In brine solution, water is soften using Lime-

Soda Ash Precipitation

Brine Purification

Brine is preheated to reduce energy requirements

Brine Electrolysis

This technology uses an ion-exchanging membrane separating the anode and the cathode.

The electrolytic processes of brine to produce caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrogen gas.

Chlorine gas is condensed and dried with sulfuric acid -> wet chlorine used in polyester industries

Hydrogen gas used as fuel for electricity; manufacture of HCl or ammonia; hydrogenation

To increase concentration of NaOH in the

solution normally estimated to 50% NaOH Salt crystallizes out

Evaporation and Salt Separation

50% caustic soda or NaOH is brought to 75-

78% concentration using single effect evaporator or high evaporator

Handled with steam-traced pipes to finishing pots

Final Evaporation

Pumped by centrifugal pump to steel drum Sealed as soon as cold, to prevent the

absorption of moisture by the caustic.

Finishing Caustic in Pots

Countercurrent extraction of caustic soda

solution with ammonia to remove chloride and chlorates.

Purification of Caustic Soda

Oxidizing agent Activity is termed as available chlorine Reaction

Bleaching Powder

the amount of free chlorine that a substance (such as bleaching powder) yields when treated with an acid in the presence of a chloride (such as sodium chloride or calcium chloride)

Available Chlorine

For Bleaching Powder

For Calcium Hypochlorite

USES

Oxidizing agent Aldehydes -> carboxylic acids

as water purification and disinfection Sodium chlorite in acid solution -> chlorine

dioxide Textile-bleaching

benefit of destroying natural color matter without attacking the fibers themselves

Sodium Chlorite

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Chloride Dioxide Production Hooker R-2 Process

Sodium Chlorite

NaClO3

NaCl

H2SO4

ClO3 & Cl2

SEPARATOR

Cl2 used as production of sodium/calcium hypochlorite

ClO3 used for sodium chlorite generation

Sodium Chlorite Generation

To minimize sodium chlorate production, a reducing agent (hydrogen peroxide) is added.

Sodium Chlorite

USES

Used by pulp & paper industry for bleaching

Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3)

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Electrolysis of Brine and Water

Sodium Chlorate (NaClO3)

NaCl

H2O

NaClO3

H2

electricity

Sodium hypochlorite, the active ingredient in

household bleach, was discovered by the French chemist Berthollet, in Javel on the outskirts of Paris, in 1787

Sodium Hypochlorite

L eau de Javel

Louis Pasteur discovered sodium

hypochlorite's potent effectiveness against disease-causing bacteria, and it became widely used as a disinfectant.

Sodium Hypochlorite