chinese history 1840 after wards updated

7/28/2019 Chinese History 1840 After Wards Updated

1/48

CHINA1840 onwards

(Emergence of Modern China)

Presented by:

Group 2

(Michael, Raj, Kimothi & Bhushan)


2/48

QING DYNASTY (1644 -1911)


3/48

QING DYNASTY (1644 -1911)

The age of Qing Dynasty is - not only in the eyes of Westerners, but also

in the mind of Chinese - a period of prosperity, of decay, of stagnation, of

revolution, of lazyness and of challenges that came upon a population that

seemed to sleep a beauty's sleep of Confucian social ethics in a paradise

where a wise ruler governed over a satisfied and happy population, and on

the other side a society that was bound by rules of a backward social

thinking. Qing Dynasty is also the last Imperial dynasty to rule China.

There were three great emperors during this period Kangxi, Yongzheng

and Qianlong.


4/48

REIGNS OF EMPERORS OF

QING DYNASTY

Order Name Achievements Reign

Time

1 EmperorTaizu

Founder of the Latter Jin regime which later turned intothe Qing regime; He created the military organization

called Banner System.

1616 -1626

2 Emperor

Taizong

The eighth son of Nurhachu; actually the first emperor

of the Qing Dynasty. He moved the capital to Shenyang.

1626 -

1643

3 EmperorShunzhi Son of Huang Taiji; In his reign, the Qing army defeatedthe Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) and moved the capital

into Beijing.

1643 -1661

4 Emperor

Kangxi

The third son of Emperor Shunzhi; One of the greatest

emperors in the Qing Dynasty; His reign was the

beginning of the heyday of the Qing Dynasty.

1661 -

1722


5/48


QING DYNASTY


Time

5EmperorYongzheng

The fourth son of Emperor Kangxi; A fairly wise andcompetent emperor who maintained the prosperity of

the Qing Dynasty

1722 -1735

6Emperor

Qianlong

Son of Emperor Yongzheng; Inheriting the prosperity

brought by his predecessors, his reign reached the zenith.

1735 -

1796

7 EmperorJiaqing

Son of Emperor Qianlong; He prosecuted the infamouscorrupt official, He Shen, who used to be a favorite

chancellor of Emperor Qianlong.

1796 -1820

8Emperor

Daoguang

Son of Emperor Jiaqing; His reign saw the outbreak of

the First Opium War in 1840, from which China entered

the modern history.

1820 -

1850


6/48


QING DYNASTY


Time

9EmperorXianfeng

Son of Emperor Daoguang; In his reign, the QingDynasty apparently began to decline. The well-known

Taiping Rebellion broke out in that period.

1850 -1861

10Emperor

Tongzhi

Son of Emperor Xianfeng and Empress Dowager Cixi;

died early

1861 -

1875

11 EmperorGuangxu

Grandson of Emperor Daoguang; a progressive emperorwho tried lots of methods to save the declining Qing

Dynasty

1875 -1908

12

Emperor

Xuantong

(Puyi)

The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and the last feudal

monarch of China; He was imprisoned at Shenyang till

1959 when Chairman Mao remitted him.

1908 -

1911
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Empress%20Dowager%20Cixi.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Emperor%20Guangxu.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Emperor%20Guangxu.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Emperor%20Guangxu.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Emperor%20Guangxu.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Empress%20Dowager%20Cixi.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Empress%20Dowager%20Cixi.pptxhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_1//localhost/Users/ashishmichael/Desktop/china%20history%201840%20and%20after/Empress%20Dowager%20Cixi.pptx


7/48

IMPORTANT EVENTS

The Opium War (1839-42)

Taiping Rebellion (1851-64)

Hundred Days Reforms


8/48

THE OPIUM WAR (1839-42)


9/48


Cause

During the eighteenth century, the market in Europe and America for tea, a new drink in the

West, expanded greatly. Additionally, there was a continuing demand for Chinese silk andporcelain. But China, still in its preindustrial stage, wanted little that the West had to

offer, causing the Westerners, mostly British, to incur an unfavorable balance of trade.

To remedy the situation, the foreigners developed a third-party trade, exchanging their

merchandise in India and Southeast Asia for raw materials and semi-processed goods,

which found a ready market in Guangzhou. By the early nineteenth century, raw cotton

and opium () from India had become the staple British imports into China, in spite of

the fact that opium was prohibited entry by imperial decree.The opium traffic was made

possible through the connivance of profit-seeking merchants and a corrupt bureaucracy.


10/48


The War

In 1839 the Qing government, after a decade of unsuccessful anti-opium campaigns, adopted

drastic prohibitory laws against the opium trade.The emperor dispatched a commissioner,

Lin Zexu ( 1785-1850), to Guangzhou to suppress illicit opium traffic. Lin seized illegal

stocks of opium owned by Chinese dealers and then detained the entire foreign

community and confiscated and destroyed some 20,000 chests of illicit British opium.

The British retaliated with a punitive expedition, thus initiating the first Anglo-Chinese

war, better known as the Opium War (1839-42). Unprepared for war and grossly

underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated, and their

image of their own imperial power was tarnished beyond repair.


11/48

THE OPIUM WAR (1839-42) Outcome

The Treaty of Nanjing (1842), signed on board a British warship by two Manchu imperial commissioners and

the British plenipotentiary, was the first of a series of agreements with the Western trading nations later called

by the Chinese the "unequal treaties." Under the Treaty of Nanjing, China ceded the island of HongKong to the British; abolished the licensed monopoly system of trade; opened 5 ports to British

residence and foreign trade; limited the tariff on trade to 5 percent ad valorem; granted British

nationals extraterritoriality (exemption from Chinese laws); and paid a large indemnity. In addition,

Britain was to have most-favored-nation treatment, that is, it would receive whatever trading concessions

the Chinese granted other powers then or later. The Treaty of Nanjing set the scope and character of an

unequal relationship for the ensuing century of what the Chinese would call "national humiliations." The

treaty was followed by other incursions, wars, and treaties that granted new concessions and added new

privileges for the foreigners.


12/48

THE TAIPING REBELLION

(1851-64)


13/48


(1851-64)

Cause

During the mid-nineteenth century, China's problems were compounded by natural

calamities of unprecedented proportions, including droughts, famines, and floods.Government neglect of public works was in part responsible for this and other

disasters, and the Qing administration did little to relieve the widespread misery

caused by them. Economic tensions, military defeats at Western hands, and anti-

Manchu sentiments all combined to produce widespread unrest, especially in the

south. South China had been the last area to yield to the Qing conquerors and the first to beexposed to Western influence. It provided a likely setting for the largest uprising in modern

Chinese history--the Taiping Rebellion.


14/48


(1851-64) The Rebellion

The Taiping rebels were led byHong Xiuquan ( 1814-64), a village teacher and unsuccessful imperial

examination candidate. Hong formulated an eclectic ideology combining the ideals of pre-Confucian

utopianism with Protestant beliefs. He soon had a following in the thousands who were heavily anti-

Manchu and anti-establishment. Hong's followers formed a military organization to protect against

bandits and recruited troops not only among believers but also from among other armed peasant groups

and secret societies. In 1851 Hong Xiuquan and others launched an uprising in Guizhou () Province. Hong

proclaimed the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace ( or Taiping Tianguo) with himself as king. The new

order was to reconstitute a legendary ancient state in which the peasantry owned and tilled the land in common;

slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium smoking, footbinding, judicial torture, and the worship of idols

were all to be eliminated. The Taiping tolerance of the esoteric rituals and quasi-religious societies of south China--

themselves a threat to Qing stability--and their relentless attacks on Confucianism--still widely accepted as the moralfoundation of Chinese behavior--contributed to the ultimate defeat of the rebellion. Its advocacy of radical social

reforms alienated the Han Chinese scholar-gentry class. The Taiping army, although it had captured Nanjing

and driven as far north as Tianjin , failed to establish stable base areas.


15/48


(1851-64) Outcome

The movement's leaders found themselves in a net of internal feuds, defections, and corruption.

Additionally, British and French forces, being more willing to deal with the weak Qing administration

than contend with the uncertainties of a Taiping regime, came to the assistance of the imperial army.

To defeat the rebellion, the Qing court needed, besides Western help, an army stronger and more popular than

the demoralized imperial forces. In 1860, scholar-official Zeng Guofan ( 1811-72), from Hunan Province, was

appointed imperial commissioner and governor-general of the Taiping-controlled territories and placed in

command of the war against the rebels. Zeng's Hunan army, created and paid for by local taxes, became a

powerful new fighting force under the command of eminent scholar-generals. Zeng's success gave new power

to an emerging Han Chinese elite and eroded Qing authority. Simultaneous uprisings in north China (the Nian

Rebellion) and southwest China (the Muslim Rebellion) further demonstrated Qing weakness.

Finally Chinese army succeeded in crushing the revolt, however, 14 years had passed, and well over 30

million people were reported killed.


16/48

HUNDRED DAY REFORM


17/48

HUNDRED DAY REFORM

Cause

In the 103 days from June 11 to September 21, 1898, the Qing emperor,

Guangxu ( 1875-1908), ordered a series of reforms aimed at making

sweeping social and institutional changes. This effort reflected the

thinking of a group of progressive scholar-reformers who had impressed

the court with the urgency of making innovations for the nation's

survival. Influenced by the Japanese success with modernization, the reformers

declared that China needed more than "self-strengthening" and that innovation

must be accompanied by institutional and ideological change.


18/48

HUNDRED DAY REFORM Reforms

The imperial edicts for reform covered a broad range of subjects, including

stamping out corruption and remaking, among other things, the

academic and civil-service examination systems, legal system,

governmental structure, defense establishment, and postal services. The

edicts attempted to modernize agriculture, medicine, and mining and to

promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.The

court also planned to send students abroad for firsthand observation and

technical studies.All these changes were to be brought about under a de

facto constitutional monarchy.


19/48

HUNDRED DAY REFORM Outcome

Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the

Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a

more moderate and gradualist course of change. Supported by ultraconservatives and with the

tacit support of the political opportunist Yuan Shikai ( 1859-1916), Empress Dowager Ci Xi

engineered a coup d'tat on September 21, 1898, forcing the young reform-minded Guangxuinto seclusion. Ci Xi took over the government as regent. The Hundred Days' Reform ended

with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform's chief

advocates.

In the decade that followed, the court belatedly put into effect some reform measures. These

included the abolition of the moribund Confucian-based examination, educational and military

modernization patterned after the model of Japan, and an experiment, if half-hearted, in

constitutional and parliamentary government. The suddenness and ambitiousness of the reform

effort actually hindered its success. One effect, to be felt for decades to come, was the

establishment of new armies, which, in turn, gave rise to war-lordism.


20/48

1890 1920 (IMPORTANT

EVENTS)

1861-95 The Self-Strengthening Movement

1894-95 Sino-Japanese War

1899 US Open Door Policy

1900 Boxer Rebellion. China vs. Eight Powers

1905 Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance

1908 Deaths of Cixi and Guangxu

1911 Revolution by Sun Yat-sens followers(Qing dynasty falls Republic of China)

1917 World War 1 1919 Treaty of Versailles

1919 May Fourth Movement


21/48

SELF-STRENGTHENING

MOVEMENT Series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.

1861-95 : Period of institutional reforms. Regain sovereignty.

Integrate Western and Chinese Culture.

Learn the superior technology of the barbarian, in order to control him- Wei

Yuan

Chinese learning for fundamentals, Western learning for practical application

Zhang Zhdong

Weaponry

Modern Military Forces

Increase national wealth through industrialization

Outcome

Didnt work well for lack of government support.

Chinas defeat by Japan in 1895 ended the movement.


22/48

FIRST SINO-JAPANESE WAR 1 August 189417 April 1895

Control of Korea

Failure of the attempts to modernize its

military

Outcome Ended the centuries-old Chinese control

over Korea

Regional dominance in East Asia shifted

from China to Japan

Ended the Self Strengthening

movement Catalyst for a series of revolutions and

political changes led by Sun Yat-Sen

Hundred Days of Reform


23/48

OPEN DOOR POLICY

Partition of China by the Europeanpowers and Japan seemed imminent, USfelt its commercial interests in China

threatened1899- The US gets in the game with theOpen Door policy in which all will beable to trade, none exclusively.


24/48

THE BOXER REBELLION

1900- Approved and encouraged by the Empress Ci Xi, theseBoxers attack foreigners in what is known as the Boxer Rebellion.Several hundred foreigners are killed and the Europeans send25,000 troops to extract their people.

OutcomeEight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 armed troops to China,defeated the Imperial Army, and captured Beijing.Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 ended the uprising.Indemnity of 67 million pounds.

Though the Boxer Rebellion failed but it did enough to stir upnational pride within China itself.Govern China was through the Chinese dynasty, instead of directdealing with the Chinese people.


25/48

SUN YAT-SEN 1905 - Sun Yat-sen forms Revolutionary Alliance Hoping to

establish govt. based on the Three Peoples Principles of:

1. Nationalismfree China from foreign domination

2. Democracy representative government

3. Peoples Livelihood economic security for all Chinese

1908 Deaths of Cixi and Guangxulast emperor (Henry

Puyi) was an infant

People dissatisfied with governments inability to throw

foreigners out, initiated the Revolution of 1911, replacing Qing

Dyasty (est 1644) with the Republic of China headed by Sun Yat-

sen.

Brought down by internal rebellions as well as government

corruption.

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)


26/48

Sun Yat-sen took over the government, but his government

was powerless due to the control of local military strongmen

called warlords.

In March of 1912 Sun Yat-sen resigned and a powerful

warlord, Yuan Shikai, took over.

Yuan attempted to reinstate an imperial system with himself asemperor causing Sun to start one of Chinas first politicalparties, Kuomintang or KMT.

Sun fought hard to establish a democracy but was largelyunsuccessful until the 1920s.

SUN YAT-SEN (CONT)


27/48

WORLD WAR IReasons For China to Join Reassert its strength before Japan.

- Japanese invasion of Tsingtao and their 21Demands (1915) that would have made Chinaa Japanese protectorate.

- An opportunity to seize territory

French ship Athos was sunk in the Mediterranean

Germanys unrestricted Submarine warfare campaign

Place at the post-war bargaining table

In 1917, China entered World War I on the side ofthe allies.

Although China did not see any military action, itprovided resources in the form of labourers that worked

in allied mines and factories.Outcome

The announcement of the Paris Peace Conference.

China sights on settling the peace


28/48

TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919

The Treaty of Versailles ignoredChinas plea to end concessions andforeign control of China.

Japan gains territory & privilegespreviously belonging to Germany inChina.

Outcome

Student-led protest movement -

May Fourth Movement


29/48

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENTMay 4, 1919

Students demonstrated in Peking inprotest of the Treaty of Versailles.

Slogan: Down with theImperialists

Helped China by promoting scienceand making Chinese adopt a neweasier form of writing.

Becomes a Nationalist Movement

- Spreads to other cities.

- Nationalism & anti-imperialistsentiment grow.


30/48

MAY FOURTH MOVEMENTOutcome

Create broad based coalition Force release of imprisonedstudents.Dismissal of Japanese officials fromgovt.

Reformers turn against Sun Yat-sensbelief in western democracy.

Becomes a Nationalist Movement- Spreads to other cities.- Nationalism & anti-imperialist

sentiment grow. Foundation for the forming of theCommunist Party of China (CCP).


31/48

HISTORY HIGHLIGHTS (1920 -

1949)A republic was formally established on 1 January 1912 on following the Hsin-Hai

Revolution, which itself began with the Wuchang Uprising on 10 October 1911,

replacing the Qing Dynasty and ending over two thousand years of imperial rule in

China. From its founding until 1949 it was based on mainland China.

Central authority waxed and waned in response to

A) Warlordism (191528) ( when the country was divided among military cliques,

a division that continued until the fall of the Nationalist government in the mainland

China regions of Sichuan, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia, Guangdong, Guangxi, Gansu,Yunnan, and Xinjiang.)


32/48

HISTORY EVENTS (1920 -

1949) (CONT.)

B) Japanese invasion (193745) (first in 1894,raised 21 demands & US helps to

maintain its sovereignty).

C) Chinese Civil War (192749) (Reason fight between KMT (Kuomintang) & CPC

(Communist party of china) for control of each others territory), with central authority

strongest during the Nanjing Decade (192737), when most of China came under the

control of the Kuomintang (KMT) under an authoritarian single-party state.

At the end of World War II in 1945, the Empire of Japan surrendered control of Taiwan

and its island groups to the Allied Forces, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of

China's administrative control.


33/48

FOUNDING OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF

CHINA The Communist Party of China (CPC), also known as the Chinese

Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and the ruling political party of

the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the world's largest political

party. While not a governing body recognized by the PRC's constitution,

the Party's position as the supreme political authority and power in the

PRC is realized through its control of all state apparatuses and of the

legislative process.

The Communist Party of China was founded in May 1920 in Shanghai,

and came to rule all of mainland China after defeating its rival the

Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War. The party's 70 million

members constitute 5.5% of the total population of mainland China.


34/48

NANJING DECADE After Sun's death in March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek became the leader of the KMT. In

1926, Chiang led the Northern Expedition through China with the intention of

defeating the warlords and unifying the country. Chiang received the help of the Soviet

Union and the Chinese Communists; however, he soon dismissed his Soviet advisors.

He was convinced, not without reason, that they wanted to get rid of the KMT (also

known as the Nationalists) and take over control.

Chiang decided to strike first and purged the Communists, killing thousands of

them. At the same time, other violent conflicts were taking place in China; in the

South, where the Communists were in superior numbers, Nationalist supporters were

being massacred. These events eventually led to the Chinese Civil War between the

Nationalists and Communists. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the Communists into the

interior as he sought to destroy them, and established a government with Nanking as

its capital in 1927.By 1928, Chiang's army overturned the Beiyang government and

unified the entire nation, at least nominally, beginning the so-called Nanjing Decade.


35/48

SECOND SINO-JAPANESE

WAR In the 1930s, China was a divided country. In 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek had

formed a Nationalist Government the Kuomintang (the KMT), but his

dictatorial regime was opposed by Mao Tse Tungs Communists (CCP). Civil

war between the Communists and Nationalists erupted in 1930 the period

ofMaos legendary LongMarch.

In 1931, Japan, eager for the vast natural resources to be found in China

and seeing her obvious weakness, invaded and occupied Manchuria. It was

turned into a nominally independent state called Manchukuo, but the

Chinese Emperor who ruled it was a puppet of the Japanese.


36/48

SECOND SINO -JAPAN WAR

(CONT.)

In the 1930s the Chinese suffered continued territorial encroachment

from the Japanese, using their Manchurian base. The whole north of the

country was gradually taken over. The official strategy of the KMT was to

secure control of China by defeating her internal enemies first

(Communists and various warlords), and only then turning attention to

the defence of the frontier. This meant the Japanese encountered

virtually no resistance, apart from some popular uprisings by Chinese

peasants which were brutally suppressed.


37/48

SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR

(CONT)

In 1937 skirmishing between Japanese and Chinese troops on the frontier led

to what became known as the Marco Polo Bridge Incident. This fighting sparked

a full-blown conflict, the Second Sino-Japanese War. Under the terms of the SianAgreement, the Chinese Nationalists (KMT) and the CCP now agreed to fight

side by side against Japan.

China was receiving aid from US, France & Britain including Germany.

Although the Japanese quickly captured all key Chinese ports and industrial

centres,including cities such as the Chinese capital Nanking and Shanghai, CCP

and KMT forces continued resisting.


38/48

In the brutal conflict, both sides used scorchedearth tactics. Massacres and atrocities

were common. The most infamous came after the fall of Nanking in December 1937, when

Japanese troops slaughtered an estimated 300,000 civilians and raped 80,000 women. Many

thousands of Chinese were killed in the indiscriminate bombing of cities by the Japanese air

force. Warfare of this nature led, by thewars end, to an estimated 10 to 20 million Chinese

civilians deaths.

By 1940, the war descended into stalemate. The Japanese seemed unable to force victory,

nor the Chinese to evict the Japanese from the territory they had conquered. But western

intervention in the form of economic sanctions (most importantly oil) against Japan would

transform the nature of the war. It was in response to these sanctions that Japan decided to

attack America at Pearl Harbor, and so initiate World War II.

SECOND SINO-JAPANESE WAR

(CONT)


39/48

POST WORLD WAR -II & TAKEOVER

OF TAIWAN

During World War II the United States emerged as a major player in Chinese affairs. As an ally it

helped hard-pressed Nationalist Government in late 1941 for massive military and financial aid.

New agreement between US & ROC was signed in 1943 for stationing of American troops in china

for common war efforts against japan. Friendship intensified & US reopened the Chinese immigration

to US.

The wartime policy of the United States was initially to help China become a strong ally and a

stabilizing force in postwar East Asia. As the conflict between the KMT and the Communists

intensified, however, the United States sought unsuccessfully to reconcile the rival forces for a more

effective anti-Japanese war effort. According to the Potsdam Declaration, the transfer of sovereignty

over Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China occurred on 25 October 1945 (Retrocession Day).


40/48

Though US could calm the grudge between KMT & Communist, but battles soon resumed. Public

opinion of the ADMINISTRATIVE INCOMPETENCE ,INFLATION & CORRUPTION of the

Republic of China government was escalated and incited by the Communists in the nationwide student

protest against mishandling of a rape accusation in early 1947 and another national protest against

monetary reforms later that year. The Chinese Civil War became more widespread. The United States aided

the Nationalists with massive economic loans and weapons but no combat support.

By late 1948 the Kuomintang position was bleak.

In January 1949 Beijing was taken by the Communists without a fight. Between April and November

major cities passed from Kuomintang to Communist control with minimal resistance. Finally, on 1 October

1949, Communists founded the People's Republic of China.

After 1 October 1949 Chiang Kai-shek and a few hundred thousand Republic of China troops and

two million refugees, predominantly from the government and business community, fled from mainland

China to Taiwan; there remained in China itself only isolated pockets of resistance. On 7 December 1949

Chiang proclaimed Taipei, Taiwan, the temporary capital of the Republic of China.

POST WORLD WAR -II & TAKEOVER

OF TAIWAN ( CONT )


41/48

GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zuolinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-senhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen


42/48

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(1920-

1950) Chinese economy was struggling & was going through very bad phase due

to frequent wars , political instability & change of government (Yuan shikai).

After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1927, China entered a period

of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the

Japanese invaded and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also

saw the first boycott of Japanese products.

China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit

by the Great Depression from 1931 to 1935 and Japan's occupation of

Manchuria in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936.

By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in

1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China.


43/48

In 1932, China's GDP peaked at 28.8 billion By 1930, foreign investment in China totaled

3.5 billion, with Japan leading (1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion.

However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which

an overproduction of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an

increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were

"dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million bushels

compared with 12 million in 1928. This increased competition lead to a massive decline in

Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural farmers. Rural

incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas.

In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China & destroyed all

that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade. Development of industries was severely

hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods.

By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20% capacity and had 25% of the output of pre-war

China.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT(1920-

1950)(CONT)


44/48


45/48

1950-TILL DATE

MAO PERIOD1949-1976

POST MAO PERIOD-1976-TILL DATE


46/48

MAO PERIOD-(1949-1976)

FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN

GREAT LEAP FORWARD

CULTURAL REVOLUTION

ARREST OF GANG OF FOUR


47/48

POST MAO-(1976-TILL

DATE)

DE-COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE

LIBERALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION

FOREIGN INVESTMENT & INDUSTRIALIZATION

DEVELOPMENTS POST DENG


48/48

THANK YOU

chinese history 1840 after wards updated

Documents