chronic food and hunger un’s fao: enough food to give everyone on earth 2770 calories/day however,...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Chronic Food and Hunger
•UN’s FAO: Enough food to give everyone on earth 2770 calories/day
•However, 815 Million people are chronically undernourished
–<90% of minimum caloric intake
Food Security
• Ability to obtain sufficient – You know that you’re going to eat tomorrow
• 1.4 Billion people live on <$1/day – Can’t buy the food they need
Famine
• Large-scale food shortages, massive starvation, social disruption and economic chaos– Causes mass migrations and refugees
• Often environmental and political causes– People have lived for a long time without
famine
Malnutrition and Obesity
• Malnutrition: nutritional imbalance caused by lack of a specific nutrient
• Rich countries eat too much of the wrong stuff.– 61% of Americans are overweight– 1/3 of Americans are obese
• Poverty can lead to obesity– Can’t afford good food
30% of World is Malnourished
• Anemia- Low hemoglobin from lack of iron
• Diabetes- Diet too rich in starch.– Leads to heart disease, blindness and death
• Protein Deficiencies– Kwashiorkor- ‘displaced child’– Marasmus- to waste away
Aquaculture• Raising aquatic organisms in controlled
environments for food
• Fastest-growing form of food production– 6.9 mill. tons 1984 to 33.3 mill. tons in 1999
• One-third of world’s fish for human consumption
• >220 Species are farmed– Shellfish– Finfish
Forms of Aquaculture
• Inland Ponds– Substantial habitat “alteration”– Easy to manage waste
• Coastal Net Cages– Less habitat alteration– Difficult to manage waste
History of B.C. Salmon Farming
• 1970’s: Small operations bought by multinational corporations
• 1980’s: Fishermen, Tribes and Environmentalists oppose salmon farming
• 1995: B.C. imposes moratorium
• 2004: Farmed salmon found to have higher PCB than wild salmon
Salmon
• Family Salmonidae• Seven native PNW salmon
– Pink (Humpy)– Sockeye (Red, Blueback or Kokanee)– Chum (Dog)– King (Chinook, Tyee or Blackmouth)– Coho (Silver)– Steelhead– Cutthroat Trout
Thirty-six PNW salmon runs listed under E.S.A.
Causes:
• Destruction of spawning habitat
• Dams
• Overfishing
Salmon Farming Problems• Contamination
– Increases disease and produces waste
• Ecologically inefficient – 5 kg wild fish =1 kg farmed salmon
• Escaped farmed fish affect wild stocks– Spread disease and reduce viability
• Farmed fish are more polluted than wild (Science Jan. 2004)
– Biomagnification of pollutants
Is aquaculture bad?
No…if done ecologically• Scale is important
– Small Scale = More Environmental
• Herbivores better than carnivores– Filter feeders actually clean the water
• Integrates with other agriculture– Chinese integrated aquaculture
Benefits of Aquaculture• Improves food security
– Reliable protein source
• Can be very energy efficient– 10x more fish per unit area than ocean
• Reduces pressure on wild fish– 70% of edible ocean fish are declining