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Chemistry and ScienceChemistry and Science
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ChemistryChemistry
The study of:
the composition (make-up) of matter
the changes that matter undergoes
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What is matter?What is matter?
Anything that:
◦has mass and ◦occupies space (volume).
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Mass vs WeightMass vs WeightMass: a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. (SI unit kilogram, kg)
Weight: The force with which the earth pulls on an object. (SI unit Newton, N)
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The 5 Branches of ChemistryThe 5 Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic OrganicAnalyticalPhysicalBiochemistry
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Inorganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryThe study of chemicals that do not contain carbon.
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Organic ChemistryOrganic ChemistryThe study of chemicals that contain carbon.
Origin: study of chemicals in living organisms.
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Analytical ChemistryAnalytical ChemistryComposition of matter.
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Ex:Mass SpectrometerGas Chromatograph
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Physical ChemistryPhysical ChemistryThe study of :
◦The mechanism◦The rate◦The energy transfer
that happens when matter undergoes change.
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BiochemistryBiochemistryStudy of processes that take place in organisms.
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ScienceScience
What?Why?
How?When?
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Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
Science Pure ◦Does not necessarily have an application.
Technology Applied◦Has practical applications in society.
◦Engineering.
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Question: Science or Question: Science or Technology?Technology?
Studying or forming aspirin in a lab in small scale (small amounts).
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Question: Science or Question: Science or Technology?Technology?
◦Producing aspirin tablets so that consumers can use them.
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Example: Discovery of Nylon Example: Discovery of Nylon by Wallace Carothers in 1930’sby Wallace Carothers in 1930’s
http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/nylon/nylon.html
http://heritage.dupont.com/touchpoints/tp_1935-2/depth.shtml
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Microscopic- MacroscopicMicroscopic- MacroscopicMicro –(small)
◦Microscopic- objects can be seen with a microscope.
Macro-(from afar)◦Macroscopic- objects are seen without a microscope.
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Part II – A Brief History andPart II – A Brief History andthe Scientific Methodthe Scientific Method
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Aristotle (Greece, 4Aristotle (Greece, 4thth Century BC) Century BC)
Philosopher who believed that:
There are 4 elements:earth, water, air, fire.
Matter is perpetually divisible.
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Democritus Democritus (Greece, 4th Century BC)(Greece, 4th Century BC)
First atomic theory
Atom (indivisible).
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AlAlchemchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)ists (~300BC-1650 AD)China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
•Aiming to:Change common metals to gold.Develop medicines.
•Developed lab equipment.
•Mystical.
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Galileo Galilei (Italy 1564 AD)Galileo Galilei (Italy 1564 AD)
Father of the scientific method (along with the Englishman Francis Bacon 1500’s).
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Antoine Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier (France 1743-1794)(France 1743-1794)
Regarded as the Father of Chemistry.Designed equipment.Used observations and measurements.Discovered nitrogen.
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Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)
Discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass:◦In a chemical reaction mass is
conserved.
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Explained burning as reaction with oxygen.
Old theory: release of “phlogiston”.
Antoine Lavoisier (cont’d)
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method
Steps followed during scientific investigations.
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Scientific Method Scientific Method Observation- recognition of a problem.Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of
an observation◦an educated guess◦must be testable.
Experiment- a procedure used to test a hypothesis (measurement, data collection, manipulated and responding variables)
TheoryLaw
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TheoryTheoryA well tested explanation for a
broad set of observations. May use models.May allow predictions.Theories may change to explain
new observations.
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Law Law
A statement that summarizes results of observations, but does not explain them.
Changes or is abandoned when contradicted by new experiments.