ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

A PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE

Volume 43 - Number 3 - 2003

ISHS

Symposia and WorkshopsArtichoke • Grapevine-growing, -trade and -science • Turfgrass Management andScience for Sport Fields • Managing Greenhouse Crops in Saline Environment

Horticultural HighlightsThe Next Green Revolution • Orchids as Major World Floral Crop • World AppleCultivar Dynamics • Horticultural Science and Industry in Mexico

CONTENTS

ISHS

ChronicaHORTICULTURAE

■ News from the Board3 Symposia - the Heart of the ISHS Ian Warrington

■ Issues5 The Next Green Revolution, Norman E. Borlaug

■ Horticultural Science Focus6 Orchids Emerge as Major World Floral Crop, Robert J.

Griesbach

■ Horticultural Science News10 World Apple Cultivar Dynamics, Desmond O’Rourke, Jules

Janick and Silviero Sansavini

■ Symposia and Workshops14 Vth International Congress on Artichoke15 International Symposium on Grapevine-growing, -trade and -

science16 1st International Conference on Turfgrass Management and

Science for Sport Fields19 International Symposium on Managing Greenhouse Crops in

Saline Environment

■ The World of Horticulture20 Horticultural Science and Industry in Mexico - An Overview,

Homero Ramírez and Adalberto Benavides26 New Books, Websites27 Courses and Meetings

■ News from the ISHS Secretariat27 New Members29 In Memoriam30 Calendar of ISHS Events31 List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available

Chronica Horticulturae©, ISBN: 90 6605 876 5 (Volume 43 -Number 3; September 2003); ISSN: 0578-039X

Published quarterly by the International Society forHorticultural Science, Leuven, Belgium. Lay-out and printingby Drukkerij Geers, Gent, Belgium. ISHS© 2003. All rightsreserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced and/orpublished in any form, photocopy, microfilm or any othermeans without written permission from the publisher. Contactthe ISHS Secretariat for details on full color advertisements(1/1, 1/2, 1/4 page) and/or mailing lists options.

Editorial Office and Contact Address:

ISHS Secretariat, PO Box 500, B-3001 Leuven 1, Belgium. Tel:(+32)16229427, fax: (+32)16229450, e-mail: info@ishs.org,web: www.ishs.org or www.actahort.org.

Editorial Staff

Jules Janick, Science Editor jjanick@hort.purdue.edu

Jozef Van Assche, Managing Editor jozef@ishs.org

Johanna Mäkilä, Associate Editor chronica@ishs.org

Gerard Weststeijn, Associate Editor - Symposiagerard.weststeijn@ishs.org

Peter Vanderborght, Associate Editor - Production andCirculation peter.vanderborght@ishs.org

Membership and Orders of Chronica Horticulturae

Chronica Horticulturae is provided to the Membership for free:Individual Membership 40 EUR annually (special rate forIndividual Members from selected developing countries: 40EUR for 2 years), Student Membership 12 EUR per year. For alldetails on ISHS membership categories and membershipadvantages, including a membership application form, refer tothe ISHS membership pages at www.ishs.org/members.

Payments

All major Credit Cards accepted. Always quote your name andinvoice or membership number. Make checks payable to ISHSSecretariat. Money transfers: ISHS main bank account numberis 230-0019444-64. Bank details: Fortis Bank, Branch”Heverlee Arenberg”, Naamsesteenweg 173/175, B-3001Leuven 1, Belgium. BIC (SWIFT code): GEBABEBB08A, IBAN:BE29230001944464. Please arrange for all bank costs to betaken from your account assuring that ISHS receives the netamount. Prices listed are in euro (EUR) but ISHS accepts pay-ments in USD as well.

Acta Horticulturae

Acta Horticulturae is the series of proceedings of ISHS Scien-tific Meetings, Symposia or Congresses. (ISSN: 0567-7572).ISHS Members are entitled to a substantial discount on theprice of Acta Horticulturae. For an updated list of availabletitles go to www.ishs.org/acta. A complete and accuraterecord of the entire Acta Horticulturae collection, includingall abstracts and full text articles is available online atwww.actahort.org. ISHS Individual membership includescredits to download 10 full text Acta Horticulturae articles.Acta Horticulturae titles that are no longer available in printformat are available in the ActaHort CD-ROM format.

ISHS • 2

A publication of the International Society for HorticulturalScience, a society of individuals, organizations and agenciesdedicated to advancing all aspects of horticulture,emphasizing research and education

The First Congress Acta Horticulturaevolumes are available

Visit www. actahort.org

From the Vice-President

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 3

Symposia - the Heart of the ISHS

NEWS FROM THE BOARDNEWS FROM THE BOARD

Ian Warrington

For over 40 years, the ISHS has been successful at running professional sym-posia on a wide range of topics of relevance and interest to horticulturalistsaround the world. Over its history, the number of symposia managed underthe auspices of the ISHS has been in excess of 600 - averaging around 30 peryear during the past decade (Figure 1). This includes a very definite policy ofreducing the number held during the year of the International HorticulturalCongress (IHC) in order to provide a focus on this quadrennial event.

Figure 1. Symposia managed under the auspices of the ISHS during the pastdecade

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

These symposia are organised by one ormore of the 90 Working Groups withinthe Society - Working Groups that eithercover crop types within the variousSections or that cover science disciplineswithin the various Commissions. Inapproving each of these important scien-tific meetings, the Executive Committeeattempts to manage areas of complemen-tary interest by ensuring that the sym-posia that are being run are sponsored bymore than one Working Group. Theannual activities of the Working Groupsare also monitored to ensure that nonebecome moribund.Impressively, these symposia have beenhosted in many different countries andcontinents, thus adding to the richness ofthe experience of being a participant farbeyond the focus of the particular themefor the meeting. Importantly, these sym-posia allow a first hand exposure to the

horticulture of a region, the food cropsthat are produced, the local markets, andthe local flora - much of which may havehorticultural significance in its own right.Local tours are often a highlight of thesesymposia as they allow a greater appreci-ation of local cultures, knowledge aboutthe particular use of resources such aswater, and the impact of local geographyand climate on crop production.A main concern of the Society is to ensurethat its activities are relevant to the mem-bership. As a Society, we attempt toachieve strong linkages with other groupsthat organise scientific meetings but thatdon’t have a ready mechanism to publishtheir own proceedings or to have thempublished in a searchable series. There arenow several examples (such as with theEUCARPIA meetings and the AMITOMCongress) where the ISHS now managesthe publication of their proceedings. We

are in detailed discussions with a numberof other groups to see if similar sucharrangements can’t be organised tomutual advantage. Members who see thestrength in our ISHS activities may wish toencourage such moves to take place.It is also important that the needs of allhorticulturalists are covered by the ISHS.Increased urbanisation, particularly indeveloped countries, means that thereare emerging areas of importance includ-ing horticultural therapy, urban landscapedesign, and leisure gardening that weneed to consider - are we addressingthose needs adequately through therange of programmes that we are cur-rently running? Are there other areas thatcould be added to our array of activities?Your thoughts and opinions would bewelcomed.A most important aspect of these sym-posia is that the proceedings are alwayspublished - exceptions are very rareindeed. The papers may be brief but theyare succinct and do include the mainresearch findings that were presented. Allappear within the Acta Horticulturaeseries (Figure 2). Criticism is sometimesleveled at the fact that publishing in thisway can prejudice the opportunity topresent the same work more extensivelyat a later date in a fully refereed manu-script. However, practice proves other-wise. Every year, hundreds of authors finda way to participate, to contribute and topublish without such constraints. Youngerscientists with such concerns may need tobe encouraged to see this opportunity.Acta Horticulturae is undoubtedly a high-ly valued publication. All articles are nowsubjected to editorial review. Authorswho need some help are often assisted inany rewriting required rather than havingtheir manuscript rejected outright. Localeditorial committees associated with eachsymposium do an excellent job to ensurethat standards are maintained.An outstanding feature of the ActaHorticulturae series is that it is nowsearchable on line - one of the few scien-tific journals world-wide that can makethat claim. On an average day, visitors to

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this site record more than 17,500 pageviews (the titles and abstracts for thenearly 610 Acta volumes are available toall). This reflects an average download of1,500 articles per month. As a memberyou can access this remarkable resource,

Ian Warrington, Professor of Horticultural Science atMassey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand andVice President of the ISHS with particular responsibility

for scientific programmes

free of charge, for up to 10 down-loadsper annum. Even the charge-out ratebeyond that number is modest. Try it!

The ISHS is a scientific society and its sci-entific programme is central to its serviceand relevance to members. It is important

that the subjects covered by our WorkingGroups in their periodic symposia and inthe scientific programmes of the IHC, areof interest and of intellectual value tomembers. You are encouraged to becomeactive in the many Working Groups,Sections and Commissions that exist toserve your interests, to become involvedin organising symposia, and to provideleadership in the scientific programmes ofyour society - the personal rewards can bevery significant indeed.

Figure 2. Number of Acta Horticulturae titles published during the pastdecade

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

www.actahort.org31,000 articles on-line

Did you renew your ISHS membership?Logon to www.ishs.org/members

and renew online!

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Green RevolutionThe Next Green Revolution

ISSUESISSUES

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 5

by Norman E. Borlaug

ROADS, FERTILIZER ANDSCIENCE CAN REVIVE ACONTINENT

The key to economic development in Africa isagriculture. Agricultural scientists ponder waysto help it emerge from decades of poverty andturmoil; we would do well to remember thatcrucial point. Fortunately, we have the eco-nomic and technological means to bring aboutan agricultural revolution.

Using proven agricultural techniques, Africacould easily double or triple the yields of mostof its crops. It has the potential not only tofeed itself but even to become a dynamic agri-cultural exporter within a few decades.

African farmers face three main problems:depleted soil, a scarcity of water and distortedeconomics caused in large part by primitivetransportation systems. None of these prob-lems is beyond our capacity to solve.

Low soil fertility is one of the greatest biologi-cal obstacles to increasing food productionand improving land productivity. (Because ofover farming and insufficient crop rotation,Africa’s soil is actually less rich than it was 30years ago.) Yet there is a manmade solution tothe sub-Saharan soil’s lack of nutrients -namely, fertilizer, either chemical or organic.Unfortunately, economic forces keep fertilizerout of many African farmers’ hands.

Because of transportation cost, fertilizer coststwo to three times more in rural sub-SaharanAfrica than it does in rural Asia. As a result,fertilizer consumption in Africa is about 10percent what it is in Asia. That’s a market fail-ure, and it could be remedied by a mix of pub-lic and private programs. Aid organizationsmight buy fertilizer at its point of entry intoAfrica and distribute it at reduced cost towholesalers. Alternatively, poor farmers mightbe given fertilizer vouchers.

Chronic water shortages are another chal-lenge. Nearly half of Africa’s farmland suffersfrom periodic and often catastrophic drought.But here, too, the problem isn’t beyond ourcontrol. About 4 percent of farmland south ofthe Sahara is irrigated, compared with 17 per-cent of farmland worldwide.

Large-scale irrigation projects are prohibitivelyexpensive and can ruin villages and ecosys-tems. But clever, small-scale technologies -including subterranean pools for capturingrainfall, pumps on riverbanks, and cisternsunder drain spouts - can make parched landbloom.Because of the dismal state of roads in Africafarmers there face the highest marketing costsin the world. A study by the World Bank, com-pleted in late 1900’s, found that it cost rough-ly USD 50 to ship a metric ton of corn fromIowa to Mombasa, Kenya, more than 8, 500miles away. In contrast, it cost USD 100 or soto move the same amount of corn fromMombasa inland to Kampala, Uganda - about550 miles. And not much has changed inrecent years.The challenge is that African produce is con-veyed to buyers via a vast network of foot-paths tracks and dirt roads, where the mostcommon mode of transport is walking.American-and European-financed road proj-ects would connect farmers with consumerswhile improving life in countless other ways.As agriculture takes off, agricultural-improve-ment and food-aid programs should dovetail.School lunch programs, for example, can pro-vide a significant stimulus to the expansion ofcommercial food markets if the produceinvolved is locally grown. Horticulture cropswill be important to improve diets and toincrease economic activity.Biotechnology absolutely should be part ofAfrican agricultural reform; African leaders willbe making a grievous error if they turn theirbacks on it. (Zambia’s president notoriouslybarred shipments of food aid from Americalast year that included genetically modifiedcorn.) Genetic technology can help produceplants with greater tolerance of insects anddiseases, improve the nutritional quality offood staples and help farmers to expand theareas they cultivate. Rather than looking toEuropean leaders, who have demonizedbiotechnology, African leaders ought to workto manage and regulate this technology forthe benefit of their farmers and citizens.

Africa’s warm temperature, abundant sunlightand wide-open spaces and diverse climates

make it a place where agriculture can thrive.Countries with tropical climates, like Nigeria,Liberia and Sierra Leone, should be exporting,not importing, rice. Drier places - includingBurkina Faso, Mali and Chad - have the poten-tial to be major producers of sorghum and mil-let. But you can’t eat potential.

Nothing will happen without an infusion ofmoney and technical help from the industrial-ized world. It is appropriate for donor nationsto emphasize new standards of evaluation.Sub-Saharan countries that make significantprogress in producing food and diminishingpoverty should be rewarded with additionalfinancial support.

Lest we forget, helping African agriculture toprosper is not merely a humanitarian issue - it’sa matter of enlightened self-interest.Smallholder African farmers, after all, arestewards of one of the earth’s major land-masses. And as the Kenyan paleontologistRichard Leakey once said, “You have to haveat least one square meal a day to be a conser-vationist.” Aiding African farmers will not onlysave lives, it will also, in a uniquely literalsense, help to save the earth.

ABOUT THEAUTHOR

Father of thegreen Revolutionand 1970 recipientof the Nobel Prizefor Peace. TexasA&M University,College Station,TX, USA.

Norman E. Borlaug

ISHS • 6

Department of Agriculture only keep recordson total orchid production and sales. However,Phalaenopsis statistics are available from theNetherlands as shown in Figure 4 (Broersma,2003). From 1983 to 2002, the number ofpotted Phalaenopsis sold through the Dutchauctions increased from 50,000 to 12,000,000plants. In 2002, Phalaenopsis were first in pot-ted flowering plant wholesale value USD 73million.

VICTORIAN BEGINNINGS

During the Victorian period some orchids wereinexpensive parlor plants (Martin 1988).During this time period, the design of homeschanged from a large single room to severalsmaller multiple-function rooms. Many homeshad parlor plants. Plants were grown in eitherthe front parlor or back rooms. The conditionsin the Victorian home were not well suited togrowing many plants. The front parlor usuallylacked heat and was extremely cold during thewinter; while, the back rooms were typicallyoverheated with dry air during the day and notheated at night. Several orchid species in theCattleya Ldl. and Dendrobium Ldl. allianceswere common parlor plants because of theirability to withstand these extreme conditions.

Exotic and unusual plants, like orchids, were inhigh demand during the Victorian period.

Floral CropOrchids Emerge as Major WorldFloral Crop

HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE FOCUSHORTICULTURAL SCIENCE FOCUS

by Robert J. Griesbach

Orchid production is now international in scope. Large scale, pottedPhalaenopsis production is occurring in the Netherlands, Germany, China,Taiwan, United States, and Japan. Yet, very few Phalaenopsis are bred, prop-agated, flowered and sold in the same country. In one cooperative venture,breeding occurs in the United States, selected clones are sent to Japan wheretissue culture propagation is initiated, successful cultures are then sent toChina for mass proliferatio, in vitro grown plantlets are next sent to theNetherlands for greenhouse production, and finally flowering plants arereturned to the United States for sales (Figure 1). In 1957, James Shoemakerstated that “orchid growing has not fully achieved the transition from ahobby to an industry” but today orchid growing is more than just an indus-try, it is an international commodity.

According to the United States Departmentof Agriculture (USDA) Floriculture CropsSurvey for the year 2002, orchids are secondin wholesale value (USD 106 million) of pot-ted flowering plants (Figures 2 and 3). Therewere over 12.7 million orchids sold in the U.S.last year. Phalaenopsis are the predominantorchid in the mass-market. Not too long ago,

orchids were thought to be expensive plantsthat were impossible to grow. This is no longertrue.

It is widely recognized that Phalaenopsis iseconomically the most important mass-mar-keted, potted-plant orchid. The specific statis-tics for Phalaenopsis production in the UnitedStates are not available, for the United States

Figure 1. Mass market Phalaenopsis production A. Orchid tissue culture labo-ratory in Taiwan. B. Micropropagated plants removed from culture in Taiwan.C. Greenhouse production of micropropagated plants in the USA.

A C

B

Figure 2. 2002 Wholesale value(million USD) of flowering pottedplants produced within the UnitedStates.

Africanviolet

Chrysan-themum

orchidspoinsettia

other

azalea

bulbs

Easter lilyrose

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CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 7

Because of the slow rate of propagation oforchids, nearly all commercially available plantswere collected from the wild. Even thoughmany orchids were collected in large numbers,only a few species that had water-storingorgans (pseudobulbs), like Cattleya, survivedthe journey from the jungle to the home.

The first orchid nursery in the United Stateswas established by Pitcher and Manda in theearly 1870s (Kuykendall, 1948; White, 1948).Most of the plants they sold were Cattleyaspecies collected in South America by JohnLager. In one shipment, Lager sent 515 casesof C. trianae. He collected a rare white-flow-ered form of C. warscewiczii which was sold toStuart Low and Company in England for USD10,000!

Phalaenopsis were exceeding rare during theVictorian period because they were difficult to

import and grow in the Victorian home. Forexample, one shipment in 1914 from thePhilippines to the United States contained over10,000 plants of Phalaenopsis schilleriana,nearly all of which died in transit.Phalaenopsis, unlike Cattleya, do not havewater storage organs. In addition, they pro-duce large succulent leaves that are susceptibleto fungal and bacteria diseases. Because of theenvironmental conditions within the home,Phalaenopsis were predominantly grown in aconservatory or greenhouse. Therefore, onlythe wealthy grew them.

SEED GERMINATION

The potential of artificial hybridization for cre-ating new exotic orchid hybrids was widelyrecognized, but the technical expertiserequired to germinate the seed and to raise theseedlings to maturity precluded its wide spreadapplication (Veitch, 1886; Arditti et al., 1982).Seed germination became much easier whenHans Burgeff from Germany and Noel Bernardfrom France independently discovered thatorchid seeds germinated only in the presenceof a symbiotic fungus.

This discovery was used by Joseph Charles-worth and James Ramsbottom at theCharlesworth Company in England to developa practical procedure to “symbiotically” germi-nate orchid seeds. In this procedure, a peatand sand mixture was sterilizing and then inoc-ulated with the symbiotic fungus. After thefungus has penetrated the compost, the seedwas sown on top. This symbiotic germinationtechnology made it easier to produce hybrids,but large scale, commercial production of

hybrids was still not possible. Many of theseeds in a capsule germinated, but few sur-vived the process due to excessive fungalinfection.

Symbiotic germination methods were onlyused for a short time before being replaced byasymbiotic germination procedures. In 1922,Lewis Knudson at Cornell University reportedthat the fungus was not required for germina-tion if the seed was sown on agar containingappropriate salts and sugars. His Knudson Cmedium is still being used to germinate theseed of some species. With asymbiotic germi-nation technology, thousands of seedlingscould be raised to maturity from a single seedcapsule.

Besides the obvious potential in breeding, thistechnology was also extremely important forpropagation. Asymbiotic germination technol-ogy made it possible to produce at reasonableprices very large quantities of plants that previ-ously were very rare and expensive. Speciesthat were difficult to import, like Phalaenopsis,could now be seed propagated in large num-bers.

By the time asymbiotic germination procedureswere developed, the parlor plant craze hadended. Consumer preference shifted from pot-ted plants to cut-flower corsages. Orchidswere among the most popular flowers for cor-sages. Unlike the wide range of orchids grownas parlor plants, only four genera were popularfor corsages. Cattlaya corsages were worn atformal evening events, Cymbidium andPaphiopedilum corsages were worn during theday, and Phalaenopsis were worn as hair orna-ments. Edward White (1948) estimated that in1948 over 100,000 orchid corsages were soldin New York City.

BREEDING

The emphasis in breeding focused developinghybrids for this new market. Unlike the potted-plant market, the corsage market demandedless exotic colors, patterns and shapes. Thepredominant flower color was white. Flowersthat were either pure purple or white with acolored lip had a significantly smaller marketshare. Exotically colored flowers now had nocommercial value.

Because of the narrow and specific require-ments for breeding corsage flowers, only ahandful of closely related species were used inbreeding. The other species or “novelty”species were rarely used. There were manyreasons why they were of little value. First, thecommercial market required plants that pro-duced long inflorescences with lots of largeflowers. Novelty hybrids usually producedshort inflorescences with a few small flowers.Second, the growers needed uniformity inboth the product and production of the prod-uct. Populations of novelty hybrids generallycontained plants that flowered at different

Figure 3. Wholesale value (million USD) of orchid production within theUnited States from 1996 to 2002.

Figure 4. The Wholesale value(million USD) of the top five pot-ted plants at he Dutch auctions in2001.

Chrysanthemum Phalaenopsis

FicusKalanchoe

Dracaena

55.4

55.439.6

39.6

30.5

ISHS • 8

Figure 5. New releases: A. dwarfPhalaenopsis ‘Hummingbird; B.dwarf Phalaenopsis ‘Toyland’; C.unnamed new hybrid ready forrelease from the United StatesDepartment of Agriculture.

A

B

C

times, had different growth habits and had dif-ferent flower colors. Third, the corsage marketdemanded flowers that were uniform in colorand not patterned. Many novelty hybrids pro-duced flowers that had unusual colors.

PRODUCTION PROTOCOLS

Once desirable hybrids were developed,research began on developing commercialproduction protocols (Hew and Yong, 1997;Ichihashi, 1997; Sheehan, 1982; White 1948;Withner, 1974). The first experiments werepreformed in the 1930s by H.O. Eversole inCalifornia. He determined that plants grew thefastest and produced the most flowers in asand-peat medium. Prior to this time, nearly allorchids were grown in living moss. Because ofthe difficulty in obtaining high quality peat,osmunda fiber became the medium of choiceduring the 1940s. Repotting orchids in osmun-da fiber was both difficult and labor intensive.During the 1950s, independent research by O.Wesley Davidson at Rutgers University work-ing with George Off at the Off OrchidCompany and by Rod McLellan at the RodMcLellan Company resulted in the develop-ment of bark-based media. With these media,repotting was significantly faster and easier.Today, most Phalaenopsis are grown in one ofthe commercial available, peat-based, soillessmedia.

Coupled with the development of improvedpotting media was the formulation of betterfertilizers (Poole and Sheehan, 1982).Research on nutrition by J.C. Ratsek, O.R.Evers and A. Laurie at Ohio State University,C.L. Withner at Brooklyn College, D.C.Fairborn at the Missouri Botanical, J.H.Beaumont and F.A. Bowers at the University ofHawaii, O.W. Davidson at Rutgers University,and T.J. Sheehan at the University of Floridaresulted in improved fertilizers. Before 1960,few growers fertilized their orchids. Thesestudies showed that fertilization was critical forcommercial production.

During the 1960s, consumer preference shift-ed from corsages back to potted plants. Theparlor plant craze was reborn. Novelty specieswere now used to create their own uniquehybrids (Kirsch, 1960). Many orchid specieswere re-introduced into cultivation, propagat-ed and distributed at a extremely efficient suc-cess rate. For example, one of the rarestorchids in cultivation during the 1960s wasPaphiopedilum rothschildianum. Plants, whenavailable, sold for over USD 25,000. By 1980,seed-propagated plants were widely availableat more reasonable prices. Today in Taiwan,this species is being propagated for the mass-market. Plants from Taiwan can be purchasedthroughout the world for USD 25.

Many experimental crosses were made byamateur breeders to determine the geneticinfluence of the various species. They quickly

discovered that certain species combinationsproduced new characteristics. For example,flowers with purple veins could be created bycrossing P. equestris with solid purple flowersto P. amabilis with pure white flowers. All ofthis information and experience was used tocreate a wide range of unique hybrids.

During the 1960s in Europe, a new, floral, mar-keting strategy was being developed. Thisstrategy was aimed at the mass-market con-sumer and not at the conventional gardeninghobbyist. In the Netherlands, a large-scalecooperative was created for growing and mar-keting all plants, including orchids. Individualgrowers specialized in a single crop, or even asingle cultivar. The growers then jointly soldtheir product at an auction. In this manner, itwas possible to supply wholesalers with a widerange of uniform, quality products throughoutthe year. Jan Post (1985) of Floricultura in theNetherlands stated that in order to be com-mercially successful “a pot plant market needsa lot of plants which no grower is able to han-dle and fulfill alone. Only with large quanti-ties from several growers will you create anorchid market for the consumer.”

The first orchid to be mass marketed wasVuylstekeara ‘Plush’. In 1975, Klass Schoonefrom the Netherlands began to propagate thisclone for the mass-market. Since conventionalmethods for vegetative propagation wereinadequate, Schoone turned to tissue culture.By 1985, over 100,000 micropropagatedplants of V. Cambia ‘Plush’ were being sold peryear!

TISSUE CULTUREPROTOCOLS

Orchids were the first plants to be commercial-ly propagated through tissue culture (Ardittiand Ernst, 1993). The first experiments inorchid tissue culture were carried out in the1940s in Knudson’s laboratory at CornellUniversity. More than a decade later, GeorgesMorel at the Central Station for PlantPhysiology in France reported that excisedCymbidium shoot tips could be induced toform multiple plantlets when cultured on seedgermination media supplemented with phyto-hormones. Shortly after this report, DonaldWimber at Brookhaven National Laboratorydeveloped a successful method of using tissueculture to commercial propagate Cymbidium.

Phalaenopsis proved more difficult to tissueculture propagate. During the 1980s, manydifferent researchers throughout the worlddeveloped tissue culture protocols forPhalaenopsis including Intuwong and Sagawaat the University of Hawaii, Reisinger and oth-ers at the University of California, Zimmer andPieper at the Technical University in Germany,Haas-von Schmude in Germany, Griesbach atthe US Department of Agriculture, Hommaand Asahira at Kyoto University in Japan,

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Robert J. Griesbach is a research genetic with the US NationalArboretum in Beltsville Maryland. His research lead to the develop-ment of ‘Toyland’, one of the first mass-marketed Phalaenopsishybrids.Contact: Floral and Nursery Plant Research, U.S. National Arboretum,USDA, ARS, BARC-W, BLDG 010A, 10300 Baltimore Avenue,Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, Phone: (1)3015046574, Fax:(1)3015045096, email: rob.griesbach@usda.gov

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 9

Robert J. Griesbach

Tanaka at Kagawa University in Japan, Hinnenand others at the Agricultural University in theNetherlands, Tokuhara and Mii at ChibaUniversity in Japan, and Zhou at SapporoBreweries in Japan, and Park and others atShizuoka University in Japan.

POTTED PLANTPRODUCTION

Production protocols that were developed forcut-flowers were not the best for potted plantproduction (Hew and Yong, 1997; Ichihashi,1997; White 1948; Withner, 1974). Extensiveresearch in plant physiology by Sheehan at theUniversity of Florida, Poole and Seeley atCornell University, Krizek and Lawson at theUS Department of Agriculture, Sakanishi andothers at Oska University in Japan, Tanaka andothers at Miyazaki University in Japan, Endoand Ikusiuma at Chiba University in Japan, Otaand others at Nagoya University in Japan, Doiand others at Kubota University in Japan,Kubota and Yoneda at Nihon University inJapan, Porat and others at the HebrewUniversity in Israel, and Wang at Texas A&MUniversity helped to define the precise factorsessential for maximum plant growth anddevelopment. The practical results of thisresearch were the development of large-scale,production protocols.

THE FUTURE

The first Phalaenopsis that were sold in themass-market were cut-flower hybrids thatwere selected for more compact growth andflowering. The development of hybrids specif-ically for this market is in its infancy. Breedingfor the mass-market is different than breedingfor the hobbyist market. In the hobbyist mar-ket, emphasis was placed exclusively on floraltraits; while in the mass-market, vegetativecharacteristics are of nearly equal importancewith floral traits. Based upon today’s breedingefforts, the cultivars of the future will have acompact growth habit, variegated foliage, fra-grance, and be ever flowering (Figure 5).

Beside Phalaenopsis, they are many otherorchids which could also have mass-marketedpotential. In the orchid family, wide inter-generic hybridization can be very successful.Certain synthetic genera, like Colmanara(composed of Miltoniopsis, Odontoglossum,and Oncidium), have been created to combinethe best characteristics of several genera into asingle plant. For example, Colmanara plantshave the large flower size of Miltoniopsis, thehigh flower count of Oncidium, and exotic col-ors of Odontoglossum. We are just scratchingthe surface in developing new types of orchids.Their potential as mass-marketed plants is justbeing realized.

REFERENCES

Arditti, J. and Ernst, R. 1993. Micropro-pagation of Orchids. Wiley and Sons, NewYork.Arditti, J., Clements, ., Fast, G., Hadley, G.,Nishimure, G., and Ernst, R. 1982. Orchidseed germination and seedling culture- amanual. In: Orchid Biology: Reviews andPerspectives, VII, ed. Arditti. ComstockPubl. Assoc., Ithaca. p. 243370.Broersma, J. 2003. The Netherlands, Dutchauctions see 5.7% increase in 2002 sales.FloraCulture International 13:10.Hew, C.S. and Yong, J.W.H. 1997.Physiology of Tropical Orchids in Relationto the Industry. World Sci., Singapore. Ichihashi, S. 1997. Orchid production andresearch in Japan. In: Orchid Biology:Reviews and Perspectives, VII, eds. Arditti,J. and Pridgeon. A. Kluwer Acad. Publ.,Dodrecht. p. 171- 212.Kirsch, O.M. 1960. Breeding of Phalaenop-sis hybrids. Third World Orchid Conf. Proc.,London, England. Kuykendall, R. 1948. Commercial orchidculture in the United States and the devel-opment of an industry. Missouri Bot. Gard.Bull. 36:127-137.

Martin, T. 1988. Once upon a windowsill.Timber Press, Portland, OR.Poole, H.A. and Sheehan, T.J. 1982. Mineralnutrition of orchids. In: Orchid Biology:Reviews and Perspectives, VII, ed. Arditti.Comstock Publ. Assoc., Ithaca. p. 195-212.Post, J.H. 1985. Production and marketingof orchids. RHS International CentenaryOrchid Conf. Proc., London, England. Sheehan, T.J. 1982. Orchid potting mix-tures. In: Orchid Biology: Reviews andPerspectives, VII, ed. Arditti. ComstockPubl. Assoc., Ithaca. p. 1315-362.Shoemaker, J. 1957. An economist view ofthe orchid industry. Second World OrchidConf. Proc., Honolulu, Hawaii.Veitch, H.J. 1886. The hybridization oforchids. J. Royal Hort. Soc. 7:22(49. White, E.A. 1948. American orchid culture.A.T. De LaMare, Co., New York.Withner, C.L. 1974. Developments in orchidphysiology. In: The Orchids, ScientificStudies, ed. Withner, C.L. Wiley and Sons,New York. p. 129-168.

ISHS • 10

Four apples, ‘Fuji’, ‘Golden Delicious’,‘Delicious’ and ‘Gala’, dominate the worldapple picture. As a result, every producingcountry including China can export the samecultivars, one of the consequences of global-ization that has serious competitive implica-tions for apple growers all over the world. By2010, there will be twelve-month supplies ofall major cultivars from many sources.Marginal growers or areas producing poorquality fruit are finding it increasingly difficultto compete since apples are now produced insurplus. One of the problems is that as worldapple production is increasing, per capita con-sumption of apples is decreasing.

Apples are one of the world’s leading fruitcrops widely grown both in the Northern andSouthern Hemisphere (Figure 1) with produc-tion in 2001 of almost 60 million tonnes (Table1). They are among the few fruits where con-sumer purchase is based on cultivar; thus cul-tivar mix is a very important part of the apple

industry. Because most apples orchards arelong-lived, probably 20 to 30 years, thechange in cultivars is probably less than 3 to5% per year in established areas. However, inareas where apple culture is expanding, such

as China where production increased over 4-fold in the last decade, cultivar change can bedramatic.Verifiable data on production of apple cultivarscan be obtained for 31 major producing coun-

HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE NEWSHORTICULTURAL SCIENCE NEWS

World Apple Cultivar Dynamicsby Desmond O’Rourke, Jules Janick and Silviero Sansavini

Desmond O’Rourke Silviero SansaviniJules Janick

Asia

Europe

North-America

South-America

Africa

Oceania

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Millions of tonnes

2001

1990

1980

5.4

3.4

17.5

31.5

Figure 1. World Apple Production

1.5

0.8

Brookfield Gala

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 11

Production (1000 tonnes) Change (%)

Region 2001 actual 2005 forecast 2010 forecast 2001-2010

China 21,000 25,000 27,605 + 31.5

Rest of world 38,650 42,473 44,685 + 15.6

World total 59,650 67,473 72,290 + 21.2

Table 1. Trends in world apple production, 2001, 2005 and 2010

Table 2. Production and cultivar trends of apple excluding China

(1) Triploid *Derived from breeding programs.

tries excluding China (Table 2). No data areavailable for major producing countries likeIran and India and for many minor producingcountries. The present top 10 world cultivars(sports are combined) outside of China, indescending order based on production are:‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Delicious’, ‘Gala’, ‘GrannySmith,’ ‘Fuji’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘Idared’, ‘Jonathan’,‘Braeburn’ and ‘McIntosh. In the comingdecade ‘Gala’ is the strongest contender forincreasing market share (Table 3). ‘Jonagold’and its red sport ‘Jonared’, the emerging appleof the 1980s, is holding its own. Production of‘Braeburn’, a fast moving cultivar from NewZealand, may have stabilized. ‘Pink Lady®’ is anew contender but production in the West isconfined to restricted marketing agreementsso world position is uncertain, while theextreme lateness restricts production. Despitethese world trends cultivar change is quitedynamic in different countries and regions.Local preference keeps a number of cultivarsin production, for example ‘McIntosh’ in east-ern USA and ‘Cox’s Orange Pippen’ inEngland.

Because of the sheer volume of China’s pro-duction, with fully half of production of a sin-

gle cultivar, ‘Fuji’, and the fact that cultivarinformation in China is imprecise, data fromChina is presented separately from the rest ofthe world. China production in 2001 was esti-mated as 21 million tonnes of which 50% was‘Fuji’, 12% was ‘Delicious’ = ‘Red Star’, per-haps 8% ‘Golden Delicious’ and followed by‘Chalipin’, ‘Guoguan’ = ‘Ralls Janet’,Quiguan’, and ‘Jinguan’. ‘Gala’ was estimated

Hilwell Braeburn

Item Origin 2002 estimate 2005 forecast 2010 forecast

(% total) (% total) (% total)

Golden Delicious 1890 18.61 18.55 17.87Delicious 1880 17.97 17.53 16.55*Gala/Royal Gala 1960 8.77 9.10 10.08Granny Smith 1868 5.99 5.89 5.57*Fuji 1962 5.96 5.80 6.10*Jonagold+Jonared 1 1968 3.85 4.96 5.08*ldared 1942 3.19 3.31 3.42Jonathan 1826 2.56 2.54 2.47Braeburn 1952 2.29 2.39 2.63McIntosh 1796 1.72 1.85 1.78Rome Beauty 1848 1.64 1.73 1.52*Elstar 1972 1.63 1.70 1.78*Cortland 1915 0.86 0.76 0.76Boskop 1854 0.52 0.64 0.56Reinette 1540 0.79 0.50 0.46Gloster 1951 0.67 0.76 0.73Cox’s Orange 1850 0.49 0.71 0.65Newton 1870 0.51 0.48 0.44*Empire 1966 0.36 0.51 0.47*Spartan 1936 0.62 0.56 0.54Tsugaru 1975 0.48 0.46 0.44Bramley 1809 0.16 0.29 0.27*Pink Lady 1989 0.61 0.70 1.02York 1830 0.33 0.34 0.30*Melrose 1944 11.18 0.18 0.19*Orin 1981 0.69 0.63 0.62Northern Spy 1800 0.18 0.22 0.21Stayman Winesapz 1866 0.21 0.2.5 0.22R.I. Greening 1650 0.10 0.12 0.10*Mutsuz 1948 0.15 0.17 0.16Lady Williams 1935 0.03 0.03 0.03Ingrid Marie 1910 0.06 0.05 0.05*Senshu 1980 0.07 0.09 0.09Gravenstein 1669 0.06 0.05 0.05Winesap 1817 0.04 0.04 0.03James Grieve 1893 0.02 0.03 0.02*Sundowner 1979 0.03 0.05 0.07*Discovery 1962 0.05 0.06 0.06All Other 17.55 15.97 16.61

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

ISHS • 12

Productions (tonnes)

Country 2002 Estimate 2005 Forecast 2010 Forecast

Fuji

China 10,250,000 12,500,000 14,000,000

Japan 504,700 480,000 490,000

United States 419,000 400,000 410,000

Brazil 307,000 400,000 462,000

Other 86,200 131,000 149,500

Chile 53,500 90,000 110,000

France 45,000 60,000 80,000

Italy 29,000 40,000 55,000

Argentina 22,000 40,000 50,000

TOTAL 11,716,400 14,141,000 15,806,500

Gala

China 450,000 750,000 1,100,000

United States 388,000 450,000 500,000

Brazil 351,000 446,500 517,000

France 329,000 350,000 400,000

Chile 296,000 340,000 400,000

Other 222,000 304,500 394,500

Italy 156,000 175,000 200,000

New Zealand 156,000 170,000 170,000

Spain 133,000 175,000 200,000

Argentina 65,000 110,000 130,000

South Africa 60,000 55,000 75,000

TOTAL 2,606,000 3,326,000 4,086,500

Braeburn

New Zealand 178,000 190,000 180,000

France 168,000 175,000 200,000

United States 73,000 75,000 90,000

Chile 53,500 90,000 120,000

Other 53,500 96,000 125,500Italy 38,000 50,000 65,000

TOTAL 564,000 676,000 780,500

Pink Lady®

France 58,000 52,000 78,000

Australia 35,000 50,000 75,000

United States 28,000 40,000 60,000

Other 16,200 25,000 40,000

South Africa 7,000 15,000 25,000

Italy 5,000 15,000 25,000

TOTAL 149,200 197,000 303,000

Table 3. Trends in world production of ‘Fuji’, ‘Gala’, ‘Braeburn’, and ‘Pink Lady’

Red Chief

Pink Lady

as 2%. Early ripening cultivars include“Zhugang’, ‘Ten Mu #1’, and ‘American #8’.The 32 countries including China account for

about 80% of world production. When datafor China is combined with that for the other31 major producing countries, ‘Fuji’ is now the

leading world cultivar with 12.3 million tonnes,20% of world production. However, 10 milliontonnes is from China as compared with 2.3million tonnes from the rest of the world.‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ are number2 and 3 in the world with 9.3 and 8.8 milliontonnes, respectively. Gala is the fourth mostimportant cultivar with 3.8 million tonnes.

The leading world apple cultivars display acombination of quality and appearance.Consumers now have a wide choice in skin

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 13

Reinders Golden Delicious

Kiku 8 Fuji

SUMMARY OF LEADING WORLD APPLE CULTIVARS

Fuji. The tremendous production of ‘Fuji’ in China has made this the world’s number 1 apple. Itderives from a cross of two American apples ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ and was introduced in1962 by the Tohoku Horticultural Research Station in Japan. Its mild, sweet flavor, fine texture,and large fruit size has made ‘Fuji’ very popular, especially for Asians and others preferring sweetapples.

Delicious. Long the leading world cultivar, ‘Delicious’ (also known as ‘Red Delicious’) was select-ed as a seedling in Iowa, USA in 1880 and is characterized by a distinct oblong shape with lobesat the calyx end. It is dominated by a number of highly colored and spur strains. Popularity isdeclining in the United States and Europe and prices are falling, but it is still highly appreciatedin South America and Asia. In the United States, the Pacific Northwest, long a bastion of‘Delicious’ production, has been seeking replacements for this cultivar. Consumers appear toprefer ‘Fuji’ to ‘Delicious’, but due to the extensive plantings, it will remain as a leading cultivar.

Golden Delicious. This yellow apple was selected as a seedling in West Virginia, USA in 1890.‘Golden Delicious’ is now the leading cultivar outside of China due to enormous plantings inEurope after World War II and its continued popularity in the eastern United States. Clearly, thisapple has peaked, but will continue to dominate the apple picture because of excellent qualityfor fresh and processed products and high productivity despite only moderate storage life.

Gala. This New Zealand apple is the result of a cross between ‘Kidd’s Orange Red’ _ ‘GoldenDelicious’ made by J. Hutton Kidd but selected by D.W. McKenzie. This midsummer apple,despite its disease susceptibility, has rocketed into one of the leading apples as a result of its crispflesh, sweet, aromatic, flavor, and wide appeal. New plantings are predominantly of the redsports. It is likely that ‘Gala’ will soon become one of the top four world apples.

Granny Smith. This cultivar was developed from a seedling fruiting in Australia in 1868. It hasfirm, tart, fruit that broke the prejudice against green apples for fresh use. Late maturity hasrestricted production in northern areas. It is widely appreciated for processing including cider,juice, and cut apples. It performs very well in hot climates, and in areas with marginal wintercvhilling.

Jonagold. A triploid red apple with large size and good texture was released in Geneva, NewYork, USA from a cross between ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonathan’, and likely is based on anunreduced egg cell of ‘Golden Delicious’. It rescued the European apple industry in the 1980s.The red sport ‘Jonagored’ is widely planted.

Braeburn. A seedling discovered in New Zealand was introduced in 1952. It is a very high qual-ity apple but potential for expansion is limited because it is difficult to grow because of fruitinghabit and it is subject to calcium-related storage problems.

color (red, yellow, green, and pink), season,and flavor. The importance of breeding isbecoming apparent and now four of the top10 apples (Fuji, Gala, Jonagold, Idared) are theproducts of breeding programs. However, theleading apples are all quite disease susceptible.

Introducing new cultivars has been encour-aged since “hot” new cultivars often com-mand a premium price on the market, but pricedeclines as production increases. Furthermore,new cultivars are promoted by the nurseryindustry. Introduction of a new cultivarrequires coordinated marketing and promo-tional efforts in several countries, with theattendant high costs and logistic difficulties. Anew cultivar, even if it is a good one, muststruggle to earn its place under the sun and inthe produce section of supermarkets. ‘Gala’took many years to become popular and‘Jonagold’ was not a success in the UnitedStates when it was first introduced. Oftenmany cultivars remain unknown, as is the casewith some good new scab-resistant cultivars,and are destined to remain niche apples.

Cultivar protection legislation and the subse-quent creation of clubs or consortia restrictingcultivation, dissemination, and even testing ofnew cultivars is a recent development. It isunclear if this system will be successful.Agreements among grower associations, nurs-eries, and breeders are a new trend in cultivardevelopment. The importance of sports con-tinues to be important. As a result, a number ofcultivar evaluation programs are underway indifferent countries. Interestingly, many out-standing cultivars such as ‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’,were initially first rejected by these organizedapproaches.

The trend to organic production would seem tofavor the introduction of disease-resistantapples, but such apples have struggledbecause organic production on a world basis isstill very low. The future of the apple industry,as always, remains uncertain.

ISHS • 14

SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPSSYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS

Section VegetablesVth International Congresson Artichoke

The 5th International Conference onArtichokes was held in Tudela (Navarra, Spain)from 5 to 8 May 2003. The Conference wasorganised by the Navarra Government, theTechnical Institute of Agricultural Manage-ment (ITGA), the Navarra Institute of FoodQuality (ICAN), the ‘Alcachofa de Tudela’Protected Geographical Indication and theTudela Local Council, under the auspices of theISHS (International Society for Horti-culturalScience).

The Conference was officially opened by top-ranking local politicians, including thePresident of the Navarra Government, MrMiguel Sanz Sesma and the Provincial Ministerfor Agriculture, Livestock Farming and Food,Mr Ignacio Martínez Alfaro, as well as by rep-resentatives from the host city.

In total, the event was attended by 139 dele-gates from 14 different countries (Germany,Argentina, Chile, Croatia, Egypt, Spain,France, Netherlands, Hungary, Italy, NewZealand, Peru, Turkey and the USA) and froma wide range of different professional fields,including universities, agricultural researchinstitutions, co-operatives, the production sec-tor and various local industries. Spain and Italy,countries with the highest percentage of arti-choke production, were represented best.

The technical sessions included 38 oral presen-tations as well as two poster exhibitions, bothof which attracted a large number of visitors.The sessions focused on problems, studies and

scientific advances made in the field of arti-chokes, cardoons and related crops. The mostpopular themes were vegetable material andnew seed propagated strains, growth regula-tors (hormones, bio-stimulants, etc.), state-of-the-art of reproduction and cultivation tech-niques, vegetable health and post-harvestproblems (cold storage, control of bacteria,control and gauging of texture, fourth rangeproducts, etc.). In comparison with the previ-ous congress on artichoke held in Bari (Italy)much more attention was paid by the partici-pants to the crop of cardoon.

A special meeting took place on ‘Artichoke andcardoon’s health virtues: from popular wisdomto science’. Dr. Francisco Abad and Dr. PedroGonzáles marked the benefits of these cropson feeding and their medicinal virtues such ashepatic protector, glucous-lowering, diuretic,laxative, antioxidant, owing to their activetherapeutical components such as cyarin,cyanopicrin, and others. Pharmaceutical com-pounds such as cynarin, luteolin, inulin etc. areextracted from stems and roots of cardoon.Moreover this particular crop is outstanding asa raw material for the food industry: its leaveswhitened before consumption, are a muchappreciated culinary product. In recent years italso got well known because of its goodpotentials for energy production. The oil fromits seeds and the whole plant can directly orindirectly be used for that purpose. During thecongress the need for a germplasm-bank forEurope was stressed.

As to artichoke, the main crop in the congress,the session on vegetable health was of greatimportance, in particular determining the lifecycle of pests and consequently their best pos-sibilities of control. Another important topicwas the increasing introduction of seed propa-gated varieties, which, however, are not as

uniform and early as the vegetatively propa-gated ones. For that reason, results of researchon the application of growth regulators such asgibberelic acid (GA3) to increase earliness werepresented.

On 7 May a field trip brought delegates to anumber of sites of professional interest, whichallowed them a first-hand glimpse of the farm-ing and marketing activities surrounding arti-chokes in Navarra, regarding both canned andfresh produce. These sites were: an artichokefield where harvesting was in progress, theGutarra plant in Villafranca which cans a widerange of vegetable products, including arti-chokes, and the Tudela Fruit and VegetableCentre which prepares and handles fresh veg-etable products from the co-operative sectorof Navarra for subsequent wholesale. Theoriginal programme also included a visit to theCadreita Experimental Plot to see the tests car-ried out by ITG Agrícola. Unfortunately, thisvisit had to be cancelled due to the fact thatthe crops had been ruined by recent flooding.

The quality of the communications presentedat the congress was very good, which proves aworldwide interest in research on artichokeand related crops.

Opening Session

Tudela Artichokes

Participants to the Artichoke Congress

CONTACT

Javier Sanz Villar, Instituto Técnico yde Gestión Agrícola, S.A. (ITGA), Ed.El Sario. Sadar, S/N, 31006 Pamplona,Spain. Phone: (34)948.239200, Fax:(34)948.230536 email:jsanz@itga.com

Javier Sanz Villar

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 15

The symposium took place in the new LisbonCongress Centre on June 30 - July 3, 2003.One of the objectives of the symposium wasto internationalize Portuguese research andscience on grapevine production and toimprove globalization of Portuguese wines.This meeting was also an international scientif-ic forum on grapevine breeding and varietalselection, vineyard management, the use ofbiotechnology for grapevine improvement andthe impact of the world market on the grapeand wine industry.

The Chairman of the Viticulture session wasthe official representative of the ISHS, Prof.Ben Ami Bravdo (Hebrew University Israel),who also cooperated with the organizers andcontributed to the high quality of organizationof this meeting.

The 280 participants included scientists, tech-nicians and professionals coming from 28 dif-ferent countries from all 5 continents. About40% were from Portugal, 25% from Italy,10% from Spain and 8% from Germany.Substantial participation also came fromEastern Europe especially from the countriesthat are soon joining the European Union.

The opening Session was chaired by thePortuguese Secretary of State of AgriculturalDevelopment, Prof. Bianchi de Aguiar, who isa viticulture specialist and has been Presidentof the OIV (Office International de la Vigne etdu Vin). Also present were the Secretary ofState for Science and Technology, a represen-tative from the President of the Republic, thePresidents of the National Institute for

Agriculture Research, the National FarmerConfederation and the Alentejo ViticultureOrganization. The presence of so many indi-vidualities at the opening session shows thehigh interest of the meeting for thePortuguese authorities and the co-operationwith important Portuguese agricultural organ-izations.

After the opening session the following pre-sentations were made: Vasco Avilliez, fromViniPortugal about the new Portuguese wine

world: the commercial activity and situation;Virgilio Loureiro from the Technical Universityof Lisbon about the Portuguese grape vari-eties; Antero Martins, also from the TechnicalUniv. of Lisbon about Genetic variability with-in ancient Portuguese grapevine varieties.These presentations illustrated the tremendousreformulation of the viticulture industry, tradeand science in the last ten years in Portugalcaused by intensive financial interventions bythe European Community used by innovativegrape growers and winemakers to launch anew generation of wines.

The session “Disease and EnvironmentalAspects” was based on alternatives to theintensive use of chemicals to control diseasesand pests. Special attention was given to newtypes of wood diseases, like the younggrapevine decline, and the new mildew prob-lem related to the change of weather.Especially in viticulture in Eastern parts of thecountry there is an increasing offer of newresistant varieties. The first enological resultswith resistant Vinifera varieties were docu-mented by a wine-tasting at PLANSEL SA.

The session “Challenge of the Market” dealtwith the supply of Portuguese wines and thewine consumption worldwide. The low rankingof this supply in the very competitive interna-tional trade was recognized. Peter Winter,president of the company WIV, the world lead-ing company in direct sales of wine, severelycriticized the high price paid by the Portuguese

Section Vine and Berry FruitsInternational ISHS Symposium onGrapevine-growing, -trade and -science

Inauguration of the first certified vineyard with certified plantmaterial in Portugal

Ernst Rühl (Geisenheim): Field work on clonal selection

ISHS • 16

authorities for a new marketing study pre-pared by Michel Porter of the USA.

The Workshop Biotechnology Taboo orChallenge made evident that the dilemma,brought about by some political motivationagainst green molecular biology, has causedthe lack of financial support. Curiously enoughthis technique is used since years in humanmedicine without any problem. Delegates ofthe International Grape Genome Project pre-sented the activities of this group. One of theprincipal issues in grapevine growing is theheavy use of pesticides and the molecularengineering strategies to produce resistantvarieties. The great success in other crops suchas corn, cotton and woody plants like papayawas shown by Salomé Pais, from theUniversity of Lisbon, and Rainer Fischer fromthe Frauenhofer Institute, Germany. The firstresults of mildew resistance in grapevine wereshown by Bruce Reisch, Cornell UniversityUSA, Eva Zyprian BAZ Germany and HeliaCardoso ICAT/ PLANSEL Portugal. The discus-sion made clear that genetically transformedplants can only be commercialized after metic-ulous testing.

The session “Modern Viticulture” demonstrat-ed new techniques versus the traditional ones.The evidence of canopy management, theconcept of crop load (relation of leave area tofruit production), trellising (vine protectionsystem) and irrigation and fertilization tech-niques were extensively discussed. The conclu-sion was in favor of the new viticulture tech-niques, especially when well adapted to localclimatic conditions. The economic advantagesof modern techniques proved to be superior in

Hans-Jörg Böhm and Antonio A. Monteiro

Ben Ami Bravdo and Richard Smartdisguised with “alentejano” costume

CONTACT

Hans-Jörg Böhm, Viveiros Plansel,S.A, Quinta de S. Jorge, Apartado 2,P 7054-909 Montemor-o-Novo,Portugal. Phone: (351)266.899.260,Fax: (351)266.899.261, email: plan-sel@mail.telepac.pthot climates a fact which is recognized by the

success of the wines from these regions in theworld market.

The most interesting discussion on modernviticulture techniques continued during thefield visit to vineyards and variety collections in

the Alentejo region. The field groups were leadby Prof. Ben Ami Bravdo, Dr. Richard Smart(Smart Viticultural Services, Australia) and ProfErnst Ruehl (FA Geisenheim Germany).

One of the highlights of the visit was the inau-guration of the first vineyard with certifiedclonal material in Portugal.

It was a wonderful afternoon in the field look-ing at grapevines, irrigation experiments,selected clones to see that theories on viticul-ture are most interesting when applied in prac-tice to produce good grapes that will lead tovery pleasant wines. It goes without sayingthat the visit finished with a wine tasting.

The closing session was combined with a con-vivial meeting in Alentejo at PLANSEL SA. Thelocal singer (Cantares do Alentejo) and livemusic from Angola (Waldemar de Basto) gavethe background for an unforgettable midsum-mer festival.

The 1st International Conference onTurfgrass Management and Science for SportFields was held in Athens, Greece, on June 2-7, 2003. The Conference was organized by theDepartment of Floriculture and LandscapeArchitecture of the Agricultural University ofAthens and the Hellenic Society forHorticultural Sciences under the auspices ofthe International Society for HorticulturalScience (ISHS). More than 200 scientists from15 different countries attended this first con-ference, which was held in the Ilissos Hall atthe Divani Caravel Hotel, in the center ofAthens. The high standards of the organizationand the scientific impact of the 62 oral and 33

Commission Landscape and UrbanHorticulture

1st International Conferenceon Turfgrass Managementand Science for Sport Fields

poster presentations substantiated the world-wide increasing trend concerning turfgrass sci-ence. The major sponsor Topioka-taskevi S.A.,and the minor sponsors Gialypsos-Netafim,HellaSod, Zografos S.A. pro seeds-Cebeco andChristidis Landscape Architecture supportedfinancially the conference.

It is the first time that Greece hosted an inter-national conference concerning TurfgrassScience which coincided with the preparationsfor Athens’ landmark year of 2004 when theOlympic Games return to their birthplace.Turfgrasses will constitute the main surface formost outdoor sports facilities and activities

The logo of the Conference

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 17

(golf, soccer, horse riding, baseball, etc). Theornamental and the important functional pur-poses of the sport turfs such as the reductionof the athletes’ injury risk demand specializedtechniques and methodologies. As a result, theConference provided a unique opportunity forresearchers, scientists, students and profes-sionals to present research results, to exchangescientific and technological information, shareexperience and promote international cooper-ation.

The conference commenced with a welcomeaddress by the convener Dr. P. Nektarios, fol-lowed by the Head of the Department ofFloriculture and Landscape Architecture Prof.I. Chronopoulos, the President of the HellenicSociety of Horticultural Science Prof. A.Economou, the rector of the AgriculturalUniversity of Athens, Prof. A. Karamanos andthe Deputy Mayor of the city of Athens, Mr.Moshonas. All speakers emphasized the bene-fits of turfgrass usage in the contemporaryurban environment and especially in athleticfacilities and highlighted their significant con-tribution for the enhancement of the urbanenvironment. The intrusion of artificial/plasticsubstitutes in the athletic fields was also point-ed out as an erroneous and environmentallyhazardous solution especially in mild climates.

The scientific programme consisted of ten oraland one poster session which covered most ofthe scientific sectors involved in TurfgrassManagement and Science for Sport Fields,namely: a) Soil and Water Management, b)Turfgrass Physiology, c) Pests and IntegratedPest Management, d) Cultural Practices, e)Environmental Impact and Management, f)Nutrition and Fertilization, g) TurfgrassImprovement and h) Turfgrass Education.

The scientific part started with the “Soil andWater Management” session and the invitedlecture by Dr. S. Baker (Sport Turf ResearchInstitute, UK) who presented a review con-cerning the effectiveness of different designand construction materials for contemporaryathletic fields. The remaining speakers of thefirst and second session provided scientificinsights concerning the properties of the sub-strates, soil amendments and compostedmaterials utilized in the athletic fields. Thethird and fourth session concerned the varioushydraulic properties of the substrates including

water repellency and alternative irrigationmethodes such as subirrigation and the use ofrecycled water for irrigating sport turfs.

The session concerning “EnvironmentalImpact and Management” commenced withthe invited speech of Prof. A. M. Petrovic(Cornell University, USA) who presented anoutstanding review concerning the leaching ofN and of pesticides from turfgrass sites andprovided managing tools to reduce environ-mental impacts. The session was compliment-ed with presentations concerning the effectsof preferential leaching flow patterns from tur-fgrass sites, N leaching studies and the model-ing of volatilization of applied pesticides.

During the “Turfgrass Physiology” sessioninvited speaker Prof. B. Huang (RutgersUniversity, USA) provided an interestingoverview of the research findings on turfgrassstress physiology with an emphasis on droughtstress. The remaining oral presentations of thesession elaborated on physiological factorsthat influence turfgrass growth such as salinityand shade.

The “Turfgrass Education” session includedtwo interesting papers concerning the historyand the education strategies in turfgrass sci-ence including distance education coursesdeveloped at Penn State University. Dr.Turgeon (Penn State University, USA)explained that distance education courseswere designed to convey information andconcepts and include instructional modulesand lessons. Problem-based and case-basedinternet-accessible asynchronous learningresources (ALRs) were designed to facilitatethe acquisition of critical-thinking and prob-lem-solving skills, and include practical workand decision cases.

Prof. B. Huang (USA) presenting her invited speech

Business Meeting Board

ISHS • 18

P.A. Nektarios

Participants visiting Acropolis and Parthenon

The “Pest and IPM” session initiated with twooutstanding invited speeches. The first speechpresented by Prof. D. Potter (University ofKentucky, USA) reviewed the biology of themajor turf infesting insects and provided themost recent advances for their biological con-trol. The second speech presented by Prof. A.Reinert (Texas A&M. University, USA) provid-ed an extensive overview of the IPM strategiesconcerning turfgrass insects. The session wassupplemented by presentations concerningthe monitoring of pests in different countries,the impact of composted materials on thereduction of fungal infestations and the use ofbiochemical methods for the detection of her-bicide injuries.

During the “Turfgrass Improvement” sessionthe invite speaker, Prof. M. Volterrani(University of Pisa, Italy), gave a review of thespecies and rootzone media that have beensuccessfully used in the sport facilities ofSouthern Europe. The session included volun-teered speeches focusing on the adaptabilityof various turfgrass species subjected to differ-ent environmental and management regimes.

The session concerning “Nutrition andFertilization” provided extensive informationon gaseous losses of fertilizers, the effects ofhumic acids on turfgrass development, theeffects of the fertilizer programme during sodestablishment and the enhancement of sodproduction by the use of growth activator.

The last session, “Cultural Practices”, providedscientific insights into the effects of differentsport field construction methods in conjunc-tion with cultural practices, an impressiveanalysis of the surface hardness of soccer fieldsand techniques for in vitro screening of turf-grass species for sport field intensive use.

After the termination of the scientific session ashort Business Meeting was held in order toseek ways to promote turfgrass culture andscience worldwide. The proposal to establish a

Working Group within ISHS was supported bythe vast majority of the participants. A seven-member committee was formed in order topromote the establishment of the workinggroup and to refine the goals and the poten-tial collaboration with existing scientific soci-eties that are active in the turfgrass area.

The oral and poster contributions will bereviewed and the proceedings of the confer-ence will be published in a special volume ofActa Horticulturae.

Apart from the scientific sessions the partici-pants had a rich social programme that includ-ed a welcome reception at the AgriculturalUniversity of Athens, a guided tour in the cityof Athens with the ascent to the sacred rock ofAcropolis and Plaka, and a farewell banquet atGoulandris-Horn Institute, which combined

CONTACT

P.A. Nektarios, lecturer, AgriculturalUniversity of Athens, Dep. ofFloriculture and LandscapeArchitecture. Phone: (30)2105294554, Fax: (30)210 5294553,email: pan@aua.gr

the splendid night view of Acropolis with tradi-tional Greek music. During the daily cruise theparticipants visited the islands of Aigina, Porosand Hydra and familiarize themselves withGreek delicacies accompanied with the famousouzo. The Conference terminated with a tech-nical tour at the facilities of the OlympicEquestrian Center and the New Hippodromeof Athens that possesses the most extensiveand versatile athletic turfgrass sites.

It was a common belief among the participantsthat the conclusions and the knowledgederived from the conference will be an essen-tial and valuable tool for turfgrass establish-ment and management for the OlympicGames of 2004, as well as for the internation-al turfgrass industry. In addition, the confer-ence supported the dissemination of turfgrassculture and management in regions of theworld that are characterized by water shortageand poor water quality. The successful organi-zation of the event strongly demonstrates theneed to organize subsequent meetings inplaces that will be decided after the establish-ment of the Working Group.

The Convener, Dr. P.A. Nektarios (left), receiving the ISHS medal from Dr. A.M. Petrovic(right)

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 19

The University of Pisa (www.unipi.it) and theSant’Anna School of University Studies andDoctoral Research (www.sssup.it), in collabo-ration with the Tuscany Regional Agency forDevelopment and Innovation in Agricultureand Forestry (ARSIA) and with the financialsupport of a few private sponsors, organisedthe International Symposium on “ManagingGreenhouse Crops In Saline Environment”,which was held in Pisa between 9 and 12 July2003. The Convener was Prof. Franco Tognoniof the University of Pisa.

Nearly 140 people from 23 countries all overthe world attended the Symposium. The num-ber of registered participants were just doublethat of the number of preliminary registrationforms received by the Secretariat.

The Symposium provided an opportunity forthe exchange of scientific and technologicalinformation regarding the management ofprotected horticultural crops under saline con-ditions. Indeed, the salinization of irrigationwater is currently affecting many regions, inparticular in the Mediterranean Basin.

A lecture by Prof. G. Maracchi (Italy) on theeffects of climate change on territory and agri-culture opened the Symposium. Still in theOpening Session, Prof. N. Sigrimis (Universityof Athens) introduced HORTIMED, an INCO-MED research project aiming to develop a con-text sensitive strategy for managing irrigationand nutrient supply of protected crops withconstraints on the quantity and quality ofwater supply.

The scientific session of the Symposium wasstructured around three main topics: plantphysiology, crop physiology and crop technol-ogy. An invited speaker for each of these top-ics was selected by the Scientific Committeefrom among the world leading scientists. Prof.R. Serrano (Universidad Politécnica deValencia, Spain) illustrated what is knownabout the physiology and biochemistry ofplant response to salinity. He also discussed the

Commission Protected CultivationInternational Symposium on ManagingGreenhouse Crops in SalineEnvironment

possibility to improve the plant’s tolerance tosalt stress by means of genetic engineering.Using tomato as a model, Prof. L.C. Ho(Horticultural Research International, Wells-bourne, UK) discussed how the root and shootenvironment could be managed in order toimprove both the yield and the quality ofglasshouse crops under saline conditions. Inparticular, Prof. Ho presented the advantagesof the split-root system (one part of the rootsystem is fed with high salinity nutrient solu-tion, while the other part is supplied with lowsalinity nutrient solution) for cultivating green-house tomatoes. Dr. C. Stanghellini (IMAG,Wageningen-UR, Netherlands) analysed bothadvantages and disadvantages of greenhouseproduction, in particular from the environmen-tal point of view, and identified the mostimportant goals of current and future develop-ment of protected horticulture. Finally, Dr. M.Fuchs closed the discussion with some consid-erations on the future expansion of protectedcrops. Dr. Fuchs said that, although some cul-tural practices have been proved to alleviatethe influence of salinity on crop yield, there isstill much work to be done to optimise themanagement of greenhouses under saline con-ditions.

Including posters, 67 papers were presented,all published in the Proceedings (Acta Horti-culturae, No. 609, May 2003). (The conveneris very proud of that!). Dr. G. Raimondi(University of Naples, Italy) received the awardfor the best poster presentation (title: WaterRelations and Abscisic Acid Content in Tomatoas Affected by Osmotic Stress; co-authors: S.De Pascale, A. Martino and G. Barbieri).

The symposium dinner was held on 11th Julyin the suggestive atmosphere of Santa Croce inFossabanda; after two intense days of scientif-

Participants to the Symposium

Alberto Pardossi, Secretary of Organizing Committee

CONTACT

Professor Alberto Pardossi,Dipartimento di Biologia delle PianteAgrarie, Università di Pisa, Italy. email:alberto.pardossi@agr.unipi.it

Technical tour: greenhouse for potplant production

ic discussion, the participants could relaxthanks to delicious food, excellent wine, nicemusic and funny dancing.

A technical tour was arranged on 12th July tovisit some greenhouse crops in Versilia(Viareggio and Camaiore, province of Lucca,not too far from Pisa), the most importantfloriculture district in Tuscany, after Pistoia(nursery stock). The area is currently affectedby progressive salinisation of irrigation water,which is caused by over-exploitation of deepwater and seawater intrusion into the coastalaquifers. There two greenhouse operationswere visited: the one in Viareggio managed byLuca Maffucci for the production of pot plantswith the flooded floor (ebb-and-flow) system,and the other growing roses in soilless culturerun by Cav. Antonio Evangelisti in CapezzanoPianore. In the afternoon, a boat excursion tothe Lake of Massacciuccoli completed the tour.

Other information: paper abstracts and aexcellent report on the symposium preparedby Dr. J.P. Leymomie and published in theSeptember issue of New Ag International, areavailable online (http://faeta.unipi.it/ortoflori-coltura/ISHS_Pisa2003.php).

ISHS • 20

Welcome to Mexico - Country Member

THE WORLD OF HORTICULTURETHE WORLD OF HORTICULTURE

Horticultural Science and Industry inMexico - An Overview

Horticulture contributes very substantiallyto the economy of Mexico and will becomeeven more important in coming years. Whileonly 13.2% of Mexico’s 20 million ha ofarable land is devoted to horticulture enter-prise (Figure 2), this sector contributes over7 billion (109) USD annually to the nationaleconomy, or 41% of the total value of agri-culture (Figure 3). The North America FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) is contributing tothe growth of the horticulture sector. Withclimatic zones ranging from humid tropics inthe southeast to temperate dry regions inthe northwest, Mexico can produce theentire range of horticultural plants andcrops. It is also in a strong position toexpand on already well-established indus-tries.

To ensure the continuing growth of this sec-tor, it is now a national priority to strength-en all facets of the horticulture industry sup-port system from research, education andtechnology transfer to inspection and mar-keting services. Strengthening Mexico’slinks with horticultural science and educa-tion in other countries is an important partof this strategy. Mexico has renewed itsmembership in the International Society forHorticultural Science and will participateactively in the deliberations of the ISHSCouncil.

EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

Mexico has at least 45 institutions offeringeducation in agricultural sciences through-

Figure 1. Map of Mexico showing the 32 States

Baja California

Baja California Sur

Sonora

Chihuahua

Coahuila

Sinalos

Durango

Nuevo León

Zacatecas

Tamaulipas

Nayarit

Aguascalientes

San Luis Potosi

Jalisco

Guanajuato

Querétaro

Hidalgo

Colima

Michoacán

México

Distrito Federal

Tiaxcala

Moreios

Puebla

Guerrero

Veracruz

Tabasco

Campeche

Yucatán

Quintana Roo

Oaxaca

Chiapas

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

16

17

18

19

20

21

2223

24

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

1

2

3

45

6

7

1

2

3

4

6

5

7

18

1415

8

10

131211

9

21

1716

1923

20

25

32

2728

30

29

31

2624

22

MEXICOSurface territory: 1,958,201 km2

Population: 100 millions

Figure 2. Economic value distribution for Mexico’s agriculture

Vegetables

Temperate fruits/nuts

Tropical/subtropical fruits/nuts

Ornamentals

Medicinal/aromatic crops

Other crops

2.098.715.073

National Value (USD)

361.015.665347.847.702

679.445.139

3.547.526.47210.050.469.855

AdalbertoBenavides

Homero Ramirez

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 21

out the country. Sixteen concentrate oneducation and training in the horticulturalsciences (Table 1). With the exception ofInstituto Tecnologico y de EstudiosSuperiores de Monterrey, a private institu-tion, all are financially supported by the fed-eral government through the Secretaria deEducación Pública (SEP), Secretaria deAgricultura, Ganadería Desarrollo Rural yPesca (SAGARPA), Consejo Nacional deCiencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) andAsociación Nacional de Universidades eInstitutos de Enseñanza Superior (ANUIES).This condition results in a ”free education”for Mexican students. Universidad

Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro in thenortheast, Universidad Nacional Autónomade México in México City, and UniversidadAutónoma Chapingo and Colegio deGraduados located at estado de México arethe oldest institutions offering BSc, MSc,and PhD degrees in Horticulture. There area number of important botanical gardens inMexico (Table 2) and the option of botani-cal gardens management is available toMexican students. The UniversidadNacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) isthe most famous in this regard.

Horticultural research in Mexico is carriedout at four types of institutes, namely, uni-

versities and research centers, InstitutoNacional de Investigaciones AgrícolasForestales y Pecuarias (INIFAP) laboratories,research departments of commercial compa-nies, and research conducted by growersassociations. In recent years there has beena tendency to increase joint research withcompanies and foreign research institutes tosupplement research conducted at universi-ties or research centers. All research institu-tions have branch horticultural experimentstations and or laboratories. Each has a dif-ferent focus and scale, depending on theneeds of the horticultural industry and mag-nitude of the horticultural production in thearea.

Mexican horticulture researchers and educa-tors are organized through diverse societiesin which they exchange expertise and main-tain up-to-date information on many horti-cultural topics. The most important of theseare: Sociedad Mexicana de CienciasHorticolas (SOMECH), Sociedad Mexicanade Fitogenetica (SOMEFI), SociedadMexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo, andSociedad Química de México. As well assupporting international horticultural jour-nals, Mexican researchers publish in Agraria,Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, Revistade la Sociedad Química de México, RevistaFitotécnia Mexicana, Terra, and Productoresde Hortalizas.

Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Horticolas

Name Location Offered degrees

B.Sc. M.Sc. Ph.D.

Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro Saltillo, Coahuila ✓ ✓ ✓

Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua, Chihuahua ✓ ✓

Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Culiacán, Sinaloa ✓

Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit Xalisco, Nayarit ✓

Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas Zacatecas, Zacatecas ✓

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Tulancingo, Hidalgo ✓

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, Estado de México ✓

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos Xalostoc, Morelos ✓

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México city ✓ ✓

Universidad Autónoma Chapingo Chapingo, Estado de México ✓ ✓

Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Querétaro, Querétaro ✓ ✓

Colegio de Postgraduados Montecillos, Estado de México ✓ ✓

Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados Irapuato, Guanajuato ✓ ✓

Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Saltillo, Coahuila ✓ ✓

Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán Mérida, Yucatán ✓ ✓

Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo Cuahutemoc, Chihuahua ✓ ✓

” Hermosillo, Sonora ✓ ✓

” Culiacán, Sinaloa ✓ ✓

Table 1. Universities and research centers offering horticultural sciences education

Source: Asociación Mexicana de Enseñanza Agrícola Superior.

Name Location

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México* México CityFrancisco Clavijero Jalapa, VeracruzCANTE Querétaro, QuerétaroUniversidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, JaliscoUniversidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Linares, Nuevo LeónVilla Hermosa Villa Hermosa, TabascoTuxtla Gutiérrez Tuxtla Gutiérrez, ChiapasSonora Hermosillo, SonoraUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas Victoria, Tamaulipas

*Most famous.Source: Botany department, UAAAN.

Table 2. Mexico’s botanical gardens

ISHS • 22

Common English name Value (USD) Area of Production Main Variety/Cultivarproduction (Ha) (Metric tons)

Hot, bell pepper 690,528,725 148,219 1,580,478 Tampiqueño 76, Rio GrandeRed tomato 638,710,030 73,681 2,116,855 YaquiPotato 535,493,027 68,272 1,628,453 AtlanticOnion 201,878,119 42,900 1,028,696 White SupremeWatermelon 171,017,769 44,045 969,518 JubileeGreen tomato 168,291,550 46,898 587,712 SalamancaMelon 119,652,647 23,914 536,160 CrusierCourgette, zucchini 119,213,023 29,303 368,832 LolitaAsparagus 112,469,535 14,582 64,538 U. C. 157Nopal 102,239,530 8,967 436,222 San GabrielCucumber 89,952,406 18,435 460,582 CortezChives 74,027,829 9,937 126,592 Long WhitePumpkin 71,031,413 14,070 81,037 CriollaBroccoli 68,371,434 17,720 224,004 Green DukeCarrot 58,432,812 14,697 355,903 NantesLettuce 41,377,090 10,045 212,719 GeminiGarlic 36,377,992 6,662 55,559 CelayenseString bean 33,162,257 9,657 91,697 AvalanchaCabbage 26,207,406 6,662 216,381 Royal VantageBroad bean 21,804,799 32,885 72,283 JumboCalopo 21,789,205 4,349 120,200 CriollaPea 18,228,189 9,811 48,015 KawanaEggplant, aubergine 15,829,198 1,176 48,043 Long TomChayote, cho-cho 15,293,498 1,845 97,486 LisoCauliflower 15,097,476 3,319 61,437 CashmereArtichoke 14,191,551 470 10,249 H374Sweet potato 12,374,829 2,993 59,816 ToltecaCherry tomato 11,450,036 490 28,589 MonicaCoriander 11,191,644 5,465 39,278 SantoSpinach 9,399,648 2,151 27,218 RushmoreBrussels sprouts 7,166,353 563 8,906 Royal MarvelCelery 6,114,535 1,159 20,753 UtahOrganic cherry tomato 5,083,179 280 4,488 VeronicaCassava 4,077,738 1,546 23,686 Local

Total 3,547,526,472 677,168 11,812,385

Table 3. Thirty four important vegetable crops grown in Mexico, ranked in order of value in 2001

Source: Sistema de Información Agrícola de Consulta (SIACON), SAGARPA, 2002.

ence. Its members are scientists, technicians,growers and educators involved with horti-cultural science and industry. Membershipcurrently stands at about 200 active mem-bers. Dr. Juan de Dios Bustamante(President) and M.C. Eloisa Vidal (Secretary)represent the Board of SOMECH and,among other duties, are responsible fororganizing the biannual congress. Societyboard meetings often coincide with specialevents related to agriculture industry organ-ized by the federal government and otherorganizations.

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Vegetable crops are produced in all 32Mexican states (Figure 1) but the mostadvanced technology and well-organizedindustries are found in the northwest

region, in the states of Sinaloa, Sonora andBaja California. This industry is also underexpansion in other places like Guanajuatoand Estado de Mexico in the central part ofthe country and Colima on the centralPacific coast. Table 3 shows the main veg-etable crops grown in Mexico ranked byvalue and showing production volume andarea of production. In 2001, peppers (hotpeppers and bell peppers combined), redtomato, potato, onion, watermelon, greentomato, melon, zucchini, asparagus andnopal were the top 11 crops with tremen-dous economic importance since they repre-sent 80% of the total vegetable crops value.Other crops with smaller areas of productionlike artichoke, cherry tomato, spinach,Brussels sprouts and celery are increasing inimportance as a result of export demand.With most of these crops, drip and sprinklersystems are the main irrigation methods

used by growers. In recent years, vegetablecrop production under plastic greenhousesis becoming an increasingly attractive alter-native. This is especially true where wateravailability or climate extremes are limitingfactors and where fresh market demandexists.

FRUIT AND NUT PRODUCTION

Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. The pro-duction of temperate fruit and nut cropscontributes importantly to the Mexican hor-ticulture economy (Table 4). Table grape,apple, peach, pecan nut, strawberry, winegrape, plum and raisin account for 96% ofthe economic value. Producers of thesecrops mainly use plantation and productionsystems adopted from the USA, Canada andEurope. Grape production is mainly located

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 23

Table 4. Temperate fruit and nut crops grown in Mexico, ranked according tovalue in 2001

Source: Sistema de Información Agrícola de Consulta (SIACON), SAGARPA, 2002.

Common English name Value (USD) Area of Productionproduction (Ha) (Metric tons)

Grape (table) 193,663,200 17,562 188,175Apple 124,384,060 60,998 442,679Peach 89,122,376 39,214 175,752Pecan nut 86,296,237 48,847 68,523Strawberry 79,175,531 5,699 130,688Grape (wine) 37,270,381 14,495 186,660Plum 22,210,632 15,608 74,581Raisin 21,502,650 5,285 60,851Pear 7,357,656 4,858 32,968Olive 6,779,707 4,625 16,316Raspberry 3,563,480 175 1,133Quince 2,480,460 1,056 9,570Fig 2,242,820 828 2,790Pomegranate 1,151,112 440 3,529Apricot 827,972 412 1,619Tejocote 483,629 693 4,134Crab apple 436,162 332 2,720Medlar 192,650 92 355Mexican cherry 163,994 96 357Pistachio 60,530 92 21Almond 45,600 38 57Pine nut 33,000 500 11Cherry 1,300 1 2

Total 679,445,139 221,946 1,403,491

Common English name Value (USD) Area of Productionproduction (Ha) (Metric tons)

Avocado 503,086,406 94,148 940,229Banana 381,592,123 75,703 2,113,559Mango 308,878,814 162,304 1,577,447Orange 244,114,653 326,814 4,034,901Lemon 220,518,077 124,668 1,573,136Papaw 167,485,171 22,244 873,457Pineapple 104,380,997 14,159 625,957Guava 80,458,828 19,994 263,414Grape fruit 30,612,686 13,222 319,793Coconut 14,204,226 10,895 64,212Tamarind 11,643,453 5,588 29,257Tangerine 10,428,163 14,215 182,006Litchi 6,764,644 733 3,612Lime 3,727,190 1,613 20,882Mamey 3,638,087 787 7,514Soursop 2,887,641 1,163 8,203Nanche 2,324,221 1,782 8,916Tree-cactus 947,479 997 1,902Cashew 471,504 1,427 1,113Pitaya 462,850 102 749Cherimoya 87,860 37 206

Total 2,098,715,073 892,595 12,650,465

Table 5. Tropical and sub-tropicl fruit and nut crops produced in Mexico -ranked according to value in 2001

in the northwest region (Sonora and BajaCalifornia Norte) and its importance andsuccess in export markets is reflected in theuse of the most modern wine, raisin andtable grape (Thompson seedless and Flameseedless) technology. Apple and pecan nutorchards are mainly found in northeast inChihuahua and Coahuila states. Lack ofchilling units, late frosts and hail are impor-tant production hazards. Peach and straw-berry production is found in the central partof the country, the states of Guanajuato,Michoacan and Hidalgo are the most impor-tant. The remaining species listed in Table 4are grown as minor crops and some, liketejocote, Mexican cherry and pine nut servesmall niche markets.

Tropical and Subtropical Fruit and NutCrops. The production of tropical and sub-tropical fruit and nut crops has been wellestablished for many years. Although 21species contribute to this industry (Table 5),avocado, banana, mango, orange, lemon,papaw and pineapple represent about 90%of the economic value. Most of the produc-tion of these seven crops is located in thestates of Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca,Chiapas and Colima on the Pacific coast andVeracruz, Tamaulipas, Tabasco andCampeche on the Gulf of Mexico. The restof the crops are distributed in a lower scalein most of these same states. Export sales tothe USA, Canada and Europe are particular-ly important for avocado, mango, orangeand banana.

ORNAMENTAL CROPS

The ornamental horticulture industry hasexpanded rapidly during the last three yearsas a result of increasing Mexican demandand growth of the USA export market. Themain production areas of crops shown inTable 6 are located in the central part ofMexico, particularly in Mexico City andEstado de Mexico. In both places, green-house production of cut flowers likechrysanthemum, rose, gladiolus, carnationand lilies is a common and involves moderntechnology and marketing concepts.According to Mexican ornamental experts,there is tremendous potential for growth ofthis industry. It is expected that floricultureand woody ornamentals production willexpand to other parts of Mexico and willinvolve joint ventures within Mexico andalso involve foreign companies.

MEDICINAL AND AROMATICCROPS

Mexico is a country where several plantspecies have long been recognized for theirmedicinal value and many others are grownfor domestic and export markets (Table 7).Source: Sistema de Información Agrícola de Consulta (SIACON), SAGARPA, 2002.

ISHS • 24

Vegetables

Temperate fruits/nuts

Tropical/subtropical fruits/nuts

Ornamentals

Medicinal/aromatic crops

Other crops

21%

4%

12%

2%2%

59%

National Value (%)

Figure 3. Economic percentage distribution for Mexico’s agriculture

Common English name Value (USD) Area of Production Main Variety/Cultivarproduction (Ha) (Metric tons)

FlowersChrysanthemum 124,608,311 2,691 13,122,790 White PolarisRose 47,320,175 863 3,885,585 Grand GalaGladiolus 38,916,934 3,662 1,152,585 AmsterdamCarnation 37,610,570 727 8,808,002 Fashion SeriesLily (Asiatic and Oriental) 31,788,599 124 438,040 DreamlandMarygold 6,698,875 1,383 62,259 Bounty SeriesGypsophila elegans 6,238,694 1,070 1,715,689 LocalGerbera 5,424,237 31 279,025 RosamundeAfrican lily 3,326,458 48 228,124 BlueSpikenard 2,698,248 266 51,663 CriolloPoinsettia 2,367,500 21 1,103,000 FreedomStock 2,178,358 403 290,936 Joy SeriesStrelitzia 1,882,863 145 64,533 LocalStatice 1,627,200 146 273,186 Blue SeasGeranium 1,410,000 17 2,220,000 Summer Showers SeriesCyclamen 989,332 4 1,413,332 Darts SeriesSunflower 983,766 265 54,153 SunbrightPetunia 567,000 5 1,620,000 Titan SeriesBegonia 561,600 5 1,404,000 Dragon Wing RedCelosia 178,704 80 15,818 Chief SeriesSnapdragons 20,300 16 75 Apollo Series

317,397,724 11,972 38,202,795

Woody ornamentalsOrnato palm 30,202,298 321 1,005,626 Chamaedora elegansSilver Dollar 241,680 64 32,000 Eucalyptus gunniiOrnamental linseed 6,000 5 8 Local

30,449,978 390 1,037,634

Total 347,847,702 12,362 39,240,429

Table 6. Flowers and woody ornamental crops grown in Mexico and ranked according to value in 2001

Source: Sistema de Información Agrícola de Consulta (SIACON), SAGARPA, 2002.

Some plants, like marjoram, eucalyptus andpeppermint have been used since Aztectimes. The statistics relating to the produc-tion of medicinal plants do not capture all ofthe activity in this sector. Some of the pro-duction is in isolated, difficult to reachregions of the country.

Coffee and cacao represent 95% of totaleconomic value within this medicinal andaromatic crops category. Mexico is knownworldwide for its high quality coffee andcacao grown mainly in the states ofVeracruz and Chiapas. A large proportion ofMexican coffee is exported to Europe.

EXPORTS TO USA

As a result of NAFTA, Mexico has consoli-dated its fruit and vegetable exports to theUSA. The 24 products with the greatestimportance in this market are tomato, hot

pepper, bell pepper, cucumber, onion,coriander, egg plant, squash, broccoli, cauli-flower, garlic, celery, asparagus, lettuce,

Brussels sprouts, carrot, cantaloupe, water-melon, strawberry, lemon, avocado, papaw,banana and pineapple.

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 25

Common English name Value (USD) Area of Productionproduction (Ha) (Metric tons)

Organic basil 5,949,207 450 1,821Sabila 3,944,372 2,480 61,779Pepper 2,731,470 3,478 5,017Chamomilla 1,218,780 326 1,922Basil 559,330 102 707Eucalyptus 512,094 65 632Ginger 390,390 21 546Epazote 254,465 137 1,096Jojoba 249,600 310 96Annatto 214,416 355 301Anise 161,515 131 121Cumin (cuminseed) 126,350 106 85Marjoram 124,290 52 138Organic mint 68,586 6 16Organic dill 50,400 6 12Organic marjoram 39,463 6 10Organic sweet marjoram 24,948 5 6Organic thyme 24,600 3 6Peppermint 20,160 18 128Lemon tea 18,140 26 94Sage 15,540 2 12Organic sage 9,950 6 4Rosemary 7,200 1 9Organic rosemary 7,093 2 2

16,722,359 8,094 74,560

Coffee 305,316,969 747,416 1,645,822Cacao 38,976,337 83,037 46,738

344,293,306 830,453 1,692,560

Total 361,015,665 838,547 1,767,120

Table 7. Medicinal and aromatic crops grown in Mexico and ranked accordingto value in 2001

Source: Sistema de Información Agrícola de Consulta (SIACON), SAGARPA, 2002.

Table 8. Ten vegetable crops withthe greatest production exportedto the USA

*Source: SAGARPA, México.

Crop USA imports value*(106 USD)

(Nov. 2002)

Tomato 451Bell pepper 262Grape 200Cucumber 148Squash 132Onion 96Mango 81Watermelon 53Small fruits 25Egg plant 22

Total 1470

*Source: SAGARPA, México.

Table 9. Ten horticultural cropswith the greatest value exportedto the USA

Homero Ramírez and Adalberto Benavides

CONTACT

Homero Ramírez or Adalberto Benavides,Departamento De Horticultura, Universi-dad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro,Saltillo, Coahuila 25315, Mexico,email homeror@terra.com.mx orabenmen@prodigy.net.mx

According to official figures, exports of these24 products to the USA during the January-November period in 2002 reached a value of1,850 billion (109) USD. Tables 8 and 9show the crops with the greatest demandand economic value, respectively, in theUnited States of America.

CONCLUSIONS

The horticultural industry of Mexico willcontinue to expand as a result of NAFTA andother commercial links with the countries ofEurope and North and South America.Vegetable and ornamental crops, in particu-lar, will become increasingly important inthis export market. Fruit species like mango,strawberry, avocado, banana, orange andtable grape also have a promising future asproducts for export. The demand for med-

ical crops will increase moderately as judgedby the pattern of domestic consumption.Trends in the production and utilization ofhorticultural crops observed during the lasttwo years support the view that this sectorwill continue to contribute importantly tothe nation’s economy.

Clearly, Mexico is a major international play-er in the production and export of horticul-tural crops. The continued health of thisindustry will require solid support fromMexican horticultural science and educa-tion. Mexico’s horticultural scientists wish tomaintain strong links with colleaguesaround the world. Country membership inthe ISHS and the hosting of internationalsymposia are seen as important stepstoward achieving that goal. The TenthInternational Symposium on PlantBioregulators in Fruit Production, Saltillo

Crop

Coahuila, June 26-30, 2005, will be anexcellent opportunity for world pomologiststo learn more about Mexico’s progressivefruit industries.

USAimports* (103 t)

2001 2002

Tomato 679 661Cucumber 321 226Watermelon 203 210Melon (Cantaloupe) 174 179Squash 167 153Bell pepper 150 72Broccoli 48 46Lettuce (Roman) 9 37Asparagus 34 36Egg plant 27 22

Total 1812 1642

ISHS • 26

New books, websitesThe books listed here are non-ISHS-publications. For ISHS publications cover-ing these or other subjects we refer to the ISHS website www.ishs.org or theActa Horticulturae website www.actahort.org.

MEDICINAL AND SPICEREVIEW

Colin W. Wright (ed.). 2002. Artemisia.Taylor & Francis, London. 344p, ISBN 0-415-27212-2. £75

P.N. Ravindran and K.J. Madhusoodana(eds.). 2002. Cardamom: The genus Elettaria.Taylor & Francis, London. 374p. ISBN 0-415-28493-7. £90

P.N. Ravindran (ed.). 2000. Black Pepper:Piper nigrum. Harwood AcademicPublishers, Australia. 553p. ISBN 90-5701052-453-5. £105

Monographs on individual crops have been ofreal value to horticultural scientists as a meansof keeping up with the literature, especially inminor crops where the information is oftenscattered and fragmentary. An old-line Englishpublisher, theTaylor & Francis Group, traces itsroots to the launching of PhilosophicalMagazine by Richard Taylor in 1798. As aresult of several mergers, it has become one ofthe leading international academic publisherswith over 700 journals and about 1800 newbooks each year. As a result of a merger withHarwood Academic Publishers it now includesa series called Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles which is directed towardsindustry and academia with Roland Harman asthe series editor. So far there are 38 mono-graphs covering genera from Artemesia toVetiveria, including basil, black pepper,cannabis, cardamom, citrus, ergot, eucalyptus,fenugreek, geranium and pelargonium, ginko,ginseng, lavendar, magnolia, misteletoe, nar-cissus and daffodil, neem, oregano, perilla,poppy, pueraria, saffron, sage, stevia , tea , teatree, thyme and valerian. They are attractivelyput together but are a bit pricey, ranging from50 to 110 English pounds. I received three ofthem for review: Black Pepper (2000),Artemisia (2002) and Cardamom (2002). Ifthe rest of them are of the same quality, I canrecommend them as reference works for insti-tutional libraries. The three monographs eachconsists of 12 to 16 contributed chaptersorganized by an editor.

The monograph Artemisia has individual chap-ters on A. absinthium (wormwood). A. annua(sweet wormwood or sweet Annie, the sourceartemisinin, an anti-malarial compound); A.dracuncula (French tarragon, a culinary herb);A. herba -alba, a folk medicine native to North

Africa and the Middle East, A. pallens, a fra-grant Indian herb; and A. vulgaris, mugwort,an ancient herb native to Europe and NorthAmerica. Six of the 15 chapters are concernedwith A. annua which has recently becomeimportant as the source of a promising anti-malarial pharmaceutical, and there are chap-ters covering horticulture, pharmacology, andphytochemistry. The chapter on the cultivationby John C. Laughlin et al. is very well done,and I was pleased that it included papers thatI coauthored. Now, I know why I received allthose reprint requests.

Cardamom: The genus Elettaria deals with anancient herb native to Indian. All the chaptersare coauthored by workers in India and dealwith botany, horticulture, diseases and pests,and economics. I knew little about this herbexcept for the fact that it had been referred toas Queen of the Spices, and I was under theimpression that it is widely appreciated in Arabcountries as an additive to coffee. Indeed, car-damom is a popular Indian culinary spice withincreasing production in the New World, par-ticularly Guatemala. It is responsible for theexotic flavor of “Bedouin coffee while inEurope it is widely appreciated in pastries, cur-ries, and in sausage products. There is a longhistory of use in Ayurvedic medicine, but thesemedicinal uses have not been verified.

The volume Black Pepper is a work of authorsfrom India and claimed to be the first mono-graph on the King of Spices. The 12 chaptersdeal with botany, horticulture, diseases andpests, processing, pharmacology, and eco-nomics. This pungent condiment is one of themost widely used spices although productionis clearly exceeded by red pepper (Capsicum)but precise comparisons are difficult becausedata for peppers are mixed with green mildpeppers and the data for the dried chili pow-der, which would be comparable, are unavail-able. Pepper has become an important crop ofthe humid tropics in both the Old and NewWorld and the use of fresh ground pepper inthe United States is increasing and all restau-rants have salt and pepper shakers on thetable. The use of pepper as a spice and cura-tive for meats is legendary, and the pizzaindustry is largely propped up by pepperoni, aspicy pork sausage, rich in this condiment.Demand for black pepper has been predictedto double in the next 30 years, but productionis decreasing in Malaysia, Thailand, and Brazilbecause the crop is so labor extensive suggest-

ing that the future of pepper production andtrade will be controlled by India, Indonesia,China, and Vietnam. There appears to be roomfor genetic improvement, but based on thisbook, breeding efforts do not appear to beextensive. (Reviewed by Jules Janick, PurdueUniversity, USA).

AIMS AND METHODS OFVEGETATION ECOLOGY

“Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology,”by Dieter Mueller-Dombois and Heinz Ellen-berg, ISBN 1-930665-73-3, Paperback, 548pages, List price: $69.95. Additional infor-mation: http://www.blackburnpress.com/aimandmetofv.html.

Caldwell, N.J.-First published in 1974, “Aimsand Methods of Vegetation Ecology” byDieter Mueller-Dombois and Heinz Ellenbergrapidly became the standard text for the studyof vegetation sampling design in over 60 U.S.colleges and universities. The book alsoreceived wide international acceptance.

The book has just been brought back into printby The Blackburn Press with a new preface bythe authors.

No other text has covered the subject of vege-tation sampling design in such depth, breadth,and impartiality as this book, “Aims andMethods of Vegetation Ecology.” Most of thismaterial remains as current and topical todayas it was a quarter-of-a-century ago, becausethe progress that has been made in vegetationscience is in the computer-based treatment ofsample data, not in the creation of new sam-pling protocols.

Author Dieter Mueller-Dombois (1925- )attended Heinz Ellenberg’s introductorybotany lectures in 1948/49 at the University ofStuttgart-Hohenheim. After immigrating toCanada in 1952, he was inspired by V.J. Krajinain British Columbia to continue studies for aPh.D. degree in Forest Ecology. In the mid-1960s, he resumed contact with Ellenberg,which thereafter resulted in this book.

Heinz Ellenberg (1913-1997) was and remainsa major influence on European vegetationecology. His life’s work was translated intoEnglish under the title “Vegetation Ecology ofCentral Europe.” During the 1970s he directedthe German contribution to the IBP, the resultsof which were published in “Oekosystem-

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 27

forschung-Ergebnisse des Solling Projekts1966-1986,” edited by H. Ellenberg, R.Mayer, and J. Schauermann. One ofEllenberg’s fundamental questions in vegeta-tion ecology was “What controls the combi-nation of plant species in field communities?”Some important results in answer to this ques-

2nd International Mango Organization ‘Global Mango Conference’,October 17-18, 2003, Velez-Malaga, Spain. Info: Will Cavan, ExecutiveDirector, International Mango Organization , Palm Desert, California.Phone and fax: (+1)7607728761, email: wcavan@msn.com

International Conference on Greenhouse Technologies & The Market -Horticulture and Floriculture 2003, November 5-6, 2003, AmsterdamRAI, The Netherlands. Info: Mrs. Ineke van Wieringen. Phone:(+31)306933489, email: ivanwieringen@europoint-bv.com, www.euro-point-bv.com//events/greenhouse2003.

4th International Symposium on “Peat in Horticulture” / Additives inGrowing Media, November 4, 2003, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Info:Bureau Enthoven Communicatie, P.O.Box 163, NL-2690 AD Den Haag,The Netherlands, Phone: (+31)174420305, fax: (+31)174420906,email: info@bureauenthoven.nl

tion are summarized in Chapter 12 of “Aimsand Methods in Vegetation Ecology.”Professor Ellenberg was invited to give theTansley lecture for the British EcologicalSociety in 1977. He received honorable doc-tors’ degrees from four European universities(Munich, Zagreb, Muenster, and Lueneburg).

FRUIT SCREEN SAVER

Dr. S. Khanizadeh of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada developed some fruit screen-savers: www.pgris.com/ss

Courses and Meetings

The following are non-ISHS events. Make sure to check out the Calendar ofISHS Events for an extensive listing of all ISHS meetings. For updated infor-mation log on to www.ishs.org/calendar.

Dahlia Greidinger Symposium 2003 - Nutrient, Substrate and WaterManagement in Protected Cropping Systems, Jointly organised by theInternational Fertiliser Society, The Dahlia Greidinger Foundation andThe Ege University, Izmir, Turkey, December 7-10, 2003 at the EgeUniversity, Izmir, Turkey. Info: The International Fertiliser Society, POBox 4, York, YO32 5YS, United Kingdom. Phone and fax:(+44)1904492700, email: secretary@fertilizer-society.org, web:http://www.fertilser-society.org.

Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, Short Course, June 21 -July 2, 2004, Univer-sity of California, Davis, USA. One week of inten-sive lectures and demonstrations followed by a week-long field trip.Info: Ms. Sharon Munowich, University Extension, University ofCalifornia, Davis, CA 95616. Phone: (+1)5307578899, fax:(+1)5307578634, email: smunowit@unexmail.ucdavis.edu.

NEW ORGANISATIONMEMBERS:

Therapeutic Goods Administration Library,PO Box 100, Woden, ACT 2606, Australia.Phone: (61)2 6232 8607, Fax: (61)2 62328423, email: germaine.kampowski@health.gov.au

New ISHS Members

We are pleased to welcome the fol-lowing new members:

International Plant Genetic Resources Insitute- IPGRI, Documentation, Information &Training, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, Maccarese(Fiumicino), 00057 Rome, Phone:(39)066118219, Fax: (39)0661979661, email:ipgri-library@cgiar.org

NEW INDIVIDUALMEMBERS:

Argentina: Daniel N. Moriconi, Jorge Toranzo;Australia: Craig Morris, Frank Sadow, Greg

Prendergast, Mark Wilkinson, Mr. AaronDunton, Mr. Buster Stephen, Mr. GeorgeJonker, Mr. Ian Fisher, Mr. Jason Brajevic, Mr.Keith Barnes, Mr. Nelson Dichiera, Mr. NickDudley, Mr. Noel Vock, Mr. Peter Hackworth,Mr. Simon Marshall, Mr. Thien Vu, Mr. TobiasAnsted, Ms. Fiona Chopping, Ms. JanteKamphuis, Ms. Nguyet Doan, Ms. Nola Villis,Ms. Poh Len Pek, Ms. Simone Sparkes, PriyaJoyce, Stephen Cole; Austria: GerhardZittmayr, Mr. Georg Schramayr, Peter Singer;Belgium: Ms. Johanna Mäkilä; Bosnia and

FROM THE SECRETARIATFROM THE SECRETARIAT

ISHS • 28

Hercegovina: Boris Pasalic, Dimitrije Markovic,Goran Mirjanic, Prof. Dr. Dragutin Mijatovic,Slavica Matic, Vida Todorovic-Mitric; Brazil:Mr. Andre Melo; Cameroon: Ms. DelphineAmah. Mutanga; Canada: Dean Tiessen,Delano James, Dr. Barbara Chernick, Dr.Lyriam Marques, Lynn Lashuk, MichelineTarazi, Mr. Guillaume LaBarre, Mr. LeonarArsenault, Mr. Michael Straumietis, Mr. MichelTremblay, Mr. Philippe Bussieres, Richard G. St.Pierre, Robert Erwin, Ron MacDonald; Chile:Mr. Francisco Mena, Mr. Genaro Gotelli, Mr.German Poch, Mr. Italo Lingua, Mr. JaimeEduardo Espejo Cardemil, Mr. Lucia Corral,Ms. Moira Becerra; China: Mr. Hillman Wang;Colombia: Dr. James Cock, Dr. Juan JoseFilgueria; Costa Rica: Mr. Francis Grant;Croatia: Ivana Krizanac, Prof. Dr. GiordanoPersuric; Cyprus: Mr. Carl Ekman; CzechRepublic: Gabriela Cervena, MohamedHassan, Pavel Rysanek, Petr Svoboda;Denmark: Dr. Oliver Körner; Ecuador: Dr.Ricardo Lopez, Rafael Troya, Yoav Adar;Egypt: Mr. Samer El-Sayed Mhmd. Ismail;Finland: Marjut Hohkuri, Towe Backman;France: Armelle Marais, Dr. PhilippeRoudeillac, Eric Verdin, Jean Luc Danet, LigiaIon Magy, Veronique Decroocq; Gambia: Dr.Kolawole A. Busari, Mr. Mendy Sang, Mr.Muhammed Ceesay, Mr. Taofeek A. Adeleke;Germany: Barbara Jarausch, Dr. Katrin Kahlen,Dr. Ludwig Pülschen, Gesche Tina Heinje, Mr.Claus Hildebrand, Mr. Jan Gräfe, Mr. RaphaelRivera, Mr. Robert Glass, Prof. Dr. Kai Velten ,Wolfgang Jarausch; Greece: Ass. Prof.Magdalene Dragassaki, Mr. John Fotiadis;Hungary: Andrea Bankiné Peredi, IbolyaEmber; Iceland: Ms. Thuri Gisladottir; India:Bipin Deo, Dr. S.D. Shikamany, Dr. V.A.Parthasarthy, Mr. Deepak Chandel, Mr. HariKrishnan Nair, Mr. Jose Mathew, Mr. MehtaVijay; Indonesia: Mushadi Mustajab; Iran: AliMahmoudpour, Bahareh Davati; Ireland: Ms.Nagla Eltahir; Israel: Dr. Shabtai Cohen, Ms.Haleli Sharir; Italy: Ass. Prof. Marco Devecchi,Christian Cainelli, Claudio Ratti, DonatoBoscia, Dr. Andrea Spolidoro, Dr. GiuliaCarmassi, Dr. Luigi Maria Elia, Dr. LuongoFabio, Federica Terlizzi, Maria ElisabettaVindimian, Monica Malfitano, Mr. PaoloDaghero, Paola Colla, Piero Atilio Bianco,Riccardo Mainardi; Japan: Akihiro Ibi, Dr.Ichiro Nishiyama, Dr. Sumiko Sugaya, Dr.Umed Pun, Toyokazu Ichie; Jordan: Mr.Mazen Khanji; Kenya: Mr. Anthony Muthee,

Ms. Penelope Horsey; Korea - South: Dr.Gukhoon Chung, Dr. hancheol lee, Dr. KwangJin Kim, Dr. Sang-Kuk Kim, Mr. Nick Yun, SunKi Kim; Malaysia: Dr. Rofina Yasmin Othman,Mr. Chung Yin Tong, Mr. Shaksiong Phang,Ms. Seow Leng Yap; Mexico: Ass. Prof. Joel L.Torres González, Dr. Hilda Araceli Zavaleta-Mancera, Dr. Juan Angel Larrinaga-Mayoral,Dr. Raúl Cardenas-Navarr, Jesús ArnulfoMárquez, Maria T. Colinas-Leon, Mr. AlfonsoVargas, Mr. Heiman Russek, Rodolfo Lopez-Gomez, Victor Manuel Fernandez;Netherlands: Andrew Pimlott, ArjenPeerdeman, Ass. Prof. Wim van Ieperen, Dr.Pieter de Visser, Dr. Anne Elings, Dr. FokkeBuwalda, Frans IJsselmuiden, Hans Anvelink,Helene Tuit-van Meerten, Mr. Adri van Eck,Mr. Peter Twumasi, Ms. Anke van der Ploeg,Ms. Barbara Elveleens-Clark; New Zealand:Benedicte Lebas, Dr. Bruce MacKay, Dr. JayScanlon, Mark Andersen, Mary Horner, Mr.Bryce Simpson, Mr. Murray Painter, Mr. RobinCrawford, Ms. Kim Dallas, Tamsin Smales;Nigeria: Dr. Farohunbi Kaleb Babajide;Norway: Ms. Gerd Nilsen; Pakistan: Mr. AteeqMustafa; Philippines: Mr. Jan Gilbert II Murao;Poland: Beata Komorowska, Mr. WlodzimierzKrzesinski, Ms. Marek Krajczynski; Portugal:Ms. Maria Isabel Silva Vieira; Puerto Rico:Guillermo J. Fornaris-Rullan; Romania: PatriciaMaria Stegerean; Serbia and Montenegro:Aleksandar Ostojic, Dr. Dubravka Savic ,Marko Srdic, Svetlana Paunovic; Singapore:Mr. Peng Wah Lee; Slovakia: Kudela Otakar,Miroslav Glasa, Viera Vajcikova; Slovenia: Dr.Tatjana Unuk; South Africa: Dr. GerhardBooysen, Dr. Hannes Coutzee, Helen Lewis,Mr. Ben Safronovitz, Ms. Elmi Lötze, Ms. Jeanvan der Lingen, Ph.D. Linda E. Noack, Prof.Jasper Rees; Spain: Amparo Laviña, AngelesAchon, Assumpcio Batlle, Beatriz SalvadorEsteban, Dr. Carlos Miranda Jiménez, Dr.Patrick Riga, Ester Torres, Khalid Amari, LauraLópez, Luis Asin Jones, Luis Serrano, M AmeliaSanchez Pina, Mariangela Mestre Gras, MarisaCunill Canal, Mona Kassem, Mr. Alvaro Ponce,Mr. Armando Ramírez Arias , Mr. PabloCasallo, Mr. Pere Tarrida, Mr. Rossend Escolà;Sweden: Mr. Ebbe Johnson; Thailand: Ass.Prof. Krisana Krisanapook, Dr. Parichart Burns,Dr. Pichaya Boonprasom, Mr. AkachaiAthicomnanta, Mr. Vason Boonterm; Turkey:Arzu Cokuntuna, Ass. Prof. Himmet Tezcan,Gulsen Sertkaya, Mr. Kemal Arman Badur, Mr.Süleyman Bayram, Prof. Dr. Filiz Ertunc;

United Arab Emirates: Habib Benrhaiem;United Kingdom: Derek John Barbara, Dr.Kefeng Zhang, Dr. A. Teifion Jones, Dr.Thomas David Harwood, Kathleen Pike,Malcaum Macleod, Mr. Andrew Beeston, Mr.Doug Wicks, Mr. Enyo Kwasi Lotsu, Mr.Graeme Cross, Mr. Simon Spinks, Ms. CeliaGreen; United States of America: Alice Harris,Cali Burwell, Charles Smith, Dale Softley, DavidFay, David Galvis, Donna Abernathy, Dr.George Eaton, Dr. Jorge Fonseca, Dr. Jose LuisArmendariz, Dr. Judith Hooper, Dr. KennethGoehle, Dr. Larry Williams, Dr. Ralph vonQualen, Dr. Timothy Rinehart, Eric Bisnow,Gene Hosey, George Fenn, Helen Hancock,James Vargo, Jerry Davis, Jerry Paulk, JimWells, Juan Donoso, Larry Koester, LukeEllington, Maria Van Dyke, Mathieu Ngouajio,Mercedes Drummond Farquharson, MikeFaigle, Mike Kelleher, Mr. Baran Gundem, Mr.Brian Caster, Mr. Celso Paganini, Mr. DarrellGriffin, Mr. Dwight Tankersley, Mr. DylanCooper, Mr. Evan Dellor, Mr. Howard Kunins,Mr. Jack Lipworth, Mr. Jeffrey Adkins, Mr.Jeremy Kapteyn, Mr. Jody Gorran, Mr. JohnArnold, Mr. Marvin Nies, Mr. Mauricio Mirand,Mr. Melvin Meana, Mr. Michael Connor, Mr.Neal Barto, Mr. Neil Mattson, Mr. OrosmanGonzalez, Mr. Patrick Garrison, Mr. PremSingh, Mr. Riaz Ahmad, Mr. Richard Tyson, Mr.Robby Flannery, Mr. Robert Hamilton, Mr.Russell Zabel, Mr. Seenivasan Natarajan, Mr.Steve Imoto, Mr. Ted Lockwood, Mr.Vangimalla R. Reddy, Mr. Wendel Thuss, Ms.Anna Hawliczek, Ms. Beatrice Arias, Ms. JeanieMitchell, Ms. Jennifer Moore, Ms. Lisa Myers,Ms. Sandra Higgins, Ms. Sara Scoles, Ms.Theresa Houghton, Mustafa Urun, Paul Himes,Paul Selina, Peter Conden, Prof. Dr. XiaopengLuo, Rebecca Wehry, Richard Slocum, RichelleLehmann, Rose Ogutu, Sallie Barnett, SarahCash, Simon Scott, Tamara Thomas, ThomasBoyle, Tim Quirk, Vessela Mavrodieva, VinceHarris; Zimbabwe: Dr. Dahlia Garwe, Mr.Andrew Roberts

CHRONICA HORTICULTURAE •VOL 43 • NUMBER 3 •2003 • 29

SURANANTSUBHADRABANDHU

One of the most out-standing horticulturalscientists in South EastAsia, Professor SuranantS u b h a d r a b a n d h u ,passed away on 16 July2003. Dr Suranant wasa strong supporter ofthe ISHS for many yearsand saw involvementwith the society asbeing a very positiveway in which to engage

scientists in Thailand with the rest of theworld.

Suranant graduated Bachelor of HorticulturalScience from Lincoln University in NewZealand in 1967. He went on to do a Mastersin Plant Physiology which he completed withHonours. Subsequently, he studied in theUnited States of America on a RockefellerFellowship, completing a PhD at MichiganState University.

At the end of his training, Suranant dedicatedhimself to teaching and research, and subse-quently gained the position of Professor ofHorticultural Science at Kasetsart University inBangkok. He served two terms as the Vice-President of that University and was alsoChairman of the Fruit Research andDevelopment Committee of the Royal ProjectFoundation.

Suranant was decorated by the King ofThailand for his services to his country and tohorticulture and held the Knight GrandCordon (Special Class) of the Most ExaltedOrder of the White Elephant - The Thai equiv-alent of a Knighthood. He will be awarded anHonorary Doctorate posthumously at a specialconvocation ceremony at the 125thAnniversary celebrations of Lincoln Universityin October in recognition of his contributionsto horticultural science.

He was also a member of the Advisory Boardto the President of Kasetsart University andwas the editor of the Thai Journal ofAgricultural Science.

Suranant was heavily involved with the Kingof Thailand’s Royal Project in the north of thecountry. This project was aimed at improvingthe living standards of the hill tribes in thatregion by establishing crop substitutes for theopium poppy and by helping them to recon-struct forestry plantings to minimise soil ero-sion.

Much of Suranant’s research was associatedwith this project. He pioneered the introduc-

tion of suitable temperate fruit tree crops intothe highlands of Thailand and developedmethods to ensure that they produced qualitycrops in this very demanding environment. Healso selected and bred, using both convention-al and biotechnology-based methods, furthernew varieties suitable for the area with the aimof producing higher yields and improved fruitquality.

His research also involved studying the physi-ology of tropical, subtropical and temperatefruit crops with an emphasis on the physiolo-gy of growth and development in relation toyield and quality. Part of this research involvedthe study of plant bioregulators to induce off-season production and this has led to sometropical fruits, including mango, durian, waxapple and grapes, which were previouslyregarded as seasonal crops, now being avail-able almost all year round on the Thai market.

Dr Suranant was a strong supporter of theISHS. He served as the representative onCouncil for Thailand for many years, wasrecently elected as the Vice Chair of the ISHSSection for Tropical and Subtropical Fruits andwas previously Vice Chair of the Commissionfor Tropical and Subtropical Horticulture.

Dr Suranant was highly respected withinThailand and by the wider international com-munity who knew him. He is survived by hiswife and three children. His leadership, enthu-siasm for horticulture and dedication to hiscountry will be sadly missed.

I.J. Warrington, ISHS Vice PresidentNew Zealand

(With special thanks to staff at LincolnUniversity, New Zealand and KasetsartUniversity, Thailand for providing the infor-mation contained in this article.)

MILOJKO RANKOVIC

Dr Milojko Rankovic,Scientific Advisor andfull-time profesor of theUniverzity, an eminentresearcher and directorof the AgriculturalResearch Institute ‘Ser-bia’, the Fruit andGrape Research Centrein Cacak, passed awayon 15th December,2002. Milojko Rankovicwas born in the villageof Beomuzevic near

Valjevo on October 20, 1937. He received hisBS from the Faculty of Agriculture in Zemun

and started his professional carreer as anadministrator for agriculture in the ‘Ub’ munic-ipality from 1963-1964 Since 1965 he hasbeen located at the Department for PlantProtection, the Fruit Research Institute in‘Cacak’.Upon entering the Institute, he enrolled ingraduate work and earned his MS from theDepartment for Plant Protection in ‘Zemun’ in1970 and received his PhD in 1974 defendinga thesis related to fruit virology, especially plumpox virus, which became his permanent field ofstudy. Dr. Rankovic significantly contributed tothe solutions of Sharka problem both inYugoslavia and abroad. In 1986, he wasappointed phytopatology professor at theFaculty of Agronomy in Cacak. Dr. Rankovicwas the author or a co-author of 115 scientif-ic papers published in local and foreign journalsand 23 technical papers. He was concernedwith efforts to mark and co-author of 6 booksand was responsible for the release of 4 newfruit cultivars. Rankovic established the firstvirus-free mother planting of temperate fruitcrops, which accounted for the release of over2 million scions per year and was responsiblefor the establishment of a tremendous numberof new orchards over the countries. Prof. Rankovic was a member of the Inter-national Society for Horticultural Science,Yugoslav Plant Protection Association andYugoslav Scientific Pomological Society. Hewas a member of the Editorial Boards of thePlant Protection Journal and the Journal ofYugoslav Pomology, as well as the PublishingCouncil of the Plant Protecion Reporter. Hewas elected as a corresponding member of theEngineering Academy of Yugoslavia. He wasappointed to a number of positions withinSerbia organs and was a director of theNational program related to the fruit andgrapevine growing within the Ministry forScience, Technology and Development of theRepublic of Serbia and was since 1983 Directorof the Fruit and Grape Research Center inCacak. He retired in october 30 2002, 6 weeksbefore his passing. As a professor at the Faculty of Agronomy inCacak, he shared with his graduated studentshis phenomenal practical experience in plantprotection against diseases and pests. ProfRankovic was a highly edicated man with widetechnical views. He was the recipients of manyhonors, including the Order for Work withGolden Wreath (1982) and the prize of theChamber for Economy of Yugoslavia for theresults achieved within management (1988).His death has saddened all who knew him, buthis memory and accomplishment will live on inour hearts.

Dobrivoje Ogasanovic, ARI ‘Serbia’, Fruit and GrapeResearch Centre, Cacak, Assistant to the Director

Svetomir Stamenkovic, ARI ‘Serbia’, Fruit and GrapeResearch Centre, Cacak, head of the Department forPlant Protection.

In Memoriam

cProf. Dr. MilojkoRankovi´

Prof. Dr. SuranantSubhadrabandhu

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ISHS • 30

Calendar of ISHS Events

For updates and more events logon to www.ishs.org/calen-dar. Make sure to mention your ISHS membership numberor join copy of your ISHS membership card whenregistering. A reduced ISHS members registration fee applies.

Year 2003

■ October 9-11, 2003 Ancona (Italy): European Berry Symposium - COST 836Final Workshop - Integrated Berry Production. Info: Prof. Dr. BrunoMezzetti, Dept. of Environmental and Crops Science, Marche PolytechnicUniversity, Via Brecce Bianche, 60110 Ancona, Italy. Phone:(39)0712204933, Fax: (39)0712204858, email: bruno@univpm.it web:http://www.agr.unian.it/ricerca/prog_ric/cost836.htm

■ October 14-18, 2003 Nauni (India): VII International Symposium onTemperate Zone Fruits in the Tropics and Subtropics. Info: Dr. K.K. Jindal,Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP)173230 India. Phone: (91)179252315, Fax: (91)179252030, email: kkjin-dal_tzfts@yahoo.com Download the second announcement here.

■ October 22-25, 2003, Albacete (Spain): I International Symposium onSaffron Biology and Biotechnology. Info: Prof. Dr. Jose A. Fernandez,Laboratorio de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, University ofCastilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain.Phone: (34)967599309, Fax: (34)967599233, email:joseantonio.fperez@uclm.es web: www.uclm.es/cursos/azafran

Year 2004

■ February 1-6, 2004, Stellenbosch (South Africa): IX International Symposiumon Pear Growing. Info: Retha Venter, PO Box 5600, Helderberg, SomersetWest, 7135, South Africa. Phone: (27)218554472, Fax: (27)218552722,email: reventer@netactive.co.za, web: www.pearsymposium.co.za

■ February 9-12, 2004, Palmerston North (New Zealand): I International Rootand Tuber Crops Symposium: “Food Down Under”. Info: Dr. M. Nichols,INR, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, NewZealand. Phone: (64)63505799 ext. 2614, Fax: (64)63505679, email:m.nichols@massey.ac.nz web: www.crop.cri.nz/conferences/roottuber2004/

■ March 9-13, 2004, Taichung (Taiwan): XI International Symposium on VirusDiseases of Ornamental Plants. Info: Dr. Chin-An Chang, TaiwanAgricultural Research Institute (TARI), 189 Chung-Cheng Road, Wufeng,Taichung 413, Taiwan. Phone: (886)423302803, Fax: (886)423331089,email: cachang@wufeng.tari.gov.tw or Dr. Anne Marie van Zaaijen, Duinroos35, 2202 DB Noordwijk, Netherlands. Phone: (31)71-3618182, Fax: (31)71-3617591, email: a.vanzaayen@inter.nl.net web: http://www.tari.gov.tw/isv-dop-11/index.html

■ March 23-27, 2004, Orlando, FL (USA): International Symposium onProtected Cultivation in Mild Winter Climates. Info: Prof. Dr. Daniel J.Cantliffe, University of Florida, IFAS, Horticultural Sciences Dept., 1251Fifield Hall, Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA. Phone:(1)3523921928x203, Fax: (1)3523926479, email: djc@mail.ifas.ufl.edu web:conference.ifas.ufl.edu/ishs/

■ April 3-7, 2004, Melbourne (Australia): International Symposium on Protea.Info: Dr. Russel T. Dawe, PO Box 6168, Hawthorn West, VIC 3122,Australia. email: innobiz@vicnet.net.au

■ April 19-22, 2004, Niigata (Japan): IX International Symposium onFlowerbulbs. Info: Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Okubo, Lab. of Horticultural Science,Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan. Phone:(81)926422827, Fax: (81)926422827, email: hokubo@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpweb: http://jshs.ac.affrc.go.jp/symposium/bulb2004/index.html

■ April 21-26, 2004, Beijing (China): IV International Symposium on EdibleAlliaceae. Info: Convener Prof. Zhu Dewei, Chinese Society for HorticulturalScience, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Beijing 100081, China. Phone:(86)1068919531, Fax: (86)1062174123, email: ivfcaas@public3.bta.net.cnor ivfcaas@mail.caas.net.cn web: www.ivfcaas.net.cn

■ May 3-8, 2004, Nova Oeiras and Alalá del Rio, Sevilla (Portugal and Spain):VIII International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture. Info: Dr. Luis Lopes daFonseca, Estação Agronomica Nacional, Av.da Republica s/n, 2784-505 Nova

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Oeiras, Portugal. Phone: (351)214403500, Fax: (351)214411797, email:llf@mail.telepac.pt or Dr. Fernando Romero Muñoz, Centro Las TorresTomejil, 41200 Alcala del Rio, Sevilla, Spain. Phone: (34)955045500, Fax:(34)955045625

■ May-June 2004, Bonn (Germany): X International Symposium on Timing ofField Production in Vegetable Crops. Info: Dr. Felix Lippert, Institut fürObstbau und Gemüsebau, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn,Germany. Phone: (49)228735139, Fax: (49)228735764, email: lippertf@uni-bonn.de

■ June 6-11, 2004, Verona (Italy): V International Postharvest Symposium.Info: Prof. Dr. Pietro Tonutti, University of Padova, Department of Agronomyand Crop Sciences, Agripolis, Via Romea 16, 35020 Legnaro (Padova), Italy.Phone: (39)0498272845, Fax: (39)0498272850, email:pietro.tonutti@unipd.it or postharvest2004@unimi.it web:www.soihs.it/postharvest2004

■ June 7-10, 2004, Perugia (Italy): International Symposium on Nutrition andFertilization - Toward ecologically sound fertilisation strategies in field veg-etable production. Info: Prof. Francesco Tei, Dept.Agroenvir. & Crop Science,University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy. Phone:(39)0755856320, Fax: (39)0755856344, email: f.tei@unipg.it web:www.unipg.it/ishs2004

■ June 13-18, 2004, Budapest (Hungary): VIII International Symposium onIntegrating Canopy, Rootstock and Environmental Physiology in OrchardSystems. Info: Prof. Dr. Károly Hrotkó, St. Stephen University, Buda Campus,Department of Fruit Science, 1518 Budapest, Pf. 53, Hungary. Phone:(36)13726284, Fax: (36)13726337, email: hrotko@omega.kee.hu

■ June 14-18, 2004, Reus-Tarragona (Spain): VI International Congress onHazelnut. Info: Dr. Joan Tous and Dr. Mercè Rovira, Apartat 415, 43280Reus (Tarragona), Spain. Phone: (34)977328424, Fax: (34)977344055,email: joan.tous@irta.es or merce.rovira@irta.es web:www.hazelnut2004.com

■ June 15-17, 2004, Cameron Highlands (Malaysia): International Symposiumon Greenhouses, Environmental Controls and in-house Mechanization forCrop Productions in the Tropics and Subtropics: Controlled EnvironmentTechnology for Sustainable Agricultural Production. Info: Dr. RezuwanKamaruddin, MARDI (Malasian Agricultural Research and DevelopmentInstitute), Serdang, PO Box 12301, GPO 50774 Kuala Lumpu, Malaysia.Phone: (60)389437072, Fax: (60)389482961, email: rezuwan@mardi.my,web: http://www.mardi.my/ver2/sem_conf/ishs/index.html

■ June 20-24, 2004, Copenhagen (Denmark): VII International Symposium onModelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management. Info: Dr. PeterBraun, Royal Veterinary & Agricultural University, Department of AgriculturalSciences, Section Horticulture, Højbakegårds Alle 21, 2630 Taastrup,Denmark. Phone: (45)35283534, Fax: (45)35283478, email: pbr@kvl.dk

■ June 21-24, 2004, Orlando, FL (USA): I International Symposium on TomatoDiseases. Info: Dr. Timur Momol, Plant Pathology Department, NFREC, IFAS,University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy, FL 32351, USA. Phone:(1)8508757154, Fax: (1)8508757148, email: tmomol@ufl.edu web:http://plantdoctor.ifas.ufl.edu/istd.html

■ June 21-25, 2004, Davis, CA (USA): VII International Symposium onGrapevine Physiology. Info: Prof. Dr. Larry Williams, 9240 South RiverbendAve., University of California - Davis, Kearney Ag Center, Departement ofViticulture and Enology, Parlier, CA 93648, USA. Phone: (1)559-646-6500,Fax: (1)559-646-6593, email: williams@uckac.edu

■ July 5-8 2004, Campinas-São Paulo (Brazil): III International Symposium onMedicinal and Aromatic Plants Breeding Research and II Latin AmericanSymposium on the Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and CondimentsPlants. Info: Prof. Dr. Lin Chau Ming, Dept. Plant Production, SectorHorticulture, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University,Botucatu-SP 18.603-970, Brazil. email: linming@fca.unesp.br

■ July 5-9, 2004, Bologna (Italy): X International Workshop on Fire Blight.Info: Prof. Carlo Bazzi, University of Bologna, Via Filoppo Re 8, 40126Bologna, Italy. Phone: (39)0512091446, Fax: (39)0512091446, email:cbazzi@agrsci.unibo.it web: www.agrsci.unibo.it/fireblight

■ August 1-8, 2004, Corvallis, OR (USA): I International Symposium onHumulus. Info: Dr. Kim Hummer, USDA ARS NCGR, 33447 Peoria Road,Corvallis, OR 97333-2521, USA. Phone: (1)541.738.4201, Fax:(1)541.738.4205, email: khummer@ars-grin.gov and Prof. Dr. Lyle Craker,

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Dept. of Plant & Soil Science, University of Massachusetts, Stockbridge Hall,Amherst, MA 01003-7245, USA. Phone: (1)413-545-2347, Fax: (1)413-545-3958, email: craker@pssci.umass.edu

■ August 18-21, 2004, Perth (Australia): International Symposium onHorticultural Education Extension and Training. Recent Advances inHorticultural Education. Info: Peter J. Batt and Ass. Prof. Zora Singh, ISHSEducation Symposium, Horticulture Curtin University of Technology, GPOBox U1987, Perth 6845, WA, Australia. Phone: (61)892667596 or892663138, Fax: (61)892663063, email: ishs@curtin.edu.au web:www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/muresk/ishseduc download the first announce-ment here.

■ August 29-September 3, 2004, Berlin (Germany): International Symposiumon Horticultural Economics and Management. Creating Value in a ChangingSociety. Info: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Bokelmann, Humboldt University, Facultyof Agriculture and Horticulture, Inst. of Economics and Social Science inAgriculture, Luisenstrasse 56, 10099 Berlin, Germany. Phone:(49)3020936136, Fax: (49)3020936236, email: w.bokelmann@agrar.hu-berlin.de web: www.agrar.hu-berlin.de/wisola/ishs

■ September 6-9, 2004, Lofthus (Norway): VIII International Symposium onPlum and Prune Genetics, Breeding and Technology. Info: Dr. Lars Sekse,Plante Forsk - Norwegian Crops Research Institute, Ullensvang ResearchCentre, 5781 Lofthus, Norway. Phone: (47)53671200, Fax: (47)53671201,email: lars.sekse@planteforsk.no web: http://www.planteforsk.no/

■ September 5-10, 2004, Brisbane (Australia): V International StrawberrySymposium. Info: Dr. Neil Greer, QLD Dept Primary Industries, PO Box5083, Sunshine Coast Mail Centre, Nambour, QLD 4560, Australia. Phone:(61)754449605, Fax: (61)754412235, email: greern@dpi.qld.gov.au web:http://www.qsga.org/symposium/

■ September 6-10, 2004, Bursa (Turkey): III Balkan Symposium on Vegetablesand Potatoes. Info: Prof. Dr. H. Özkan Sivritepe, Department of Horticulture,Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, 16059 Bursa, Turkey. Phone:(90)2244428970, Fax: (90)2244429098, email: ozkan@uludag.edu.tr

■ September 12-16, 2004, Leuven (Belgium): International SymposiumGREENSYS 2004 - Sustainable Greenhouse Systems: Co-operation ofEngineering and Crop Science . Info: Prof. G.P.A. Bot, Wageningen-UR, POBox 43, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. Phone: (31)317476442,Fax: (31)317425670, email: info@greensys.nl, and Dr. Leo F. M. Marcelis,Plant Research International, Bornsesteeg 65, PO Box 16, 6700 AAWageningen, Netherlands. Phone: (31)317475802, Fax: (31)317423110,email: l.f.m.marcelis@plant.wag-ur.nl web: www.greensys2004.nl

■ September 12-17, 2004, Debrecen (Hungary): V International Symposiumon In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding. Info: Dr. Miklós Fári, Szent -Gyorgyi A u. 4, PO Box 411, 2101 Godollo, Hungary. Phone: (36)28330600,Fax: (36)28330482, email: silvercentrum@axelero.hu or efari@matavnet.hu,web: www.ivchb2004.org

■ September 27 - October 2, 2004, (Turkey): V International Symposium onOlive Growing. Info: Dr. Mucahit Taha Ozkaya, University of Ankara,Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.Phone: (90)5355264860, Fax: (90)3123179119, email:

ozkaya@agri.ankara.edu.tr web: www.agri.ankara.edu.tr

■ September, 2004, Fortaleza (Brazil): III International Symposium on Tropicaland Subtropical Fruit. Info: Dr. Osvaldo K. Yamanishi, University of BrasiliaFaculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, Fruit SEction,Caixa Postal 04508 - AsaNorte, 70910-970 Brasilia, DF Brazil. Phone: (55)613072997, Fax:(55)613073247, email: kiyoshi@unb.br

■ October 4-8, 2004, Corfu (Greece): VI International Symposium onChemical and Non-Chemical Soil and Substrate Desinfestation. Info: Prof.Dr. Eris Tjamos, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of PlantPathology, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Votanikos-Athens, Greece. Phone:(30)2105294505, Fax: (30)2105294513, email: ect@aua.gr

■ October 5-9, 2004, Jinju (Korea): III International Symposium onPersimmon. Info: Dr. Seong-Mo Kang, Department of Horticulture,Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea. Phone:(82)557515486, Fax: (82)557515483, email: smk@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr

■ October 20-23, 2004, Chaves (Portugal): III International ChestnutSymposium. Info: Dr. Carlos Abreu, Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes e AltoDouro, Apartado 202, 5000-911 Vila Real . Phone (351)259350508 Fax:(351)259350480, email: cgabreu@utad.pt web: www.utad.pt/eventos/chest-nutcongress

■ October 24-28, 2004, Daejon (Korea): IV ISHS Symposium on Brassica andXIV Crucifer Genetics Workshop. Info: Prof. Dr. Yong Pyo Lim, Dept. ofHorticulture, Chungnam National University, Kung-Dong 220, Yusong-Gu,Taejon 305-764, South Korea. Phone: (82)428215739, Fax: (82)428231382,email: yplim@cnu.ac.kr

■ November 7-14, 2004, Sorrento, Naples (Italy): V International WalnutSymposium. Info: Dr. Damiano Avanzato, MiPAF, Istituto Sperimentale per laFrutticoltura di Roma, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Roma, Italy. Phone:(39)0679348186, Fax: (39)0679340158 , email: davanzato@mclink.it or Dr.Maria-Emilia Malvolti, CNR, Istituto per la Biologia Agroambientale eForestale, Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (Terni), Italy. Phone:(39)0763374688, fax: (39)0763374330, email: mimi@ias.tr.cnr.it you candownload the first announcement here.

■ November 14-21, 2004, Almería (Spain): IX International Symposium onGrowing Media and Hydroponics. Info: Dr. Miguel Urrestarazu Gavilán,Dpto. Producción Vegetal, Universidad de Almería, Lan Cañada de SanUrbano, 04120 Almería, Spain. Phone: (34)950015929, Fax:(34)950015939, email: mgavilan@ual.es

■ November 15-18, 2004, Melbourne (Australia): International Symposium onProcessing Tomatoes. Info: Mr. Bill Ashcroft, Institute for SustainableIrrigated Agriculture, Ferguson Road, Tatura Victoria, Australia 3616. Phone:(61)358335253, Fax: (61)358335299, email: Bill.Ashcroft@nre.vic.gov.au.

■ November, 2004, Cancun (Mexico): II International Symposium onAcclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants. Info: Dr.Jorge Santamaria, Centro de Investigación Cientifica de Yucatán, Dept.Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburna de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida,Yucatán, Mexico. Phone: (52)999813923, Fax: (52)999813900, email:jorgesm@cicy.mx

Acta Acta Title ActaNumber Price (EUR)

624 XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Elegant Science inFloriculture 110

623 XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Plant Genetic Resources,The Fabric of Horticulture’s Future 80

622 XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Genetics and Breedingof Tree Fruits and Nuts 120

621 XXVI International Horticultural Congress: Horticultural Science inEmerging Economies, Issues and Constraints 46

ACTA HORTICULTURAEACTA HORTICULTURAE

List of Acta Horticulturae numbers available

Below is the list of currently available numbers of ActaHorticulturae (print format). Should the title you are look-ing for no longer be available in print format we also offera tailor made CD-rom solution called ActaHort CD-rom. For more details on this service, or to download ourActa Horticulturae order form, please check out the ‘pub-lications’ page at www.ishs.org or go directly towww.ishs.org/acta

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ISHS • 32

612 XXI International Symposium on Classical versus Molecular Breedingof Ornamentals 55

611 International Congress on Greenhouse Vegetables. The ProductionChain of Fresh Tomatoes, Peppers and Cucumbers 43

610 V International Symposium on Kiwifruit 109609 International Symposium on Managing Greenhouse Crops in Saline

Environment 102608 International Symposium on The Horizons of Using Organic Matter

and Substrates in Horticulture 70607 IX International Symposium on Timing of Field Production in

Vegetable Crops 61606 International Workshop on Characterization of Genetic Resources of

Temperate Zone Fruits for the Tropics and Subtropics 30605 II International Symposium on Fig 74604 International Conference on Quality in Chains. An Integrated View

on Fruit and Vegetable Quality 157603 VIII International Conference on Grape Genetics and Breeding 150602 VI International Protea Research Symposium 54601 II International Persimmon Symposium 62600 VIII International Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference 160599 International Conference: Postharvest Unlimited 146598 International Symposium on Sustainable Use of Plant Biodiversity to

Promote New Opportunities for Horticultural ProductionDevelopment 71

597 International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Part II 76596 VIII International Symposium on Pear 154595 International Symposium on Apple Breeding for Scab Resistance 52594 International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit

Plants 124593 IV International Symposium on Models for Plant Growth and

Control in Greenhouses: Modeling for the 21st Century - Agronomicand Greenhouse Crop Models 60

592 V International Peach Symposium 130591 III International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds 107590 IX International Workshop on Fire Blight 95589 X International Asparagus Symposium 79588 II International Symposium on Cucurbits 77587 International Symposium on Asian Pears Commemorating the

100th Anniversary of Nijisseiki Pear 122586 IV International Symposium on Olive Growing 160585 VIII International Rubus and Ribes Symposium 125584 VI International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit

Research and Orchard Management 62583 I International Conference on Sweetpotato. Food and Health for the

Future 59582 International Symposium on Mediterranean Horticulture: Issues and

Prospects 55581 IV International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal 73580 IV International ISHS Symposium on Artificial Lighting 63579 II Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes 120578 International Symposium on Design and Environmental Control of

Tropical and Subtropical Greenhouses 80577 VII International Symposium on Plum and Prune Genetics, Breeding

and Pomology 80576 International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.

Possibilities and Limitations of Medicinal and Aromatic PlantProduction in the 21st Century 76

575 International Symposium on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits 150574 VII International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 82573 International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salination for

Horticultural Productivity 92572 XX International Eucarpia Symposium Section Ornamentals -

Strategies for New Ornamentals II 55571 Workshop Towards Ecologically Sound Fertilisation in Field Vegetable

Production 61570 VIII International Symposium on Flowerbulbs 87569 I Latin-American Symposium on the Production of Medicinal,

Aromatic and Condiments Plants 72568 X International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Ornamental Plants 62567 IV International Strawberry Symposium 142566 International Symposium on Applications of Modelling as an

Innovative Technology in the Agri-Food-Chain - Model-IT 93565 VI International Symposium on Temperate Fruit Growing in the

Tropics and Subtropics 46564 IV International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit

Crops 82563 International Conference on Environmental Problems Associated

with Nitrogen Fertilisation of Field Grown Vegetable Crops 59562 III International Symposium on Sensors in Horticulture 77561 VIII International Pollination Symposium - Pollination: Integrator of

Crops and Native Plant Systems 69560 IV International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural

Breeding 96559 V International Symposium on Protected Cultivation in Mild Winter

Climates: Current Trends for Suistainable Technologies 123558 I International Symposium on Litchi and Longan 79557 VI International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation Systems 84556 V International Congress on Hazelnut 96555 II International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 62554 World Congress on Soilless Culture: Agriculture in the Coming

Millenium 68553 IV International Conference on Postharvest Science 123552 XX International EUCARPIA Symposium, Section Ornamentals,

Strategies for New Ornamentals 53551 IX International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases 43550 XVIII International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases of

Temperate Fruit Crops - Top Fruit Diseases 86549 International Symposium on Composting of Organic Matter 47548 International Symposium on Growing Media and Hydroponics 108547 III International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation 75546 International Symposium on Molecular Markers for Characterizing

Genotypes and Identifying Cultivars in Horticulture 105545 V International Protea Research Symposium 62544 IV International Walnut Symposium 100542 VII International Symposium on the Processing Tomato 73540 I International Conference on Banana and Plantain for Africa 96539 III International Symposium on Brassicas and XII Crucifer Genetics

Workshop 45538 Eucarpia symposium on Fruit Breeding and Genetics 123536 XIV International Symposium on Horticultural Economics 111535 I International Citrus Biotechnology Symposium 56534 International Conference and British-Israeli Workshop on

Greenhouse Techniques towards the 3rd Millennium 69533 VIII International Symposium on Timing Field Production in

Vegetable Crops 97532 V International Symposium on Chemical and Non-Chemical Soil

and Substrate Disinfectation 54531 II ISHS Conference on Fruit Production in the Tropics and Subtropics 59530 International Symposium on Methods and Markers for Quality

Assurance in Micropropagation 82529 III International Pineapple Symposium 67527 International Symposium on Growth and Development of Fruit

Crops 49526 V International Symposium on Grapevine Physiology 84525 International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 87524 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 14: Horticultural

Economics at Micro and Macro Level, International Trade andMarketing, International Cooperative Programs, Relations betweenResearch, Development, Extension and Education 59

523 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 13: New andSpecialized Crops and Products, Botanic Gardens and Human-Horticulture Relationship 53

522 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 12: Application ofBiotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - GeneralBreeding, Breeding and Evaluation of Temperate Zone Fruits for theTropics and the Subtropics. 55

521 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 11: Application ofBiotechnology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - GeneExpression and Molecular Breeding, Genome Analysis. 60

520 XXV International Horticultural Congress, Part 10: Application of Bio-technology and Molecular Biology and Breeding - In Vitro Culture. 61