working class are subject into strict labor condition wherein they worked for long hours while receiving minimal pay despite of the danger within the work place.

• Child Labor is prevalent during that time and children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders.

Social Teachings of the Church• Rerum Novarum is subtitled "On the Conditions of Labor."

In this document, Pope Leo XIII set out the Catholic Church's response to the social conflict that had risen in the wake of industrialization and that had led to the rise of socialism. "Let the working man and the employer make free agreements, and in particular let them agree freely as to the wages; nevertheless, there underlies a dictate of natural justice more imperious and ancient than any bargain between man and man, namely, that wages ought not to be insufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved wage-earner. If through necessity or fear of a worse evil the workman accept harder conditions because an employer or contractor will afford him no better, he is made the victim of force and injustice."[

• Quadragesimo Anno - o (Latin for “In the 40th Year”) is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian communism. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle of solidarity and subsidiarity.

Communism (Marxist - Communism)

• Communism is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of social classes, money, and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order.

Church in midst of the rising of Communism

• The spread of Communism, with its open attack on religion as the "opium of the people", eventually led to the loss of the working class in Europe from the ranks of the Church.

• The Church continue to defend with its stand against communism because based on the Teachings of the church the ideology of communism is does not conform to it.

References:• A SHORT HISTORY OF THE

CHURCH by Fr. Robert C. Hogan, S.J.• Merriam – Webster Dictionary• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Communism• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Industrial_Revolution