chuong_01 - information technology basic
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Module 1: Information Technology Basic
Overview
Computer types and software applications
A brief overview of the Internet
Information Technology Terminology
Digital Base Systems
Introductions to analog and digital
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Getting Started in IT
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Computer Systems and Programs
A computer system consistsof
HardwareSoftware
Hardware is the physical
equipmentCase, floppy disk drives,keyboardsMain-board, RAM, CD-Romdrives,
Software is the programsused to operate thecomputer system.
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Computer Systems and Programs
Two types of softwareOperating systems
Applications
Applications are programs to perform aspecific function for
User
Another application program
For example: Word, Excel, Web browsers,
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An operating system (OS)
Computer Systems and Programs
File and folder managementManagement of applicationsSupport for built-in utility
programsControl to the computerhardware
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Computer Systems and Programs
Firmware is a program
Embedded in a silicon chip
Outdated if any change to either the
hardware or softwareOlder firmware lead to device failure,system failure or data loss The only solution is to replace it
Flash-able
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Computer Types
Mainframes arepowerful machines
The mainframe model
consists ofCentralized-computers
Dumb terminals
Terminals consists of
A monitor, keyboard
A communication port
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Computer Types
A mainframe environmentA single computer or group of computers
Centrally managed and maintained
AdvantagesScalability
Centralized management
Centralized backupLow cost desktop devices
High level of security
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Computer Types
Disadvantages
Character-based applications
Lack of OS standards and interoperabilityExpensive maintenance, set-up cost
A single point of failure
Potential for a bottleneck
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Computer Types
A personal computer (PC) isa standalone device.
Graphical User Interface(GUI) employs a graphicsdisplay to representprograms executed by thecomputer
An example is theWindows desktop.
Icons are small picturesto represent differentprograms
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Computer Types
Advantages
Standardized hardware
Standardized, highlyinteroperable OS
GUIDistributed computing
User flexibility
High-productivityapplications
Disadvantages
No centralized backup
No centralizedmanagement
Physical, data access,and virus security risksbe greater
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Connecting computer systems
Networka group of computers connected to shareresources.
allows users to share printer, files,
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Connecting computer systems
Internet is the ultimate network connectingmillions of smaller networks
Most connections are made by cable
Cable can carry voice, data, or bothHomes can connect to Internet throughmodems with the speed of 56Kbps
Faster connections to the Internet
Digital subscriber line (DSL), cable, T1, E1,
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Birth of the Internet
1968: ARPANET project began1970s: The Growth Begins
1980s: More is Better
1982: The term Internet used for the firsttime
1983: TCP/IP becomes the universallanguage of the Internet
1984: DNS was introduced
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Birth of the Internet
1990s: The Net Becomes Big Business1990: ARPANET becomes the Internet
1991: The World Wide Web is born
1996: The Internet covers the globe. Thenumber of Internet hosts exceeds 10million
2005: The number of Internet hostsexceeds 350 million
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Windows Desktop Environment
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Starting, shutting down, and restartingMicrosoft Windows
The basic functions of a computer includeturning the computer onrestarting the computershutting down the system
Turning on the PCThe startup process of a PC is referred to asbooting the systemTurning on the PC using the power button referred
to as a cold bootAt the end of this process, Windows OS desktopwill be displayed
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Starting, shutting down, and restartingMicrosoft Windows
Shutting down a computerClick Start button -> selectShut Down
Or press Ctrl-Alt-Delete ->click Shut Down
Not to power off the
computer with the powerswitch
Restarting the PCReferred to as a warm boot
By pressing the reset buttonOr press Ctrl-Alt-Delete ->click Restart
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Windows Explorer
The Windows Explorerprovides the ability to create,copy, move, and delete filesand folders
Explorer displays
the hierarchy of foldersstored on the hard disk orother storage device in theleft windowthe folders contents in theright window
Two or more instances ofExplorer can be launched todrag and drop between them
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Windows Explorer
Explorer can beaccessedIn Windows 9x, bychoosing Start ->Programs -> WindowsExplorer
In Windows 2000, XPand 2003, choose Start -> Programs ->
Accessories ->Windows Explorer
Right-click on Start andthen select Explorer
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The Desktop
The main display screen in Windows
An icon isan image that represents an application or a capability
selectable as a shortcut to a program or file on the computer
desktopnon-selectable as in a company logo on a web page
Some of the icons on the desktop, such asMy Computer, My Network Places, Recycle Bin, or MyDocuments are shortcuts to those directories
Microsoft Word, Excel, or Yahoo! Messenger are shortcuts tothose applications
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The Desktop
The My Computer icongives access to all theinstalled drives
My Documents is a
shortcut to personal orfrequently accessed files
My Network Places allowsthe users to see neighboringcomputers in a networked
environment
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The Desktop
The taskbarlocated at the bottom of the desktop
contains the Start button, quick launch buttons, and thesystem tray.
The Start buttondisplays the Start Menuallows access to almost every program and function on thePC
The quick launch buttons
located on the taskbar next to the Start button
allow immediate access to desktop from any application, aswell as access to any application quickly
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The Desktop
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Working with icons
Creating the Shortcuts(icons)navigate to the program or file.Right-click it and select CreateShortcutright-click on the desktop andselect New > New Shortcutor Create Shortcut. Enter thepath for the program or file
Moving IconsClick on it and then drag it tothe desired locationIf the icon not move, right-clickon an empty space of the
desktop and uncheck theAutoArrange selection
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Working with icons
Selecting MultipleIcons
hold down the Ctrl keyand click on all the icons
to be moveddrag the group of iconsto the new location
de-select the icons byclicking on the empty
part of the desktop
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Working with icons
Renaming Iconsthe first way is to clickonce on the name underthe icon.
then type in a new nameclick on the empty partof the desktop tocomplete
the second way is to
right-click on the iconand select Renameoption
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Recognizing an application window
Title Bar Displays the name of thedocument and application.
Menu Bar Contains menus formanipulating the document
Status BarShows useful information suchas the page number, how to access Helpfeature, and so on
Scroll BarMoves the images or textthrough the window.
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Resizing a desktop window
To resize a windowmove the cursor to any corner or side of the applicationwindow
a double-headed arrow will appear
click and drag on the window edge to change the window
size
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Resizing a desktop window
There are types ofarrows, pointers,cursors, and other itemsused to navigate around
in Windows
To modify the mousepointers, go to MyComputer > Control
Panel > Mouse >Pointer
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Switching between windows
When more than one window is open, theuser can switch between windows bypressingAlt-Tab or clicking the desiredwindow on the taskbar
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Basic Features of Windows
h b f
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Viewing the basic system informationof a computer
To view information about the system inWindows 2000, go to the Start menu andchoose Programs >Accessories >System Tools > System Information
Vi i h b i i f i
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Viewing the basic system informationof a computer
A window will display the information such asthe OS name and version, the systemmanufacturer and model, the BIOS version,and the memory,
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Setting the clock rate
To adjust the date and time, double-click onthe clock on the taskbar.
To choose the appropriate time zone, click on
the tab labeled Time Zone
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Setting the clock rate
To automatically synchronize with an Internettime server, click on Internet Time tab andthen click the Update Now button
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Minimizing, maximizing, and exiting
Most applications in Windows have threesmall icons in the upper right corner of thescreen used to minimize, maximize thescreen, or exit the application
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Minimizing, maximizing, and exiting
By clicking on the Minimize button, the applicationis placed on the taskbar
The middle button, the Maximize or Restorebutton, changes depending on whether the window isopened partially or fully
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Adjusting the screen display
To adjust the screendisplay
Right-click on emptyspace on the desktopand choose Properties
to open the DisplayProperties window
Or choose Settings >Control Panel >
Display from the Startmenu
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Adjusting the screen display
The Desktop tab allows users to choose theBackground for the desktop
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Adjusting the screen display
The Screen Saver tabpermits the selection of ascreen saver
when it should activateon the desktop
Screen saver also be setup to require apassword
Energy savings featuresof the monitor are alsoapplied in this tab
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Adjusting the screen display
TheAppearancetab
choose the size andcolor of text
backgrounds forapplications
The Effects buttonallows users tochoose visual effects
such as fade effects,large icons,
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Adjusting the screen display
The Settings tab allows users to adjust thescreen area display and colors
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Desktop Settings
To adjust thedesktop settings
access the DisplayProperties window
in the Settings tab,adjust the number ofcolors and pixels bedisplayed
clickApply
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Desktop Settings
Pixels are the tiny dotsmake up the light on the screen
determine the intensity of a screen image
Lower values display cartoon-like colorimages
Higher values display more realisticcolor images
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Adjusting Audio Volume
To access the volume controlclick on the speaker icon on the taskbar
or from the Sounds and Multimedia icon in theControl Panel
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Start Menu Options
Run featureanother method of starting a program
used instead of clicking the program shortcut icon
access the Run feature by clicking on Start and choosingRun
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Start Menu Options
Find or Search featureused to locate files, folders, and networkconnections to other computers and peripherals
Documents or Recent Documents menushows a list of the most recent documents thathave been accessed or created
Programs menulists all of the programs that are installed on thecomputer
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Recycle Bin
Stores files, folders, graphics, and web pagesfrom the hard disk that have been deleted
The deleted items can be undeleted orrestored back to their original location
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Overview of SoftwareApplications
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Word Processors
A word processor is an applicationcreates, edits, stores, and prints documents
insert or delete text, define margins, copy, cut, and paste
Examples are Corel WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, and Lotus
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Spreadsheets
In a spreadsheet, numerical data is stored in cellsthat are arranged on a gridThe data in a cell could be a number, text, orcalculationExamples are Microsoft Excel and Lotus 1-2-3
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Databases
A database is an organized collection of data that can be easilyaccessed, managed, and updated
PC databases are divided into two distinct categoriesflat-file
relational
Examples are Microsoft Access, MS SQL, and Oracle Database
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Presentation Applications
Permit the organization, design, and delivery ofpresentations in the form of slide shows and reports
Microsoft PowerPoint is a prominent presentationapplication
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Web browser and E-mail
A web browser is anapplication used tolocate and displaypages from the WorldWide Web (WWW)
Examples are MicrosoftInternet Explorer,Firefox, Opera,
Electronic mail (e-mail)is the exchange ofcomputer-storedmessages by networkcommunication
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Math for a Digital Age
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Measurement-related terminology
bitsmallest unit of data in a computer
the value of either one or zero
the binary format processed by computers
bytea unit of measure used to describe the size of a data file, theamount of space on the storage medium,
one byte consists of eight bits of data
nibblehalf a byte or four bits
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Measurement-related terminology
kilobyte (KB)1024, or approximately 1000, bytes
kilobytes per second (kBps)a measurement of the amount of data transferred over aconnection
approximately 1,000 bytes per second
kilobit (Kb)1024, or approximately 1000, bits
kilobits per second (kbps)a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000 bits per second
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Measurement-related terminology
megabyte (MB)1,048,576 bytes, or approximately 1,000,000bytes
megabytes per second (MBps)a data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000bytes or 106 kilobytes per second
megabits per second (Mbps)
data transfer rate of approximately 1,000,000 bitsor 106 kilobits per second
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Measurement-related terminology
hertz (Hz)a unit of frequency measurement
synonymous with cycles per second
used to describe the speed of a computer microprocessor
megahertz (MHz)one million cycles per seconda common measurement of the speed of a processing chip
gigahertz (GHz)
one billion cycles per seconda common measurement of the speed of a processing chip
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Analog and digital systems
The variables thatcharacterize ananalog system mayhave an infinitenumber of values
The variables thatcharacterize digitalsystems only occupy
a fixed number ofdiscrete values
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Boolean logic gates
There are three primary logic functionsAND gate If either input is off, the output is off
OR gate If either input is on, the output is on
NOT gate If the input is on, the output is off.
The same is true of the opposite
NOR gate a combination of the OR andNOT gates. If either input is on, the output is
off
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Boolean logic gates
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Boolean logic gates
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Decimal and binary number systems
The decimal number system uses tendigits including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,and 9
The binary number system uses twodigits 0 and 1
Ex, 1000101001101111
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Decimal and binary number systems
In Base 10, powers of ten are usedFor example, 23605 in Base 10 means 2 x 10,000 + 3 x1000 + 6 x 100 + 0 x 10 + 5 x 1
Note that 100 = 1, 101= 10, 102= 100, 103= 1000,and 104 = 10,000
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Decimal and binary number systems
Binary numbers are converted into decimal numbersby using the same method as with powers of 2
Ex, 100100012 = 1 x 128 + 0 x 64 + 0 x 32 + 1 x 16+ 0 x 8 + 0 x 4 + 0 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 128 + 16 + 1 =
145
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Decimal to binary conversions
To convert a decimal number to binary, first find thelargest power of 2 that will "fit" into the decimalnumberFor example, convert the decimal number 35 intobinary
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The hexadecimal number system
The Base 16, or hexadecimal, number system usedfrequently with computers to represent binarynumbers in a more readable form
To express hexadecimal output is using "0x" in frontof the hexadecimal number
For example, 0x1234 means 1234 in Base 16
Base 16 uses 16 characters to express numericalquantities
These characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B,C, D, E, and F
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Binary to hexadecimal conversion
To convert a binarynumber tohexadecimal
divide the number
into groups of fourbits, starting fromthe right
convert each group
of four bits intohexadecimal
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Hexadecimal to binary conversion
To convert ahexadecimal numberto binary
convert each
individualhexadecimal digit tobinary
string together the
solution
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Converting to any base
From decimal to binaryGeneral rule: divide and write remainderfrom right to left
Why this works remainder gives bit 0
odd numbers have a 1 in bit 0
dividing by 2 does a shift right
For example, convert 1810 to binary
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Converting to any base
1810 = 100102
This rule works in converting decimal to anybase
18 29 2
4 22 2
1 2
0
188
42
0
0
1
0 01
Stop
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