ChronicaHorticulturae

Magazine of the International Societyfor Horticultural Science

Volume 40 • Number 2 • 2000

2

IN THIS ISSUE

Viewpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

News from the World of Horticulture . . . . . . . . . 2

ISHS Section Ornamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Section Fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Commission Education and Training . . . . . . . . . 6

Commission Protected Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Commission Postharvest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Commission Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture . 10

New Book Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

News of the ISHS Secretariat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Acta Horticulturae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

� Viewpoints

Genetically Modified Foods CalledBeneficial and Safe

MONTREAL, QUEBEC January 22, 2000 -More than 600 scientists from around the worldsigned a “Declaration in Support of AgriculturalBiotechnology,” that was released today at aconference held to coincide with UNnegotiations on a Biosafety Protocol. “We in thescientific community felt it necessary to coun-teract the baseless attacks so often being made onbiotechnology and genetically modified foods,”said C.S. Prakash, a biology professor atTuskegee University in the United States, andorganizer of the declaration. “Biotechnology is apotent and valuable tool that can help makefoods more productive and nutritious,” he added.“And, contrary to anti-biotech activists, they caneven advance environmental goals such asbiodiversity.”

Farmers have been genetically modifying cropplants for centuries with more traditionalmethods of hybridization and selection.According to the Declaration, using biotechnology

The ISHS invites you to express yourself!

The Viewpoints section of Chronica Horticulturae was created as a regular feature for ISHSmembers to express their views on current issues in Horticultural Science or on any Society related topicin general.

ISHS members who do wish to publish an article in this or any other feature of ChronicaHorticulturae are requested to send their material to the ISHS Secretariat, preferably in electronicformat.

� News from the World of Horticulture

to modify plants today does not pose any new orgreater risks than those more traditional methodsposed. And because the newer genetic tools aremore precise, they may even be safer. “But theirgreater productivity allows farmers to grow morefood on less land with less synthetic pesticides andherbicides, ultimately protecting wildlife andhabitat,” added Prakash.

Genetically Modified plants can also benefitlocal and regional agriculture in the developingworld, the key to addressing both hunger and lowincome. “Anti-biotechnology activists accusescientists of “playing God” by geneticallyimproving Crops, but it is those so-calledenvironmentalists who are really playing God,not with genes but with the lives of poor andhungry people,” said Prakash.

Dr. Prakash, who serves as Director ofTuskegee University’s Center for Plant Bio-technology Research, wrote the Declaration withthe help of several collegues, and begancollecting signatures on January 19. “We wereoverwhelmed at how quickly the signaturesbegan pouring in,” said Prakash. “That so manyscientists responded so quickly shows howimportant this issue is to them and to the world.”Signatures will continue to be collectedindefinitely, and the Declaration will be sharedaround the world with policymakers, the newsmedia, and the public.

Dr. Prakash established the AgBioWorld website to support the “Declaration of Scientists inSupport of Agricultural Biotechnology.” Boththe declaration text and the list of signatures,which will be updated periodically, can be foundon the AgBioWorld web site at www.AgBioWorld.org.

AgBioWorld (www.AgBioWorld.org) is spon-sored and maintained by Professor C.S. Prakash,Director of the Center for Plant BiotechnologyResearch at Tuskegee University. Informationrequests can be sent to Professor Prakash atPrakash@tusk.edu.

InternationalSymposium onTransplant Productionin Closed System

The symposium was held during 28 February-2 March 2000 at Chiba University Hall, Chiba,Japan under the auspices of Japan Society forPromotion of Science ( JSPS), Chiba Universityand International Association of BiotechnologyApplication etc. The Chairperson of the Orga-nizing Committee and the Local Committee wasDr. A. Komamine and Prof. T. Kozai (ChibaUniv.), respectively. Main countries participatedwere USA, Canada, NZ, China, Korea, Taiwan,Thailand, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Japan.

The concept of transplant production inclosed system is becoming broader from onlymicro propagation on small culture vessels tomacro propagation in growth rooms, commercialgreenhouses and CELSS (Controlled EcologicalLife Support System) in space station. It isindispensable to solve the global issues onenvironmental conservation and deficiency offood, resources and energy in the future.

In the opening session, the following lectureswere given:1) Environmental control forimproved plant quality within controlledenvironment plant production systems, by G. A.Giacomelli, 2) Object-oriented analysis andmodeling of closed plant production systems, byK. C. Ting, and 3)Necessity and concept of theclosed transplant production system, by T. Kozai.

Oral (39) and poster (13) presentations weremade in the following sessions as 1) Micropropagation and its application, 2)Photoautotrophic micro propagation and itsscaling-up, 3) Environmental control and itseffects, and 4) Transplant production underartificial light etc. An excursion was also held to new facilities of the Laboratory ofEnvironmental Control Engineering, ChibaUniversity.

Scientists Release Declaration Defending Biotechnology

3Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

IHE Japan (formerly Hi-Tech Horti-Mation)was held 18-21 April 2000 at NipponConvention Centre, Makuhari, Chiba, Japan,under the auspices of Japan GreenhouseHorticulture Association, Japanese Society ofEnvironmental Control in Biology and JapanManagement Association. The Chairperson ofthe Steering Committee was Director M.Hyodo, Japan Greenhouse HorticulturalAssociation, and Vice-Chairpersons were Prof.T. Takakura, Dean of Department ofEnvironment Sciences, Nagasaki University andProf. T. Kozai, Dean of Department ofHorticulture, Chiba University

It comprehensively exhibited high-tech systems,equipments and materials that can be used forgrowing and marketing of vegetables, flowers andfruits, towards the creation of attractive andsustainable horticulture in the 21st century.

Exhibitions were made by 260 companies andorganizations from Japan (197) and abroad (63)including Netherlands, Korea, France, UK,Taiwan, Greece, Chile, Columbia, India and SriLanka. Exhibition categories were, for example,1) Transplant production systems, 2) Graftingsystems, 3) Plant factories, 4) Hydroponicsystems, 5) Environment control systems, 6)Sensors and measurement, 7) Monitoring

systems, 8) Information systems, 9) Automaticirrigation, 10) Greenhouses, 11) Recycling andwaste processing systems, 12) Sorting andpackaging machineries, 13) Transport andstorage equipments and 14) Auction systems etc.

More than 40,000 people visited theexhibition.

Public symposia were also held concerning‘Hydroponics and plant factories’, ‘Labor-savingand pleasant environment in greenhouses’ and‘Mass propagation of grafted seedlings etc. TheEast Asia Horticultural Fair will be held fromMay 10-12, 2001 at the Marine Messe, Fukuoka,Japan.

International Horticultural Exhibition (IHE) Japan 2000

IQDHO Launches Database Specialized in Ornamental HorticultureThe Quebec Institute for the Development of

Ornamental (IQDHO) has announced thelaunch of its database specialized in OrnamentalHorticulture; HORTIDATA.

IQDHO has been developing its databasesince 1992. Hortidata contains close to 20,000references to technical articles that have beenread, selected and indexed by specialists in

ornamental horticulture. It contains as well thescanned text of the selected articles. In a matterof seconds, greenhouse and nursery growers orany business or organization interested inornamental horticulture has access to animpressive amount of technical and practicalinformation on the production or ornamentalgreenhouse and nursery crops. The majority of

the information, close to 60% is selected amongstarticles from 125 journals specialized inornamental horticulture. The remaining 40%comes from various sources such as technicalnewsletters, production fact sheets, news releases,research reports, proceedings, etc.

For more details visit http://www.iqdho.com

Section Ornamentals

Some of the world’s leading flower researchergathered in Crete recently to assess the marketfor novel floral products and present findings onabout 60 new or improved plants which holdpotential for new or increased commerciali-zation.

The conference at the Agronomic Institute,Chania, in West Crete was attended by 80researchers who presented papers and postersfrom over 150 co-workers from around theworld. This was the fourth such symposiumunder the aegis of ISHS and efficiently organizedby the Greek research team led by Dr. EleniMaloupa of NAGREF, Agricultural Centre ofMacedonia and Thrace, herself a flowerresearcher.

Specially invited speakers included:Dr. Bert Hennipman (Holland) on the

sustainable exploitation of genetic resources withspecial reference to Hippeastrum.

Dr. Kiyoshi Ohkawa ( Japan) who reviewedthe potential for new crops in the Asian flowerindustry.

Dr. Arne Skytt Andersen on Plant growthregulators as an aid to new crop production.

Sessions and much discussion centered aroundthe fascinating subject of assessing futurefashions in décor and ornamentals and how to

handle the possible demand for new products.Other speakers described new or up-and-comingflower and foliage products from Greece, Dr.Nikos Margaris, Australia and South Africa.Key objectives here are market potential, vase lifeand the need to replace wild bush gathering withsustainable quality cultivation.

Another currently typical subject was thedevelopment of certain durable, mostlyMediterranean, plants with drought and stresstolerance (minimal TLC plants perhaps).Examples are Limonium, Lotus, Euphorbia andShrubby Sainfoin (Ebenus) which are parti-cularly marked up as patio candidates.

Many plants described are in the very earlystages of study whilst others such as well knownherbaceous perennials, programmed andpresented for sale in bloom, are enjoying hugepopularity in US garden centers.

E. Maloupa, Greece.

IV International Symposium on New Flower Crops

4

The programme for the 5th InternationalProtea Working Group Symposium, convenedby Professor Juan Rodríguez-Pérez, UniversityLa Laguna, Tenerife, consisted of six sessionsstretching over four days. The first session was:Genebanks and Conservation, in which theopening invited lecture was given by Gail M.Littlejohn (South Africa). Joan Sadie of theDirectorate Genetic Resources, South Africafollowed with a presentation on the importanceof a system for naming cultivars. Adéle Robyn(South Africa) reported on the long term seedresearch being done under the EC Protea Projectby the ARC. The afternoon session of the sameday: New Crops and Products began with aninvited lecture by Margaret Sedgley, Universityof Adelaide, Australia on developing breedingmethods for Isopogon and Dryandra, two as yetlittle used Australian genera. This was followedby papers and poster presentations on breedingand genetics of African Proteaceae genera (GailLittlejohn and Adéle Robyn). It was interestingto note the breeding of Leucospermum in Hawaii(Kenneth Leonardt and colleagues), an alreadyadvanced programme, and of Leucadendron inAustralia (Ralph Sedgley and colleagues), a verynew programme.

Tuesday morning, 4 April heralded a session:Global development of the Proteaceae,presenting results of cultivating Proteaceae acrossthe globe. Richard Criley presented compellingreasons for cultivation of genera other thanProtea, Leucadendron and Leucospermum as theinvited lecture for this session. Presentations andposters then gave an overview of cultivationresearch in Thailand, Portugal, Madeira,Tenerife, South African resource poor farmersand Israel. Annually the countries in whichproteas are cultivated is expanding, indicating theimproved adaptability of selected cultivars. Theafternoon session: Culture and management:

Nutrition and propagation, provided anexcellent invited lecture review on the nutritionof proteas by Maryse Montarone from INRA,France. Interesting presentations followed fromIsrael on pH sensitivity of proteas, leaf analysisfor nutritional status, and microtubing for splicegrafting. Juan Rodriguez-Perez and colleaguespresented results of wounding on rooting abilityof a range of cultivars as well as a study of wherethe roots originate in the stem tissue. Hiscolleagues presented results of tissue cultureprocedures on various Leucospermum andLeucadendron cultivars. Unfortunately no resultson Protea, a difficult genus! Juan HernandezMoreno gave a presentation on the nutritionalburden of volcanic soils - a case of too much andnot too little. Gail Littlejohn gave a poster on thegenetic differences in rootability of Leucospermumsibling plants.

Session five began on 5 April and covered thetopic: Physiology, growth and development. Theinvited lecture was given by Wouter van Doorn,Netherlands. The review of the leaf blackeningproblem in Protea left us all understanding theneed for further research into the biochemistry ofthe problem, in search of control. Pruningtechniques aimed at increasing stem yield inLeucadendron were presented by Duby Wolfsonfrom Israel. Audrey Gerber, Iain Stephens andHans Hettasch (South Africa) presented resultson flower initiation control, leaf blackening andcarbohydrate status of stems respectively. G.Reynoso and colleagues, from Japan, presented aposter on the morphology of stomata in proteasrelating to water needs.

Plant protection, the topic of session six wasthe last of the Symposium. Lizeth Swartpresented results of studies on Elsinoë scab andFusarium root rot, with Sandra Denman ofSouth Africa describing studies on Botryosphaeria

canker and a screening technique forPhytophthora cinnamomi resistance in SouthAfrica. Reviews of the diseases and pestsobserved in Madeira and Tenerife werepresented. It is interesting to note that pathogensand pests different to those observed in SouthAfrica present problems to cultivators in othercountries.

The Symposium was attended by 110 delegatesfrom 13 countries. Social events included awelcome cocktail, a visit to flower cooperatives andprotea farms, visit to Mount Teide, the volcano onthe island, and a gala dinner.

FutureAlthough there has been a feeling that the

IPWG is very small and isolated, it was discussedby members whether the IPWG is strongenough to exist on its own. The resoundinganswer was yes, the group of researchers in thiscrop feel that the crop presents many uniquechallenges. The presentation of research data in acompact form in Acta Horticulturae is the easiestmethod of accessing information on the crop andthis should continue in the future. An electronicchat-line is being set up between members toassist in keeping contact. The next IPWGSymposium is proposed for February or March2002, to be held in Hawaii.

Chair: Dr Gail M. Littlejohn, ARC Fynbos,Private Bag X1, Elsenburg, 7607.gail@igs5.agric.za

Secretary: Dr Audrey Gerber, DepartmentHorticulture, University of Stellenbosch,Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7601.aig@maties.sun.ac.za

V International Protea Working Group Symposium

Section Fruits

VII International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation SystemsA very successful 7th International Symposium

on Orchard and Plantation Systems was held atNelson in New Zealand in late January - earlyFebruary 2000.

Like the previous meeting, this symposiumbrought together three Working Groups of theISHS Fruit Section, those for 1) Orchard andPlantation Systems 2) Rootstock, Breeding andEvaluation and 3) Environmental Physiology.The major interest of these three groups is inpipfruit and stonefruit. Over 100 participantswere present at the Symposium from manycountries including USA, Canada, Mexico, UK,

The Netherlands, France, Italy, Germany,Poland, Denmark, Norway, Hungary, Israel,Slovenia, Korea, Japan, Australia as well as astrong representation from New Zealand. Theprevious venues for this meeting were the UK,South Tyrol of Italy, Southern France, TheNetherlands, Israel and the Pacific North-West(Washington and British Columbia), so this wasthe first time this symposium had been arrangedin the Southern Hemisphere.

The Symposium began with a pre-symposiumtour that departed from Auckland on Friday 28January under the enthusiastic leadership of

Stuart Tustin. The tour took a route via Cam-bridge to visit the nursery of Andy McGrathwhere several new rootstocks for apple werebeing produced. The group then moved to theBay of Plenty for a trip round HortResearch’s TePuke Research Centre with a strong focus onkiwi fruit research and finished at Rotorua forthe evening. On the subsequent day the grouptravelled, via Taupo, to Hawkes Bay whereseveral pipfruit orchards were visited. Sundaymorning was spent looking aroundHortResearch’s Hawkes Bay Research Centrewhere particular interest was shown in some ofthe new apple cultivars. After a flight fromNapier to Nelson the group assembled with all of

5Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

the other symposium participants at the Ru-therford Hotel in Nelson for a welcomereception.

The main part of the Symposium took placefrom Monday 31 January to Friday 4 Februarywhen 95 papers (oral and poster) were presented.The timing of the Symposium was fixed to beprior to both the pipfruit harvest, and theInternational Dwarf Fruit Tree AssociationMeeting in Napier in the following week.

The programme was basically split into threesections for the three working groups, over fourdays of presentations with a break on theWednesday for a field trip. The field trip was anopportunity for the participants to see somethingof the pipfruit orchards in the Nelson region, amajor nursery operation and the HortResearchresearch plots at Motueka.

During the planning of the meeting wewanted to ensure that poster papers were notrelegated to the “also ran” category. Conse-quently we arranged three poster sessions duringthe week in the period between morning break

cherry rootstocks continue to provide muchpromise but we still await a range of dwarf peachrootstocks.

There is increasing interest in modifying theorchard environment by physical means. Hailnets can reduce light to the orchard by 8-30%depending on colour and type. Kaolin applica-tions to trees have a wide variety of effects -reducing sunburn, russetting, insect damage anddelaying maturity. The application of 56 kg/haof product every three weeks, however, is aconsiderable challenge.

Crops other than pipfruit and stonefruit didreceive some attention, for example Dr. RicardoGucci from Italy described his coppicing systemfor olives. Although the treatment was verysevere and did result in the loss of crop for threeyears, it was a treatment that resulted in majorreductions in labour inputs to the trees and couldbe done by unskilled labour.

Great discussion was generated by a paperfrom Dr. Michael Blanke from Germany, whosuggested, rather controversially, that currentorchard practices resulted in a net annual loss ofcarbon from the soil-grass-tree system under hisEuropean conditions.

During the Symposium the participantshonoured Dr. Bob Wertheim from TheNetherlands for his great contribution topomology from the time of his appointment tothe Proefstation voor de Fruitteelt atWilhelminadorp in 1963. Bob has not onlycontributed greatly in studies on high densityplanting systems, rootstock evaluation, applethinning and nursery tree production but hasalways been very willing to share his knowledgeat conferences or with visitors toWilhelminadorp, where he has always been anexemplary host. He was presented with a woodenfruit platter and a book on New Zealand tocelebrate his contribution to internationalpomology.

T. Webster, UK.

and lunch, so we were discussing about a dozenposters within a one hour fifteen minute timeslot.

It is impossible to summarise all the papers inthis short report but perhaps I can pick out a fewhighlights. John McCliskie, of the New ZealandApple and Pear Marketing Board, gave aninternational flavour to his talk as he outlined theproblems facing pipfruit growers all over theworld of a lack of profitability, flat or reducingdemand and ever increasing world supply. Healso outlined some of the legislative changestaking place within the New Zealand pipfruitindustry. In private discussions with several ofthe participants at the meeting, there wasconsiderable incredulity that the New Zealanderswere prepared to dismantle the single desk sellingof their export apples as this has been perceivedby many outsiders as their main strength.

Worldwide there is a major effort both in thebreeding of new rootstocks and their testing.Dr.Tony Webster from the UK gave a graphicslide of the large number of dwarf applerootstocks now available. The European dwarf

The 4th International Strawberry Symposiumwas held at the Hotel Rosendahl in Tampere,Finland, from the 9th to the 14th of July 2000under ISHS auspices.

Mrs. Tarja Hietaranta, of the AgriculturalResearch Centre of Finland (MTT), was theconvener.

The participants had the opportunity to knowthe Finnish strawberry industry and its interestin the northern hemisphere, where breedingefforts have extended strawberry culture into

more extreme climatic cold areas. Finnishstrawberry production is concentrated on morethan 5.000 hectares. Yields per hectare (ha) havebeen very low in the recent years (about 3tons/ha) because of climatic factors, variablewinter temperatures, strawberry mite attacks,and aged plantations (up to 4-year cultures).Main varieties are Jonsok (50% of surface), aNorvegian cultivar, followed by Senga Sengana(13%), Bounty, Polka, Honeoye and Korona.

About 270 registered participants (mainly

‘Some of the pre-symposium tour delegates visiting HortResearch’s tree fruit researchorchards at Havelock North in the Hawke’s Bay area of North Island, New Zealand’.

IV International Strawberry Symposiumresearch scientists) attended this Symposium,representing 36 countries (Argentina (2),Australia (6), Belgium (9), Canada (4), Chile (1),Denmark (4), Egypt (5), Estonia (4), Finland(39), France (9), Germany (12), Greece (4),Hungary (2), Iran (1), Ireland (1), Israel (11),Italy (15), Japan (10), Latvia (2), Lithuania (1),New Zeland (2), Norway (17), Poland (10),Portugal (2), Russia (11), Scotland (2), Slovakia(1), Slovenia (1), Spain (16), Sweden (5),Switzerland (3), The Netherlands (6), Turkey

6

Commission Education and Training

Commission Protected Cultivation

(8), United Kingdom (12), USA (31), Yugoslavia(2).

A total of 211 papers were presented, 58 asoral communications in 13 sessions and theremainder as posters. These contributions wereorganized into 7 topics: breeding and varieties;out of season production; physiology andpropagation; nutritional and health relatedquality; soil management, sustainable productionand cultivation techniques; disease and pests;post harvest quality and processing.

The speakers invited by the ScientificCommittee were: Dr. W. Faedi, IstitutoSperimentale Frutticoltura - Sezione di Forlì,Italy, title: Strawberry breeding and varieties:situation and perspectives; Dr. P. Lieten,National Centre for Strawberries - Belgium: Theuse of cold stored plant material in Europe; Dr.

D. Taylor, Horticultural Research International -UK: The physiology of flowering in strawberry;Dr. M. Pritts, Cornell University - USA:Growing strawberries, healthy communities andclean environments: what is the role of theresearcher?; Dr. J. M. Duncan, Scottish CropResearch Institute - UK: Prospects for integratedcontrol of Phytophthora diseases of strawberry;Dr. K. Haffner, Agricultural University ofNorway: Postharvest quality and processing ofstrawberries; Dr. R. Törrönen, University ofKuopio - Finland: Bioactive substances instrawberry and their health benefits.

An important event during the Symposiumwas the technical excursion to the AgricultureResearch Center of Finland and surroundingareas visiting strawberry farms and berry winery,organized on July 12.

During the meeting of the ISHS StrawberryCulture and Management Working Group, Dr.Walther Faedi of ISF-FO (Italy) was proposedand elected new Chair of this WG, succeedingProf. Dr. Nurettin Kaska of KSU, Faculty ofAgriculture, Dept. Hort. K. Maras (Turkey),who retired this year. Vice Chair was named Dr.David Simpson of the HRI, East Malling (UK).

Four countries put themselves forward ascandidates for the next International StrawberrySymposium: Australia, Chile, Spain and Turkey.The proposal from Australia was widelysupported and will be recommended to the ISHSExecutive Committee for approval.

W. Faedi, Italy

Education & Training are the vital platformupon which most other activities of ISHS arefounded. Many members of the ISHS areinvolved in aspects of Education & Training.

As a move to stimulate the exchange of ideas,views and news concerning education andtraining for Horticulture world wide it isproposed to start a Newsletter devoted to thistopic. This will allow developments and changes

world wide to be publicised and discussed.

I would be grateful if any one interested in thisarea would make contact with me giving theirviews on any aspect of this proposal. Contact canbe either direct to the address below or throughthe ISHS Offices.

Contact: Professor Geoffrey R Dixon,University of Strathclyde & GreenGene

International, Helenton Mote, Symington By -Ayr, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire KA1 5PP, UK; tel /fax: +44 - (0) 1563 - 830251; email:113541.1364@compuserve.com.

11 July, 2000

The Symposium provided for an excellentopportunity to learn about recent developmentsrelated to crops under protected cultivation in themild winter climate.

While listening to the presentations andexamining the numerous posters, we tried to betterunderstand the relationship with the concept ofsustainability. Through consultation with severalcolleagues and enriched by the most interestingfield visits, we have come up with someconclusions, which we would like to share with you.

Sustainability is a “must” since it will determinethe viability and survival of greenhouse cropproduction in a given agro-climatic environmentand socio-economic context.

Sustainability is a complex concept since itintegrates criteria related to different technical,social, commercial and environmental parameters.

Through the Symposium presentations as wellas on occasion of the field visits, it was realizedthat there are several approaches and technical

solutions aiming at sustainability, which we havetempted to summarise as follows:

At crop level: The choice of the species and the adequate

crop Cultivar (e.g. the indeterminate sweetpepper variety (cv Pekin) to increase yield persquare meter and time unit, or the introductionof new species for diversification e.g. Solanummuricatum Aiton or pepino dulce as referred too byDr. Prohens)

The use of high quality and disease freevegetable seedlings which is becoming wide-spread, as witnessed during the field visit (Co-fimaplant)

At environmental level:* The potential there is for improved Water Use

Efficiency (WUE) as reported by Dr Fereres.

Through improved WUE under protectedcultivation, the water needs can be substan-tially reduced by 2 to 3 times as compared toopen field production.

* WUE of tomatoes in l/kg can go from 1 to 13(from 1000 to 13000 l/kg of dry weight or 100to 1300 l/kg in fresh weight).

* The introduction of gutters inside the parral-type greenhouses aimed at collecting therainwater, which provides for about 1/3 of theirrigation water required. In certain greenhouseswith sufficient slope, the condensation water isalso collected as a means to recycle the ETP.

* Under specific conditions heating is required inorder to respond to specific market niches orto reduce humidity for better control of fungalleaf diseases. (The weather conditions whichprevailed during the winter 1999-2000 in theAlmeria region have illustrated thisrequirement as mentioned by the DURANcompany)

Proposal for a Newsletter

International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates: Concluding remarks: Current Trends for Sustainable Technologies

7Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

* As a substitute to Methyl Bromide, soillessculture has gained interest. However twoimportant factors, i.e. the control of salinity andpathogens built up in the closed systems need tobe solved as dealt with by several presentations(i.a Papadopoulos, Van Os, and Eli).

At crop management level:* The growing of strawberries on elevated

benches to facilitate the picking and improvethe quality as illustrated in the presentationmade by Dr Lopez Galarza or on trianglesupports as experimented in Egypt (“A” shapesystem of nutrient film technique), leading tosubstantial yield increases.

At pest and disease level:* The need to reduce or abolish the use of

pesticides leads to the introduction ofalternative methods for pest and diseasecontrol. In this context we could witness theextensive use of insect proof nets applied onthe sidewall as well as on the roof vents.

* Reference was made to biological control,which is expected to play a major role, togetherwith the use of resistant varieties or rootstocks.In this respect, we saw evidence of the graftingof watermelon on the hybrid cucurbita moshatax maxima for the control of the soil-bornFusarium oxysporum.

At market level:* An important aspect of sustainability is the

adaptation to market’s requirements. Farmershave to understand market and consumers’requirements and adjust the productionaccordingly. In other words, the sustainableproduction has to be market-driven. We cameacross a good example when visiting “AGRO-MURGI” in “El Ejido, Almeria” a growers’ co-operative which is producing on a contract basis.

* The introduction of quality labels will lead toconsumers’ confidence and loyalty (fidelity) toa certain product. An interesting paper by DrArcas highlighted the positive response of theconsumer to “green agricultural products”,which in other countries is also filling anexpanding market niche.

Cost efficiency of a given technology* To be transferable to the growers, new

technologies are also to be cost-effective,leading to increased benefits possibly with lessinputs. It was realised that there are very largeareas covered with simple, low-cost green-houses in the Almería area. This wouldindicate that, as long as a technology isprofitable in a given context, the economic orenvironmental advantages of new techniqueshave to be clearly established. As indicated byDr. Baille, there is a need for more specificbackground knowledge on the crop response

to a given improvement in greenhouse designand climate control.

Tools for the monitoring of“sustainability”* To implement our search and the application

of the “sustainability measures” we have nicetools at our disposal, which are the modellingpossibilities. This has been illustrated in theinteresting presentation made by Dr. HugoChalla, which highlighted the potential of 100kg of tomato per square meter in the Almeriaenvironment over a complete theoretical cropcycle of 365 days. There are practicalapplications of modelling, which could be usedby farmers as the one introduced by Dr.Shorton: “ An Internet decision model fortomatoes in hydroponics”, which can beaccessed through www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/hydroponics .

* A second tool, which has not to be overlooked,is the need for training and education of thegrowers themselves in order to speed up theadoption of sustainable crop managementtechniques as concluded by Dr Alain Baille.

ConclusionAs a conclusion, we can refer back to the

introductory paper presented by Prof. La Malfaand Dr. Cherubino Leonardi where it issuggested that the sustainability of greenhousecrop production be pursued by continuousadaptation of different components related to:

(i) The crop (species, varieties);(ii) The soil or the substrate

(including hydroponics);(iii)The greenhouse design and the control of

the environment ;(iv) Pest and diseases control.

The strategy to be implemented should aim atsafeguarding and improving both the economicand environmental sustainability.

Given that economical sustainability (ECS) isat the moment more or less satisfactory, thefollowing aspects should be considered:

A - Safeguarding natural “resources” andproductive means (i.e. water, sand soil).

B - Reducing the use of technical means byavoiding oversupplies (water, pesticides,fertilizers).

C - Improving the management of technicalcomponents of the greenhouse system inorder to reduce the use of technical means. - Through the plant and crop (new crops, new

cultivars, seedling raising and conditioning,grafting, lengthening the cycles);

- through the greenhouse technology:reducing plant stress by controllingchanges mainly in temperature andhumidity level;

- through the soil:

(i) soil vs soilless- a balance in envi-ronmental terms is to be set consideringthat experimental quantitative data arevery scarce until know;

ii) use of organic manure and byproducts; iii)soil-borne disease control: solarisation,

bio-fumigation;- through the control of organisms affecting

crops (noxious and useful) [use ofantagonists, control of critical points forspreading of pests and disorders).

Most of these strategies were referred to in theSymposium; the results are encouraging but noneof the strategies can be considered as resolutive.Integration is necessary. A system approach instudying the productive process is necessary.Each technique is to be considered and evaluatedfor its effects on the system.

Meeting of the ISHSCommission on “Protected cultivation”

During the symposium a meeting of the ISHScommission on “protected cultivation wasconvened”

On this occasion several new members haveenrolled which brings the membership of thecommission to a total of 144 members.

During the meeting the following decisionshave been taken:

(i) Dr. Nicolàs Castilla (Spain) has beennominated Vice-chairperson of theCommission, the Chairperson remains Dr.A Abou Hadid (Egypt) with an office termuntil August 2002.

(ii) Dr. Yuksel Tuzel (Turkey), has been electedChairperson of the working group onprotected cultivation in mild winter climatesand Dr. Cherubino Leonardi (Italy) wasnominated as the Vice-chairperson of thisgroup.

(iii) The next international Symposium of theworking group on protected cultivation willtake place in Catania (Italy) in November2001 and will be organized by a group ofItalian scientists with Prof. G La Malfa.

(iv) Information on the ISHS CommissionProtected Cultivation and its activities, areavailable on the internet at www.clac.edu.eg/c-pc-ISHS or on the main ISHSweb site: http://www.ishs.org

A. Abou Hadid, Chairman ISHSCommission Protected CultivationW. Baudoin, Senior Officer HorticulturalCrops Group, FAO

8

wide range of sources, as well as recentunpublished work in Israel, he was optimisticabout the opportunities for modern technologiesto help solve some of the basic conundrums stillfacing pathologists and suggested future researchoptions for reducing food losses resulting frompostharvest diseases.

Programmed cell death (is it or is it not apop-tosis?), a topic receiving widespread attention inthe animal research world, is also being examinedincreasingly in plants; it clearly plays a major rolein physiological disorders, cellular responses tostress as well as the senescence process in fruitsand vegetables. Dr Ian Ferguson, HortResearch,New Zealand, gave a laconic, fluent and incisiveexplanation of the subject, drawing heavily onexperiments from his laboratory where the use offlow cytometry techniques is allowing ever moredetailed investigation of cell death events derivedfrom a number of different causes. Much morewill be learned about postharvest problems andprocesses as this type of work is developed inlaboratories utilising such tools.

A timely reminder that quality in the eyes ofthe consumer constitutes many attributes andthat flavour and aroma, as well as crispness andjuiciness, will increasingly become key decisionmaking features with buyers of fresh fruit andvegetables, was provided by Dr. Adel Kader,University of California, USA. He reminded theaudience that introduction of quality assurancesystems to all crops was essential for thesuccessful development and retention of markets,and that benefits were to be gained by developingsystems that were consistent and took intoaccount a wider spread of attributes than thosecommonly used today. The ability to segregateproduct lines as a result of non-destructivetechniques for measuring quality in line, hasbecome possible through the development of arange of technologies, some of which are nowbeing introduced into commercial packhouses.

The remaining sessions were concurrent andcovered the main topics of interest to postharvestscientists. Inevitably the importance of theSymposium topic (perhaps rivalled by thesignificance of the venue in this momentous year2000) meant that there were a large number oforal and poster presentations that could only bepresented in multiple or concurrent sessions. Forthose who were interested in all topics somedifficult choices had to be made about whichsessions to attend. However, all the sessions werewell attended and the overall quality of bothposter and oral presentations was excellent.

Overall there were 145 oral and more than 200poster presentations. Topics dealt with in detailincluded: sensor technology and non-destructivequality assessment; developmental regulation

A most successful 4th (or was it 5th) Inter-national Society of Horticultural Science (ISHS)Symposium was held in Jerusalem, Israel 26-31March 2000. Convened by Dr Ruth Ben Arieand her formidable Organising Committee, thisaction packed Symposium was appreciated andenjoyed by over 400 registrants from more than40 countries. With scientific sessions spread over3 days, separated by an excellent choice of 4professional tours to various parts of thisextraordinary diverse country, participants werefortunate to be exposed to a broad range of up tothe minute topics covering the broad range ofsubjects that comprise postharvest science.

Each day commenced with a plenary session inwhich a leading expert in the field gave anoverview of pertinent and relevant subjects.Professor Don Grierson, University of Not-tingham, UK, in his characteristically inimicalstyle, provided an erudite and dispassionate (andsometimes passionate) outline of the advances andprospects made in biotechnology for postharvest.He outlined the potential for molecular biology tocontribute to both an understanding of ma-turation and senescence processes that lead topostharvest problems in fresh products, as well asdescribing potential benefits that geneticmanipulation holds for improving food qualityand reducing losses in both developed anddeveloping countries.

Dr. Dov Prusky from the Volcani ResearchCentre in Israel, provided an elegant and broadranging discussion of mechanisms influencingsusceptibility to diseases and the process ofpathogenesis for postharvest pathogens inimportant horticultural crops. Drawing from a

Commission Postharvest

Postharvest 2000 Symposium

Dr. R. Ben-Arie, convener

Pictures: Susan Lurie, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel, Convener of theBard Workshop on Postharvest Heat Treatments for Pest and DiseaseControl, and on the Organising Committee for Postharvest 2000,takes a well earned break between these two meetings.

9Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

from germination to senescence; texture and cellwall metabolism; preharvest effects on post-harvest behaviour; plant growth regulators andethylene; colour and pigmentation; volatilesincluding flavour and scent compounds;refrigeration; senescence; CA/MAP technology;coatings and waxes; biological control and hostresistance; alternatives to chemical control ofpostharvest pests and diseases; quarantine relatedissues; freshcut produce; food safety;physiological disorders; postharvest trends indeveloping countries; future trends andpostharvest science in the new Millenium.

In addition to the main programme, arepresentative from the EU, outlined newprogrammes whereby collaborative projectsbetween EU and developing countries might befunded with the objective of providing R&Dsupport for projects that would improve bothscientific expertise and food security indeveloping countries. This programme is com-mended to postharvest scientists in appropriatecountries, who should actively seek funds tofurther postharvest R&D and associatedtechnology transfer activities.

A Business meeting of the PostharvestCommission of the ISHA was well attended and

final decisions were made as to the postharvesttopics that will form the basis of PostharvestSymposia at the XVI International HorticulturalCongress in Toronto 2002. Approval was givenfor the Commission to re-organise its structureto form two new Working groups, one onControlled Atmosphere Storage, (the next CAConference to be held in Rotterdam, 8-13 July2001), and the second to develop strategies forthe Commission to become involved inpostharvest science in developing countries.Finally the decision was made that the venue forthe next Postharvest Symposium in this serieswill be in Verona, Italy in 2004 with Dr. PietroTonutti being Convenor, assisted by Dr. FabioMencarelli and the postharvest group within theItalian Society for horticultural Science.

Professional tours were to the northern part ofthe country including Upper Galilee and theGolan Heights, the Lower Galilee, to see exoticcrop production the southern desert and to visitthe Postharvest and Storage Laboratory, BetDagan, Volcani Centre. All participantsappreciated each of these visits, having the chanceto see a small part of what constitutes a verysuccessful horticultural industry. In addition mostparticipants took the opportunity to visit both theold and new city of Jerusalem, made easier when

His Holiness the Pope had completed hismomentous visit to this special city.

This was an extremely successful Symposium,enjoyed by a large gathering of Postharvestscientists. Congratulations to Ruth Ben Arie andher team for making this such a special event.Proceedings will be published in an ActaHorticulturae later this year. Further details canbe obtained on the ISHS web site atwww.ishs.org.

Errol W. Hewett, Chair Postharvest Commission.

Postharvest Heat Treatments: Effects on commodity, pathogens and insect pests

Immediately prior to the ISHS Postharvestmeeting in Jerusalem, a satellite meeting on“Postharvest Heat treatments” was held atMaagan on the shores of the Sea of Galilee,Israel, 22-24 March 2000. This Workshop washosted by BARD, (a cooperative agriculturalresearch programme between Israel and theUSA) and organised by Dr Susan Lurie, VolcaniCentre, Israel with the assistance of Dr. RoyMcDonald USDA, and Professor Robert Paull,University of Hawaii.

Attended by about 50 participants from 15countries, this was an excellent example of ahighly specific meeting where all participantscould interact professionally and socially, withtime on the programme for ample discussion ofthe papers presented. Seventeen papers werepresented ranging from reviews to reports ofongoing research.

A highlight of the Workshop was the mix ofskills and expertise of participants. It is rare fortruly multidisciplinary meetings to be organisedthese days as scientists become more and morespecialised in their activities. But this Workshopwas successful because it provided an opportunityfor plant pathologists, entomologists, plantphysiologists and biochemists, molecularbiologists and engineers to listen to research and

experiences of colleagues in different disciplines.

The programme consisted of 5 sessions.Professor Lutz Nover provided an elegant insightinto the molecular complexities of the heatresponse in plants indicating how such primaryevents may be manifested as thermotolerance.This was followed by sessions on heat treatmentsof fruits and vegetables with overviews of thephysiological, biochemical and cellular changesthat occur following exposure to temperatures inthe range from 38 to 55°C. Knowledge of theresponses of plant pathogens and insects to heatis crucially important if we are to be able toreplace chemical treatments with some form ofheat application. A series of contributionsoutlined the varied responses that can occurdepending on the time/temperature interactionsas well as the importance of the host conditionand the developmental stage of the organism.

It is all very well for scientists and regulatoryauthorities in different countries to come up withdetailed recommendations for controlling pestsand/or diseases on different products; it can be adifferent and difficult challenge to achieve suchconditions on a commercial scale. Thus theexperiences of a engineering company inestablishing hot water treatment systems fortreating mangos in Central and South America

were a salutary reminder to the participants thatincreasing the complexity of treatment protocolsmakes it increasingly difficult to achieve requiredquarantine conditions in spite of sophisticatedcomputer controlled systems.

Several important messages emerged from thisWorkshop. It is clear that in plants, pathogensand insects that a multiple range of processes areinvolved in responses to heat, but there is no oneblanket response for all species. Production ofheat shock proteins, while important and still anactive topic of research, is not the only responseoccurring, and we must continue to explore othermetabolic processes to identify critical points thatmay be amenable to manipulation. A strong casewas made for re-examination of the role ofmembranes in heat responses; it is felt thatperhaps they are not the key as been widelybelieved, but the changes that occur may be aconsequence of the stress or merely a reflection ofits role as a sensor of the stress received,

It must be remembered that heat treatmentscan and will be used for different purposesincluding delay of senescence, reduction of decayand mortality of insects. Each should beexamined separately as they will require differentoperating parameters for successful implemen-tation. Such treatments will affect multi layered

10

processes and hence each must be investigatedboth independently and then holistically. Forexample it was shown that insects becomeconditioned very rapidly to heat, although thismay be reduced by anoxia. Of particular interestwas the development of mathematical models,based on models derived from extensive data sets,that have potential to be used to identify themost promising, efficient and user friendlyquarantine solutions for industry.

The session on the technology of heatingemphasized the problems of moving fromlaboratory scale to industrial scale treatments.Scientists were reminded that their laboratoryresults always had to be scaled up to a large scalebefore they could be used commercially. Practical

examples of some of the constraints and difficultiesin achieving this were graphically presented with aplea to researchers to provide generic and relativelystraightforward recommendations for treatmentswherever possible.

Apart from the valuable networking that tookplace in this highly specialised but diversemeeting, three main messages emerged: * There is still much to learn about the diverse

physical, physiological, biochemical, cellularand molecular effects of heat stress on plants,insects and fungi

* there are real benefits gained from providingsuch a multidisciplinary forum where a rangeof perspectives are brought to bear oncommon problems:

The VI Symposium of ISHS Working Groupof Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics andSubtropics (TZFTS) was held in Querétaro,Mexico during 12th - 16th June 2000 in parallelwith the meeting for the establishment of a globalnetwork on Temperate Zone Fruits in Tropics andSubtropics in cooperation with the Seeds, andPlant Genetic Resources Service of FAO.

The TZFTS working group of theInternacional Society for Horticultural Scienceshas met several times in Thailandia, Egypt,Zimbabwe, Brussels and Turkey since its creationin the late 1980´s.

From June 12 to 16, 2000, we gathered for thefirst time in the subtropical regions of CentralMexico to held our VI International Symposium.The symposium was hosted by UniversidadAutónoma de Querétaro in the highlands ofCentral Mexico. Even though the number ofparticipants was relatively low, it was widelydiverse, including researchers from Asia, Africa,Southern Europe and Latin America.

28 researchers coming from Brazil, India,Italy, Kenya, Mexico, Portugal, Turkey, and FAOparticipated. Nineteen papers were presented.The symposium had begun with the openingceremony. The rector of the University Ms.Cristina Ferrera made a welcome speech.Prof.Dr. Ayzin Küden recalled the main activitiesas the chairperson since June 1996 and stressedthe need for the establishment of a network onthe genetic resources of TZFTS.

Dr. Nuria Urquia, on behalf of FAO gave aspeech on the importance and Global Plan ofAction for the conservation and sustainableutilization of local genetic resources of TZFTS,which was approved by 150 countries in 1996 atthe 4th International Technical Conference in

Leipzig, Germany.The meeting included two days of oral

presentations ( June 12 and 13) and a specialsession on genetic resources of temperate fruits inthe tropics and subtropics ( June 14), followed bya field trip to visit research plots, orchards andnurseries.

The VI Symposium was supported byparticipants, FAO, State Council for Science andTechnology (CONCYTEQ), UniversidadAutónoma de Querétaro (UAQ) and by thePeach Growers Association (Fundación ProduceMichoacán).

A total of 28 papers were selected andscheduled for presentation, covering a wide rangeof subjects from physiology and breeding toorchard management and postharvest physiology(Table 1). The most important fruits includedpeaches, apples, grapes and native species. Theexchange of ideas and experiences was highlyrewarding, both during presentations and duringthe field trips.

Seven papers were presented at the FAOMeeting for the establishment of a network onTZFTS during 12th - 14th June 2000 and Dr.Salvador Perez Gonzalez was appointed as theGeneral Co-ordinator of this network.

The VI International Symposium on TZFTSwas characterized by the emphasis given togenetic resources and by a special contact withfruit growers, which participated in severalaspects of the meeting, from the opening sessionto field trips. Previous meetings hadconcentrated mainly on physiological studies andmanagement practices aimed to increaseproductivity of introduced cultivars fromtemperate regions. While on this symposium wehave stressed the need to generate informationon new sources of germplasm to widen the

genetic base available for the tropics andsubtropics and increase the efficiency of breedingprograms.

Complete works presented at the VIInternational Symposium of the ISHS/TZFTSare now being reviewed and edited, soon theywill be published in extenso on a special issue ofActa Horticulturae. The Scientific Committeeand Editiorial Board is integrated by Dr S. Pérez(Chairman, UAQ/Mexico), Dr. F. Dennis(Michigan State University, United States), Dr.C. Mondragón (INIFAP/México) y Dr. R. A.Martínez P. (DIPA-UAQ-Mexico).

There was a special section on genetic resourceson June 14. It was supported by FAO who hostedeight speakers from Brazil, Italy, India, Kenya,Turkey, Ethiopia and México to give an overview ofthe genetic resources available in their countries.These works will be published by FAO and willprovide a background for the Global Network onGenetic Resources on TZFTS.

After oral presentations, a general discussionto integrate a global network for geneticresources of temperate fruits in the tropics andsubtropics was performed. All participantswelcomed the idea of generating informationabout genetic resources available as a backgroundfor coservation and use. Salvador Pérez wasassigned general coordinator of the GlobalNetwork for Genetic Resources of TZFTS. Allmembers accepted the responsabilities ofelaborating descriptors to integrate informationon the germplasm available or in current use inthe tropics and subtropics including seven mainspecies: peach, apple, plum, pear, cherries, grapesand apricots, followed by a group of minorspecies: Carya illinoensis, Prunus serotina,Dyospirus, Cydonia, Eriobotrya, Eugenia, Feijoa,Psidium, Crataegus and Carob.

* it is crucial to ensure that stringent economicanalyses are undertaken as integral parts ofresearch programmes such as this when theyreach an advanced stage.

This was an excellent, high quality andproductive meeting organised efficiently bySusan Lurie and her Organising Committee.The proceedings are to be published in a specialedition of Postharvest Biology and Technologylater this year.

Errol W. HewettChair, ISHS Postharvest Commission.

Commission Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture

VI International Symposium on Temperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics

11Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

The first International Symposium on Litchiand Longan was held in Guangzhou, theprovincial capital of Guangdong, China duringJune 19 to 23, 2000. The symposium was co-organized by South China AgriculturalUniversity (SCAU) and the Hebrew Universityof Jerusalem (HUJ) and the Guangdong S & TAssociation under the auspices of theInternational Society for Horticultural Science.It was also held under the sponsorships of theMinistry of Agriculture of China, the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China, the S & TDepartment of Guangdong Province, the S & T

Commission of Guangzhou City and the HigherEducation Department of Guangdong Province.

The initiators of this symposium, Prof. HuibaiHuang of SCAU (the convener) and Prof.Shmuel Gazit of HUJ were the chairman and co-chairman of the symposium organizing com-mittee. The organizing work was started only 14months before the event. The local organizingcommittee consisting of the faculty members ofthe Department of Horticulture, SCAU andrelevant scientists and administrative leaders inGuangdong Province was set up and had beenworking efficiently.

Participants from 16 countries and regionsincluding Australia, Brazil, China, Hong Kong,India, Israel, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritius,New Caledonia, New Zealand, South Africa,Spain, UK, Thailand and USA, amounted to 234(105 from outside the border of China), attendedthe symposium.

The excellent medium-sized symposium hall(The Shaw Science Building) equipped with themost modernized presentation facilities, thewarm hospitality extended by the hosting peopleand the aids from the administrations at differentlevels provided an excellent environment for thesymposium.

During the opening session, Prof. HuibaiHuang and Prof. Shmuel Gazit made openingaddresses. Dr. Víctor Galán Saúco, Chairman ofthe Commission for Tropical and SubtropicalHorticulture under ISHS gave a congratulatingspeech on behalf of ISHS. Prof. Shiming Luo,the President of SCAU, made welcomingaddress on behalf of the University admini-stration, and Mr. Zhonghe Lu, the ViceGovernor of Guangdong Province, on behalf ofthe people of Guangdong Province, extendedwarmest welcome to the participants and ex-pressed congratulation on the opening of this 1stInternational Symposium on Litchi and Longan.

The symposium was conducted on a plenarybasis. Its scientific program included 11 oralsessions with 52 presentations and 1 postersession with 33 posters covering 6 schemes:World Production and Marketing; Germplasmsand Breeding; Culture Practice and Physiology;Postharvest Physiology, Biotechnology; andPests and Diseases. Among the 52 oral

Table 1. List of participants and main areas of research presented at he IV International Symposium on TZFTS held in Mexico ( June 12 to 16, 2000).

Speaker Origin Species Subject

G. Finetto Verona, Italy Apple Phyisiology of rest Genetic Resources

A. Kuden Adana, Turkey Peach EcophysiologyGenetic Resources of TZF in Turkey

A. Reyes UAAAN, Saltillo, Mexico Apple Budbreaking chemicalsApple growing in the subtropics

C. Vitagliano Pisa, Italy Peach Physiology and pruning H. Ramirez UAAAN, Saltillo, Mexico Apple Physiology of blooming

Apple growing in NE Mexico L. Wamocho Kenyatta University, Kenya Several Soil fertility /VAM

Genetic Resources in KenyaJ. Llamas CIAD, Chihuahua, Mexico Apple Ecophysiology/microcalorimetryR. Martínez UAQ-DIPA, Mexico Grape Rootstocks/fruit quality

Grape Physiology-girdling/Fruit qualityPecan Genetic Resources

Elhadi Yahia UAQ-DIPA,Mexico Several Postharvest physiology S. Pérez G. UAQ-Area Agrícola/Mexico Peach Genetic Resources in the highlands

Peach Brazilian germplasm in MexicoSeveral Genetic resources in Mexico

J. Martínez CIAD-Chihuahua/Mexico Peach Genetic Resources/Northern Mexico N. Urquía FAO-AGPS, Roma Several Global network S.P. Ghosh Indian Council of Agr. Several Genetic Resources in IndiaF. Ricardo EMBRAPA-Brasil Several Genetic Resources in BrazilC. Fideghelli ISF-Roma Several Genetic Resources in ItalylM. González IPN-CIIDIR-México Peach Pest

On June 15th and 16th, field trips wereorganized to Acuitzio, Caracha ad Uruapan,Michoacan, and Morelia. Discussions were alsocontinued during the trips.

India was nominated for hosting the nextsymposium in 2003 or 2004 and this proposalwas accepted in corporation.

The next symposium of the TZFTS workinggroup was schedulled for 2004 and will be heldeither in Africa (Kenya or SouthAfrica) or in theSouth Pacific region (Australia or Sri Lanka).

Prof. Claudio Vitagliano proposed that Prof.Dr. Ayzin Küden be nominated to continue asecond term as chairman of the Working Group.

All participants accepted this proposal byconsent.

S. Pérez G., Universidad Autónoma deQuerétaro-Area Agrícola, Querétaro, Qro.México

I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan

Opening session: From left to right: Prof. S. Gazit (Cochairman), Prof. H.B. Huang (Chairman), Dr. V. Galan (ISHS reprentative and Chairman of the ISHS Commission Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture.

12

presentations, 11 keynote presentations wereWorld Trade in Litchi: Past, Present and Future,presented by Prof. Sisir Mitra (on behalf Mr. S.P. Ghosh) from India, Litchi and LonganProduction in Thailand by Prof. SuranantSubhadrabandhu from Thailand, China LitchiIndustry, Development, Achievements and Problemsby Ass. Prof. Huobin Chen from China,Advances in the Production and Research of Longanin China by Ms. Cuilan Ma from China,Evaluation and Introduction of Litchi and Longanin South Florida by Dr. Richard Campbell fromUSA, Towards a Better Insight into theDevelopment of the Arillate Fruits of Litchi andLongan by Prof. Huibai Huang from China, ThePhysiology of Growth and Cropping in Lychee byDr. Christopher Menzel from Australia, How theProblem of Poor Litchi Productivity was Solved inIsrael by Prof. Shmuel Gazit from Israel, AnOverview of the Research in Litchi Fruit Crackingby Ass. Prof. Jianguo Li from China, RecentAdvances in Postharvest Research of Litchi Fruits inChina by Prof. Weixin Chen from China, andProgress in Biotechnology Research in Longan byMs. Chunling Chen from China.

Two workshops were successfully organizedduring the symposium. One of them was

concerning world trade and irregular bearing,being co-chaired by Dr. Victor Galan and Dr.Christopher Menzel. The other was theidentification of litchi cultivars, being co-chairedby Prof. Shmuel Gazit and Mr. Ganjun Yi.

A 3-day pre-symposium tour to Gaozhou, the“The First City of Fruits (mainly litchi andlongan) in China”, and a whole-day mid-symposium tour to the litchi and longanproduction sites located around the cities ofShenzhen and Dongguan were well-organizedwith rich programs including visiting localorchards and processing factories, video showsabout local litchi and longan industry, tastingfruits of various litchi cultivars, witness of theopening ceremony of a local Litchi Trade Fair inGongming Township, etc.

Prominent experts were invited by theorganizing committee to form an InternationalEditorial board for the Symposium. The boardhas been entrusted to and being led by Dr. VictorGalan Sauco (overall organizing responsibility),and the members of the board are Dr. Chris-topher Menzel (reviewing papers on preharvestphysiology), Dr. Richard Campbell (reviewingpapers on world production, breeding andgenetics and postharvest), Dr. Chemda Degani(reviewing papers on biotechnology), Mr. Geoff

Waite (reviewing papers concerning pests anddiseases), and Prof. Shmuel Gazit, who took theresponsibility to review papers submitted byIsraeli participants.

Participants from Thailand also expressedtheir eager wish to host the next symposium. Ashort business session was held and officiallyselected Thailand as the host country for the 2ndInternational Symposium on Litchi and Longanto be held four years after.

The social aspects of the symposium wereproperly and nicely arranged. During thefarewell banquet, a simple ceremony was held tocelebrate the 8th birthday of the youngestaccompanying person, Melani Groves. Thefamily of the Groves’ expressed their heartythanks to the host. The banquet turned out as anentertaining one, with participants from each ofthe participating countries picked up to give ashort musical or dancing performance. The mostcheerful and friendly atmosphere of the farewellbanquet was largely attributable to the artistictalent of Dr. Xuming Huang, the symposiumsecretary, who was especially appointed by thesymposium chairman to direct the entertainmentactivities during the farewell banquet.

Participants were deeply impressed by andhighly appreciated the well-equipped symposium

Chairman, Prof. Hui-Bai Huang delaringthe opening of the first internationalSymposium on Litchi and Longan.

All participants at the front gate of the venue.

Orchard tour in Guangzhou.

13Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

venue, rich programs of pre- and mid-symposium tours, warm hospitality by the host,well-arranged transportation, and the smoothundergoing of the scientific programs. Dr. VictorGalan Sauco appraised the successful holding of

the 1st International Symposium on Litchi andLongan as a landmark event. Prof. Shmuel Gazitspoke highly for the organization of symposium,saying that it was a miracle that the symposiumcould be well organized as such within 14

months and his personal dream has eventuallycome true.

Xuming Huang and Huibai Huang, China.

Recent Advances of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Iran

Introduction: Medicinal plants can beconsidered as plant materials such as foliage,root, flower and seed which may be used as suchor in the form of their extracts and chemicalcompounds isolated from them to produce drugsfor human or veterinary medicine. Aromaticplants is another group of plants containingessential oils in their leaves, stems, andreproductive structures. However these twogroups are known as economical plants and theirstate of being special is derived from theexistence of secondary metabolites in theirorgans. Secondary metabolites may be defined asthe natural products, usually of plant origin, thatdon’t function directly in the primarybiochemical activities that support the growth,development and reproduction of the organismin which they occur.

History: Iran has a long history in herbalmedicine. The contribution of Iranian scientistssuch as Jaber-ebne-Hayyan, Zacaria Razi, AbouAli Sina and others who were among the bestscientist of their own era in chemistry, medicinalscience and pharmaceutics are also that the humanpopulation are still getting benefit from them.

Statistics of 1960-1970 show that exportationof medicinal and aromatic plants wereconsiderable amongst other agricultural productsfrom Iran but because of increasing prices ofproducts and re-orienting of traders’ towardsimport, the export has decreased since 1971.This decrease continued until 1983 and sincethen then, export revived. In 1984 export ofmedicinal and aromatic plants from Iranaccounted for up to 2.8% (in volume) and 3.7%(in financial) of all agricultural products. Theproduction in 1994 amounts up to 22000 metrictons. A considerable part of these exportedproducts included plants harvested in theirnatural environment which led to a dangerouslydecline in some species.

Potential of Iran: Iran has been endowed witha very rich flora due to the extreme variation ingeographical and climatic conditions prevalent inthe country. It is one of the eight countries in theworld that are recognized as genetically origin ofmedicinal plants and its flora includes more than75000 species of which most species aremedicinal or aromatic plants. A survey of majorworld markets for drug raw materials suggestthat over 100 genus enter regular trade and thesehave a consistently large demand in theorganized sector of the plant-based pharma-ceutical industry. Iran covers most of these genus.

Aromatic plants have the same high potential.

World production of essential oils has beenestimated to over 45000 tons in 1993. Two majorgroups are cultivated plants and citrus with67.9% in respect of tonnage and 80% of theeconomic value. Exciting point is that both ofthese two groups are cultivated in large area ofIran for purposes other than extraction ofessences (for example citrus with 228000 ha). Onthe other hand existence of valuable chemo typesin some species are proven only in recent years.

Importance and role of these plants in Iran-Acase history: In 1990, 74 million tablets ofdiazepam were produced in Iran. If each tabletcontains 10 mg of primary substances, theimport amount up to 740 kg, equal to $23,000US . Valerian (Valerian officinalis) as a medicinalplant contains a special constituent in itschemical composition that has an effect such asdiazepam and can be used as comforting drug. Inorder to produce the necessary amount ofprimary substance in Iran, 20 tons of plantmaterials , 7 hectares of second or third degreelands and at least 50 farmers are required. Thisexample shows that planning in this area wouldbe able to assist the Iranian government in theexploitation of low quality lands and in the sametime create a job for several farmers.

Present situation: The increasing consump-tion of medicinal plant material has led to

development of medicinal plant cultivation. Aplantation industry based on medicinal plantswould need basic information about environ-mental parameters affecting their growth anddevelopment. Many efforts have been made toorganize the scientific and practical programs inprivate and public sectors, such as establishmentof new research centers and sample gardens ofmedicinal plants all over the country in order tointroducing plants to farmers.

Defining new function of the two ministriesJahad Sazandegi and Agriculture, the renewablenatural resources were handed to the ministry ofJahad Sazandegi. So far medicinal plants have beendirectly harvested from the natural/ rangelands, asa result the medicinal plants are now considered bythe ministry as an important issue.

Now the research on medicinal plants isgranted to the research institute of Forest andRangelands which conducts researching onrenewable natural resources including medicinalplants. Also a movement began that led to theactivation of the head quarter of the institute and28 related provincial research centers. Theresearch activities were directed towardscollection and identification, in order toachieving the prevention of physical and geneticerosion of natural resources as well as otheraforementioned objectives. Fortunately, beside

Table 1: People employed in division of medicinal plants cultivation along the second reforms program of Irans

Table 2: Number and volume of villages supported by private companies

14

For more details on ISHS publications on these andmany other topics, we refer to the ISHS website(www.ishs.org) or to the Acta Horticulturae listprinted elsewhere in this issue of ChronicaHorticulturae

The Royal HorticulturalSociety Dictionary ofGardening

Published by Macmillan Publishers Ltd.London, United Kingdom, Phone: (44)2078818026, Fax: (44)2078434640 (ISBN 0333 77018 8paperback or ISBN 0333 47494 5 hardback).This dictionary claims to be the most compre-hensive and authoritative dictionary of plants andan invaluable source of inspiration and referencefor any keen horticulturist, botanist or gardener.Until the end of November Macmillan Publi-

shers is offering a special discounts to ISHSmembers. For the paperback edition; 20 GBP offthe cover price of 149 GBP and for the hardbackedition 100 GBP off the cover price of 550 GBP.

Now available again!

Classic Papers inHorticultural Science

By Jules Janick. Now available again.Published by www.blackburnpress.com, PO box287, Caldwell, NJ 07006, USA. Fax: (1) 973-228-7276. ISBN 1-930665-06-7. Price: $79.95

This reprinting is a compilation of, andintroduction to, classic scientific papers inhorticulture. Each paper chosen concerns someplant or phenomenon that has had an impact onthe horticultural scientific tradition or the

horticulture industry. Each paper is accompaniedby an introductory essay contributed by aprominent horticulturist. These essays place thehistoric papers in their contemporary setting aswell as describe their impact on the future courseof horticulture. Each paper has a unique story totell and many still engender controversy andpassion today. Taken together, they underscorethe richness and diversity of horticultural science.

El Cultivo del Mango - (in Spanish)

The Culture of Mango. By Victor GalanSauco. Published by Gobierno de Canarias ,Consejería de Agriculturea, Ganadería, Pesca yAlimentación and Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. 298pages, 4.800 ESP. Orders: libreria@mundiprensa.es ISBN: 84-7114841-2.

New Book Announcements - Non ISHS publications

zine. April, May 1998 (224-5) (in Persian).2) Medicinal plants yearbook. Research institute

of forest and rangelands. 1997. (In Persian).3) Omidbeigi.R. 1995. Approaches to produc-

tion and processing of medicinal plants. Vol1.(In Persian).

4) Wijesekra,R.O.B. 1991. The medicinal plantindustry. CRC Press. (In English).

5) Hay & Waterman. 1993. Volatile oil crops.Longman Scientific & Technical. (In English).

Kambiz Baghalian, Iran.

the institute, several other organizations,institutes and private companies are also involvedin the subject and at present a lot of villagesworking in this area, are supported by them.

At present more than 22 species are cultivatedcommercially in Iran and this development willbe continued. However it must be known thatIran has a long distance to receive to a suitablecondition in this area.

References1) Mirjalily, A. 1997. The management and

exploiting of medicinal plants. Jihad maga-

Table 3: Agricultural land cultivated with medicinal andaromatic plants

Fig. 1: Breakdown of world production (financial value) according to species

Fig. 2: Breakdown of world production (tonnages) by species

Other plants19%

Other plants31%

Wild plants2%

Wild plants1%

Citrus15%

Citrus35%

Cultivated species64%

Cultivated plants33%

15Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

New of the ISHS Secretariat

The ISHS is an organisation of individuals,organisations - National and International - andgovernmental bodies interested in the field ofHorticultural Research and Horticulture ingeneral. The ISHS is registered in Belgium.

Chronica Horticulturae ©

Magazine of the International Society forHorticultural Science.

ISBN: 90 6605 972 9 (Volume 40 - Number 2; July 2000)ISSN: 0578-039X

Published quarterly by the International Societyfor Horticultural Science

Editorial Office

ISHS SecretariatK. Mercierlaan 923001 LeuvenBelgiumTel: (32) 16 22 94 27Fax:(32) 16 22 94 50E-mail: info@ishs.org

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Inquiries, suggestions or remarks are to be sent tothe ISHS Secretariat for the attention of theExecutive Director.

Editorial Staff

A. Monteiro, General EditorJ. Van Assche, Final Editor

Realisation

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AdvertisingRates available on request. Contact the ISHSSecretariat.

Copyright© 2000 by the International Society forHorticultural Science. All rights reserved. Nopart of this magazine may be reproduced and/orpublished in any form, photocopy, microfilm orany other means without written permissionfrom the publisher.

Payment instructions (for orders, membership, ...)Please always quote your name and invoice/membership number with any payment to ISHS,please make no payments prior to receiving aninvoice unless you include an authorisation tocharge your credit card with your order/membership application. An order form ormembership application form can be found onthe ISHS website www.ishs.org

Credit cardsAll major Credit Cards accepted. In case youwould like us to charge your credit card, just sendus following information together with yourorder, membership application/renewal or copyof the invoice you received (make sure to provideall the information requested):the type of your card (AMEX, Diners, Eurocard,Mastercard, Visa,... ), cardholders name andaddress, expiration date, and your signature.

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The bank account number of ISHS withGenerale Bank/Fortis Bank in Belgium is 230-0019444-64. (Address of our bank -for inter-bank information exchange only- Fortis Bank,Branch “Heverlee Arenberg”, Naamsesteenweg173/175, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. The Inter-national SWIFT code of Generale Bank isGEBABEBB 008-A). Please make sure that thecost for international money transfer is takenfrom your account so that ISHS receives the netamount of the invoice.

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ISHS SecretariatK. Mercierlaan 923001 LeuvenBelgium

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The annual subscription to the InternationalSociety for Horticultural Science is 34 Euro forIndividual membership and 146 Euro forOrganisation membership; Student Membership

Content: Introduction. Economic importanceof Mango. Morphology, Phenology andPhysiological aspects. Climatic and growthadaptation. Genetic aspects and improvement.Propagation. Plantation. Control of growth anddevelopment. Fertilization, irrigation and otherscultural practices. Diseases, plagues and othernon-pathogenical disorder of Mango. Harvestand Postharvest. Thematic index.

Mango is a species cultivated by men for over6,000 years. From its area of origin in the Indo-Birman region, Mango has extended to over 100countries of the tropics and subtropics, thanks,without a doubt, to the conjunction of twoimportant factors: the excellence of the fruit andthe work of agriculturists and investigators in theimprovement of the cultivation. A clear indicatorof the importance of Mango in the Hispaniccountries is the fact that this species is cultivatedin all countries of Latin America. Mexico is themain exporting country of the world. Theinvestigation of Mango in recent years has

allowed extending the cultivation of this speciesto subtropical zones far away of its zone of originlike Malaga in Spain (36° N) or some zones ofsimilar latitude in South Africa. During the VIInternational Symposium on Mango (Interna-tional for Society Horticultural Science, ISHS)celebrated recently in Thailand (April 1999), acommunication on commercial cultivation ofMango in greenhouse conditions in Japan waspresented (see also the list of available ActaHorticulturae in this Chronica Horticulturaenumber or visit http://www.ishs. org to see howto order the proceedings of this symposium).Mango is the third most important tropicalculture at world-wide level, immediately afterbanana (banana in Central and South America)and tropical pineapple, and, obviously, importantcommunications have been written on the same,by Hindu investigators, and to add the excellentbook of De Larousilhe, published in 1980, andrecently published by Litz in 1997 and DeVilliers in 1998. Nevertheless, following thepublisher, a similar publication updated in

Spanish language, that includes in depth thedifferent aspects of cultivation of this species,does not exist.

Small Fruits Review, Volume1, Number 1 2000

Published by Food Products Press/TheHaworth Press, Inc. as a continuation of theJournal of Small Fruit & Viticulture that waspublished for five years. For more informationwrite to FPP, 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY13904-1580, USA. The publisher informs usthat a free copy of Vol. 1 #1 will be mailed toISHS members writing to FPP on stationary.

Frutas NativasPublished by SBF, Av. Silvio Vantini 52, Nova

Jaboticabal, 14870-000 Jaboticabal - SP, Brazil isavailable outside Brazil for $100. Publication inPortuguese language.

• September 5-10, 2000, Bologna (Italy): VIIIInternational Symposium on Pear Growing.Info: Prof. Dr. S. Sansavini, Convener,University of Bologna, Dipt. di ColtureArboree, Via Filippo Re 6, 40126 Bologna,Italy. Tel.: (39) 51 351 490, Fax.: (39) 51351 500, e-mail: fruit@agrsci.unibo.it

• September 6-8, 2000, Dijon (France): INRA -XI International Conference on Weed Biology.Info: Dr. J. Gasquez, INRA Malherbologie etAgronomie, BV 1540, 21034 Dijon Cedex,France. Fax: (33)38 0693262, email:gasquez@epoisses. inra.fr

• September 10-13, 2000, Twin WatersResort, Sunshine Coast, QLD (Australia):2nd International Workshop on Persim-mon. Info: Assoc. Prof. Ray Collins,Convener, School of Natural and RuralSystems Management, University ofQueensland, Lawes, QLD 4343, Australia.Phone: (61)754601321, Fax: (61)754601324, e-mail: rcollins@uqg.uq.edu.au ,Internet: http://www.nrsm.uq.edu.au/nrsm/pers/ conf.htm

• September 11-14, 2000, Wageningen (TheNetherlands): ISHS Workshop “Towardsan Ecologically sound Fertilisation in fieldVegetable Production”, Info.: Dr. JacquesNeeteson, Convener, AB-DLO, Born-

16

Most ISHS events offer reduced registration feesfor ISHS members. Make sure to mention yourISHS membership number or join copy of yourISHS membership card when registering.

Non-ISHS meetings-included here for yourinformation-are printed in Italics.

Year 2000• August 27-31, 2000, Corvallis, OR (USA):

V International Congress on Hazelnut.Info: Dr. S. Mehlenbacher, Convener,Oregon State University, Dept. ofHorticulture, 4017 ALS bldg., Corvallis,OR 97331-7304, USA. Tel.: (1)5417375467, Fax: (1)5417373479, e-mail:mehlenbs@bcc.orst.edu Internet: http://www.orst.edu/dept/hort/hazelnut/

• August 29-31, 2000, (South Africa): VIIIInternational Symposium on Flowerbulbs.Info: Dr. G. Littlejohn, Convener, FynbosResearch Unit, Private Bag x1, Elsenburg7607, South Africa, Tel.: (27) 218085436,Fax.: (27) 218085440.

• September 4-8, 2000, Beijing (China): BeijingInternational Symposium on the Application ofBiotechnology in Horticultural Crops. ContactRobert Yuan at yfalink@yahoo.com orryuan@liya.net

sesteeg 65, PO Box 14, 6700 AAWageningen, The Netherlands. Phone:(31)317475700, Fax: (31)317423110, e-mail: j.j.neeteson@ab.dlo.nl or IreneGosselink (Secretary - same address)Phone: (31)317475731, Fax: (31)317423110, email: ishs2000@ab.dlo.nl ori.m.g.gosselink@ab.dlo.nl . Internet: http://www.ab.dlo.nl/congres/ishs2000.htm

• September 11-15, 2000, Grugliasco -Torino (Italy): Symposium on Chemicaland non-Chemical Soil and SubstrateDisinfestation. Info: Convener Dr. MariaLodovica Gullino, DI.VA.P.R.A. -Patologia Vegetale, Via L. Da Vinci 44,10095 Grugliasco, Italy. Phone:(39)0116708539, Fax: (39)0116708541, e-mail: congress.mlg@agraria.unito.itInternet: http://www.agraria.unito.it/news/SD2000.html

• September 12-15, 2000, Guernsey -Channel Islands (United Kingdom): XIVInternational Symposium on HorticulturalEconomics. Managing the Quality Chain(Environment, Production, Distribution,Marketing). Info: Dr. John Ogier,Committee for States of Guernsey,Raymond Falla House, St. Martin’s, POBox 459, Longue Rue, Guernsey, GY1

Calendar

rate is 12 Euro. Members from a number ofcountries can benefit a special reducedmembership rate (34 Euro for two years ISHSmembership). For a complete list of thesecountries please refer to the ISHS website orcontact the ISHS Secretariat.

Acta Horticulturae

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings ofISHS Scientific Meetings, Symposia orCongresses. (ISSN: 0567-7572)ISHS Members get a discount when orderingActa Horticulturae (See section on ActaHorticulturae in this Chronica Horticulturae).Back issues are available but their availability israther limited. An order form as well as anupdated list of available titles is available on theISHS website http://www.ishs.org

Correspondence with regard to the contents,orders for reprints, and other inquiries should beaddressed to the ISHS Secretariat.

New ISHS Members

We are pleased to welcome the following newmembers to ISHS:

New Organisation Members:

* Soil Service of Belgium, Prof. Dr. MaartenGeypens, W. Decroylaan 42, 3000 Leuven,Belgium. Phone: (32)16310922, Fax:(32)16224206, e-mail: info@bdb.be

* European Community Plant Variety Office,

Mr. Bart Kiewit, PO Box 2141, 49021 AngersCedex 02, France. Phone: (33)241368450,Fax: (33)241368460, e-mail: cpvo@cpvo.fr

New Individual Members:Argentina: Prof. Libertad Mascarini; Australia:Mr. Cliff Riseborough, Robert Wickson;Austria: Dr. Gottfried Kellner, Dr. JohannesNovak, Dr. Michaela Schwaiger; Belgium: Mr.Na’ankot Peter D. Dama, Mr. David Marquenie;Brazil: Rumy Goto, Mr. Domingo HaroldoReinhardt, Silvanda D. Silva; Canada: KevinBelluz; China: Prof. Jinzheng Wang; Croatia:Mr. Mario Njavro, Prof. Dr. Vjekoslav Par;Curacao: Ir. Kenneth Heidweiller; Denmark:Mr. Carl Aksel Kragh Sørensen; Egypt: Mrs.Fatma Hassan; Finland: Ms. Elina Muuttomaa;France: Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Roustan; Germany:Ms. Liv Halter, Prof. Dr. Georg Noga; Greece:Dr. Fokion Papathanassiou; Hungary: IzóraGál, Prof. Dr. István Gyurján, László Krizbai,Géza Mózes, Klára Nyerges, Éva Preininger,István Skola, Ernö Szegedi, Gyula Várady;Iceland: Mr. Bjorn Gunnlaugsson; India: Mr.Abubacker Siddick; Indonesia: Prof. Dr.Haryanto Dhanutirto; Israel: Ph.D. OdedAchilea, Dr. Moshe A. Flaishman, Mr. EranGichon, Itzhak Ran, Mr. Yossi Shahar; Italy:Dario Caccamisi, Dr. Roberto Tognetti, Dr.Moreno Toselli; Japan: Dr. Shinichi Adaniya,Prof. Dr. Takayoshi Akinaga, Dr. MasayukiFujita, Dr. Toshinari Godo, Dr. Hiroaki Inoue,Mr. Hidekazu Ito, Shinji Ito, Mr. MasakazuKasumi, Mr. Beppu Kenji, Dr. Jun-Song Liu,

Hideki Murayama, Ms. Mutsuko Nakano, Dr.Kozo Nishio, Dr. Kimiko Ose, Prof. HidekiTanaka, Prof. Dr. Shoji Tsuchiya, Dr. AtsukoUragami, Mr. Norimichi Yamasaki, Mr. MimuraYutaka; Jersey, C.I.: Mr. Paul Perrin; Korea:Hoon-Sik Kim, Yong-Bong Park; Mexico:Lourdes Yanez; Netherlands: Mr. Pieter Gits,Ir. J.A. Kos, Mr. Ronald Snijder; New Zealand:Allan Clarke, Dr. Maarten Hertog; Norway: LivBirkeland, Dr. Gunhild Børtnes, Mr. Ørjan E.Omdal; Phillippines: Dr. Rolando T. Cruz;Poland: Magdalena Gantner, Dr. MiroslawSitarek, Dariusz Sochacki, Dr. GabrielaWyzgolik; Portugal: Ir. Isabel Alves-Pereira;Romania: Dr. Georgeta Beleniuc, Mrs. Dr.Aurora-Maria Ranca; Spain: Prof. Dr. EnriqueEymar, Dr. Elias Fereres, Mr. Jesús Francés, Dr.Isidre Llorente; Switzerland: Mrs. Anna CroleRees, Mr. Kassem Haydar; Tunisia: Mr.Mohamed Maalej, Suer Anac, Dr. NerimanBeyhan, Dr. Mehmet Bozoglu, Dr. Gürsel HatatKaraca, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kaplankiran,Ass.Prof. Ayse Yildiz Pakyurek, Dr. AysunPeksen; Uganda: Mr. Moses Osiru; UnitedKingdom: Ms. Cara Bootman, SudheeraRanwala, Dr. Shanthini Selvarajah; UnitedStates of America: Gary A. Couvillon, Mr.Phillip Greenberg, Dr. Hyeon-Hye Kim, Prof.Schuyler Korban, Mr. Kuo-Tan Li, Dr. AutarMattoo, Dr. Elisabeth Mitcham, Katy MossWarner, Dr. Victor Sahakian, Amanda Schwake,John R. Shovlin, Sieglinde S. Snapp, Dr.Devendra Srivastava, Mr. David Wilkowske,Craig P. Winkler.

17Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

6AF, United Kingdom Tel.:(44).14.8135741, Fax.:(44).14.8135014, e-mail: info@horticulture.guernsey.net Internet: http://horticulture.guernsey.net

• September 14-16, 2000, Trento (Italy):ISHS Symposium on Apple Scab. Info:Convener Prof. Antonio Bergamini,Direttore Istituto Sperimentale per laFrutticoltura, Sezione Operativa perifericadi Trento, Via della Val 2, 38057 PergineValsugana (TN), Italy. Phone: (39)0461533000, Fax: (39)0461532775, email:isft.sezioneditrento@valsugana.com website: http://utenti.tripod.it/vigalzano_2/index.html

• September 25-30, 2000, Bari - Valenzano(Italy): IV International Symposium onOlive Growing. Info: Prof. Dr. ClaudioVitagliano, Convener, Scuola Superiore diStudi Universitari e di Perfezionamento S.Anna, Via G. Carducci 40, 56127 Pisa,Italy, Tel.: (39) 050883292; Fax.: (39)050883210 or 050883215, e-mail: olive2000@iamb.it

• September, 2000, Wellesbourne (U.K.):International Symposium on Brassica,Brassica 2000. Info.: Dr. Graham J. King,Convener, HRI, Warwick CV35 9EF,United Kingdom. Tel.: (44)789470382,Fax.: (44)789470522, email: brassica.2000@hri.ac.uk , Internet: http://www.hri.ac.uk/site2/vacs/Conferences/brass2000/newfbrass.htm

• October 9-13, 2000, Samokhvalovitchy(Belarus): Fruit Growing on the eve of NewMillennium. Conference in Russion andEnglish. Info: Dr. V. A. Samus, BelarusianResearch Institute for Fruit Growing. 2Kovalev Street, Samokhvalovichi, MinskRegion 223013, Belarus. e-mail belhort@it.org.by

• October 17-21, 2000, Valenzano - Bari(Italy): IV International Congress onArtichoke. Info: Dr. Nicola Calabrese,Istituto sull’Orticoltura Industriale - CNR,Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy.Phone: (39)0805443097, Fax: (39)0805443039, email: artichoke2000@area.ba.cnr.itInternet: http://area.ba.cnr.it/artichoke2000

• October 22-26, 2000, Lleida (Spain): VInternational Symposium on Integrated FruitProduction. Info: Convener Dr. J. Avilla, AreaProteccion de Conreus, Centre Udl-IRTA, Av.Alcalde Rovira Roure, 177, 25198 Lleida,Spain. Phone: (34)9737025 81, Fax:(34)973238301, e-mail: jesus.avilla @irta.es

• October 22-28, 2000, Hammamet (Tunisia)- provisional - : IV International Sym-posium on Cactus Pear an Cochinelle. Info:Dr. Ali Nefzaoui, Coordinator of the ForageWorking Group of CACTUSNET-FAO ,Institut National de la RechercheAgronomique de Tunisie , Rue Hédi Karray,Ariana 2049, Tunisia . Phone: (216)1230024, Fax: (216)1752897, e-mail:nefzaoui.ali@iresa.agrinet.tn- You can also download the FirstAnnouncement in PDF format here (a PDFreader is required).

• October 29 - November 3, 2000, Cairo(Egypt): ISHS Management Meetingswith October 30, ISHS ExecutiveCommittee Meeting, October 31-November 1: Joint Executive Committeeand Council Meeting.

• October 29 - November 3, 2000, Athens,GA (USA): III International Symposiumon Edible Alliaceae. Info: Dr. William M.Randle, Department of Horticulture,University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,USA. Email: wrandle@arches.uga.edu

• October 2000, Thessaloniki (Greece): IIBalkan Symposium on Vegetables andPotatoes. Info: Convener Dr. G. Paroussi,NAGREF, Agricultural Research Center ofMacedonia and Thrace, 570 01 Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece. Phone: (30)31471544, Fax: (30)31471209, e-mail:paroussi@otnenet.gr

• November 7-9, 2000, Quebec (Canada): IVInternational ISHS Symposium onArtificial Lighting. Convener Prof. AndréGosselin. Info: c/o Agora CommunicationInc., 2600 boulevard Laurier (Suite 2680),Sainte-Foy, QC, G1V 4M6, Canada.Phone: (1)4186586755, Fax: (1)4186588850, e-mail: dhoude@agroacom.qc.ca

• November 7-10, 2000, Antalya (Turkey):International Symposium on Techniques toControl Salination for HorticulturalProduction. Info: Dr. Serra Hepaksoy, EgeUniversity, Faculty of Agriculture,Department of Horticulture, 35100Bornova, Izmir, Turkey. Phone:(90)2323881865, Fax: (90)2323881864; e-mail: salinity@ziraat.ege.edu.tr

• November 22-24, 2000, Zagreb (Croatia):Prospects for Viticulture and Enology: 150years of viticulture and enology research inCroatia. For more information contact IvanPejic, Faculty of Agriculture, University ofZagreb, Department Plant Breeding, Geneticsand Biometrics, 10000 Zagreb, Svetosimunska25, Croatia. Phone: (385)12393936, Fax:(385)12393631, e-mail: ipejic@agr.hr , web:http://www.agr. hr/150ve

• November 26 - December 12000, Cairns(Australia): International Symposium onTropical and Subtropical Fruits. Info: Dr. R.Drew, Convener, School of Biomolecularand Biomedical Science, Griffith University,Nathan Q4111, Australia. Phone: (61)0738757292, Fax: (61)0738757618, e-mail:ishstfs@mailbox.gu.edu.au

• November 28 - December 1, 2000, La Serena(Chile): IV International Symposium on TableGrape. Info: Dr. Jorge Valenzuela, La PlatinaExperimental Station, Agricultural ResearchInstitute, INIA-La Platina, P.O.Box 439/3Santiago, Chile. Phone: (56)25416983 Fax:(56)25417667 e-mail: tablegrape@platina.inia.cl or on the Internet: http://platina.inia.cl/tablegrape/symposium.html

• December 3-7, 2000, Orlando, FL (USA): IXCongress of the International Society ofCitriculture. Information: L.G. Albrigo,General Chair, CREC, 700 ExperimentStation Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA.

Phone (1)9419561151, Fax: (1)9419564631,email: albrigo@lal.ufl.edu, Internet:h t t p : / / w w w . l a l . u f l . e d u / i s c _ c i t r u s _homepage.htm

• December 11-16, 2000, Chillan, (Chile):VII International Symposium on Vacciniumculture. Info: Dr. R. Hepp, Convener,University of Concepcion, V. Mendez 595,PO Box 537, Chillian, Chile. Phone:(56)42208761, Fax: (56)42275305, email:rhepp@mail.udec.cl , web: http://vaccinium.chillan.udec.cl

Year 2001• April 15-18, 2001, Taichung (Taiwan):

International Symposium on Design andEnvironmental Control of Tropical andSubtropical Greenhouses . Info: Dr. Din-sue Fon, Convener, Department ofAgricultural Machinery Engineering,National Taiwan University, email:dsfong@ccms.ntu.edu.tw , web: www.ISHS-GH2001.tari.gov.tw

• May 7-11, 2001, Caceres (Spain): IIInternational Symposium on Fig. Info:Margarita Lopez Corrales, SIA, Dpto.Hortofruticultura, Apdo. 22, 06080Badajoz, Spain. Phone: (34)924288100,Fax: (34)924288101, e-mail: sech2001@inia.es

• May 20-24, 2001, Piracicabe, São Paulo(Brazil): IX International Symposium onTiming Field Production in VegetableCrops. Info: Mrs. Maria Celia Rodrigues,Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz deQueiroz”/USP, Departamento de ProduçãoVegetal, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Caixa Postal09, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo,Brazil. Phone: (55)194294190, Fax:(55)194294385, e-mail: celia@carpa.ciagri.usp.br

• May 20-24, 2001, Zaragoza (Spain): IIIInternational Symposium on Pistachios andAlmonds. Info: R. Socias i Company,Unidad de Fruticultura SIA-DGA,Apartado 727, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain.Phone: (34)976576436, Fax: (34)976575501 or e-mail: rsc@mizar.csic.es

• June 25-26, 2001, Washington/Oregon(USA): IV International Symposium onCherry Production. Info: Dr. GregoryLang, Convener, WSU-IAREC, 24106 N.Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350-9587,USA, Tel. (1) 509-786-9261, Fax.: (1) 509-786-9370, email: glang@tricity.wsu.eduPost Conference Tour: July 1-3

• July, 3-6, 2001, Gent (Belgium): XXthInternational Symposium Strategies for NewOrnamentals. Section OrnamentalsEUCARPIA, Info: Dr. E. Van Bockstaele,Eucarpia Symposium, CLO, DvP,Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium.Phone: (32)92722900, Fax: (32)92722901,email: eucarpia2001@clo.fgov.be , Internet:http://www.clo.fgov.be/congres/eucarpia.htm

• July 4-12, 2001, Invergowrie (Scotland):VIII International Rubus-Ribes Sym-posium. Info: Dr. R.J. McNicol, Scottisch

18

Crop Research Inst., Invergowrie, HeadSoft Fr. Gen., Dundee DD2 5DA, Tayside,Scotland, United Kingdom. Tel.(44)1382-562731, Fax.: (44)1382-562426, e-mail:r.mcnicol@scri.sari.ac.uk , web: http://www.scri.sari.ac.uk

• July 8-10, 2001, Budapest (Hungary): ISHSConference on Medicinal and AromaticPlants: Possibilities and Limitations ofMedicinal and Aromatic Plant ProductionTowards the 21st Century. Info: Dr. JenöBernáth, Univ. of Hortic. And FoodIndustry. Phone: (36)13726250, Convener:Dr. Oskár Köck, National Institute forAgricultural Quality Control, 1525Budapest, PO Box 30, 93, Hungary. Phone:(36)12123127, Fax: (36)12122673, email:map.congr@ommi.hu .

• July 8-13, 2001, Rotterdam (Netherlands):VIII International Controlled AtmosphereResearch Conference. Info: Dr. J.Oosterhaven, PO Box 17, 6700 AAWageningen, Netherlands. Phone:(31)317477554, Fax: (31)317475347, e-mail: ca2001@ato.wag-ur.nl web: http://www.ato.wageningen-ur.nl/ca2001

• July 9-11, 2001, Davis, CA (USA): VInternational Peach Symposium. Info: Drs.C. Crisosto and S. Johnson, Conveners,University of California, Kearney Agric.Ctr., 9240 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA93648, USA. Phone: (1)5596466596, Fax:(1)5596466593, e-mail: sjohnson@uckac.edu or carlos@uckac.edu

• July 16-18, 2001, Davis (USA): VIInternational Symposium on ComputerModelling in Fruit Research and OrchardManagement. Info: Dr. Ted DeJong,Convener, Department of Pomology,University of California, Davis, CA 95616,USA. email: tmdejong@ucdavis.edu

• July 28 - August 4, 2001, Hannover(Germany): XIV International PlantNutrition Colloquium. Info: IPNC Secretariat,University of Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Strasse2, 30419 Hannover, Germany. Phone:(49)5117623625, Fax: (49)5117623611, e-mail: ipnc@mbox.pflern.uni-hannover.de ,web: http://www. ipnc2001.uni-hannover.de

• August 13-17, 2001, Amsterdam(Netherlands): VI International Symposiumon Adjuvants for Agrochemicals (ISAA2001). Info: ISAA2001, PO Box 33, 6870AA Renkum, Netherlands. e-mail: h.deruiter@isaa2001.com

• August 19-22 2001, Cheonju (Korea): IXInternational Symposium on PlantBioregulators in Fruit Production. Info: Dr.Seon-Kyo Kim (Convener), Department ofHorticulture, Chungbuk National University,Cheonju 361-763, Korea. Phone:(82)431612527, Fax: (82)4312 735404, e-mail: kimskyu@chucc.chungbuk. ac.kr

• August 20-24, 2001, Plovdiv (Bulgaria):International Symposium on Plum andPrune Genetics. Info: Dr. VassiliyDjouvinov, Convener, 12, Ostromila Street.4004 Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Phone:

(359)32771349, Fax: (359)32670808, e-mail: instov@evro.net

• August 25-29, 2001, Kyrayoshi, Tottori( Japan): International Symposium AsianPears Commemorating 100th Anniversaryof ‘Nijisseiki’ Pear. Info: Prof. S. Iwahori(Convener): Fax: 81)298536617, e-mail:iwahori@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp or Prof.Dr. Kenji Tanabe, Fax: (81)857316749, e-mail: tanabe@muses.tottori-u.ac.jp

• August 30 - September 2, 2001, Niigata,( Japan): X International Symposium onAsparagus. Info: Convener: Prof. HajimeAraki, University Farm, Faculty ofAgriculture, Niigata University, Mura-matsu, Naka-kanbara, Niigata 959-1701,Japan. Phone: (81)250585737, Fax:(81)250587046, email: araki@agr.niigata-u.ac.jp

• September 8-14, 2001, Alnarp (Sweden):International Symposium on GrowingMedia and Hydroponics. Info: Prof. Dr.Paul Jensén, Department of Horticulture,Division of Root and Substrate Research,Swedish University of AgriculturalSciences, Box 55, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.Phone: (46)40415365, Fax: (46)40465590,e-mail: paul.jensen@tv.slu.se

• September 10-14, 2001, Avignon (France):International Symposium on ApricotCulture. Info: Dr. J.M. Audergon,Convener, INRA, Domaine Saint Paul,84143 Montfavet, France. Phone:(33)432722668, Fax: (33)432722662, email:Jean-Marc.Auder gon@avignon.inra.fr

• September 11-14, 2001, Merano (Italy):International Symposium on FoliarNutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants. Info:Prof. Dr. Massimo Tagliavini, Dipartim. diColture Arboree, Universita di Bologna, ViaFilippo Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Phone:(39)0512091490, Fax: (39)0512091500, e-mail: mtaglia@agrsci.unibo.it or Dr. W.Drahorad, Beratungsring, Via Chiesa 4,39018 Terlano (BZ), Italy. Phone:(39)0471257490, Fax: (39)0471257800, e-mail: beratungsring.terlan@rolmail.net

• September 11-19, 2001, Potsdam (Germany):VI International Symposium on Fruit, Nut,and Vegetable Production Engineering. Info:Dr. M. Zude-Sasse, ATB, Max-Eyth-Allee100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.Phone:(49)3315 699619, Fax:(49)3315699849, e-mail: mzude@atb-potsdam.deweb: www.atb-potsdam.de/sym posium2001/

• September 20-22, 2001, Karlsruhe (Germany):Hortec 2001. Techniques in Horticulture fair.Info: Messe Karlsruhe, Festplatz 9, 76137Karlsruhe, Germany. e-mail: info@messe-karlsruhe.de

• September 2001, Thessaloniki (Greece): IInternational Symposium on Acclimati-zation and Establishment of Micro-propagated Plants. Info: Prof. Dr.Athanasios Economou, Dept. of Horti-culture, School of Agriculture, AristotleUniversity, PO Box 281, 54006

Thessaloniki, Greece. Phone: (30)31998671, Fax: (30)31998679 or 31998679 andA.P. Read.

• September, 2001, Taipei (Taiwan): IISymposium on Biotechnology of Tropicaland Subtropical Species. Info: ConvenerProf. Wei-Chin Chang, Institute of Botany,Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.Phone: (886)227899590 ext 120, Fax:(886)227827954, e-mail: wcchang@wcc.sinica.edu.tw

• October 8-12, 2001, Napier (New Zealand):IX International Workshop on Fire Blight.Info: Dr. Christopher Hale, Hort Research,Private Bag 92169, Aucland, New Zealand.Phone: (64)98154200, Fax: (64)98154201,e-mail: chale@hort.cri.nz

• December, 2001, Mendoza (Argentina):Provisional: International Symposium onIrrigation and Water Relations of FruitTrees and Grape Vines. Info: Dr. RubenOliva or Dr. Jorge Perez Pena, EEAMendoza INTA, San Martin 3853, (5507)Lujan de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.email: patagua@inta.gov.ar

Year 2002• April, 2002, Veracruz (Mexico): IV

International Pineapple Symposium.Convener: Daniel Uriza Avila, SerapioRendon 83, Col. San Rafael, DelCuauhtemoc, 06470 Mexico, DF, Mexico.Phone: (52)551401612, Fax: (52)555469020, e-mail: lauckv@inifap2.inifap.conacyt.mx

• May, 2002, Zaragoza (Spain): I InternationalSymposium on Fruit Crops RootstockResearch. Info: Drs. Maria Moreno andAlvaro Blanco, Conveners, Department ofPomology, Aula Dei Experiment Station, POBox 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain. email:mmoreno@ eead.csic.es

• August 11-17, 2002, Toronto (Canada):XXVI ISHS INTERNATIONALHORTICULTURAL CONGRESS. Info:Dr. N.E. Looney, Pacific Agri-FoodResearch Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BCV0H 1Z0, Canada. email: looneyn@em.agr.ca See also the XXVI ISHS IHCpages on the ISHS website

• September 2002, (Brazil): VII InternationalMango Symposium. Info: Dr. AlbertoCarlos Queires Pinto, EMBRAPA, Centrode Pesquisa Agropecuaria dos Cerrados, BR020, Km. 18, (PO Box 08223), 73301-970Planaltina, DF, Brazil. Phone: (55)613891171ext2188, Fax: (55)613892953,email: alcapi@cpac.embrapa.br

• 2002, Toronto (Canada): InternationalSymposium on Nutrition and Fertilisation.Info: Dr. Tremblay, Convener. AgricultureCanada, 430 Gouin Boulevard, St. Jean surRichelieu, Quebec J3B 3E6, Canada.Phone: (1)4503464494 ext232, Fax:(1)4503467740, Email: tremblayna@em.agr.ca

19Chronica Horticulturae • Vol 40 • Number 2 • 2000

Available numbers of Acta Horticulturae (For updated information,Tables of Content and an ORDER FORM, we invite you to visit theISHS website www.ishs.org ) :

Acta Acta Title PriceNumber534 International Conference and British-Israeli

Workshop on Greenhouse Techniques towards the 3rd Millennium 69

531 II ISHS Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics and Subtropics 59

529 III International Pineapple Symposium 67528 VII International Symposium on Grapevine Genetics

and Breeding 124527 International Symposium on Growth and Development

of Fruit Crops 49526 V International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology 84525 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 87524 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 14:

Horticultural Economics at Micro and Macro Level,International Trade and Marketing, International Cooperative Programs, Relations between Research,Development, Extension and Education 59

523 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 13: New and Specialized Crops and Products, Botanic Gardens and Humon-Horticulture Relationship 53

522 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 12: Application of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology andBreeding - General Breeding, Breeding and Evaluation ofTemperate Zone Fruits for the Tropics and the Subtropics. 55

521 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 11:Application of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology andBreeding - Gene Expression and Molecular Breeding, Genome Analysis. 60

520 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 10:Application of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - In Vitro Culture. 61

519 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 9: Computersand Automation, Electronic Information in Horticulture 58

518 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 8: Quality of Horticultural Products 55

517 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 7: Quality of Horticultural Products 85

516 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 6: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on EnvironmentalImplications Physiological Processes in Plants 47

515 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 5: CultureTechniques with Special Emphasis on EnvironmentalImplications Chemical, Physical and Biological Means ofRegulating Crop Growth in Ornamentals and Other Crops 61

514 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 4: Culture Techniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications 63

512 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 2: Mineral Nutrition and Grape and Wine Quality 49

511 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 1: Culture Techniques with Special Emphasis on Environmental Implications - Nutrient Management 60

510 VII Eucarpia Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding 87509 VI International Symposium on Mango (2 volumes) 135508 XIX International Symposium on Improvement of

Ornamental Plants 66507 III International Workshop on Models for Plant

Growth and Control of the Shoot and Root Environments in Greenhouses 63

506 International Workshop on Ecological Aspects of Vegetable Fertilization in Integrated Crop Production 47

505 VII International Symposium on Rubus and Ribes 76504 VI Symposium on Stand Establishment and ISHS

Seed Symposium 53503 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants, Part 4: Industrial Processing, Standards & Regulations, Quality, Marketing, Economics 50

Acta Horticulturae

The prices listed here do not include discounts or shipping & handling charges.

Discount for ISHS members is 20% off the cover price (30% for Organization Members)

Prices are in EURO (ISO code: EUR)

EC regulations require us to add 6% VAT on orders received from customers living in the European Community who do not have a legitimate VAT-registration number.All other orders are exempt from European VAT.

ORDER INFORMATION: Send your orders to: ISHS Secretariat, K. Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Fax: (32) 16 22 94 50, email: orders@ishs.org

Do not send money or checks with your order. You will receive an invoice for the total amount to be paid.

Major credit cards accepted

AN ORDER FORM CAN BE DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.ISHS.ORG

Publications of the International Society for Horticultural Science

20

502 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 3: Agricultural Production, Post HarvestTechniques, Biotechnology 74

501 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 2: Pharmacognosy, Pharmacology, Phytomedicine,Toxicology 66

500 II WOCMAP Congress Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part 1: Biological Resources, Sustainable Use, Conservation and Ethnobotany 50

499 V International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management 60

498 IV International Symposium on Kiwifruit 69497 I International Symposium on Cherimoya / 1er Simposio

Internacional Sobre Chirimoya (English + Español) 71496 International Symposium on Urban Tree Health 82495 WCHR - World Conference on Horticultural Research 103494 II International Symposium on Chestnut 88493 I ISHS Workshop on Water Relations of Grapevines 63492 I International Symposium on Cucurbits 71491 International Symposium Greenhouse Management

for Better Yield & Quality in Mild Winter Climates 84490 I International Symposium on Banana in the Subtropics 97489 VIII International Workshop on Fire Blight 109488 XI International Symposium on Apricot Culture

(Vol I & II) 126487 VI International Symposium on Processing Tomato &

Workshop on Irrigation & Fertigation of Processing Tomato 97486 II International Symposium on Ornamental Palms & other

Monocots from the tropics 67485 International Symposium Effect of Pre- & Postharvest

factors in Fruit Storage 74484 Eucarpia Symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 97483 International Symposium on Vegetable Quality of Fresh

and Fermented Vegetables 78482 International Symposium on Cut Flowers in the Tropics 76481 International Symposium on Growing Media and

Hydroponics (2 volumes) 124480 I International Symposium on Figs 63479 IX International Asparagus Symposium 83478 VI International Symposium on Plum & Prune

Genetics, Breeding, Pomology 67477 IV International Symposium on Replant Problems 45476 International Symposium Applications of Modelling as

Innov.Tech. in Agri-Food chain. Model-It 71475 VII International Symposium on Pear Growing 104474 III International Symposium on Olive Growing (Vol. I&II) 123473 International SymposiumImportance of Varieties/

Clones Quality Wine 46472 XVII International Symposium Virus&Virus-Like

Diseases Temperate Fruit Crops (vol. I&II) 128471 VIII International Symposium Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43470 II International Symposium Pistachios and Almonds 98468 III International Cherry Symposium (Vol I & II) 124467 III International Symposium Diversification

of Vegetable Crops 71466 II Workshop on Pome Fruit 46465 IV International Peach Symposium (Volume I & II) 120464 International Postharvest Science Conference Postharvest 96 95462 I Balkan Symposium On Vegetables and Potatoes

(Vol. I&II) 159461 International Symposium on Biotechnology of

Tropical and Subtropical Species Part 2 89

460 International Symposium on Biotechnology of Tropical and Subtropical Species Part 1 30

459 International Symposium Brassica 97, Xth Crucifer Genetics Workshop 79

458 International Symposium on Water Quality & Quantity-Greenhouse 75

457 Symposium on Plant Biotechnology as a tool for the Exploitation of Mountain Lands 75

454 III New Floricultural Crops 72453 IV International Protea Working Group Symposium 45452 International Symposium on Myrtaceae 45451 VI International Symposium on Integrated Canopy,

Rootstock, Environmental Physiology in Orchard Systems (2Vols.) 123

449 II International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops (2Vols.) 123

446 VI International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 85445 IV International Symposium on Hazelnut 95444 III International Symposium on Kiwifruit (2 volumes) 145442 III International Walnut Congress 79439 III International Strawberry Symposium (2 Volumes) 150438 III International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochenille 49436 First International Persimmon Symposium 72434 Strategies for Market Oriented Greehouse Production 73431 Tospoviruses and Thrips of Floral & Vegetable Crops 90430 VII International Symposium On Flowerbulbs (2 VoIs.) 156429 XIII International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 87425 II International Pineapple Symposium 98424 II International Rose Symposium 66422 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 81418 III International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in

Horticulture 52414 International Symposium on the Genus Lilium 61413 II International Symposium on Taxonomy of

Cultivated Plants 31411 VII International Workshop on Fire Blight 75409 IV International Symposium on Growing Temperate

Zone Fruits in the Tropics and in the Subtropics 37408 International Seminar on Soilless Culture Technology

Protected Crops Mild Winter Climates 26405 VI International Symposium on Postharvest Physiology

of Ornamental Plants 60

For updated information on availability of books we refer to the ISHS website www.ishs.org

Acta Horticulturae in Preparation - Soon to be released:

Acta Acta TitleNumber513 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 3530 ISHS Symposium on Methods and Markers for Quality

Assurance in Micropropagation533 VIII International Symposium on Timing Field Production in

Vegetable Crops535 First International Citrus Biotechnology Symposium