child development: notes for exam 2arbonnet.weebly.com/uploads/4/4/1/5/44154385/microsof… ·...

Child Development: Notes for Exam 2

By

Amanda BonnettIntroduction to Child Development


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Physical development..........................................................................................................2

Early childhood..............................................................................................................2

Brain Development at Early Childhood.........................................................2

Physical Growth for Early Childhood............................................................4

Motor Skills for Early Childhood...................................................................4

Health & Nutrition for Early Childhood.........................................................4

Sleep for Early Childhood..............................................................................5

Special physical needs for early childhood....................................................5

Middle childhood...........................................................................................................5

physical growth for middle childhood............................................................5

Health & nutrition for middle childhood........................................................6

Brain development for middle childhood.......................................................7

motor skills for middle childhood..................................................................7

physical needs for middle childhood..............................................................8

Adolescense.....................................................................................................................8

physical growth for adolescense.....................................................................8

Brain development for adolescense................................................................9

sexual development for adolescense.............................................................10

nutrition and exercise for adolescense..........................................................10

Sleep for adolescense....................................................................................11

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PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

EARLY CHILDHOOD

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AT EARLY CHILDHOOD

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFbnU_O9ZEM

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This is a picture representation of each stage and examples of what the child is capable of. It

also shows their age.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFbnU_O9ZEM


Brain development is more rapid than other parts of the body at this age

Pruning is rapid Increased efficiency The brain begins to specialize, called lateralization.

Coordination improves for complex tasks that require both sides of the brain

After specialization the brain holds less plasticity 3 – 5 year olds become increasingly able to control their emotions

and impulses

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PHYSICAL GROWTH FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcoYS67hkHo

Longer period of growth compared with other species Loss of “baby fat” Internal and external systems grow at differing rates Gender differences On average:

o Gain 4-5 lbs/yearo Grow 3-4 inches/yearo Potty trained by about 3- 3 ½

MOTOR SKILLS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD

Gross Motor Skills

o Movement of large muscle groupso Boys are more physically activeo Girls have better coordination of arms and legs

Fine Motor Skills

o Small muscle movements; more limited and controlled

Motor development is cumulative and sequential.

HEALTH & NUTRITION FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD

Fewer calories

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcoYS67hkHo


o Smaller appetites Fat intake reduced Meals should be balanced:

o Healthy grainso Vegetableso Proteino Fruitso Milk with meals, water with snacks

SLEEP FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD

Sleep Pattern Changes Sleep Deprivation Sleep and Obesity Nightmares Night Terrors Positive Bedtime Routines

SPECIAL PHYSICAL NEEDS FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD

Asthma Childhood Cancer

o Leukemia Environmental Hazards

o Lead exposureo Second-hand smoke

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

PHYSICAL GROWTH FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

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Slow and steady growth: 3 – 4 inches/yearo Girls tend to be taller than boys between 10 and 12 yearso At same time puberty for some (mostly girls) begins at this

time Weight is similar Bodies become more muscular

Bone health is importanto Calcium o Weight bearing exerciseso Weight training

Tooth Development o Baby teeth lost between 5 & 7 o Floss and brush regularly to prevent problemso Avoid fruit juices and sugary juices/sodas/snacks

HEALTH & NUTRITION FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Increase in caloric intake o Actual caloric intake dependent on level of physical

activity More difficult to control what children eat

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First Lady, Michelle Obama initiated a revamping of the

food pyramid and implemented several

resources for parents and educators on healthy eating

habits, the dangers of obesity, and educational

resources.


This is the new version of the food pyramid.

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Less dramatic growth Functioning improves Higher cognitive functions such as:

o Planningo Goal settingo Inhibiting inappropriate behaviors

Continued pruning

MOTOR SKILLS FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

School-age children use physical activities to develop gross and fine motor skills.

Gross & Fine Motor Skills

Mostly developed by beginning of the school years, continue to improve throughout middle school

Physical Activity:

Critical for health Active youth report high confidence levels Recommended to have 60 minutes of activity/day of moderate to

vigorous activity As children get older, less participate in physical activities Higher SES = higher participation

Physical Education Goals:

Basic motor skills Regular vigorous physical activity Encouragement for lifestyle change

Recess

Better behavior in class

Children with Disabilities & Physical Activities

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Special equipment can be used Special Olympics Paralympics “Goal should be to include children with disabilities in appropriate

activities as long as they show interest and have the ability to participate.”

PHYSICAL NEEDS FOR MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Physical Disabilitieso Cerebral Palsy

Sensory Impairmentso Visual Impairments

Educationally Blind Low Vision

o Hearing Impairments Sign Language Speech Reading Hearing Aids Cochlear Implants*

ADOLESCENSE

PHYSICAL GROWTH FOR ADOLESCENSE

Growth Spurt:o Girls 11 - 14 yrso Boys 13 – 17 yrs

Puberty: the process that leads to sexual maturityo Girls 11 – 14 yrso Boys 12 – 15 yrs

Changes that show include:

Primary and secondary sex characteristics Distribution of fat and muscle

Around 80% of American girls begin menarche between 10 and 14

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o Young as 7, old as 26 What are causes for such a wide range in time?

o Geneticso Health and Nutritiono Environment

Boys Girls

Depression

Delinquent behaviors Anxiety

Alcohol abuse

Cigarette abuse Lower school achievement

Drug abuse

Eating Disorders

Unplanned pregnancy

Suicide

Greater risk of breast cancer

Greater adult BMI

*Associated with popularity *Few if any advantages

Body Image

Pop culture provides messages in film, television, magazines, etc.

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT FOR ADOLESCENSE

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Early Matura

tion


Information moves faster More neural connections and more pruning At end of adolescence, neurological changes help adolescents

avoid risky behaviors, be more purposeful and organized. Inhibits the impulsive behaviors.

SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT FOR ADOLESCENSE

Anywhere from 13-35% of adolescents in U.S. report sexual intercourse by the end of 8th grade

Timing Virginity Pledges Sex Education

o Abstinence-only (AO) educationo Comprehensive sex education (CSE)

Risk Factors:

Risky behavioro More than 1 in 5 students report having had 4 or more

partners Teen Pregnancy

o A sexually active adolescent girl that does not use contraceptives has a 90% chance of becoming pregnant within a year

HIV/AIDS and other STD’so If sexually active, adolescents have a 1 in 4 chance of

contracting an STD – many lifelong w/out cure Emotional Stress

NUTRITION AND EXERCISE FOR ADOLESCENSE

Nutrition needs peak Body Image & Independence Bone Density Eating Disorders

o Binge Eatingo Bulimia Nervosao Anorexia Nervosa

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SLEEP FOR ADOLESCENSE

Teens need 9 hours of sleep per night Typical cycle:

o Fall asleep after midnighto Wake for school (school begins at 7:30)o Weekends – play catch-up

Making it difficult to fall asleep before midnight

Your Three-Year-Old Child

At age three, your child is developing both the muscular control and the concentration she needs to master many precision finger and hand movements. You’ll notice that now she can move each of her fingers independently or together, which means that instead of grasping her crayon in her fist she can hold it like an adult, with thumb on one side and fingers on the other. Now she will be able to trace a square, copy a circle, or scribble freely.

Because her spatial awareness has developed quite a bit, she’s more sensitive to the relationships among objects, so she’ll position her toys with great care during play and control the

way she holds utensils and tools to perform specific tasks.

This increased sensitivity and control will allow her to build a tower of nine or more cubes, pour water from a pitcher into a cup (using two hands), unbutton clothes, possibly put large buttons into buttonholes, and use a fork and feed herself independently, spilling between the plate and her mouth only occasionally.

She’s also extremely interested in discovering what she can do with tools such as scissors and paper and with materials such as clay, paint, and crayons. She now has the skill to manipulate these objects and is beginning to

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experiment with using them to make other things. At first she’ll play randomly with craft materials, perhaps identifying the end product only after it’s completed.

Looking at her scribbles, for example, she might decide they look like a dog. But soon this will change, and she’ll decide what she wants to make before starting to work on it. This change in approach will motivate her to develop even more precision in moving and using her hands.

Quiet-time activities that can help improve your child’s hand abilities include:

Building with blocks

Solving simple jigsaw puzzles (four or five large pieces)

Playing with pegboards

Stringing large wooden beads

Coloring with crayons or chalk

Building sand castles

Pouring water into containers of various sizes

Dressing and undressing dolls in clothing with large zippers, snaps, and laces

You can encourage your child to use her hands by teaching her to use certain adult tools. She’ll be thrilled to progress to a real screwdriver, a lightweight hammer, an eggbeater, or gardening tools. You’ll need to supervise closely, of course, but if you let her help as you work, you may be surprised by how much of the job she can do herself.

Hand and Finger Skills of Your Four to Five-Year-Old

Your four-year-old’s coordination and ability to use his hands are almost fully developed. As a result, he’s becoming able to take care of himself. He now can brush his teeth and get dressed with little assistance, and he may even be able to lace up his shoes.

Notice how he uses his hands with far more care and attention when he draws. He’ll decide in advance what he wants to create and then go ahead with it. His figures may or may not have a body, and the legs may be

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sticking out of the head. But now they’ll have eyes, a nose, and a mouth, and, most important to your child, they are people.

Because of this growing control over his hands, arts and crafts in general are becoming more exciting for him now. His favorite activities may include:

Writing and drawing, holding the paper with one hand and the pencil or crayon with the other

Tracing and copying geometric patterns, such as a star or diamond

Card and board games

Painting with a brush and finger painting

Clay modeling

Cutting and pasting (using safe, nonpointed child’s scissors)

Building complex structures with many blocks

These kinds of activities will not only permit him to use and improve many of his emerging skills, but he’ll also discover the fun of creating. In addition, because of the success he’ll feel with these activities, his self-esteem will grow. You may even notice certain “talents” emerging through his work, but at this age it’s not advisable to push him in one direction over another. Just be sure to provide a broad range of opportunities so he can exercise all his abilities. He’ll take the direction he enjoys most.

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