Essential Readings on Chinese Philosophy

Compiled by Bryan W. Van Norden(version of February 16, 2000)

This list represents one opinion on the essential secondary readings in English on Chinese philosophy. Myeditorial policy is to include only works that are essential reading on particular topics (i.e., this is not acomprehensive list), and only works that will appeal to those with training in philosophy (i.e., some worksthat will be of more interest to those from other -- equally valuable -- intellectual disciplines have notbeen included). Obviously, such a list is, of necessity, parochial and biased in certain ways. I apologize inadvance for offending anyone by leaving out their favorite books or articles. Note also that this list is"work in progress." Feel free to email me with comments or suggestions about this bibliography. Myusername is "brvannorden" at host "vassar.edu".

In this list, cross reference links will take you to the main entry for a book or article. At the main entry fora work, a link will take you to a WWW site about that entry or, in some cases, to the text of the entryitself.

Books marked with this symbol are especially appropriate for undergraduates or other beginners(although they may also be of interest to specialists). In the case of translations, the symbol indicates theone(s) that I think undergraduates or other beginners will enjoy the most (and not necessarily the besttranslation overall).

I have added some links so that you can order books from this web site. Only a few books are currentylinked, but I hope to add more such links soon. If you click on the "order this book" links, you will betransfered to the amazon.com web site, where you will be supplied information about the price of thebook (usually at a discount), and offered an opportunity to purchase the book. (I often order books thisway myself, and have been very pleased with the service.) They can also help you try to locate out ofprint books.

I. Early (Pre-Qin Dynasty) PhilosophyGeneral Histories1.Specialized Studies2.Confucianism

A. Translationsi. Anthologiesii. Analectsiii. Menciusiv. XunziB. Secondary Studiesi. Confucius

a. On Analects 4:15b. On Analects 12:1

ii. Menciusa. On Mencius 1A7

3.

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b. On Mencius 2A2c. On Mencius 3A5d. On Mencius 6A1 ff.

iii. XunziDaoism (Taoism)

A. Translationsi. Anthologiesii. Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching)iii. Zhuangzi (Chuang-tzu)B. Secondary StudiesC. Commentarial Traditions

4.

Mohism5.Comparative (Western and Non- Western) Studies6.Other Schools and Miscellaneous Studies7.

II. The I ChingIII. Han DynastyIV. Chinese Buddhism

A. Indian BackgroundB. Translations of Chinese WorksC. Secondary Studies of Chinese Buddhism

V. Neo-ConfucianismA. TranslationsB. Secondary Studies

VI. Chinese ScienceVII. Syllabi and Other Resources

I. Early (Pre-Qin Dynasty) Philosophy

1. General Histories

Angus C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1989). ISBN: 0812690885.One of the best general histories of ancient Chinese philosophy so far. Much of this book is culled fromGraham's earlier articles. Graham is not as strong as Schwartz (see below) on Confucianism, but hisdiscussion of Later Mohism and the "School of Names" is better than Schwartz's. You can order this bookdirectly.

Benjamin Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: BelknapPress, 1985). ISBN: 0674961919. One of the best general histories of ancient Chinese philosophy so far.Schwartz is not as strong as Graham (see above) on Later Mohism and the "School of Names," but hisdiscussion of Confucianism is better than Graham's. You can order this book directly.

Also, for very good, but less comprehensive, discussions of early Chinese philosophy, see Ivanhoe,Confucian Moral Self Cultivation, Munro, The Concept of Man in Early China, and Nivison, The Ways ofConfucianism.

2. Specialized Studies

Works in this category typically follow some special topic through two or more early Chinese thinkers.

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Angus C. Graham, Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature (Albany: SUNY Press,1990). ISBN: 0791404501. An excellent collection of essays on many topics, including the notion of"human nature" in both early Chinese thought and in Neo-Confucianism, and the "White Horse Paradox."(Not a book for beginners, though.) Want to order this book?

Chad Hansen, Language and Logic in Ancient China (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983).(This book is currently out of print.) Controversial interpretation of Chinese views on language, thought,and ethics. For a slightly shorter presentation of some of Hansen's ideas, see his "Chinese Language,Chinese Philosophy, and 'Truth,'" in Journal of Asian Studies 44:3 (May 1985), pp. 491-519. For criticaldiscussions, see the reviews by P.J. Ivanhoe, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 9 (1987), pp.115-123, and Angus C. Graham, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 45:2 (1985), pp. 692-703; see alsothe articles by Christoph Harbsmeier, "Marginalia Sino-logica", Harbsmeier "The Mass Noun Hypothesis,and B.W. Van Norden, "Hansen on Hsun Tzu," Journal of Chinese Philosophy 20 (1993), pp. 365-382.Hansen's work is also discussed by several contributors to Hans Lenk and Gregor Paul, eds.,Epistemological Issues in Classical Chinese Philosophy (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993). Anyoneinterested in the issues Hansen discusses must also read Graham's Later Mohist Logic in order to have aqualified opinion on the topic.

Christoph Harbsmeier, "Marginalia Sino-logica," in Robert Allinson, ed., Understanding the ChineseMind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 125-166. Discussion of "truth" and relatedconcepts in early Chinese thought.

------, "The Mass Noun Hypothesis and the Part-Whole Analysis of the White Horse Dialogue," in HenryRosemont, ed., Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts (La Salle, IL: Open Court Press, 1991), pp.49-66. A discussion of nouns in Classical Chinese, with a particular focus on Hansen's hypothesis.

Philip J. Ivanhoe, Confucian Moral Self Cultivation (New York: Peter Lang, 1993). ISBN:0820422002. An excellent introduction to six major Confucian thinkers: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, ZhuXi, Wang Yangming and Dai Zhen. Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, ed., Chinese Language, Thought and Culture: Nivison and His Critics (La Salle, Il.:Open Court Press, 1996), 359 pp. Essentially a festschrift in honor of Nivison, with articles addressingvarious topics related to his work. See especially the essays by Kanaya Osamu, Susan Mann, Donald J.Munro, David B. Wong, and Ivanhoe himself. Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "Thinking and Learning in Early Confucianism," Journal of Chinese Philosophy 17:4(December 1990), pp. 473-493. Claims that Mencius and Xunzi (Hsun Tzu) offer distinct versions ofConfucius' original vision, the former stressing intuition and reflection, the latter stressing the acquisitionof knowledge through study.

D.C. Lau, "Theories of Human Nature in Mencius and Shyuntzyy," Bulletin of the School of Oriental andAfrican Studies 15:3 (1953), pp. 541-565. An excellent and often overlooked comparative study ofMencius and Hsun Tzu.

Donald Munro, The Concept of Man in Early China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969). Atheoretical overview, stressing the differences between early Chinese and Western thought. Focuses onConfucians and Daoists. Want to order this book?

David S. Nivison, "Hsün Tzu and Chuang Tzu," in Henry Rosemont, ed., Chinese Texts andPhilosophical Contexts (La Salle: Open Court, 1991), pp. 129-142. Thoughtful critique of Yearley's"Hsün Tzu on the Mind." See also the response by Graham in the same volume.

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------, The Ways of Confucianism: Investigations in Chinese Philosophy, ed. Bryan W. Van Norden (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1996). Nivison's collected papers on Chinese philosophy, mostly on Confucianismand Neo-Confucianism. Some essays are good for undergraduates or beginners (including "Weakness ofWill in Ancient Chinese Philosophy" and "The Philosophy of Wang Yangming") while others are fairlyheavy going. Want to order this book?

Lisa A. Raphals, Sharing the Light : Representations of Women and Virtue in Early China (Albany, NY:SUNY Press, 1998), 348 pp. ISBN: 0791438562. I have not had a chance to read this book yet, but, basedon Raphals' earlier work, I expect that it will contain much interesting detail. Want to order this book?

Henry Rosemont, ed., Studies in Classical Chinese Thought (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1981). ISBN:0891306773. This anthology is really not organized around any one particular theme, so technically itdoes not belong in this section of my bibliography. However, it is a very important collection, containingseminal papers by Nivison ("Mencius and Motivation"), Riegel ("Reflections on an Unmoved Mind"),and Herbert Fingarette (on Analects 4:15). This volume is also a supplement to The Journal of theAmerican Academy of Religion in their "Thematic Series." (What this means is that this book can be filedor misfiled in many different places in your local library.) Want to order this book?

B.W. Van Norden, "Mengzi and Xunzi: Two Views of Human Agency," International PhilosophicalQuarterly 32:2 (June 1992), pp. 161-184. Overview of the philosophies of Mencius (Mengzi) and HsunTzu (Xunzi), focusing on their views of the role of desire in self-cultivation. See also the discussion ofthis article in Wong, "Xunzi on Moral Motivation".

David Wong, "Universalism vs. Love with Distinctions: An Ancient Debate Revived," Journal of ChinesePhilosophy, 16:3/4 (September/December 1989), pp. 251-272. Stimulating discussion of Confucians andMohists on whether we should care for all humans equally.

3. Confucianism

A. Translations

i. Anthologies

Philip J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (SevenBridges Press, 2000). ISBN: 1889119091. This anthology will include translations from all the majorearly Chinese philosophical texts: the Analects, Mozi, Mengzi, Zhuangzi, Dao de jing, Xunzi and Hanfeizi.Among the features of this translation are the following. (1) In-depth coverage. Some anthologies try tocover all of Chinese philosophy in one volume, or (worse yet) all of "Asian philosophy." In contrast, thisanthology provides more extensive selections from some of the most interesting philosophers from the"Classical Period" of Chinese philosophy. (2) Reflects contemporary scholarship. Most translations on themarket were done decades ago, and even some published more recently do not reflect the bestcontemporary research. The selections in this anthology were translated by a team of cutting-edgescholars. (3) Consistency of translation. When several different translations are used in a class, studentsmust struggle with varying romanization schemes and different translations of key terms. In contrast, thistranslation will use Pinyin romanization (the current standard) and standardized translations throughout.Want to order this book?

ii. Confucian Analects

D.C. Lau, Confucius: The Analects (New York: Penguin Books, 1979), 249 pp. ISBN: 0140443487.

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Very good translation with interpretive introduction and scholarly appendices on various topics. Want toorder this book?

James Legge, Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean (New York: DoverBooks, 1971; o.p. 1893), 503 pp. Translation of the Analects along with two other important Confuciantexts. A little dated, but still worth consulting. Includes Chinese text and, as Legge himself observes,"Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, Copious Indexes, and Dictionary of All Characters."

Arthur Waley, The Analects of Confucius (New York: Vintage Books, 1989; o.p. 1938), 257 pp. Verygood translation with interpretive introduction and scholarly appendices on various topics. (Different, indefensible ways, from Lau's translation.) Want to order this book?

See also Brooks and Brooks, The Original Analects.

iii. Mencius

Although he is less well-known in the West than Confucius, the fourth-century B.C. philosopher Menciushas had an immense influence on Chinese (as well as Korean and Japanese) culture. Indeed, one couldargue that his influence on China alone is equivalent to the combined influence of Plato and St. Paul onWestern civilization. In addition, Mencius is more systematic and "philosophical" than Confucius.

D.C. Lau, Mencius (New York: Penguin Books, 1970). Very good translation with interpretiveintroduction and scholarly appendices on various topics. Should be read with Nivison et al., "Commentsand Corrections to D.C. Lau's Mencius.

James Legge, Mencius (New York: Dover Books, 1970; o.p. 1895). A little dated, but still worthconsulting. Includes Chinese text, indexes and critical notes.

Bryan W. Van Norden, Mengzi. A partial translation with notes.

See also Nivison, "On Translating Mencius", in his The Ways of Confucianism.

iv. Xunzi (Hsün-tzu)

John Knoblock, Xunzi (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988, 1990, 1994), 3 vols. A completetranslation with extensive introductory material (which is better on textual and narrowly historical mattersthan philosophy). Translation is fairly good, correcting some mistakes made by Watson, but makingothers all its own.

Burton Watson, Hsün-tzu: Basic Writings (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 177 pp.Fairly good translation of selected passages. See also this.

B. Secondary Discussions

Secondary studies which focus primarily on one thinker or text.

i. Confucius

E. Bruce and A. Taeko Brooks, The Original Analects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1998), 342 pp. ISBN: 0-231-10430-8. This translation includesextensive notes and commentary. The Brooks attempt to sort the "books" and "chapters" of the Analects

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according to the historical order in which they were composed. There is extensive discussion of thepolitics surrounding the composition of the text. Although clearly written, this is probably not anappropriate book for undergraduates, but it is a major contribution to the scholarly literature, and is amust read for anyone with a serious interest in Confucius or the Analects. Want to order this book?

Herrlee G. Creel, Confucius and the Chinese Way (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1960; o.p.Confucius: The Man and the Myth, 1949). Perhaps the best general study of Confucius in English,although I think Creel overestimates the "democratic" and "adaptive" aspects of Confucius's thought. Thisis currently out of print, but may be available second hand, or in your library.

Herbert Fingarette, Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (New York: Harper & Row, 1972). Controversial,but several chapters are very insightful. A good critique of some of Fingarette's less plausible claims maybe found in Schwartz and Wilson.

David Hall and Roger Ames, Thinking Through Confucius (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987). Controversialinterpretation of Confucius which sees him as advocating a very fluid and inovative ethic. See the reviewsby Michael Martin, Journal of Chinese Philosophy 17 (1990), pp. 495-503 (see also the response by Halland Ames, and Martin's rejoinder, in later issues of the same journal) and Philip J. Ivanhoe, PhilosophyEast and West41:2 (April 1991), pp. 241-254. See also Wilson.

Kwong-loi Shun, "Jen and Li in the Analects," Philosophy East and West 43:3 (July 1993), pp. 457-479.A careful philosophical discussion of the significance of li (ritual) in Confucian thought.

B.W. Van Norden, ed., Essays on Confucius and the Analects (forthcoming).

Stephen Wilson, "Conformity, Individuality, and the Nature of Virtue," Journal of Religious Ethics 23:2(Fall 1995), pp. 263-289. Thoughtful critique of Fingarette and of Hall and Ames on Confucius.

On Analects 4:15

"The Way of the Master is loyalty and reciprocity, and that is all."

Fingarette, Herbert, "Following the 'One Thread' of the Analects, Journal of the American Academy ofReligion Thematic Issue S (1980), Supplement to JAAR 47:3, pp. 373-404.

Ivanhoe, Philip J., "Reweaving the `One Thread' of the Analects," Philosophy East and West 40:1(January 1990), pp. 17-33.

Nivison, David S., "Golden Rule Arguments in Chinese Moral Philosophy," in his The Ways ofConfucianism.

Van Norden, Bryan W., "Unweaving the 'One Thread' of Analects 4:15," forthcoming in Essays onConfucius and the Analects.

On Analects 12:1

"If one can, through overcoming the self, return to the rites, one can be humane."

Kieschnick, John, "Analects 12:1 and the Commentarial Tradition," Journal of the American OrientalSociety 112 (1992).

ii. Mencius

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Angus C. Graham, "The Background of the Mencian Theory of Human Nature," in his Studies in ChinesePhilosophy and Philosophical Literature (Albany: SUNY Press, 1990). Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, Ethics in the Confucian Tradition: The Thought of Mencius and Wang Yang-ming(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990). ISBN: 1555404510. How Mencius was (mis)understood by one leadingNeo-Confucian. A good introduction to the thought of both Mencius and Wang Yang-ming, with chapterscontrasting their views on "The Nature of Morality," "Human Nature," "The Origin of Evil," "Self-cultivation," and "Sagehood." Want to order this book?

David S. Nivison, "On Translating Mencius," in his The Ways of Confucianism. Originally published inPhilosophy East and West 30 (1980), pp. 93-122. Critiques several translations (including Lau's andLegge's) and discusses interpretive problems in several passages from the Mencius.

Kwong-loi Shun, Mencius and Early Chinese Thought (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997), 295pp. ISBN: 0804727880. I have not had a chance to read this yet, but Shun's earlier work has been verygood, so I suspect that this will be an important study. Want to order this book?

David S. Nivison, Philip J. Ivanhoe, and Bryan W. Van Norden, "Comments and Corrections to D.C.Lau's Mencius. One view of possible errors in Lau's translation, with some commentary and suggestionsfor further reading.

Lee H. Yearley, "A Confucian Crisis: Mencius' Two Cosmogonies and Their Ethics," in R. Lovin and F.Reynolds, eds., Cosmogony and Ethical Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp.310-327. Deals with the issue of how, and whether, Mencius can accommodate cultural diversity.

On Mencius 1A7

King Hsuan spares an ox being led to slaughter.

David S. Nivison "Motivation and Moral Action in Mencius," in his The Ways of Confucianism. Ashortened version of this paper was published under the title "Mencius and Motivation," in the Journal ofthe American Academy of Religion Thematic Issue S, a supplement to JAAR 47:3 (September 1980), pp.417-432.

Kwong-loi Shun, "Moral Reasons in Confucian Ethics," Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 16:3/4(September/December 1989), pp. 317-343. Influenced by Nivison's "Mencius and Motivation", this articlehas prompted a considerable amount of discussion. See Van Norden, "Kwong-loi Shun on Moral Reasonsin Mencius", and Wong "Is There a Distinction between Reason and Emotion in Mencius?"

Bryan W. Van Norden, "Kwong-loi Shun on Moral Reasons in Mencius," Journal of Chinese Philosophy18:4 (December 1991), pp. 353-370. A critique of Shun's interpretation of Mencius 1A7, as presented inhis "Moral Reasons in Confucian Ethics".

David Wong, "Is There a Distinction between Reason and Emotion in Mencius?" Philosophy East andWest 41:1 (January 1991), pp. 31- 44. Critiques Shun's "Moral Reasons in Confucian Ethics". See also theresponse to Wong by Craig Ihara, and Wong's rejoinder, in the same issue.

On Mencius 2A2

"What you do not get from words, do not look for in the heart. What you do not get from the heart, do notlook for in the ch'i."

David S. Nivison, "Philosophical Voluntarism in Fourth Century China," in Nivison, The Ways of

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Confucianism.

Jeffrey K. Riegel, "Reflections on an Unmoved Mind: An Analysis of Mencius 2A2, Journal of theAmerican Academy of Religion Thematic Issue S, a supplement to JAAR 47:3 (1980), pp. 433-457. Riegeldrew heavily on Nivison's "Philosophical Voluntarism in Fourth Century China," which was originallywritten in 1973, but not published until 1996.

Kwong-loi Shun, "Mencius and the Mind-Inherence of Morality: Mencius' Rejection of Kao Tzu's Maximin Meng Tzu 2A:2," Journal of Chinese Philosophy 18:4 (December 1991), pp. 371-386.

Bryan W. Van Norden, "Mencius on Courage," in Peter A. French et al., eds., Midwest Studies inPhilosophy: Volume 21: The Philosophy of Religion (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,1997), pp. 237-256.

On Mencius 3A5

Mencius debates the Mohist Yi Chih over funeral rituals, and suggests that ethics has "one root," while YiChih mistakenly gives it "two roots."

David S. Nivison, "Two Roots or One?" in his The Ways of Confucianism. Originally published in theProceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 53:6 (August 1980), pp. 739-761.

Kwong-loi Shun, "Mencius' Criticism of Mohism: An Analysis of Meng Tzu 3A:5," Philosophy East andWest 41:2 (April 1991), pp. 203-214. An interpretation influenced by, but clearly distinct from, that foundin Nivison's "Two Roots or One?"

On Mencius 6A1 ff.

The Debate between Kao Tzu and Mencius on Human Nature

D.C. Lau, "On Mencius' Use of the Method of Analogy in Argument," in Lau, Mencius (New York:Penguin, 1970), Appendix 5, pp. 235-263.

David S. Nivison, "Problems in the Mengzi 6A3-5," in his The Ways of Confucianism.

Kwong-loi Shun, "Mencius on the Mind-Dependence of Morality: An Analysis of Meng Tzu 6A4-5,"Journal of Chinese Philosophy 18:2 (June 1991), pp. 169-193.

iii. Hsun Tzu (Xunzi)

Paul Rakita Goldin, Rituals of the Way: The Philosophy of Xunzi (Chicago: Open Court, 1999). ISBN:0-8126-9400-7. In my opinion, this is the best book on Xunzi in English, and also one of the best bookson early Chinese philosophy to come out in recent years. Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "A Happy Symmetry: Xunzi's Ethical Thought," Journal of the American Academy ofReligion 59:2 (Summer 1991), pp. 309-322. Claims that Xunzi (Hsun Tzu) thought that Confucianismwas justified because the rites-based society it advocated harmonized humans with one another and thenatural environment.

Edward J. Machle, Nature and Heaven in the Xunzi (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993). A very detailed(and very good) textual study of the "Essay on Heaven" by Xunzi (Hsun Tzu). Want to order this book?

Henry Rosemont, "State and Society in the Hsun Tzu," Monumenta Serica 29 (1970-1971).

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David Wong, "Xunzi on Moral Motivation." Pp. 202-223 in Ivanhoe, ed., Chinese Language, Thought,and Culture. Excellent discussion of Xunzi's view of how we develop virtuous inclinations from ouroriginal non-virtuous motives. See also the unpublished response by B.W. Van Norden, "Wong on Xunzi".

Lee H. Yearley, "Hsün Tzu on the Mind: His Attempted Synthesis of Confucianism and Taoism," Journalof Asian Studies 39:3 (1980) pp. 465-480. Defends Hansen's interpretation of Hsun Tzu as a"conventionalist." Explores the ways in which Hsun Tzu appropriated aspects of Chuang Tzu'sphilosophy for Confucianism.

4. Daoism (Taoism)

A. Translations

i. Anthologies

P.J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (SevenBridges Press, 2000). Includes selections from the Dao de jing and the Zhuangzi. Want to order this book?

Livia Kohn, The Taoist Experience: An Anthology (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993). ISBN: 0791415805.Readings from "Taoist" texts from a variety of periods and orientations. Want to order this book?

ii. Dao de ding (Tao Te Ching)

The standard text of the Dao de jing for many years was the so-called "Wang Bi" text, so most translationsare based on that text. However, an earlier (and slightly different) version of the text was found at aplaced called "Mawangdui," so many recent translations are based on this older (but more recentlydiscovered) version.

The Dao De Jing is one of the most frequently translated texts in the world, but unfortunately most of thetranslations are quite unreliable. Following are a few of the good translations.

Wang Bi (Wang Pi) Version

D.C. Lau, Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (New York: Penguin Books, 1963), 192 pp. Very good translation withinterpretive introduction, scholarly appendices, and some textual notes.

Mawangdui (Ma-wang-tui) Version

Robert G. Henricks, Lao-tzu: Te-Tao Ching (New York: Ballantine Books, 1989), 282 pp. ISBN:0345370996. Very good, scholarly translation with many notes. (Perhaps a little too scholarly forundergraduates -- they may be scared off.) Provides Chinese text of the Mawangdui manuscript only.(This is somewhat unfortunate, as the Mawangdui manuscipts are incomplete and must be supplementedwith the Wang Bi text to be readable.) Want to order this book?

D.C. Lau, Lao-tzu: Tao Te Ching (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Everyman's Library, 1994). ISBN:0679433163. Updated translation, based on the Mawangdui texts. Omits Lau's (interesting) originalintroduction, but retains the appendices. The version of this translation published in Hong Kong (not legalfor sale in the U.S. because of copyright problems) includes both the old and the new translation, alongwith the Chinese text. Want to order this book?

Victor Mair, Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way (New York: Bantam Books,

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1990). ISBN: 055334935X. Very good translation, although some of the notes and other supportingmaterial is rather controversial. Want to order this book?

iii. Zhuangzi (Chuang-tzu)

Although less well-known in the West than the Dao De Jing , the eponymous Zhuangzi is a beautitulclassic of world literature and a truly great work of "anti-rationalist" philosophy. (I actually find it muchmore beautiful and interesting than the Dao De Jing.) The complete Zhuangzi is a fairly long work, butscholars now agree that most of it cannot be attributed to the philosopher Zhuangzi, a contemporary ofMencius (see above) who lived around 300 B.C. However, the first seven sections of the text, the "InnerChapters," are believed by many (although not all) scholars to be by one hand.

A.C. Graham, Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters (Boston: Unwin Paperbacks, 1989; o.p. 1981), 292 pp.Very good translation of the Inner (first seven) Chapters, with some material from other chapters too,although Graham is fond of re-arranging the text (believing it to be out of order). Introductory discussionalso very good. Unfortunately, this book is out of print.

Victor Mair, Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu (Honolulu, HI:University of Hawaii Press, 1998; o.p. New York: Bantam Books, 1994), 402 pp. ISBN: 082482038X. Avery good, new, complete translation of the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu). Somewhat less "literary" atranslation than Watson's. The introduction, which gives a brief survey of early Chinese philosophy, is notbad either. Want to order this book?

Burton Watson, Chuang Tzu: Basic Writings (New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 148 pp.ISBN: 0-231-10595-9Very good translation of the Inner (first seven) Chapters, along with several otherchapters. Want to order this book?

------, The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), 397 pp. Verygood complete translation.

B. Secondary Discussions

Herrlee G. Creel, What Is Taoism? And Other Studies in Chinese Cultural History (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1970). ISBN: 0-226-12047-3. The title essay in this seminarl work should be read inconjunction with Sivin, vide infra.

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "Zhuangzi on Skepticism, Skill, and the Ineffable Dao," Journal of the AmericanAcademy of Religion 61:4 (Winter 1993), pp. 101-116.

Philip J. Ivanhoe and Mark Csikszentmihalyi, eds., Essays on Religious and Philosophical Aspects of theLaozi (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999). ISBN: 0791441121. This should prove to be an excellent collectionof essays. Want to order this book?

Paul Kjellberg, "Zhuangzi and Skepticism," Doctoral Thesis, Department of Philosophy, StanfordUniversity, 1993 (University Microfilms International Order Number 9403970). This work is an excellentcritical historical overview of the secondary literature on Zhuangzi along with an original interpretation.Although unpublished, this is the best single book on Zhuangzi. Go here to order a copy of thisdissertation, and use Order Number 9403970.

Paul Kjellberg and Philip J. Ivanhoe, eds., Essays on Skepticism, Relativism, and Ethics in theZhuangzi (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1996), 240 pp. Excellent collection of articles, plus acomprehensive bibliography. Want to order this book?

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Livia Kohn and Michael LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998). Ihave not seen this anthology yet, but there is so little out there that is any good on the Dao de jing, andthis collection includes works by several major scholars, so it will almost certainly be worth looking at.Want to order this book?

Victor Mair, ed., Experimental Essays on Chuang-tzu (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), 171pp. Uneven collection, but see the articles by Chad Hansen, A.C. Graham and Lee Yearley.

Nathan Sivin, "On the Word 'Taoist' as a Source of Perplexity: With Special Reference to the Relations ofScience and Religion in Traditional China," History of Religions 17 (1978), pp. 303-330. Reprinted inSivin, Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China.

Bryan W. Van Norden, "Competing Interpretations of the Inner Chapters," Philosophy East and West 46:2(April 1996), pp. 247-268. Includes a running commentary on the opening of the Zhuangzi.

See also the Introduction to Graham, Chuang-tzu: The Inner Chapters.

C. Commentarial Tradition

Alan K.L. Chan, Two Visions of the Way: A Study of the Wang Pi and the Ho-shang Kung Commentarieson the Lao-Tzu (SUNY Press, 1991). ISBN: 0-7914-0456-0. Want to order this book?

Paul Kjellberg, "Zhuangzi and Skepticism." Discusses the influential early commentary of Guo Xiang,along with the Buddhist commentarial tradition.

Ariane Rump and Wing-tsit Chan, trans., Commentary on the Lao Tzu by Wang Pi (University of HawaiiPress, 1979). ISBN: 0-8248-0677-8. A translation of one of the classic commentaries on the Dao de jing.Want to order this book?

Rudolf G. Wagner, The Craft of a Chinese Commentator: Wang Bi on the Laozi (Albany, NY: SUNYPress, 1999. ISBN: 0-7914-4396-5. Want to order this book?

5. Mohism

A.C. Graham, Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science (Londond: School of Oriental and African Studies,1978), 590 pp. Scholary and technical, but a landmark study of the Mohist "dialectical chapters."(Probably too intimidating for undergraduate classes.)

P.J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (SevenBridges Press, 2000). Includes selections from the Mohist "synoptic chapters." Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "Mohist Philosophy," entry in the International Encyclopedia of Philosophy (RoutledgePress, 1998). An excellent overview.

Scott Lowe, Mo Tzu's Religious Blueprint for a Chinese Utopia (Lewiston, UK: Edwin Mellen Press,1992), 200 pp. To be honest, I have not gotten a chance to read this yet, but there is so little work on MoTzu that this is probably worth looking at.

Yi-pao Mei, The Ethical and Political Works of Motse (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1973; o.p. 1929)275 pp. Translation of a number of passages, including many not included in Watson.

Burton Watson, Mo Tzu: Basic Writings (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 140 pp.

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Translations of selections from the "synoptic chapters." See also this.

6. Comparative (Western and Non- Western) Studies andMethodology

Taylor Carman and B.W. Van Norden, "Being-in-the- Way," forthcoming in Sino-Platonic Papers. Areview of the anthology, Heidegger and Asian Thought, arguing that the connections between Heideggerand Chinese philosophy are more tenuous than some have supposed.

John B. Henderson, Scripture, Canon, and Commentary: A Comparison of Confucian and WesternExegesis (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 247 pp. This is a brilliant and often-overlookedstudy, showing how different commentarial traditions often make similar assumptions and use similarinterpretive strategies.

Joel Kupperman, "Confucius, Mencius, Hume and Kant on Reason and Choice," in Biderman andScharfstein, eds., Rationality in Question (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1989), pp. 119-139. A subtle andsophisticated comparison.

Alasdair MacIntyre, "Icommensurability, Truth, and the Conversation between Confucians andAristotelians about the Virtues." Pp. 104-122 in Eliot Deutsch, ed., Culture and Modernity: East-WestPhilosophic Perspectives (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991).

Munro, The Concept of Man in Early China.

Martha Nussbaum, "Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Appraoch." Pp. 32-53 in Peter A. French et al.,eds, Midwest Studies in Philosphy XIII: Character and Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre DamePress, 1988).

Bryan W. Van Norden, "What Should Western Philosophy Learn from Chinese Philosophy?" Pp. 224-249in Ivanhoe, Chinese Language, Thought and Culture. An overview of the state of the field in Chinesephilosophy with a discussion of its relevance to Western philosophy.

Lee H. Yearley, Mencius and Aquinas (Albany: SUNY Press, 1990). A brilliant comparative study. Wantto order this book? See the discussion of this work in the Journal of Religious Ethics 21:2 (Fall 1993).

------, "Recent Work on Virtue," Religious Studies Review, 16:1 (1990), pp. 1-9. Good introduction tosome of the literature on "virtue ethics," a movement in mainstream Anglo-American ethics that, Ibelieve, also sheds much light on Confucianism.

7. Other Early Schools and Miscellaneous

Roger T. Ames, Sun-Tzu : The Art of Warfare : The First English Translation Incorporating the RecentlyDiscovered Yin-Ch'ueh-Shan Texts (Ballantine Books, 1993). ISBN: 034536239X. Want to order thisbook?

Angus C. Graham, "Kung-sun Lung's Discourse Re-Read as Argument about Whole and Part." Pp.193-215 in Graham, Studies in Chinese Philosophy. This is probably the best thing to read aboutKung-sun Lung's paradox ("a white horse is not a horse"). It is suitable reading for (strong) undergraduatestudents.

P.J. Ivanhoe and Bryan W. Van Norden, eds., Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy (Seven

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Bridges Press, forthcoming). Includes selections from the Hanfeizi. Want to order this book?

Kwong-loi Shun, Mencius and Early Chinese Thought. Good discussion of what we know about theso-called "egoist," Yang Chu, on pp. 35-47.

Burton Watson, Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu and Han Fei Tzu (New York: Columbia UniversityPress). Three translations bound together in hardback. Cheaper than making students buy all threeindividually. General note: An interesting aspect of Watson's translations is that he seems to translate fromJapanese translations of the works, rather than directly from the Classical Chinese.

II. The I ChingCary F. Baynes and Hellmut Wilhelm, trans., The I Ching (Princeton University Press, 1992). ISBN:069109750X. One of the best translations based on the traditional version of the text. This translationincludes an interesting Foreward by psychoanalyst Carl Jung. Want to order this book?

James Legge, trans., The I Ching, 2nd ed. (New York: Dover Books, 1975). ISBN: 0486210626. One ofthe best translations based on the traditional version of the text. (Legge's translation is available in severaleditions from several publishers; however, Dover Books are reasonably priced and well bound.) Want toorder this book?

Edward Shaughnessy, trans., The I Ching (Ballantine Books, 1998). ISBN: 0345421124. This translationis based on earlier versions of the text of the I Ching, which have only recently been recovered fromarchaeological sites. Want to order this book?

Kidder Smith, Peter Bol, Joseph Adler, and Don Wyatt, Sung Dynasty Uses of the I Ching (PrincetonUniversity Press, 1990). ISBN: 0691055904. This is the best secondary discussion I have seen on the IChing: clear and scholarly. Although it focusses on Song Dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) uses of this text, thereis also a chapter on "The I Ching Prior to the Sung." Want to order this book?

III. Han DynastyJohn S. Major, Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought : Chapters Three, Four and Five of theHuainanzi (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993). ISBN: 0791415864 . The paperback edition of this book iscurrently out of print, but you can still order the hardback edition of this book.

Michael Nylan, trans., Yang Hsiung, The Canon of supreme mystery (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1993).

Sarah Ann Queen, From chronicle to canon : the hermeneutics of the Spring and autumn, according toTung Chung-shu (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

IV. Chinese Buddhism

A. Indian Background

N.K.G. Mendis, ed., The Questions of King Milinda, I.B. Horner, trans. (Vipassana Research

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Publications, 1993). ISBN: 9552400678. This is an abridgement of Horner's complete translation (seebelow) of the work also known as The Questions of King Menander. This is a Theravadan Buddhist work(written in Pali) which is very interesting philosophically for its discussion of issues such as "no-self."Want to order this book? There are some brief selections from a different translation of this work in W.T.de Bary, ed., The Buddhist Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1972).

I.B. Horner, Milinda's Questions, 2 vols. (United Kingdom: Pali Text Society, 1963-64). ISBN:0-86013-046-0 and 0-86013-047-9. A complete translation of a work also known as The Questions ofKing Menander. Go here for information about ordering this book in the U.S.

Nagarjuna, The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way, trans. with commentary by Jay L. Garfield(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). ISBN: 0-19-509336-4. Nagarjuna is one of the mostinfluential and profound Buddhist philosophers. (Nagarjuna's philosophy influenced the development ofHua-yen and Ch'an in China.) This translation of his major work includes a very clear commentary by aWestern-trained philosopher. Want to order this book?

Walpola Rahula, What the Buddha Taught (New York: Grove Press, 1979), 151 pp. ISBN:0-8021-3031-3. This is about Theravada as opposed to Mahayana Buddhism (the latter being what is mostinfluential in China), but it is one of the clearest and most philosophically accurate introductions toBuddhism of which I am aware. Want to order this book?

B. Translations from the Chinese

Derk Bodde, trans., Fung Yu-lan, A History of Chinese Philosophy, vol. 2, The Period of ClassicalLearning (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 783 pp. This book is probably most useful for itstranslations of selections from Chinese Buddhist and Neo-Confucian texts. Bodde's additional notes arealso often helpful.

Wing-tsit Chan, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 856pp. Translations of selections from almost three thousand years of Chinese thought. We owe a great debtto Chan for making so many works accessible to English-speaking readers. However, his translations arenot always reliable, and his commentary is sometimes simply confused. Nonetheless, depending upon thecourse, this may be the best book to use.

William Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1999). ISBN: 0231109385. Selections from a variety of texts fromShang oracle bone inscriptions through the Ming Dynasty. Want to order this book?

Philip B. Yampolsky, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (New York: Columbia University Press,1967), 212+ pp. Annotated translation of one of the fundamental texts of Chan (Zen) Buddhism. Includesthe Chinese text.

C. Secondary Discussions of Chinese Buddhism

Francis H. Cook, Hua-yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra (University Park, Penna.: PennsylvaniaState University Press, 1977), 146 pp. A fairly good and often overlooked discussion of one of the mostimportant Chinese Buddhist schools. Unfortunately, this book is currently out of print.

Heinrich Dumoulin, Zen Buddhism: A History, vol. 1, India and China (New York: Macmillan PublishingCo., 1994), 387 pp. The standard history of the subject.

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Thich Nhat Hanh, The Heart of Understanding: Commentaries on the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra(Parallax Press, 1988), 54 pp. ISBN: 0938077112. This is a very readable introduction to the metaphysicsof Hua-yen and Chan (Zen) Buddhism by a Vietnamese monk and peace activist. Want to order this book?

V. Neo-Confucianism

A. Translations

Derk Bodde, A History of Chinese Philosophy.

Wing-tsit Chan, Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming(New York: Columbia University Press, 1964), 358 pp. Similar comments apply to this as apply to Chan'sA Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.

------, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.

William Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition.

John Ewell, "Re-inventing the Way: Dai Zhen's Evidential Commentary on the Meaning of Terms inMencius (1777)," Ph.D. dissertation, History, University of California at Berkeley, 1990 (UniversityMicrofilms International Order Number 9126550). Probably the best translation of the magnum opus ofDai Zhen (Tai Chen), a critic of the Neo-Confucian tradition and an interesting philosopher in his ownright. Interpretive notes also very good. Go here to order a copy of this dissertation, and use OrderNumber 9126550.

Daniel K. Gardner, Chu Hsi: Learning to Be a Sage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990),218 pp. ISBN: 0-520-06525-5 Excellent translation of selections from the writings of Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi)along with very good interpretive notes. Want to order this book?

Philip J. Ivanhoe, Selected Writings of Zhang Xuecheng (forthcoming).

B. Secondary Studies

Han Yü

Charles Hartman, Han Yü and the T'ang Search for Unity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).

Shao Yong

Anne D. Birdwhistell, Transition to Neo-Confucianism: Shao Yung on Knowledge and Symbols of Reality(Stanford University Press, 1989), 317 pp.

Don J. Wyatt, The Recluse of Loyang: Shao Yung and the Moral Evolution of Early Sung Thought(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996), 340 pp.

The Cheng Brothers

The philosophers who, in the opinion of many scholars, established the mature metaphysics ofNeo-Confucianism. Subtle differences between the two brothers, of which they seem to have been

unaware, led to the major schism between the "Cheng-Zhu" and "Lu-Wang" schools of

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Neo-Confucianism.

Angus C. Graham, "What Was New in the Ch'eng-Chu Theory of Human Nature?" in Graham, Studies inChinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature, pp. 412-435. An excellent discussion of the ethicalimplications of the mature, Neo-Confucian view of human nature.

------, Two Chinese Philosophers (La Salle, Il.: Open Court Press, 1992; o.p. 1958), 201 pp. Excellentintroduction. Want to order this book?

Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi)

This philosopher has been compared to Thomas Aquinas because of his masterful intellectual synthesis,which became orthodoxy in China and Korea.

Wing-tsit Chan, ed., Chu Hsi and Neo-Confucianism (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986), 644pp. Collection of essays by various scholars; some excellent, some abysmal.

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "Zhu Xi," in Ivanhoe, Confucian Moral Self Cultivation.

Donald J. Murno, Images of Human Nature: A Sung Portrait (Princeton University Press, 1988), 322 pp.ISBN: 0691073309. Traces and attempts to explicate the use of key Neo-Confucian images. Want to orderthis book?

Wang Yangming

Deeply influential Neo-Confucian critic of the orthodox school of Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi.

Philip J. Ivanhoe, Ethics in the Confucian Tradition.

----------, "Wang Yangming," in Ivanhoe, Confucian Moral Self Cultivation.

David S. Nivison, "The Philosophy of Wang Yangming," in Nivison, The Ways of Confucianism, pp.217-231. This is the one essay to read if you can read only one on Wang.

Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (Zhang Xuecheng)

An 18th century historian and philosopher of history who has been compared to Hegel and Vico.

Paul Demieville, "Chang Hsueh-ch'eng and His Historiography," in W.G. Beasley and E.G. Pulleyblank,Historians of China and Japan (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 167-185.

David S. Nivison, The Life and Thought of Chang Hsueh-ch'eng (Stanford: Stanford University Press,1966), 336 pp. ISBN: 0804702306. An acclaimed intellectual biography. Want to order this book?

----------, "The Philosophy of Zhang Xuecheng," in Nivison, The Ways of Confucianism, pp. 249-260.

Dai Zhen (Tai Chen)

Brilliant critic of the entire Neo-Confucian tradition, who demonstrated that Neo- Confucians see theirtraditions through Buddhist lenses.

Philip J. Ivanhoe, "Dai Zhen," in Ivanhoe, Confucian Moral Self Cultivation.

David S. Nivison, "Two Kinds of Naturalism: Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng," in Nivison, The Ways of

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Confucianism, pp. 261-282.

VI. Chinese ScienceMost of the items on this list come from a syllabus for a course taught by Roger Hart (see below under

Syllabi and Other Resources ).

Francesca Bray. Technology and Gender: Fabrics of Power in Late Imperial China. Berkeley and LosAngeles: University of California Press, 1997.

Hashimoto, Keizo et al. eds. East Asian Science: Tradition and Beyond. Osaka: Kansai University Press,1995.

Horton, Robin and Ruth Finnegan, eds. Modes of Thought: Essays on Thinking in Western andNon-Western Societies. London: Faber, 1973.

Huff, Toby E. The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1993.

Lloyd, G. E. R. Adversaries and Authorities: Investigations into Ancient Greek and Chinese Science.Ideas in Context. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Lloyd, G.E.R. Demystifying Mentalities. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Martzloff, Jean-Claude. A History of Chinese Mathematics. Translated by Stephen S. Wilson. New York:Springer-Verlag, 1997.

Nakayama, Shigeru. A History of Japanese Astronomy: Chinese Background and Western Impact.Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, vol. 18. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.

Joseph Needham, The Grand Titration: Science and Society in East and West (Buffalo: University ofToronto Press, 1969). Classic, but sometimes dated, essays on Chinese science.

Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilization in China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1954ff.). Classic, multivolume work. Some portions now rather dated, though. Some volumes stillforthcoming.

Reardon-Anderson, James. The Study of Change: Chemistry in China, 1840-1949. Studies of the EastAsia Institute, Columbia University. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Sivin, Nathan, ed. Science and Technology in East Asia. History of Science: Selections from Isis. NewYork: Science History Publications, 1977.

Nathan Sivin, Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections, Variorum Collected Studies Series(Aldershot, Hants: Variorum, 1995). This and the following are collections of essays by a leadingcontemporary scholar of Chinese science.

------, Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections, VariorumCollected Studies Series (Aldershot, Hants: Variorum, 1995). Among the articles worth consulting in thiscollection are "The Myth of the Naturalists," "On the Word 'Taoist' as a Source of Perplexity," and "AnIntroductory Bibliography of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Books and Articles in Western Languages."

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------, "Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China -- Or Didn't It?" Chinese Science, 5(1982), pp. 45-66 (reprinted in Sivin Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections).

Tambiah, S. J. Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality. New York: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1990.

VII. Syllabi and Other ResourcesSteve Angle's home page has information on several courses he teaches on Chinese philosophy, includingpointers to the course syllabi and other information.

Steve Brown's Chinese Philosophy Page is a pretty comprehensive guide to resources on Chinesephilosophy available on the web.

Thomas Carlson¹s Looking for Confucius page has links to some on-line information about translationsand secondary works on the Analects of Confucius.

Chinese philosophical texts are available on the web from several sites, including the CND ChineseClassics Archive and the Wesleyan Chinese Philosophical Etext Archive. Both sites include informationon reading Chinese on the web.

Chad Hansen's Chinese Philosophy Courses.

Roger Hart's Chinese Science Syllabus provides an extensive reading list on this topic.

John Knoblock's Classical Chinese Philosophy Page includes pointers to sites with information on severalearly Chinese philosophers.

Bryan W. Van Norden's Glossary of Key Buddhist Terms. (You may find this helpful, but it is not yetcomplete.)

Bryan W. Van Norden's syllabus for Early Chinese Philosophy.

Bryan W. Van Norden's syllabus for his Chuang Tzu Seminar.

Bryan W. Van Norden's list of Key Terms in Chinese Philosophy.

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