child abuse zim resources cpfundnapii rfp2011

Ministry ofLabour and Social Services

2011Request forPROPOSALSChild Protection Fund For NAP II (CPF)

Critical Child Protection Interventions Within The Framework Of AChild Sensitive Social Protection Programme

Supporting The Government Of Zimbabwe's National Action PlanFor Orphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAP II)

Ministry ofLabour and Social Services

2011Request for PROPOSALSChild Protection Fund For NAP II (CPF)

Critical Child Protection Interventions Within The Framework Of AChild Sensitive Social Protection Programme

Supporting The Government Of Zimbabwe's National Action PlanFor Orphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAP II)

Child Protection Fund for NAP II — Request for Proposal 2011

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Key thematic areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

1. National Case Management System Development and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22. Specialist Service Provision for Children and Women Affected by Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23. Specialist Services Provision for Children to be Confident and Keep Safe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34. Specialist Services Provision for Children with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35. Specialist Services Provision for Separated Children including Children on the Move . . . . . . . . . . .36. Specialist Services Provision for Children to Access Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37. Facilitation of Parenting Clubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Instructions to applicants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Background information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Situation analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Overview National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Key Strategies for Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9A. Towards a National Child Sensitive Social Protection Framework for Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9B. A multidimensional approach to child vulnerability, targeting and case management . . . . . . . . .10C. Targeting, transition and scaling-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12D. Effective management for quality service delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13E. Implementing and strengthening policies and laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14F. Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15G. Research, evaluations and baseline evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17H. Coordination with other programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Technical application format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Cost application format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Technical scoring criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Submission checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25Annex A PCA Face Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27Annex B PCA Programme Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Annex C Terms of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34Annex D Resource Document on Programme Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Annex E Programming for Children with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

iiiChild Protection Fund for NAP II — Request for Proposal 2011

Introduction

The Ministry of Labour and Social Services withfinancial and technical support from UNICEF ispleased to announce this Request for Proposals(RFP) to deliver critical child protectioninterventions within the framework of a childsensitive social protection programme in supportof the Government of Zimbabwe's National ActionPlan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAP II). The RFP is in line with Guidelinesfor the Operationalisation of the NAP for OVCapproved by Cabinet in June 2006 and seeks toestablish new partnerships that will see improvedcritical child protection services to children andtheir families.

The vision of NAP II is that by 2020 all children inZimbabwe will live in a safe, secure andsupportive environment that is conducive to childgrowth and development. The purpose of theChild Protection Fund for NAP II (CPF) is tosupport the NAP II such that by 2013, (the firstphase of pooled funding to the NAP II), the mostvulnerable children in Zimbabwe are able tosecure their basic rights through the provision ofquality social protection and child protectionservices.

The CPF to NAP II comprises three mainpillars:

1) To increase the incomes of approximately55,000 extremely poor households includingthose with orphans and other vulnerablechildren by implementing a national socialcash transfers programme.

2) To enhance all vulnerable children's access toeffective child protection services, includingsocial welfare and child-friendly justiceservices, with an estimated 25,000 children a year benefiting from services and millionsmore benefitting from policy and legislativereform.

3) To facilitate improved access to basic servicesfor orphans and other vulnerable children andtheir families, who receive social cash

transfers (i.e., education, health and othersocial services).

The CPF, in support of NAP II, will serve as a keybuilding block towards the development of a child-sensitive National Social Protection Framework forZimbabwe. It will strengthen existing nationalsocial protection strategies and contribute to thedevelopment of a long term national socialprotection framework. This request for proposals(RFP) spells out the requirements, and details thecontent and structure for project proposals fororganisations applying for funds to provide criticalchild protection services under Pillar 2 above.

Key thematic areasThe overall purpose of the CPF is to enhance allvulnerable children's access to effective childprotection services, including social welfare andchild-friendly justice services through the deliveryof innovative community based services nationally,that ensures that children and families1 who areidentified as vulnerable are supported within acontinuum of care. Full Terms of Reference foreach Key Thematic Area are available at Annex C.

1Child Protection Fund for NAP II — Request for Proposal 2011

footnote1 In this context 'family' refers to the household unit of children or children and adults and may include parents, siblings or extended

family members as well as friends.

1. National Case Management System Development and Practice

2. Specialist Service Provision for Children and Women Affected by Abuse

3. Specialist Services Provision for Children to be Confident and Keep Safe

Overall Purpose:To review and update the current national casemanagement system together with theDepartment of Social Services (DSS) in MoLSS,and deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, that ensure that children and familieswho are identified as vulnerable are supportedwithin a continuum of care.

Specific Purpose:Provide the most deprived children and familieswith wraparound services in their communities,which assure ongoing access to formal care andassistance and which preserves the family unit

linked to a broader national case managementpolicy and information management system.

Objective:A comprehensive case management system is inplace which supports replicable service delivery atcommunity level which;l Complements the cash transfer; l Responds to the social welfare needs of the

most deprived and vulnerable children andfamilies and which pays special attention togirls and women; and

l Provides practical household support as wellas protection, care and developmentopportunities

2 Child Protection Fund for NAP II — Request for Proposal 2011

Overall Purpose:To deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, that ensure that children and familieswho are identified as vulnerable are supportedwithin a continuum of care

Specific Purpose:Provide comprehensive response services forchildren and women affected by sexual violence,abuse and neglect which assure continuingaccess to formal care and assistance includingjustice.

Objective:Response services exist at community levelswhich ensure that;l Children's fundamental right to be heard is

assured and that their needs and concerns are followed up;

l Children are supported to access child friendlymedical assistance, psychosocial support andjustice;

l Specialist and separate responses for girls andboys and women take account of their specificneeds; and

l 'Their hands are held throughout the journey'.


Specific Purpose:To equip children with the knowledge, skills andconfidence to keep safe, to cope with the stigmaand discrimination associated with sexual violenceand abuse or HIV+ status and to pursue their

hopes and dreams.

Objective:Services exist at community levels whichcomplement clinical programmes and providesupport and encouragement to children affectedby violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect aswell as children affected by HIV to enable them togrow and develop into confident and self assuredadulthood.

4. Specialist Services Provision for Children with Disabilities


Specific Purpose: To provide wraparound specialist services forchildren with disabilities and their families. Thisincludes children with visual and hearingimpairment, other physical disabilities andintellectual impairment.

Objective:Services for children with disabilities and theirfamilies exist at community level and:

l Are national in reach;

l Complement clinical programmes;

l Enable families to provide social care, supportand encouragement to their children withdisabilities, and to cope with the associatedstigma and discrimination

5. Specialist Services Provision for Separated Children including Children on the Move


Specific Purpose:To provide specialist services for identification,reintegration and alternative care for childrenseparated from family and primary caregiversincluding children living in residential care, inchild-only households, in detention, on the street,or children on the move (irregular child migrationand displaced children).

Objective:

Services for children separated from their familiesor primary caregivers exist at community leveland:l Are national in reach;l Operate within national case management

systems; l Provide systematic, consistent and integrated

services for identification and support tochildren; and

l Ensure children's right to grow up in a familyenvironment in an atmosphere of happinesslove and understanding

6. Specialist Services Provision for Children to Access Justice

Overall Purpose:To ensure that children and families2 who comeinto contact with the law are supported to accessand effectively participate in the justice process.

Specific Purpose:To provide direct legal assistance to child

survivors, child witnesses, alleged child offendersand convicted child offenders at all stages of theircontact with the justice system.

Objective:A comprehensive legal assistance programme isin place which provides support to all children who




7. Facilitation of Parenting Clubs

come into contact with the law; and:l supports replicable service delivery at

community level; l is national in reach and targets all children in

contact with the law including witnesses,survivors and alleged or convicted offenders;

Overall Purpose:To mobilise individuals and communities in orderthat they may contribute to improved outcomes forchildren

Specific Purpose:To provide parents and caregivers with thepractical information and support they need tosave and improve their children's lives

Objective:

Parenting Clubsl operate within a standard curriculuml are functioning in a minimum of 200 Wards in 8

districts; andl at least 3,000 parents and caregivers have

graduated from the programme within 36months

l complements other child protection relatedservices, including the making and receipt ofreferrals

l improves data for planning and budgeting andcreates an investment case for government


1. Proposals shall detail both expected outputsand anticipated outcomes for children andclearly indicate how these will be measured.

2. Proposals shall be cognisant of the currentpolicy and legislative framework in Zimbabweas well as international guidelines andconventions.

3. Proposals shall specifically address how theyintend to mainstream cross-cutting issues suchas age, gender, non-discrimination, disability,child participation and HIV prevention,mitigation and response.

4. Proposals shall demonstrate the applicantorganisation's capacity and intent to takeinterventions to national scale

5. Proposals shall clearly demonstrate VALUEFOR MONEY and clear results

6. Proposals shall be accompanied by a copy ofthe submitting organisations Child ProtectionPolicy

7. Proposals shall demonstrate how theycontribute to the overall goal and objectives of NAP II in alignment with one or more of itspillars

Situation analysisThe spiraling levels of poverty in Zimbabwe,coupled with the collapse of the once laudedsocial protection and education systems, meanthat vulnerable children's access to health andeducation, nutritional status3, protection from HIVand general well-being are being seriouslycompromised. The poorest children carry a heavyburden due to HIV (one in four children areorphaned by HIV)4 and lack access to the mostbasic services (see Table 1).

Instructions to applicants

Background Information

This Request for Proposals (RFP) providesinstructions to applicant organisations andshall not form part of the offer or of the grantagreement. The RFP is intended to aid appli-cants in the preparation of both their technicaland cost proposals and includes

l Instructions to Applicantsl General Requirementsl Background Information

a. Situation Analysisb. Overview National Action Plan for

Orphans and Vulnerable Children2011-2015

c. Key Strategies for Implementation

l Technical Application Formatl Cost Application Formatl Technical Scoring Criteria (for reference

only)l Annex A PCA FACE Form and Budgetl Annex B PCA Programme

Documentationl Annex C Specific Terms of Reference

1-6 Critical Child Protection Servicesl Annex D Resource Document on

Programme Costsl Annex E Programming for children with

disabilities

General requirements


footnote3 One in three children is stunted in Zimbabwe according to the "Zimbabwe National Nutrition Survey 2010", Ministry of Health, Food and Nutrition Council4 "Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey" (MIMS), 2009, UNICEF and the Central Statistics Office

A. Organisations may submit more thanone proposal however separateproposals are required for each keythematic area

B. Organisations submitting proposalsmust be registered in terms of thePrivate Voluntary Organisations ActChapter 17:05 revised 1996

According to the last official statistics, 48 per centof the population live below the absolute foodpoverty line; meaning that they do not consumeenough to meet the minimum standards of living.Children living in these households suffer fromstarvation, lack of access to basic services andother ills including inadequate shelter and oftenbeing forced to take up unsafe practices such aschild labour. This means that approximately 3

million children (and likely many more) live belowthe food poverty line and suffer from severedeprivations.6 Using a dependency ratio of 3 ormore, it is estimated that this number includesbetween 200,000 - 250,0007 extremely poorhouseholds which are at the same time labourconstrained. In view of the recent economic crisisand other events, this proposal argues that ahigher figure is used for calculations.8

The HIV epidemic remains one of the largestdrivers of widespread poverty.10 One of the mostdevastating effects of the HIV/AIDS epidemic inZimbabwe is the large number of orphans.11 Aquarter of all children in Zimbabwe - 1.6 million -have lost one or both parents due to HIV/AIDSand related causes.12 As a result, the majority oforphans are cared for by their extended families,

including grandparents ('generation gap'households) or are living in child-headedhouseholds. Many orphans live in extremely poorhouseholds and are less likely to access healthcare, attend school or have basic clothing, shoesand bedding than other children from the samecommunities.13 They are also more likely to sufferfrom psychological problems and to be subjected


footnote5 "Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey" (DHS), 20066 This is an approximate figure based on the existing "PASS" 2003 and assuming that children under 18 years make up at least 50% of the population. Real

numbers are likely to be much higher in view of increasing poverty and other factors.7 This number is an estimate based on "PASS" and other documentation, as estimated in a consultancy commissioned by UNICEF in 2010, "Child Sensitive

Social Protection: a thought paper for UNICEF", by Dr. Bernd Schubert.8 See for example, estimates from the ZimVAC (2010) Rural Vulnerability Assessment, Harare (May); PASS 2003 and further analysed in the paper "Child

Sensitive Social Protection Thought Paper", UNICEF, Bernd Schubert, 2010.9 PASS 2003 with reference to the PASS of 199510 2010 estimates suggest the HIV prevalence is around 13.63% (Zimbabwe National HIV/AIDS Estimates, 2009, MoHCW)11 An orphan is defined as a child who has lost one or both biological parents. Increasing orphanhood is discussed in the study: "Trends in the burden of

orphans and vulnerable children in Zimbabwe: evidence from national household surveys, 1994-2005", by S Rusakaniko, V. Chikwasha, S. Bradley, V.Mishra in a joint study supported by the Ministry of Health, CDC Zimbabwe, CSO Zimbabwe, DFID and USAID. It is not known, however, whetherorphanhood might have been reduced due to increased ART treatments.

12 Extrapolated from ZDHS (2005/06).13 Jimat 2010, Review of the National Action Plan for Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Zimbabwe: Report on the Findings from Focus Group Discussions

with Children in Harare, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Bulawayo and Matebeleland South Provinces.

Shelter

Poverty line Absolute Food Poverty Line

Poorest 24.4 20.4 11.7 9.6 0.6 0.5 1.9

Second 16.2 11.9 8.8 5.5 0.5 0.3 1.6

Third 3.1 5.4 6.3 4.5 0.4 0.2 1.2

Fourth 1.8 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 1.0

Richest 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.6

Total 46.1 38.2 28.1 20.0 2.0 1.2 6.3

Household Level 63% (42%) 48% (20%)

Individual Level 72% (55%) 58% (29%)

Sanitation Water Information Food Education Health

Type of Severe Deprivation

Poverty rate in Zimbabwe 2003 (1995)9

Table 1: Proportion of children affected by severe deprivations by wealth quintile5

Table 2: Poverty Rate in Zimbabwe 2003

to child abuse, including forced sex inadolescence, which increases their likelihood ofcontracting HIV.14

However, not all orphans are poor. Orphans arefound throughout Zimbabwean society.15 Similarly,not all vulnerable children living in HIV/AIDS-affected and other extremely poor households areorphans. Thus, in order to target the mostvulnerable children and ensure they can realisetheir rights, it is important to focus on bothorphanhood and other dimensions of vulnerability,including: (a) exposure to violence, abuse andexploitation; (b) household income; and (c) disability, gender and other forms ofdiscrimination and inequity.16 This requires amultivariate approach to understanding andtargeting vulnerability in Zimbabwe that is flexible to the context of transition and recurrentrisks and shocks.

Children from all parts of society may be exposedto physical, sexual and psychological violence,abuse and exploitation - not just orphanedchildren or children living in poor households.Although data is lacking on the prevalence andincidence of sexual and physical violence inZimbabwe, emerging anecdotal evidence andlocal studies suggest that violence of all types is asignificant problem, particularly for girls and othervulnerable children including orphans and childrenliving away from their family, children on the move,children with disabilities and children who comeinto conflict with the law. For example:l 13 per cent of girls report being sexually

harassed by teachers and/or fellow pupils. Ofthese, 7 per cent report having been forced intosex at least once;17

l an estimated 60 per cent of rape survivorsbrought to the attention of authorities are

children, and an overwhelming majority ofthese are girls;18

l the police recorded 3,448 child abuse cases in2009, the Victim Friendly Courts heard 1,222cases of child sexual abuse and it is generallyacknowledged that a majority of abuse is notreported to authorities.

Children exposed to violence, abuse and neglectare often entitled to seek recourse and protectionthrough the legal system. However, because ofthe challenges facing the justice system (e.g.,retention of qualified staff, shortage of funds,deteriorating infrastructure) most children cannotaccess justice services. For example:l Victim-Friendly Courts, which offer one of the

most child-sensitive justice services, have beenestablished in 10 provincial capitals and 6districts, but do not have the resources to workin remote districts.

l There are only 17 government legal aid lawyersin the country (serving both adult and childclients), and they are solely based in the twolargest urban centres and are not resourced toreach out to rural communities.

Emerging evidence indicates that it is children inthese hard-to-reach communities that require themost support.19

Most of the children that do succeed in accessingthe justice system face delays and otherhardships when they come into contact with thepolice and the courts. Also, because the currentsystem is not formally linked to the social welfaresystem, it cannot deliver comprehensive,specialised psycho-social care, medical or legalsupport and referral services to boys and girlswho have witnessed, experienced or allegedlyperpetrated criminal acts. Weaknesses in humanand financial capacity as well as a lack of


footnote14 Gregson, S., Nyamukapa, C.A., Garnett, G.P., Wambe, M.,Lewis, J.J., Mason, P.R. (2005).15 Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Public Service Labour and Social Welfare, National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (2005-

2010).16 Household income is a critical factor in determining child vulnerability as highlighted in: Akwara, Priscilla Atwani , Noubary, Behzad , Lim Ah Ken, Patricia ,

Johnson, Kiersten , Yates, Rachel , Winfrey, William , Chandan, Upjeet Kaur , Mulenga, Doreen , Kolker, Jimmy and Luo, Chewe (2010) 'Who is thevulnerable child? Using survey data to identify children at risk in the era of HIV and AIDS', AIDS Care, 22: 9, 1066 - 1085

17 Research Report on Child Abuse in Schools: A baseline study report for the "Learn without Fear Campaign", Plan International, Zimbabwe (2009).18 Victim Friendly Unit Police Reports, disaggregated by year to uncover general trends (2008,9,10)19 See for example, preliminary reports from the research report: "My Life Now" by the Department of Social Services and UNICEF, 2010, highlighting that

those children who live in rural areas lack the most access to basic services and are least able to report abuse, exploitation and violence. N = 3,000.

coordination amongst actors can frequently meanthat children suffer from the most seriousoversights, such as neglecting to supply a rapesurvivor with appropriate post-rape care, includingHIV prevention and treatment care.

Zimbabwe's fragile political and economicenvironment is leading to increased deprivationand causing some children to move, oftenunaccompanied, within the country and to othercountries in southern Africa. This movementexposes these children to violence,exploitation and abuse, and deniesmost of them their right to education.

Children with disabilities may be'doubly vulnerable' because they livewith a disability, while suffering fromother disadvantages (e.g., 25 per centof children receiving services at theChildren's Rehabilitation Unit, HarareHospital, are cared for by agrandparent, and 20 per cent ofprimary caregivers have HIV). There is global evidence to suggest thatchildren with disabilities experienceviolence, abuse and exploitation twiceas often as children withoutdisabilities20. Girls and boys withdisabilities are more likely to bediscriminated against and are thusamong the most vulnerable children in society.Reliable estimates of how many children inZimbabwe live with disabilities are not available.However the Children's Rehabilitation Unit (CRU)at Harare Hospital suggests that there has been asignificant upsurge in the last 2-3 years, possiblydue to deterioration in health and social caresystems. Children with disabilities thereforerequire special attention if their rights are to berealised and they are to enjoy equality ofopportunity within the overall child protectionsystem.

Overview National Action Plan forOrphans and Vulnerable Children 2011-2015The NAP adopts a Child-Sensitive SocialProtection approach and acts as the policyplatform for the programme of support 2.

Figure 1: Four Pillars of National Action Planfor Orphans and Vulnerable Children II

The Vision of NAP II is that, by 2020, all childrenin Zimbabwe live in a safe, secure and supportiveenvironment that is conducive to child growth anddevelopment. The vision and goal will be achievedthrough improved coordination of interventions,which is the overall responsibility of thegovernment. The following are the key objectives.By December 2015, NAP II will: l strengthen existing coordination structures for

OVC programmes at national, and sub-nationallevels, by mobilising increased resources andcapacity building of staff;


footnote20 National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN); Washington DC

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A. Towards a National Child Sensitive Social Protection Framework for Zimbabwe

l increase the incomes of 250,000 extremelypoor households, particularly those withorphans and vulnerable children, to build ahealthy and supportive family environment;

l increase access of all orphans and vulnerablechildren and their families to basic education,health and other social services, including:u Primary education support to at least

750,00021 of the country's poorest children,including those living with disabilities peryear;

u Secondary education support to at least200,000 of the country's poorest children per year; and

u Medical support to children from at least25,000 of the country's poorest householdsper year;

u Increase access of all vulnerable children toeffective child protection services, includingsocial welfare and justice services, but inparticular providing specialised quality childprotection services to child survivors of violence, exploitation and abuse;

u Increase child participation, where appropriate, in all issues that concern them from community to national level.

Zimbabwe is unique in sub-Saharan Africa, inhaving had a comprehensive national socialprotection strategy for several decades. Recently,however, social protection programmes have beenunder-resourced (in human and financial terms)and currently provide only limited support tovulnerable children and their families. As of March2010, less than 5,000 households were receivingassistance through the Government programme,which is led by the MoLSS. Despite this, givenadditional support it would be possible to promotesocial protection mechanisms for vulnerablechildren and their families, within the framework ofexisting laws, programmes and policies. Thesemechanisms could include cash transfers to thepoorest households, health fee waivers, and theBasic Education Assistance Module (BEAM),which provided assistance to approximately500,000 poor children a year under PoS supportin 2009/2010.

Child sensitive approaches to social protectioncan make a significant difference to the lives of

vulnerable children. Robust, economically activecommunities supported with quality socialprotection interventions are needed to ensure aprotective environment for children. As a coreprinciple, child-sensitive social protectionstrategies must be holistic, child centred and aimto create resilient families22 which can meet theneeds of all children, including those mostmarginalised and excluded (for example, childrenwith disabilities), within a protective environment.

Both the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child(UNCRC, 1989) and the UN Guidelines for theAlternative Care of Children (2009) clearlyadvocate that governments should supportfamilies to perform their role as care-givers.

NAP II and the CPF will support vulnerablechildren and their families by revitalising theGovernment's social protection framework and improving targeting and delivery mechanisms to reach more children with qualityinterventions.


footnote21 Includes about 560,000 children per year and those who are recruited to replace those who graduate to secondary education.22 The traditional biological family is included in this definition however it also encompasses family units where extended family members, older siblings or

family friends act as primary care givers in the absence of biological parents.

Key Strategies for Implementation

B. A multidimensional approach to child vulnerability, targeting and case management

In view of the complexity of factors contributing tochildhood vulnerability, the CPF will use differenttargeting approaches, depending on the type ofintervention. At different times, the programme willtarget children, caregivers, the broadercommunity, or a combination of these. Childrenreporting sexual and other forms of abuse toservice providers come from a variety ofbackgrounds and are not necessarily linked to aparticular region or wealth quintile.23 Healthinstitutions offering support to survivors of sexualviolence will target both girls and boys who reportexperiencing violence, irrespective of their familysituation. Protection and prevention campaignswill target parents, community-level decision-makers and other care-givers.

The effectiveness of targeting methods will bemonitored and evaluated and approaches willremain flexible and will be changed, as required,to ensure that the most vulnerable children andfamilies receive support. A national database of beneficiaries will be established to avoidduplication and assess coverage.

The CPF supports a national programme (NAPII).BEAM is already national in scale, as will theChild Protection interventions at increasing scale(for example, legislative reform). It will take sometime for the national social cash transferprogramme to operate at scale, however, althoughreaching national coverage is its goal.

The CPF seeks to reduce household povertythrough regular, reliable cash transfers, therebyproviding vulnerable children living in thesehouseholds with access to a range of services fortheir improved health and well-being. At the sametime, recognising the need for a diverse approachto addressing child vulnerability, CPF will also aimto provide comprehensive child protectionservices to child survivors of violence, exploitationand abuse across the country every year.Interventions will be based on the good practicesand lessons learned in PoS 1 as well as new and ongoing research on social protection and

child poverty. CPF aims to ensure that childrenbenefiting from the programme have equitableaccess to a range of services, irrespective ofwhere they live, or the factors that cause theirvulnerability.

Social cash transfers will focus on labour-constrained, ultra poor families in the country,including child-headed households, generation-gap households and households with largenumbers of dependents and/or chronically ill ordisabled people (who need full-time care by theadults in the family). As ultra poor families have tospend 20 to 30 per cent of their income on non-food needs (health, clothing, shelter, sanitation,education, transport, etc.), they find it difficult tomeet their food requirements. Typically they canafford only one meal per day, suffer from chronichunger and under-nutrition and cannot meet anyof their other basic needs. The distinction betweenmoderate poverty (households which areabsolutely poor but not ultra-poor) and ultrapoverty is important. People living in ultra poorhouseholds suffer from severe hunger for most ofthe year, become physically weak, tend to sell orconsume their productive assets (e.g., livestock,tools, seed), cannot invest in their future (e.g.,sending children to school), and die frominfections that other people survive. For thesereasons ultra poor people are unable to take partin programmes, which demand effort andcontributions (e.g., public works programmes;credit and saving schemes).

The ultra poverty of these households is'structural' in that they have few or no able-bodiedadult household members (i.e., they either haveno adult who is fit for productive work or have ahigh dependency ratio, which means that adultsare fully occupied as care-givers). Because of HIVand AIDS, or due to other reasons, breadwinnershave died, often leaving grandparents, who aretoo old to work, and orphans, who are too youngto work or to care adequately for their siblings.Labour constrained households are not able to 'liftthemselves out of poverty' by taking part in self-


footnote23 Victim Friendly Court Statistics, 2009/2010. Also cross referenced with Family Support Trust and Childline reports from 2009/2010

help or labour-based projects or programmes.Single mothers with a large number of children,households headed by disabled people and child-headed households typically belong to thiscategory.

The CPF will have to balance the number ofbeneficiaries reached with the level of supportprovided. It is estimated that 220,000 - 250,000households (with 625,000-700,000 children) areultra poor and have insufficient labour toundertake productive work (See Fig. 2, below).The CPF will target the 55,000 of thesehouseholds with social cash transfers pendingavailable resources. A survey will be undertakenbefore the programme starts to inform detaileddesign and precise parameters for social cashtransfers determined by available budget andresources. This will also draw on experience fromon-going cash transfer pilot projects inZimbabwe.24

Effective targeting, identification and referral arecritical if vulnerable children and their families areto receive the support they need, on time and in aholistic manner. Government social workers inprovinces and districts have a statutoryresponsibility to ensure that these services aredelivered but are currently unable to delivereffective services to all the vulnerable children andfamilies in their areas. By implementing a national,standardised case management system, socialworkers can ensure that needs are identified,referrals made and services delivered. Casemanagement is a method of structuring andplanning how appropriate and effective social worksupport can best be provided to children andfamilies in need. It can be an effective tool forprevention of and response to emerging difficultiesas well as emergency situations. NGO workerscan play an important role in case referral andcoordination to ensure that every child under theircare has access to a variety of services in theNGO's area of operation.

In combination with cross-agency referral, thecase management process will make available acomprehensive and integrated package of supportfor children and families. This will be critical inassuring the rights of children in the justicesystem, including children who have witnessedexperienced or perpetrated criminal acts. There isincreasing recognition in Zimbabwe of the overlapbetween justice and social welfare sectors (e.g., in the application of restorative justice principles,prevention, rehabilitation, survivor care andsupport). A cross-agency referral system willprovide a tool for all agencies and communitystructures (including Child Protection Committees)to make sure that no child falls through the net.Also critical will be building the capacity of para-social workers and implementing the amendmentto the Children's Act which allows for socialworkers outside of DSS to undertake probationarywork functions.


footnote24 It should be noted that an institutional consultancy contract is currently under recruitment by UNICEF, together with the Ministry of Labor and Social Services

to design the future cash transfer national programme (covering scale, cost, targeting and partnerships), based on existing good practice by the Governmentand humanitarian community. Special note will be made of the BRTI/Imperial College London/ UNICEF and Catholic Relief Services pilot project alreadyunderway and supported by the PoS 1.

C. Targeting, transition and scaling-up

Pillar 1 (Strengthening Household Economies)involves social transfers to households and will bescaled up gradually to achieve national coverageby the end of NAP II in 2015. Pillar 2: ChildProtection and Pillar 3: Facilitating Access to otherBasic Services will cover the whole country fromYear 1.

Scaling up social cash transfers will require thelargest investment in design, planning and start-up costs. Even though the Government's publicassistance scheme forms the basis for the socialcash transfers proposed in this programme, thisassistance scheme has been plagued by a lack of

human and financial resources, a fragile operatingenvironment and political uncertainties in recentyears. A twelve-week "Inception Phase" will berequired therefore to determine appropriate socialcash transfer targeting methodology; pilotpartnerships with the private sector and civilsociety; define and build necessary skills amongstservice providers, and others; and establish afunctioning Informational Management System.Social transfers will first be provided in thedistricts, in each province, with the highestprevalence of poverty and the highest levels ofchild and family vulnerability.25


footnote25 See for example National Nutrition Survey by district, July 2010 as well as the annually published ZIMVAC. Further baseline assessments might also be

required in line with regional and global practice in this area of programming. 26 The MoLSS has indicated that up to one third of co-financing may be possible in meetings with UNICEF, DFID and donors (August/ September 2010).

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HHs = Households

Year 1 of CPF will focus on design andinvestments in establishing the national socialcash transfer system for ultra poor, labourconstrained households but includingdisbursements to up to 25,000 households. Year 2will aim to reach an additional 20,000 householdsand Year 3 as many as 55,000 households in

total. Partial Government co-financing of up to one third will help to ensure longevity of theprogramme and maximum outreach. WithGovernment co-financing, the programme will be able to reach even more households asdemonstrated in the figure below.26

D. Effective management for quality service delivery

A design phase consultancy team has beenrecruited by the MoLSS and UNICEF to togetherreview current and good practice targetingstrategies for cash transfer initiatives already inoperation in Zimbabwe and globally to determinethe most feasible, cost effective and transparenttargeting process for the NAP II/ CPF. Examplesof currently targeting practices in place include theCatholic Relief Services (CRS) computerisedtargeting system using demographic/ census data,the WFP/ Concern community mappingprogramme and the BEAM communityidentification (through School DevelopmentCommittees, Schools and Community SelectionCommittee system). UNICEF's role in supportingthe MoLSS to implement any future targetingmethodology will be to frequently support theidentification and distribution to the mostvulnerable households thereby putting intopractice the principle of equity and human rightsstandards.

Targeting for Child Protection services will havenational coverage in Year 1. Partnerships willcontinue with Government and NGO serviceproviders, if their programmes align with theobjectives of NAP II and they have the capacity toscale-up effective and proven 'good practice'interventions.27 Projects currently supported byPoS 1, which do not align with the new objectivesof the NAP II, will not be financed, though theymay be assisted to link to relevant fundingstreams (e.g., the Global Fund).

When some critical, life-saving interventions wouldbe better supported through other programmes,pending funding, transitional arrangements will bemade to ensure that no child is "dropped" withoutadequate care and and referral to theseprogrammes. A workshop was held with all NGOPoS 1 partners on the 2nd and 3rd October tojointly plan for next steps.

In PoS 1, effective management for quality servicedelivery was achieved through strengtheningnational level coordination structures and thedelivery capacity of NGOs. In CPF, major effortswill be made to improve programme performanceby building the capacity of DSS, related ministriesand coordination structures (e.g., Child ProtectionCommittees) at national and sub-national levels,and implementing partners. Capacity building will

be integrated into the programme from the outset so that all partners are equipped to deliver theprogramme effectively. In general, the capacitybuilding of DSS, coordination structures and lineministries will involve skills-building and thesupport needed to enable them to provide thetechnical inputs for successful implementation ofthe programme. For example, the DSS will beprovided with the necessary support to develop


footnote27 E.g., scaling up of (a) the Victim Friendly Initiative to establish child friendly judicial, legal and police services in every district; (b) the CRU approach

nationally - providing holistic screening and assessment services, developing individualized care and support plans, offering family care through training,counseling, and facilitation of support groups, working with professionals and communities to increase awareness, and reaching out to children and theirfamilies in the communities in which they live; scaling up excellence in psycho-social support for children affected by HIV and extending the principles tochildren affected by violence, abuse and exploitation); c) Establishing Family Support Trust Clinics (or similar) in district hospitals, building on existingGovernment resources but ensuring critical care services 24 hours.

Fiscal year Households coveredAnnual costs in USD (TOTAL)

Government contribution (USD)

Donor contribution(USD)

2011 33,000 9,000,000 3,000,000 6,000,000

2012 60,000 14,400,000 3,600,000 10,800,000

2013 73,000 17,600,000 4,400,000 13,200,000

Table 3: Coverage including government co-financing

E. Implementing and strengthening policies and laws

and operationalise 'minimum standards' forservice delivery and to enforce them duringimplementation.

Currently, there are only 96 Government socialworkers (DSS officers) in Zimbabwe to carry outstatutory duties for vulnerable children and thereare only 17 legal aid lawyers (all of whom arebased in urban centres).28 This is inadequate,given that 22 per cent of children report abuseand are in need of specialised child protectionservices to both address their experiences andprevent further abuse.29 The current ratio ofGovernment care and justice services tovulnerable children is too low to make anysignificant progress to address this issue. Afundamental aim of future capacity building effortswill be to 'build back' the social welfare and justicesystem capacity, in a creative and practicalmanner, and develop a cohort of professional andpara-professional practitioners to identify, addressand follow-up the rights and needs of vulnerablechildren and their families.

Capacity building will include: (a) provision ofresources, such as office equipment and facilitiesneeded to deliver the programme efficiently andeffectively;30 (b) training of key personnel,

including exposure visits on critical servicedelivery areas (for example reunification ofseparated and unaccompanied children, de-institutionalisation of children, referrals to supportservices, etc); and (c) the development andoperationalisation of service standards andguidelines to allow for task sharing, para-professional development and enhanced resourcecoverage in rural areas. It is expected that staffnumbers and performance in DSS will steadilyimprove, as the economy recovers and withsupport from other initiatives supported by othersources. It is noted that a focus on emergenciesand humanitarian response will be mainstreamedin all capacity building efforts and throughout theimplementation of this programme inpreparedness for further deterioration of thesituation.

The justice system will be strengthened bypromoting legal reforms and the delivery of child-friendly justice services, such as a child-friendlypolice and court system, including pre-trialdiversion. In general, these structures will need tobe strengthened in the area of child rights andstrategies to promote these in the day-to-day workof the various arms of the justice system.


footnote28 DSS Audit, commissioned by the Ministry of Labor and Social Services and UNICEF DRAFT Report September 201029 See for example, the findings of My Life Now (DRAFT) May 2010 in which 22% of children in the study sample reported serious abuse by their caregivers. 30 A critical baseline for service delivery skills development will be the findings and recommendations of the DSS Capacity Audit currently underway and due to

be finalised by October 2010

The CPF will work within the context of the on-going constitutional reform in Zimbabwe tosupport: (a) effective implementation of existinglaws and policies, which promote children's rights;and (b) introduction of new laws, policies andprovisions to reduce children's vulnerability andoutlaw practices harmful to children (e.g., relatedto age and gender discrimination). Priority will begiven to ensuring that existing laws that are in thebest interests of the child are implemented.

Regulatory frameworks for orphans, vulnerablechildren and their families will be reviewed in Year1 of NAP II and efforts will be made to strengthenthese where necessary.

Efforts will be made, under NAP II, to ensurechildren's rights are included and protected in thenew Constitution and that the protective provisionsof the Constitution are made widely known tochildren, their families and relevant service

F. Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues

providers. Critical issues include children's accessto inheritance, guardianship, early marriage,corporal punishment and children's rights toparticipate, associate and enjoy family love andcare.

Priority will be given to:l Government development of a National Social

Protection Framework, in close cooperationwith international organisations (e.g., WorldBank, UN) and civil society partners, includinga national social cash transfers programme;

l finalisation and implementation of the NationalResidential Care Standards to de-institutionalise children;

l review, revision and finalisation of the Multi-Sectoral Protocol on Child Sexual Abuse inZimbabwe;

l operationalisation of the statutory role ofprobation officers, as given in the Children's Act(Chapter 5:05);

l review of the Social Welfare Assistance Act toinclude cash grants for vulnerable children andtheir families;

l amending legislation to increase the use of pre-trial diversion and alternatives to detention;

l advocacy to increase Zimbabwe's criminal ageof responsibility from seven years;

l review the Private Voluntary Organisations Actto make it mandatory for partners to report onoutputs and outcomes, and strengthen themonitoring and regulatory function of DSS; and

l the development of standards for justicedelivery for children, building on the results ofthe justice for children sector analysis.

Together, these policies and laws will make itpossible to set standards and benchmarks totarget and monitor interventions for the mostvulnerable children and their families. They are acritical regulatory tool to ensure that the higheststandards of care and protection are afforded tothose who need them most.


NAP II recognises that children are not ahomogenous group and that strategies areneeded to address the specific needs of differentcategories of children. These strategies will bemainstreamed in the CPF. They include cross-cutting issues such as age, gender, non-discrimination, disability, child participation andHIV prevention, mitigation and response. The

programme will develop analytical tools,programming guidelines and standards to informthe choice of appropriate interventions andappropriate instruments to monitor the extent towhich the programme adequately addressescross-cutting issues. The specific issues to bemainstreamed are presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Mainstreaming Strategy

Age

Gender

Non-discrimination

'Children' refer to those aged under 18. Programming should be age appropriate, withdistinct attention to needs of under-fives, adolescents and the elderly.Inclusion of age specific monitoring indicators.

l Promoting gender equality and girls' empowerment l Ensure equal access to services by boys and girls, with special attention to girls who

are more likely to be disempowered, drop out of school and have inadequate access tohealth care and nutrition.

l Special attention to gender-based violence as a child protection priority affectingadolescent girls, with the roles of boys and men defined.

l Address different needs of boys and girls.l All implementing partners to have Gender Action Plans.l Inclusion of gender specific monitoring indicators.l Designing operational research programmes around gender and the impact of social

cash transfers.l Ensure age and sex disaggregated data in all stages of the programme cycle (analysis,

implementation, monitoring, evaluation)

l Sensitisation of families, communities and services providers to the rights of excludedand marginalised groups, such as children with disabilities or from ethnic minorities toeliminate stigmatization.

l Linkages with services (health, education (for BEAM), special learning equipment) andprovision of assistive devices. For disabilities, for example, this means systematicallyaddressing and incorporating measures that challenge discrimination and promoteequality of opportunity for children with disabilities into all programmatic, operationaland organisational activities. Specialist assistance which ensures equity for all childrenin realising their rights will be offered.

l Where language is a barrier to access every effort will be made to ensure materials arepresented in accessible formats.

HIV / AIDS l Psychosocial support to affected children and their families.l Link children and their families to ART services through existing PMTCT funding and

programming with the Ministry of Health and Child Welfarel Link children and their families to DSS for AMTOs (Assisted Medical Treatment Order)

and other social services.l Build on good practices in peer support programming.l Link children and families to Home Based Care Services and other programmes

providing life-skills support.l Linking social cash transfers and relevant behaviour change and education prevention

campaigns

HIV / AIDS Ensure that boy and girl children of different age groups and abilities participate at everystage of the programme - planning, needs identification, implementation, monitoring andevaluation. Extra emphasis on children likely to be outside of existing participativeprocesses, the most marginalised, vulnerable and hard to reach.

Equity focus withina rights basedapproach

Ensure that the most marginalised, vulnerable and hardest to reach children are includedin the programme at every level and that their right to protection from violence, abuse andexploitation is at the forefront of programme design.


NAP and PoS mainstreaming strategyCross-cuttingissue

G. Research, evaluations and baseline evidence

For example, in programmes for children with adisability, the CPF will systematically address andincorporate measures that challengediscrimination and promote equality of opportunityfor children with disabilities into all activities andpartner organisations. Specialist assistance will beprovided to ensure that all children can realisetheir rights. Good practice and cost-effectiveapproaches will be scaled up to reach morechildren at less cost. Other disability programmeswill be evaluated in terms of their ability to cost-effectively provide a standard quality of carepackage to children in need. Disabilityprogrammes will focus on reach and serviceprovision. Special needs of children with severemultiple disabilities and those of their families willalso be attended to as a specific target group.

It should also be noted that children withdisabilities have other rights, which will not beaddressed fully by CPF (e.g., right to educationafter Year 1, when support to BEAM stops).Linkages will be developed to ensure that childrenwith disabilities are provided with appropriateteaching and learning materials and are able toaccess appropriate schooling and other facilities.

Bold programming in the area of social transferscan be transformative in empowering adolescentgirls. New research from a pilot cash transferprogramme in Malawi highlights declines in earlymarriage, teenage pregnancy and self-reportedsexual activity among programme beneficiariesafter just one year of programme implementation.Results from Latin America and Africademonstrate that cash transfers have also shownto be beneficial in increasing secondary educationoutcomes and reducing child labor for adolescentgirls.

Achieving social protection for people andhouseholds affected by HIV is a critical steptowards the realization of universal access toprevention, treatment, care and support. Socialcash transfers to the very poor can help to supportHIV prevention, promote better HIV treatmentaccess and adherence and mitigate the impact ofAIDS on individuals and households, includingincreased care and support for orphans ofHIV/AIDS living in extended families.


footnote31 It is recommended that organizations currently being provided with support under the PoS are assessed for their ability to offer low-cost quality services to

children living with disabilities and how good models may be scaled up.32 For example, the ETF in 2010 procured Braille stationary for all schools.33 Sarah Baird, Ephraim Chirwa, Craig McIntosh and Berk Ozler, "The Short Term Impacts of a Schooling Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on the Sexual

Behaviour of Young Women," October 2009, The World Bank Development Research Group Poverty and Inequality Team.34 Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action at MIT, "Empowering Young Women: what do we know about creating the girl effect?", May 2010.35 UNAIDS Outcome Framework Business Case: Enhancing Social Protection ,2010.36 Enhanced family care for OVC is evidenced by the social cash transfer programme in Kenya.

The CPF as a future child-sensitive national socialprotection strategy, includes a number ofinnovative, creative programme strategies that willoperate at scale across the country. Maintaining asemi-independent partnership with learninginstitutions in Zimbabwe to conduct research,evaluations and baseline evidence collection istherefore a core component of effective, qualityprogramming.

The Collaborating Centre for OperationalResearch and Evaluation (CCORE) houses anumber of innovative research programmes withUNICEF and has established partnerships withlocal and international partners. Social Protectionis one of its priorities for 2011 and beyond. Thisprogramme will partner with CCORE in 2011-2013to establish a programme on social protection; a"Social Protection Research Initiative for a New

H. Coordination with other programmes

Generation" (SPRING) that includes:

1. Baseline research on key "child deprivations"to be addressed by the PoS, including accessto education and health services for thepoorest families, household income levels,child well-being, child participation, birthregistration, nutrition status and otherindicators. This will include a secondary reviewof existing data (ZIMVAC, nutrition status, HIVprevention behaviours, etc)

2. Focus studies on social protection andchildren's vulnerability (including on girls'empowerment, orphanhood and good practicein social cash transfer programming for OVC)

3. Curriculum development for graduate studentson cash transfers, including a lecture series forstudents of development and social studies inZimbabwe

4. Innovations in monitoring and evaluation forsocial cash transfer programming

5. Regional Partnerships with regional think tanksand capacity development institutions such asEPRI and WAHENGA to create a locus ofknowledge around social protection andvulnerable children for the region.

In order to increase the incomes of targetedlabour-constrained households, the CPF willprovide social cash transfers to benefit at least 25per cent of children living in these households.Close coordination will be maintained withprogrammes such as PRP (which target extremelypoor households, with surplus labour and promoteincome generating activities) to avoid overlap andcomplement activities under the Programme ofSupport. Efforts will also be made to streamlineprogramming with the World Food Programme(WFP) currently engaged in social protectioninterventions such as school feeding and nutritionsupport to vulnerable groups.37 Practically, thiswill include coordinating data and managementinformation systems for social cash transfers andrelated social protection programmes forvulnerable families as well as integrating commonbaseline information at district and village level.

The CPF will also facilitate access to other basicservices provided by Government and others

(Pillar 3) and support advocacy programmes,where appropriate (e.g., for pro-poor user tariffs inWater, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH),implementation of the no-user fee policy in Healthand free and compulsory basic education).

The CPF will also link to other healthprogrammes including a) the Global Fund andExpanded Support Programme, both of whichaddress HIV prevention and home based care(HBC). Currently, a number of organisations aresupported by the PoS to support HBCinterventions which should be part of a broaderhealth and HIV programme; and (b) programmesto reduce maternal mortality in order to reducematernal orphaning. The Government ofZimbabwe has committed to increase its budgetfor Health interventions to 12 per cent of thenational budget38 and a number of donors haveagreed to support this effort, through the "HealthInvestment Case," with maternal mortality as apriority to achieve MDG Goals in Zimbabwe.


footnote37 At a meeting between WFP, PRP, DFID and UNICEF in September 2010 it was agreed that data management systems, beneficiaries and targeting

methodologies would be harmonized for vulnerable group programming efforts including potentially through geographic distribution. It was noted, however,that the "Mvura Ikunahya" Programme would be the only programme with long term interventions aimed at the "chronically poor" and labor constrained- i.e.social welfare cases.

38 Note that WHO's global standard is 15 per cent

Children living with HIV require special supportand protection, including provision of ARVs. PoS1, through partners, was able to provide a limitedamount of these essential drugs but this aspect ofthe programme will now be transitioned to largerfunding in the Health Sector already procuringARVs and other essential drugs to the populationof Zimbabwe, managed by UNICEF.

Efforts are required to link social transfers to HIV,nutrition and other health outcomes in line withproven results in social protection efforts from the

country and the region, for example, ensuring thatgrants to civil society partners include behaviourchange, education and awareness-raising for HIVprevention and infant and young child feeding.

In the specific case of the Registrar General'sOffice, social workers in DSS will work with CivilRegistry office in supporting registration ofvulnerable children and families without therequisite documents for birth registration such asdeath certificates.


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Figure 3: Coordination and links

Technical application format

a) Project Profile (1page)In this page show your organisation's name,contact information (e-mail, telephone,physical address & contact person), yourorganisation's legal status, project title,strategic thematic area, project goal, intended

impacts/outcomes of project, intendedgeographical coverage (wards and districts),number of direct beneficiaries, age and genderdistribution, project timeframe (?3 years), co-funding levels by source, partnerships, andevaluation and audit schedule.


Name of organization: PVO Registration number and date of registration:

Physical Address:

Telephone number(s):

Fax number(s):

Name of contact person:

Email address of contact person:

Cell phone number of contact person:

Project title:

Thematic area:

Project goal:

Project timeframe:

Intended outcomes and impacts:

Geographical coverage:

Co-funding levels by source:

Number of direct beneficiaries (disaggregated by

age and gender):

Audit schedule:

Evaluation schedule:

Partnerships

Name of organization PVO/Academic Institution/ChurchOrganisation/Registration number and date ofregistration:

Physical Address:

Telephone number(s):

Fax number(s):

Name of contact person:

Email address of contact person:

Cell phone number of contact person:

Partner 1 Partner 2 Partner 3

In the Project Profile page you are required to capture information as follows:

Please copy the above table and continue below if you have more partners

b) Project Summary (1 page)Describe in summary the project goal,objectives, intended impacts/outcomes,strategies to be used, project's stakeholders,the problem(s) and root causes, total cashbudget and cash request PoS Fund and otherfunding partners and local cash contributions.Which specific problems are faced by children(and their families) in the target areas?Examples of problems faced by childreninclude exposure to violence, abuse andexploitation; adverse political environment andeconomic insecurity; disability, gender andother forms of discrimination and inequity; andlack of access to basic services. What are thecauses - structural and immediate - for theidentified problems? What are the effects ofproblems identified? Consider both immediateand long-term effects. Will your projectaddress both causes and effects? At whichlevel of causes and effects will your projectfocus?

Project GoalYou may want to derive your project goal from theNAP vision, CRC, ACRWC, MDGs, etc. Goodgoals would be for example:

1) Enhanced child protection services in fiveSouth-Eastern districts of Zimbabwe by 2015,

2) Basic child rights in ten provinces of Zimbabwefulfilled by 2015,

3) Improved social indicators for children inZimbabwe by 2015,

4) Improved well-being of children in Zimbabweby 2015

Project ObjectivesGood objectives should have a logical link to thegoal. They contribute to the achievement of thegoal). Some examples are:

1) To improve the quality of life of X children in Xwards/districts/provinces of Zimbabwe by2013.

2) To improve the psychosocial well-being of X

child survivors of violence, exploitation andabuse access in X wards/districts/provinces ofZimbabwe by 2013, and

3) To improve community and national leveladvocacy for the social protection of children inX wards/districts/provinces of Zimbabwe by2013.

Examples Intended Outcomes andImpacts1) Increased health, nutrition and education

outcomes for orphans and other vulnerablechildren living in at least X of the poorest and most vulnerable families,

2) Improved legal, health and psychosocialoutcomes for at least X child survivors ofviolence, exploitation and abuse access,

3) Improved education, nutrition and psychosocialoutcomes for at least X primary school-agevulnerable children receiving free educationservices in Year 1.

4) Enhanced legislation and policy frameworkspromoting the protection and care of children,in line with national and international standardsof good practice.

5) Improved programme wide participatorylearning and knowledge management systemsare in place to measure impact and ensuregood practice evaluations for vulnerablechildren programming.

c) Problem Identification and Analysis (3pages)State the specific problem(s) addressed by thisproject and related to the specific Terms ofReference. Describe the root causes. Describeviolations of children's rights, which exist withincommunities and or institutions, which areassociated with root causes. Describe theevidence, data, findings or informationgathered to support your problem analysis.

d) Project Design (5 pages)State the project's goal, objectives andintended outcomes and impacts. For each


objective, list the activities that you willundertake. For each activity list the expectedresult(s) - these should contribute to yourproject's intended outcomes and or impacts.Then go on to describe the implementationstrategy for this objective. This should linkactivities to the stakeholders, their roles, timeframe and the methodologies used forimplementing the activities. What will be doneto enhance project impacts? Considerproviding complementary services anddeveloping linkages with other serviceproviders.

Indicators:Indicators 'talk about' the situation/conditionprevailing when goals, objectives or activities areaccomplished. You need to provide indicators foreach level - goal, objectives, and activities. Youneed to look beyond the activities and showwhether those activities will make a difference inthe quality of life of children and describe what willchange.

Examples of indicators at goal level:1) Percentage increase in numbers of children

with fulfilled rights (impact).

2) Percentage increase in numbers of children accessing basic social services(impact).

3) Percentage improvement in social indicatorsfor children (impact).

Examples of indicators at objective level:

1) Number of children provided with criticalservices (output indicator),

2) Percentage of children in distress showingimproved psychosocial well-being (outcomeindicator),

3) Percentage of children showing improvementaccording to the Child Status Index (outcomeindicator),

4) Percentage of child survivors of violence,exploitation and abuse access showingimproved psychosocial well-being (outcomeindicator),

5) Percentage of children showing improvementaccording to the Well-Being Scale (outcomeindicator),

6) Percentage reduction in incidence of childviolence, exploitation and abuse (impactindicator),

Examples of indicators at activity level:

1) Number of children reached by interventions(output indicator),

2) Number of community-led initiatives directlysupported (output indicator),

3) Number of family and community membersaware of children's needs and rights (outcomeindicator); and

4) Number of community-led child advocacyactions undertaken in targeted areas (outcomeindicator).Example of a project implementationplan


e) Reporting, Monitoring and Evaluation(RME)System (2 pages)

Describe the project's plan and or strategy forcollecting baseline data or information. Howwill your data be disaggregated? Explain howthe project will be monitored for impact.Describe the mechanisms you will use tomonitor mainstreaming of key cross-cuttingissues? Describe the mechanisms (quarterlyreviews or other), which you will use to monitorproject outcomes and take action on thoseresults. Indicate how you will monitor cost-effectiveness and the indicators you will usee.g., overhead cost, cost per beneficiary andcost of transfer. Describe mechanisms forparticipatory reporting, monitoring andevaluation, which you will use throughout thelife of this project. Explain when and whyreviews and evaluations have been planned.

f) Project Organisational Structure & Staffing(2 pages)

Identify the key staff positions for the projectand the qualifications required for each ofthese positions. State what project objectives

each staff person will work on or whatpercentage of their time is allocated to theproject. State the funding source for thesepositions. Outline your organisational structureand how the key staff for this project fit intothat structure. Describe any communitystructures or groups with which the proposedproject will work and their role. Include asimple organogram showing supervisory orother linkages between project personnel andorganisational structures.

Strategic partnerships are encouraged wherecomplementarities can be evidenced. Wherethis evolves into a sub-granting relationship theapplicant organisation shall detail how they willmanage the relationship effectively to ensuresmooth delivery of quality services.

NB Where a partnership based on sub-granting is noted to be at risk because of thefailure of one or other of the partners to adhereto the PCA agreement or the principles andvalues of child protection UNICEF reserve theright to end the contract.


Baseline data collected

Finalise project performance monitoring frame

Identification and orientation of DAACs & CBOs

Pre-programme Community/ Stakeholders'

Meetings

Project Officer hired

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Monitoring Visits

Review Workshops

Documentation, communication and reporting

Q8Q7Q6Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1ActivityX X

X X

X X

X X X X X X

X

X

X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X

X

X X X X X X X X

X X

X X X X X X X X

g) Institutional and Technical Capacity (2pages)In this section you describe your organisation'scurrent institutional and technical strengthsand weaknesses as they relate to themanagement and implementation of thisproject. What expertise does the organisationhave in the thematic area of child protectionservices? What capacity does yourorganisation have to go to scale with criticalchild protection services? What key lessonshave been learnt by the organisation and howwill they be incorporated into the proposedproject? Describe your plans or strategies forincreasing your institutional and technicalcapacity to manage and implement thisproject. What will be the mechanisms for sub-granting? What opportunities exist forcomplementary services? What linkages willbe forged with key government line ministries(departments)?

h) Mainstreaming (1 page)Describe how cross-cutting issues such asage, gender, non-discrimination, disability,child participation and HIV prevention,mitigation and response will be mainstreamedin your project.

i) Community and Child Participation (1 page)Describe how community participation andcommunity contributions will be promoted inyour project. Demonstrate how children willparticipate in the project cycle? Whatcommunity structures or institutions will beinvolved in project management andimplementation?

j) Project Feasibility and Sustainability (1page)In this section describe your organisations andcommunities' ability to successfully implementthe interventions within the time frame andwith the resources proposed. Show thepotential for your project's feasibility andsustainability. For example, consider questions

like - are the techniques/approaches youpropose to use feasible? Describe your exitstrategy.

k) Potential Negative Impact of the Project (1page)Indicate in this section what has been plannedby your organisation to mitigate potentiallynegative effects of the project's activities. Youmay consider in this section the potential forcreating dependency among other potentialnegative effects.

l) Project Cooperation Agreement (PCA) JointWork Plan and BudgetProposals which meet the criteria are subjectto a multi-sectoral Technical ReviewCommittee appraisal and to UNICEF's internalreview process prior to completion of ProjectCooperation Agreements. In order to expeditethis process applicants are required tocomplete PCA Annex A. FACE Form andBudget & PCA Annex B Programme Document

Cost application format1. Applicants are required to submit a full cost

proposal including line item budget for threeyears not to exceed US$500,000 per year.

2. Proposals must demonstrate costeffectiveness and differentiate with clearexplanations for start-up costs and on-goingcost per child for service delivery.

3. Cost proposals should contain a narrative toeach line item budget. The budget narrative,should contain brief explanations of each ofthe costs budgeted under each line item andshould be in line with guidance on programmecosts provided. Where increases in line itemcosts are shown over time, justification mustbe provided for the percentage increase.

4. Proposals must not include supply items orcapital costs but may show this as a separateline item if co-funding or in-kind arrangementsare in place


Submission checklistBefore submitting your proposal please checkthat the following have been included

Project Proposal - narrative and detailed costproposalPCA Face Form and BudgetPCA Programme DocumentCopy of Organisational Child Protection Policy

Three (3) copies shall be delivered to or mailed toThe SecretaryMinistry of Labour and Social ServicesCompensation House, Corner 4th and CentralAvenueHarare

Three (3) copies shall be delivered or mailed toChief Child ProtectionUNICEF6 Fairbridge AvenueBelgraviaHarare

One copy shall be delivered electronically [email protected] [email protected]

Deadline for receipt of proposals is 12.00 onXX.XX.2011


TotalMaximum

ScoreCriterion

1. Capacity and intent to take intervention to national scale

2. Sustainability of intervention including co-funding

3. Historical capacity to provide timely and accurate financial andnarrative reports to donors and government; including timelyliquidations and disbursements from UNICEF or references fromother donors

4. Historical capacity to implement effective internal projectmonitoring and evaluation: regular provision of quarterlynarrative reports; quick response to concerns highlighted duringregular field monitoring; regular submission of activity reports toUNICEF and MoLSS (for partners under PoS 1), or referencesfrom other donors

5. Proposal clearly demonstrates and details quality ofinterventions/services provided and how this will be measured

6. Cost effectiveness of proposed interventions is demonstratedbased on previous experience

7. Strategic partnerships demonstrate added value to the donor

8. Innovation in proposed interventions linked to specific outcomesfor children and coherent with international trends in childprotection system building

9. Proposal complies with main components of Terms ofReference

Totals

ActualScore

10

10

15

10

15

10

10

10

10

100

Technical Scoring Criteria

A. ANNEX A - Programme Costs


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B. ANNEX B - Programme Cooperation Agreement with [Partner]

Format of Programme Document (including Joint Work Plan and Budget)

This Programme Cooperation Agreement (PCA) Programme Document, which includesthe Joint Work Plan and Budget, enables UNICEF and its CSO partner to jointly draft anharmonized, results focused plan with a minimum of documentation. The documentshould include the following sections:

A brief description of the expected contentfor each of these sections is providedbelow. If the partner is using a pre-existingor joint programme document that does notinclude all of the information below, thepartner can submit their programmedocument with an annex that covers theremaining information.

1. Cover Page (One page)The cover page contains the expected result(s) ofthe cooperation, total estimated budget, fundedand unfunded components, expected sources offunding, duration of the agreement and signaturesof the NGO/CBO authorities(s).

2. Executive Summary (One page -optional)

The executive summary contains acomprehensive summary of all sections focusingon the significance and relevance of thecooperation, its contribution to UNICEF's prioritiesand national plans, the results expected to beachieved, intended beneficiaries, and informationabout relevant donors and other partners.

3. Situation Analysis (One to two pages)This section provides a brief evidence-basedcausal analysis which may be obtained from theSituation Analysis of Children and Women, thenational development framework or the relevant

Cover page

Executive summary (optional)

Situation analysis

Programme outline, strategies and lessons learned

Results framework, including key process and outcome indicators

Management and coordination arrangements

Fund management arrangements

Monitoring, evaluation and reporting arrangements

Work plan

Relevant project evaluations and/or organisational assessments (as annexes)


footnote1 The cooperation should be referenced in the Country Programme Action Plan (CPAP) that may have been signed by UNICEF and the host government.

humanitarian action plan . It outlines theeconomic, social, political, environmental andinstitutional context of the collaboration. Itidentifies the development or human rightschallenges to be addressed; provides specific,current and disaggregated data on thesechallenges, key causal factors, and theinterventions that are necessary and sufficient forthe achievement of the planned results. This is tobe supplemented with references to identifiedbaselines (to be noted in the Project MonitoringFramework in Section 8), relevant recent researchreports and/or reports and recommendations offield missions, assessments, evaluations, etc.

4. Strategies, including lessons learnedand the proposed project (One page)

The subsections to be covered include:Background/context: The intention of this sub-section is to describe how the cooperation willcontribute through the workplans to theachievement of the national development plans orpriorities, UNICEF priorities and internationalhumanitarian obligations, among others. It shouldalso identify other outputs and stakeholderscontributing to the achievement of the results ofthe collaboration. It identifies other relevantstakeholders who may be directly involved in thisproject: UN organizations, government, other non-government institutions, and donor organizationsactive in the area.

It should also include other backgroundinformation that is also required for reporting:l Main expected results as per the approved

Country Programme Document and CountryProgramme Action Plan (CPAP) or UnitedNations Development Assistance FrameworkAction Plan (UNDAF-AP).

l Reference to how the programme relates to theUNDAF and how it aims to support nationaldevelopment goals including the MillenniumDevelopment Goals.

Lessons Learned: This sub-section provides asummary of relevant lessons learned fromexperiences, opportunities and challenges which

may support or constrain achievement of results.Statements of agreed lessons are particularlyimportant where there is a significant departurefrom previous programmes or strategies. Ifrelevant, this sub-section may also indicate howrecommendations and observations of HumanRights treaty bodies to the respective State Partyhave been considered.

Proposed Collaboration: This sub-section outlinesthe specific strategies adopted to achieve theexpected results, taking into consideration thelessons learned. It focuses on how the strategiesaddress the key causes of the problems whichhave been identified, and the role of the partner(s)involved in each phase. It includes details on theintended manner in which the cooperation shouldunfold in its various phases. It provides a rationalefor the partnership, including the division of laborbetween the NGO/CBO and UNICEF, the addedvalue of each to the expected results, and theNGO's/CBO's capacity to deliver agreed outputs.The proposed project strategy should confirm thatthe capacities necessary for the implementationwere carefully considered and that the selectedpartner has the capacity to achieve the intendedresults (refer to the various assessments).

This section should also refer to priorassessments of key cross-cutting concerns suchas: human rights; gender equality; HIV/AIDS,Child/ Youth Participation, the environmentalissues that are relevant in this case and how thecooperation will address them; assessment ofcapacity gaps of key institutions and collaboratingpartners and the capacity development strategiesthat will be adopted. Depending on the subjectcovered, this section may also include other typesof ex-ante analyses, for example themes such aseducation, health, water and sanitation.

Sustainability of results: State how the results willbe sustained including relevant capacities beingdeveloped among duty bearers and rights holdersand government institutions and communities.

5. Results Framework (One page)This section will contain a brief narrative and theresults framework. The narrative should briefly


outline the logic of the results chain. It shouldinclude the goal, outcome,outputs and activities tobe undertaken. Attention should be given tooutlining the logic of how the cooperation willcontribute to the relevant programme results (i.e.outcomes, outputs, programme component results(PCR) or intermediate result(s) as appropriate).Proper justification should be provided, when anyelement of the cooperation falls outside theCountry Programme's results framework.

6. Management and CoordinationArrangements (One page)

This section elaborates the project planning andmanagement responsibilities and commitments ofNGO / CBO. Arrangements for monitoring,review, and coordination should be documented.Linkages to existing coordination mechanismsshould also be specified.

7. Fund Management Arrangements(One page)

This section should specify the details of theagreed arrangement for transfer of cash to theNGO / CBO. Cash transfer modalities (e.g. directcash transfers, reimbursement or direct payment),the size and frequency of disbursements(generally on a quarterly basis). The scope andfrequency of monitoring, reporting, assurance andaudit activities will be agreed prior to programmeimplementation, taking into consideration thecapacity of the NGO / CBO, which should beadjusted as a function of the results of theassessments, the related degrees of risk andcorresponding mitigation measures includingsupport for capacity development.

8. Monitoring, Evaluation andReporting (One page)

Monitoring: Describe the monitoring activities thatthe NGO / CBO will undertake (such as baseline

collection, reviews or studies if necessary tomeasure effect/impact, field visits, evaluation etc.),the timing of such activities and their respectiveresponsibilities.

Annual/regular reviews: State the arrangementsand clear responsibilities for conducting regularreviews, including annual reviews whereapplicable. NB: Review of the collaboration mayalso form part of Annual Review process.

Evaluation: State the arrangements for,responsibility and timing of evaluation(s) of thecollaboration. It should also state how the resultsof the evaluation(s) will be used by relevantstakeholders.

It should further state how the risks andassumptions will be managed to achieve theagreed results. These should at a minimum bereviewed at the annual/regular reviews andrevised as appropriate.

Reporting: A reporting format should be agreedupon by both parties, including the informationrequired in Annex C.

9. Work plans and budgets (Two ormore pages)

Joint Work Plans (JWP) will detail the activities tobe carried out within the PCA by each partner andinclude the inputs, timeframes and budget foreach activity (the detailed budget is attached tothe FACE form). The basis for all resourcetransfers to an NGO / CBO should be detailed inthe work plans, and agreed upon betweenUNICEF and the NGO / CBO. The first JWPshould be attached to the programme document.

In this Section, please also note non-financial, in-kind contributions, including supplies andtechnical assistance that UNICEF will provide.


Joint Work Plan* UNICEF and [Partner]

* This Joint Work Plan is fully aligned with the UNICEF Annual Work Plan and Country Programme Action Plan.

* * The appropriate level of the result should be used that is consistent with the country programme's results structure.


Result** Activities TotalORRR

TOTAL

Q4Q3Q2Q1

Budget(US$)Timeframe Responsible

Party

C. ANNEX C - Request For Proposals - Terms Of Reference

Overall Purpose:To review and update the current national casemanagement system together with MoLSS,Department of Social Services (DSS) and deliverinnovative community based services nationally,that ensures that children and families1 who areidentified as vulnerable are supported within acontinuum of care.

Specific Purpose:Provide the most deprived children and familieswith wraparound services in their communities,which assure ongoing access to formal care andassistance and which preserves the family unitlinked to a broader national case managementpolicy and information management system.

Background And Justification10. This Terms of Reference relates to the

Zimbabwe National Action Plan for Orphansand Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAPII)and its Vision that by 2020, all children inZimbabwe will live in safe, secure andsupportive environments that are conducive tochild growth and development, and its Goalthat by December 2015, the most vulnerablechildren in Zimbabwe will be able to securetheir basic rights through the provision of

quality social protection and child protectionservices.

2. NAP II adopts a child-sensitive socialprotection framework approach which has fourkey result areas or pillars:- 1) strengthening ofthe household economy 2) child protection 3)access to basic services 4) programmecoordination and management

3. UNICEF is supporting the Ministry of Labourand Social Services (MoLSS), inimplementing the NAP II including a majorfocus on child-sensitive social protectionservice delivery (for example BEAM and cashtransfers) but also a child protection elementto strengthen national social welfare andjustice for children systems.

4. Zimbabwe's context of political and economicfragility, ongoing transition and the heavyburden of HIV, continues to threaten children'sprotection at societal, family and individuallevels.

5. Mechanisms for response, mitigation, andprevention of these risks to children'sprotection and well-being are being tested in anumber of countries, with different measuresof success. Generally, practitioners agree,however, that children's protection and healthydevelopment depend critically on the care andprotection provided by caretakers, typically




Critical Child Protection InterventionsWithin The Framework Of A Child Sensitive Social Protection Programme

1. National Case Management System Development And Practice

Department Of Social ServicesMinistry Of Labour And Social Services (Molss) Zimbabwe & Unicef

Programme Of Support 2011-2013 To The National Action Plan For Orphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

family and extended family. However, families'ability to provide care and protection forchildren depends on having a secure,protective environment and access to childand family supports at the community level.2

The community is a crucial source of potentialsupport since it includes friends, neighbors,traditional leaders, elders, teachers, youthgroups, religious leaders and others whoprovide care.

6. Alongside the community, the State holds theoverall mandate for protection of vulnerablepeople. However a Capacity Audit of theDepartment of Social Services (DSS) during2010, documented the severe capacityconstraints facing the Ministry of Labour andSocial Services (MoLSS). For example, thereis a restricted flow of financial resources intogovernment, high rate of attrition and vacancyrates remain at over 40% within the Ministry'sDSS. The Capacity Audit has also noted thatratio of social workers to children is one of thelowest in the region. Although the dataavailable do not permit comparisons to bemade with precision, it appears that inZimbabwe the ratio of children to socialworkers is of the order of 49,587:1, comparedwith 1,867:1 in neighbouring Botswana and4,300:1 in Namibia. As there are many socialworkers employed outside of the governmentministries, UNICEF has supported the Councilof Social Workers to draft a regulatoryframework for social workers who can beengaged to perform statutory functions. Thisframework is currently with Parliament butrequires urgent implementation at national andcommunity levels once approved.

7. Interviews with more than 3,000 childrenbenefiting from NAP I and its accompanyingProgramme of Support 2007-2010 revealedthat very few vulnerable children benefit fromcomprehensive care and support services.3

Indeed, many civil society organisationsproviding support at community level wereonly able to provide an average of 1.6

services (for example, only education whenmultiple services were required) as reinforcedby the findings of the Programme of SupportOutcome Assessment 2010. The support toimplementation on NAP II aims to intensifyefforts to develop programming that identifiesall needs of vulnerable children and within arights-based approach, and immediately andeffectively offer comprehensive services forthat child making use of multiple stakeholders.

8. Child Protection Committees are active in anumber of districts and Wards acrossZimbabwe to monitor child protectiongenerally, but their effectiveness in addressingchildren's individual needs is limited. Much ofthe work being done to support children isbeing done by community volunteers, churchgroups and other stakeholders who seldombenefit from a larger programme andcomprehensive training/ support.

9. Although a number of protective laws andpolicies exist in Zimbabwe to protect children,there is currently no specific casemanagement policy detailing how childrenexposed to or at risk of violence, exploitationand abuse, may access quality care andsupport.

10. This TOR calls for a committed organisationor institution to a) lead the development of acase management policy, based on a reviewof the existing case management systemtogether with UNICEF and the DSS and c)design and carry out an innovative model forintervention at community level with a varietyof strategic partners to ensure that vulnerablechildren have access to and benefit fromquality protection services when and wherethey need it with an emphasis on continuingsupport to the child until services areaccessed and their needs met. Thisintervention will aim to complement cashtransfers but also address children inhouseholds not receiving cash transfers whoare affected by child protection violations.


footnote2 "Protecting Children in the Community", UNICEF ESARO, 2009.3 "My Life Now", DRAFT Report, May 2010

Objective And Components Of TheInterventionObjective

A comprehensive case management system is inplace which standardises the response tovulnerable children and which:

l supports replicable service delivery atcommunity level;

l complements the cash transfer; l responds to the social welfare needs of the

most deprived and vulnerable children andfamilies;

l provides practical household support as well asprotection, care and developmentopportunities; and


Main components

1. Review of existing case management systemsin Zimbabwe and development of a nationalcase management policy with UNICEF andDSS.

2. A national scale response which is initiallymatched to the geographical locations inwhich government cash transfers are targetedi.e. "cash+" but is also scaled up to reach allother districts across the country by end 2013.

3. Community care service provision will be co-ordinated within the framework of astraightforward government owned nationalcase management system for child protection,to be developed as part of this programme, toensure that needs are identified, referralsmade and that children are actively supportedto access services delivered in an integratedfashion, and that cash transfer householdswith additional support needs are identifiedand served.

4. The service provision will include screening,selection, training, deployment and monitoringof child care workers within communities; whocan provide comprehensive support servicesto the most vulnerable and deprived children;

5. Ensuring that children affected by violence,abuse or exploitation are identified madeimmediately safe and supported to accessmedical treatment, justice and on-goingpsychosocial support and assistance, inpartnership with DSS.

6. The intervention will be designed to addressthe rights and needs of vulnerable childrenfrom identification to case closure (and thuswill have a clear follow-up plan for each child).

7. The intervention will be able to demonstrate a)how children will be identified, b) how DistrictSocial Service Officers (DSSO) and probationofficers working with MoLSS will be managingthe programme, c) which range of services forvulnerable children will be available and d) inwhich districts/ wards/ villages.

8. The programme will operate as a frontlinewatchdog for child protection concerns. Thiswill include on-going capacity building of para-professionals (child care workers) to aminimum standard agreed with Governmentas well as development of mechanisms toalert statutory authorities to child rightsviolations and to provide on-going andcontinuous support to child victims.

9. The programme shall demonstrate its capacityto form a protective environment for childrenthrough its child protection policy and othermeasures.

10. The programme will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, that datadisaggregated by sex and age is consistentlycollected and analysed, that service providersmeet the comprehensive needs of children,that children exposed to violence, abuse andexploitation are reached quickly with qualityservices and that the most difficult cases andchallenges are documented for lessonlearning.

11. The proposal will include a plan forsustainability of intervention and exit strategyat 36 month closure.

12. Please see www.naccw.org.za\isibindi andhttp://www.sacares.net/familycareclustercare.htm


Request For Proposals - Terms Of Reference


footnote1 In this context 'family' refers to the household unit of children or children and adults and may include parents, siblings or extended family members as well as

friends.2 One in three children is stunted in Zimbabwe according to the "Zimbabwe National Nutrition Survey 2010", Ministry of Health, Food and Nutrition Council3 2010 estimates suggest the HIV prevalence is around 13.63% (Zimbabwe National HIV/AIDS Estimates, 2009, MoHCW)4 An orphan is defined as a child who has lost one or both biological parents. Increasing orphanhood is discussed in the study: "Trends in the burden of


Overall Purpose:To deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, that ensures that children and families1

who are identified as vulnerable are supportedwithin a continuum of care

Specific Purpose:Provide comprehensive response services forchildren and women affected by sexual violence,abuse and neglect which assure continuingaccess to formal care and assistance includingjustice.


Zimbabwe National Action Plan for Orphansand Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAPII)and its Vision that by 2020, all children inZimbabwe will live in safe, secure andsupportive environments that are conducive tochild growth and development, and its Goalthat by December 2015, the most vulnerablechildren in Zimbabwe will be able to securetheir basic rights through the provision ofquality social protection and child protectionservices.


3. These ToR specifically relate to NAP II Pillar 2Child Protection to increase access of allvulnerable children to effective child protectionservices, including social welfare, justice andspecialised child protection services, whilstrecognising that all activity should beintegrated within the broader social protectionframework.

4. The spiralling levels of poverty in Zimbabwe,coupled with the collapse of the once laudedsocial protection and education systems,mean that vulnerable children's access tohealth and education, nutritional status2,protection from HIV and general well-beingare being seriously compromised.

5. The HIV epidemic remains one of the largestdrivers of widespread poverty.3 One of themost devastating effects of the HIV/AIDSepidemic in Zimbabwe is the large number of orphans.4 A quarter of all children in


2. Specialist Service Provision For Children And WomenAffected By Violence, Abuse And Neglect


Programme Of Support 2011-2013 To The National Action Plan ForOrphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

Zimbabwe - 1.6 million - have lost one or bothparents due to HIV/AIDS and related causes.5

6. However, not all orphans are poor. Orphansare found throughout Zimbabwean society.6

Similarly, not all vulnerable children living inHIV/AIDS-affected and other extremely poorhouseholds are orphans.

7. Children from all parts of society may beexposed to physical, sexual and psychologicalviolence, abuse and exploitation - not justorphaned children or children living in poorhouseholds. Although data is lacking on theprevalence and incidence of sexual andphysical violence in Zimbabwe, emerginganecdotal evidence and local studies suggestthat violence of all types is a significantproblem, particularly for girls and othervulnerable children including orphans andchildren living away from their family, childrenon the move, children with disabilities andchildren who come into conflict with the law.

8. Emerging evidence indicates that it is childrenin these hard-to-reach communities thatrequire the most support.7

NB In this document social protection isunderstood as a set of public actions that addresspoverty, vulnerability and exclusion as well asprovide means to cope with life's major risksthroughout the life cycle. Child sensitive socialprotections systems may include social transfers(regular, predictable transfers cash or in-kind) andsocial services (health, education and social worksupport) and policy and legislative framework thatprotects children's' rights8.


Response services exist at community levelswhich ensure that:l Children's fundamental right to be heard is

assured and that their needs and concerns arefollowed up;

l Children are supported to access child friendlymedical assistance, psychosocial support andjustice;

l Women are supported to accesscompassionate medical assistance,psychosocial support and justice;

l Specialist and separate responses for girls andboys and women take account of their genderand age specific needs; and that

l "The hands of children and women are heldgently throughout their journey".

Main components

1. This critical programme focuses on childrenand women directly affected by violence,including sexual violence, abuse and neglectand will provide centre based services forurban populations and out-reach services tochildren and women in rural areas

2. Services shall provide a national scale 24hour response to children in need whichconsiders their immediate safety andprotection

3. Services shall support children and women totell what happened or to say what concernsthem in a safe and child friendly orcompassionate environment


footnote5 Extrapolated from ZDHS (2005/06).6 Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Public Service Labour and Social Welfare, National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (2005-

2010).7 See for example, preliminary reports from the research report: "My Life Now" by the Department of Social Services and UNICEF, 2010, highlighting that

those children who live in rural areas lack the most access to basic services and are least able to report abuse, exploitation and violence. N = 3,000.8 Definition drawn from the Joint Statement on Advancing Child Sensitive Social Protection issued by DFID, Help Age International , Hope and Homes for

Children, Institute of Development Studies, International Labour Organisation, Overseas Development Institute, Save the Children UK, UNDP, World Bankand UNICEF in July 2009

4. Service responses may include, but are notlimited to telephone and on-line support,medical examination and treatment and wherenecessary HIV testing and follow-up,immediate and on-going counselling, provisionof psycho-social support and support throughthe justice system

5. Therefore the applicant organisation shouldconsider in their proposal the efficacy ofemploying lawyers and social workers toprovide services on-site and on an outreachbasis in order to support children and womenthrough the justice system to case conclusion

6. The programme shall address the specialneeds of girls, the special needs of boys, andof adolescent children, children withdisabilities and children affected by HIV andshall be explicit in detailing how these specialneeds will be met

7. A complementary programme forstrengthening the broader community andthus the protective environment will supportthe care interventions. This will likely includeon-going facilitation of community awarenessprogrammes to encourage reporting of casesand promote preventative behaviours

8. The programme will operate as a frontlinewatchdog for child protection concerns. Thiswill include on-going capacity building of para-professionals (child care workers) to aminimum standard agreed with Governmentas well as development of mechanisms toalert statutory authorities to child rightsviolations and to provide on-going andcontinuous support to child victims

9. The proposal shall clearly demonstrate theprogramme relationship to statutory serviceproviders and legally binding requirements forinterventions including the relationship withDepartment of Social Services ProbationOfficers and for implementation of theChildren's Act

10. The programme shall demonstrate its capacityto form a protective environment for childrenthrough its child protection policy and othermeasures

11. The programme will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, that datadisaggregated by sex and age is consistentlycollected and analysed, and that the mostdifficult cases and challenges are documentedfor lesson learning.

12. This will require the development of clear andspecific indicators which demonstrate thedifference each intervention will make in thelives of children and women

13. The proposal should clearly describe whateach child or woman accessing the servicemay expect to receive (list range of servicesavailable, who would provide and where theywill be provided) and for how long they mayexpect to receive it

14. The process for follow-up and criteria forcase closure should be clearly articulated

15. The proposal will include a plan forsustainability of intervention and exit strategyat 36 month closure





friends.2 One in three children is stunted in Zimbabwe according to the "Zimbabwe National Nutrition Survey 2010", Ministry of Health, Food and Nutrition Council3 2010 estimates suggest the HIV prevalence is around 13.63% (Zimbabwe National HIV/AIDS Estimates, 2009, MoHCW)

Overall Purpose:To deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, which ensure that children and families1


Specific Purpose:To equip children with the knowledge, skills andconfidence to keep safe, to cope with the stigmaand discrimination associated with sexual violenceand abuse or HIV+ status and to pursue theirhopes and dreams.



2. NAP II adopts a child-sensitive socialprotection framework approach which has four

key result areas or pillars:- 1) strengthening ofthe household economy 2) child protection 3)access to basic services 4) programmecoordination and management



5. The HIV epidemic remains one of the largestdrivers of widespread poverty.3 One of themost devastating effects of the HIV/AIDSepidemic in Zimbabwe is the large number oforphans.4 A quarter of all children inZimbabwe - 1.6 million - have lost one or bothparents due to HIV/AIDS and related causes.5


Similarly, not all vulnerable children living in


3. Specialist Services Provision For Children To Be Confident And Keep Safe


Programme Of Support 2011-2013 To The National Action Plan For OrphansAnd Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

HIV/AIDS-affected and other extremely poorhouseholds are orphans.




Objective And Components Of TheIntervention

ObjectiveServices exist at community levels whichcomplement clinical programmes and providesupport and encouragement to children affectedby violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect aswell as children affected by HIV to enable them togrow and develop into confident and self assuredadulthood.

Main components1. Peer Support Services to empower children

which are ongoing, consistent and sustainable(not one-off events or initiatives) operatenationally including but not limited to:l community support groupsl community outreachl training and development programmes for

personal growth and developmentl child-led HIV treatment adherence support

and counsellingl child-led training, advocacy and information

sharing

2. Services support participation, are developedtogether with children and young people andprovide safe and confidential environments inwhich children can feel safe.

3. The proposal should address how children andadults will determine programmatic direction,and clearly articulate beyond doubt how theprogramme will truly be child-led

4. The programme should address the specialneeds of girls, adolescent children, childrenaffected by HIV and children with disabilitiesand be explicit in detailing how these specialneeds will be met.


6. The programme will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, that datadisaggregated by sex and age is consistentlycollected and analysed, and that the mostdifficult cases and challenges are documentedfor lesson learning

7. The proposal will include a plan for sustainabilityof intervention and exit strategy at 36 monthclosure


footnote4 An orphan is defined as a child who has lost one or both biological parents. Increasing orphanhood is discussed in the study: "Trends in the burden of


5 Extrapolated from ZDHS (2005/06).6 Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Public Service Labour and Social Welfare, National Action Plan for Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (2005-









Overall Purpose:To deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, which ensure that children and families1


Specific Purpose:To provide wraparound specialist services forchildren with disabilities and their families. Thisincludes children with visual and hearingimpairment, other physical disabilities andintellectual impairment.






5. The HIV epidemic remains one of the largestdrivers of widespread poverty.3 One of themost devastating effects of the HIV/AIDSepidemic in Zimbabwe is the large number oforphans.4 A quarter of all children inZimbabwe - 1.6 million - have lost one or both


4. Specialist Services Provision For Children With Disabilities



parents due to HIV/AIDS and related causes.5

6. However, not all orphans are poor. Orphansare found throughout Zimbabwean society.Similarly, not all vulnerable children living inHIV/AIDS-affected and other extremely poorhouseholds are orphans.


8. Emerging evidence indicates that it is childrenin these hard-to-reach communities thatrequire the most support.

NB In this document social protection isunderstood as a set of public actions that addresspoverty, vulnerability and exclusion as well asprovide means to cope with life's major risksthroughout the life cycle. Child sensitive socialprotection systems may include social transfers(regular, predictable transfers cash or in-kind) andsocial services (health, education and social worksupport) and policy and legislative framework thatprotects children's' rights8.


Services for children with disabilities and theirfamilies exist at community level and:


l Complement clinical programmes;

l Enable families to provide social care, supportand encouragement to their children withdisabilities; and to

l Cope with the associated stigma anddiscrimination

Main components

1. This critical programme focuses on childrenwith disabilities and their families and willprovide centre based services for urbanpopulations and out-reach services to childrenfrom rural areas.

2. This program shall consider innovative modelsfor early intervention including 'breaking thenews' to new parents, as well as immediatecare planning for medical and social careinterventions.

3. The programme shall consider parenting skillstraining and shall educate parents andcaregivers around the special issues relatingto caring for disabled children including butnot limited to workshops with physicaltherapists, educators and psychologists andcounsellors.






4. The programme shall design interventionswhich encourage parents and caregivers tolearn how to care for their child and whichoffer opportunities to meet other parents insimilar circumstances.

5. Specialist supports shall be provided toorphaned children with disabilities, or whosecaregivers are affected by HIV. This mayinclude but is not limited to nutritional adviceand support to access and adhere to anti-retroviral treatments.

6. Specialist group workshops formothers/female caregivers, for fathers/malecare givers, for siblings as well as facilitationof support groups to address the specialneeds of each group shall be included in theprogramme.

7. The programme will address specific childprotection issues related to the potential forabuse of children with disabilities bycaregivers and the wider community,premised on their increased vulnerability aschildren with a disability and will provide

children and their families with the knowledge,skills and confidence to keep safe, to copewith stigma and discrimination and to dispelnegative beliefs about the causes and natureof disability.

8. The programme should address the specialneeds of girls and adolescent children and beexplicit in detailing how these special needswill be met.










Overall Purpose:To deliver innovative community based servicesnationally, that ensures that children and families1


Specific Purpose:To provide specialist services for identification,reintegration and alternative care for childrenseparated from family and primary caregiversincluding children living in residential care, in childonly households, in detention, living on the street,or children on the move (irregular child migration).






5. The HIV epidemic remains one of the largestdrivers of widespread poverty.3 One of themost devastating effects of the HIV/AIDSepidemic in Zimbabwe is the large number of orphans.4 A quarter of all children in


5. Specialist Services Provision For Children Separated From Family And Community


Programme Of Support 2011-2013 To The National Action Plan ForOrphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

Zimbabwe - 1.6 million - have lost one or bothparents due to HIV/AIDS and related causes.5


Similarly, not all vulnerable children living inHIV/AIDS-affected and other extremely poorhouseholds are orphans.




Objective And Components Of TheIntervention

Objective

Services for children separated from their familiesor primary caregivers, including children living inresidential care, in child only households, indetention, living on the street, or children on themove (irregular child migration) exist atcommunity level and:


l Operate within national case managementsystems;

l Provide systematic, consistent and integratedservices for identification and support tochildren; and

l Ensures their right to grow up in a familyenvironment in an atmosphere of happinesslove and understanding

Main components

1. This critical programme shall conduct baselineresearch in the inception phase to understandthe situation of separated children inZimbabwe, including numbers, reasons andcurrent living situation and conditions. Thisresearch will inform the following programmeinterventions.

2. a) The safe identification and assessment ofvulnerable children and their families who maybe at risk of separation and b) the safeidentification and assessment of childrenalready separated, and where necessaryprovide for their temporary care.






3. National systems shall be developed inagreement with MoLSS Department of SocialServices for family tracing and assessment,for safe re-integration and on-going support.

4. The proposal shall clearly illustrate how everychild and women affected by violence, abuseor neglect will benefit from a system thatoffers comprehensive case planning andmanagement, holistic services for children andwhich address the underlying causes forseparation.

5. The proposal shall explain in simple termshow separated children will be supported fromreport/referral to case closure (permanentplacement in a family environment) includinglong-term follow-up and support beyond theactivity of reunification.

6. The programme shall consider the specialneeds of girls, of adolescent children, andchildren with disabilities and their families, andchildren and families affected by HIV and willprovide services for children in both urban andrural populations.

7. This programme shall consider innovativemodels for early intervention and follow-up toprevent separation as well as systems forstrengthening the family capacity to cope.

8. The applicant organisation shall indicatewhich national and international policies, laws,regulations, guidelines and conventions areappropriate to guide this intervention.



11. This will require the development of clear andspecific indicators which demonstrate thedifference each intervention will make in thelives of children.

12. The programme shall articulate parameters forcase closure i.e. when no further follow-up willbe conducted.





Overall Purpose:

To ensure that children and families who comeinto contact with the law are supported to accessand effectively participate in the justice process.

Specific Purpose:

To provide direct legal assistance to childsurvivors, child witnesses, alleged child offendersand convicted child offenders at all stages of theircontact with the justice system.



2. NAP II adopts a child-sensitive socialprotection framework approach which has fourkey result areas or pillars:- 1) strengthening ofthe household economy 2) child protection 3)

access to basic services 4) programmecoordination and management

3. UNICEF, is supporting the Ministry of Labourand Social Services (MoLSS), to implement asecond phase of the NAP II . This includes amajor focus on child-sensitive socialprotection service delivery (for example BEAMand cash transfers) but also a child protectionelement to strengthen national social welfareand justice for children systems.

4. Zimbabwe's context of political and economicfragility, ongoing transition and the heavyburden of HIV, continues to threaten children'sprotection at societal, family and individuallevels and impacts on the capacity of statutoryproviders with mandated authority to supportchildren.

5. Many sectors, including justice, welfare andeducation have documented a major outwardflow of civil servants. This has led to reducedinstitutional memory, high rates of unfilledposts and the transfer of senior or complexfunctions to new and inexperienced staff. Nocomprehensive information is available atpresent on the justice for children system,although anecdotal evidence collectedthrough the Victim Friendly Initiative suggeststhat this system is experiencing similarchallenges. Many experienced probationofficers have left their posts - in one urban


6. Specialist Service Provision For Children To Access Justice

Department Of Social ServicesMinistry Of Labour And Social Services (Molss) Zimbabwe& Unicef


centre, there has been no statutory socialworker in place for over two years. Similarchallenges are being faced in the socialwelfare sector, reducing the capacity of thissector to contribute to the functioning of acoordinated justice for children system.

6. Fortunately, these challenges have also ledrise to innovation. Many agencies havedeveloped relationships with civil society,particularly at the sub-national level andjustice officials have assumed a range ofdynamic roles and functions to compensatefor limited capacity in complementary areas.For example, the Victim Friendly Initiative hasseen 17 courts gazetted and equipped toprovide child-friendly services to survivors ofsexual violence. These courts arecomplemented by 4 victim-friendly, hospitalbased clinics and the establishment of victimfriendly police units in every police station. In2010, around 10,000 cases of support tosurvivors were recorded and there are nowplans to roll out the victim friendly system to afurther 13 areas in 2010. As part of thissystem, nurses are now permitted to provideexpert evidence to the court, a functionpreviously reserved for doctors.

7. Many challenges remain. For children inconflict with the law, diversion programmesare yet to be implemented (although a pilot isplanned for 2011), there is no national policyon juvenile justice and the vast majority ofchildren do not receive formal legal assistancewhen they come into contact with the system.With only 19 legal aid lawyers in the country,access to legal assistance for poor andvulnerable children is a significant barrier totheir access to justice.

8. This TOR calls for a committed organisationor institution to a) lead the development andimplementation of a national legal assistancestrategy policy, in partnership with the LegalAid Directorate within the Ministry of Justiceand Legal Affairs that is designed to reach100 per cent of children in contact with the lawby 2013.


A comprehensive legal assistance programme isin place which provides support to all children whocome into contact with the law; and:l supports replicable service delivery at

community level; l is national in reach and targets all children in

contact with the law, including witnesses,survivors and alleged or convicted offenders;

l complements other child protection relatedservices, including the making and receipt ofreferrals


Main components

1. Review of existing legal assistance servicedelivery in Zimbabwe and development of aninnovative, cost effective and sustainablenational strategy with the Legal AidDirectorate and UNICEF.

2. A national scale response which is initiallymatched to the geographical locations inwhich government cash transfers are targetedi.e. "cash+" but is also scaled up to reach allother districts across the country by end 2013.

3. The service provision component of theintervention will include, but not necessarily belimited to; receiving referrals from governmentand civil society child protection serviceproviders, proactively finding children with aright to legal assistance, identifying legalassistance needs, delivering legal assistancethroughout the child's contact with the justicesystem.

4. A key focus of the intervention for alleged andconvicted child offenders will be to ensure thatdetention is used as a last resort and for theshortest possible period of time

5. A key focus the intervention for all children willbe to expedite the justice process, ensure


their dignity and privacy and ensure that otherchild protection rights are addressed throughsupported referrals

6. The intervention will be designed to addressthe legal assistance requirements of childrenfrom referral through to case closure and thecriteria for case closure should be articulated

7. The intervention will include specific strategiesfor dealing with the different needs of boysand girls; and the different challenges facingurban and rural children

8. The intervention will be able to demonstratea) how children will be identified, b) how theprogramme will be linked to the existing workof the Legal Aid Directorate, the VictimFriendly System, the Ministry of Justice andLegal Affairs' pre-trial diversion programme;and the Ministry of Labour and SocialServices National Action Plan for Orphansand Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 and theexisting work of DSS probation officers; c)which range of services for vulnerablechildren will be available; d) in which districts/wards/ villages; e) which data will be recordedand analysed

9. The intervention will include the developmentof standard operating procedures and

guidelines that will support future legalassistance service providers, in partnershipwith the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs

10. The intervention shall demonstrate its capacityto form a protective environment for childrenthrough its child protection policy and othermeasures

11. The intervention will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, that datadisaggregated by sex and age is consistentlycollected and analysed to provide insight intothe degree to which service providers meetthe comprehensive needs of children, thatchildren in contact with the law are reachedquickly with quality services and that the mostdifficult cases and challenges are documentedfor lesson learning.

12. The programme will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, is consistentlycollected and analysed, and that the mostdifficult cases and challenges are documentedfor lesson learning.





footnote

Overall Purpose:

To mobilise individuals and communities in orderthat they may contribute to improved outcomes forchildren

Specific Purpose:

To provide parents and caregivers with thepractical information and support they need tosave and improve their children's lives

Background And Justification

1. This Terms of Reference relates to theZimbabwe National Action Plan for Orphansand Vulnerable Children 2011-2015 (NAPII)and its Vision that by 2020, all children inZimbabwe will live in safe, secure andsupportive environments that are conducive tochild growth and development, and its Goalthat by December 2015, the most vulnerablechildren in Zimbabwe will be able to securetheir basic rights through the provision ofquality social protection and child protectionservices.

2. NAP II adopts a child-sensitive socialprotection framework approach which has four

key result areas or pillars:- 1) strengthening ofthe household economy 2) child protection 3)access to basic services 4) programmecoordination and management

3. The Ministry of Labour and Social Services(MoLSS), is partnering with UNICEF toimplement NAP II focusing on child-sensitivesocial protection service delivery, includingsocial cash transfers alongside strengtheningnational social welfare and justice for childrensystems.

4. Zimbabwe's context of political and economicfragility, ongoing transition and the heavyburden of HIV, continues to threaten children'sprotection at societal, family and individuallevels and impacts on the capacity ofcaregivers to adequately support children.

5. The measures envisaged in this Terms ofReference will support parents and caregiversto care for their children, by providing basicinformation on protecting and promoting thewell-being of their children. Parenting Clubscan equip parents and caregivers withvaluable information on meeting theirchildren's physical, emotional, intellectual,spiritual and social needs, allowing them notonly to survive, but to thrive.


7. Facilitation Of Parenting Clubs

Department Of Social ServicesMinistry Of Labour And Social Services (Molss) Zimbabwe& Unicef

Support To The Government Of Zimbabwe'sNational Action Plan For Orphans And Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

6. This TOR calls for a committed organisationor institution to establish and run ParentingClubs in each Ward of eight (8) districts inwhich the social cash transfer publicassistance scheme will be implemented.


Parenting Clubsl operate within a standard curriculuml are functioning in a minimum of 200 Wards in 8

districts; andl at least 9,000 parents and caregivers have

graduated from the programme within 36months1

Main components

1. Reviewed and finalised Parenting Clubcurriculum2 which satisfies the Zimbabweancontext and which is suitable for a broadaudience of parents and caregivers, includingyoung parents, older people (grandparents)and child caregivers and publish in English,Ndebele and Shona languages

2. Curriculum shall address but is not limited to:health and nutrition including breastfeeding;HIV; general hygiene and hand-washing;injury prevention and first aid; child rights andprotection; the importance of play; birthspacing and family planning.

3. Published Parenting Club curriculum shouldinclude a directory of government and non-

governmental child protection services

4. Develop a detailed workplan and methodologyfor rolling out the Parenting Club; includingnames of districts and wards, dates andtimescales, matched to the geographicallocations and timescales in which governmentcash transfers are targeted.

5. Demonstrate capacity to form a protectiveenvironment for children through childprotection policy and other measures

6. Establish appropriate monitoring mechanismsto ensure that systems are operational, thatdata which provides evidence of successfulintervention and outcomes for participants, isconsistently collected and analysed.

7. Include proposal for sustainability ofintervention and exit strategy at 36 monthclosure.

8. The programme will establish appropriatemonitoring mechanisms to ensure thatsystems are operational, that datadisaggregated by sex and age is consistentlycollected and analysed, that service providersmeet the comprehensive needs of children,that children exposed to violence, abuse andexploitation are reached quickly with qualityservices and that the most difficult cases andchallenges are documented for lessonlearning.



footnote1 160 PC trainings per year x 3 years x average 20 participants each training = 9,6002 The curriculum will be based on an available model which draws on UN Guidelines and international NGO experience. UNICEF will undertake to share this

with the successful organisation

D. ANNEX D - Budget Guidelines on Different Types of Costs1

The following guidelines address financial supportto CSO partnerships.

Budget costs for collaboration with CSOsgoverning the use of PCAs are grouped into1. Direct Programme Support Costs (DPSCs);2. Indirect Programme Costs (IPCs); and3. Programme Costs.

1. Direct Programme Support Costs (DPSC)are management and administrative costs thatdirectly support the project objectives anddirectly derive from implementation of thePCA. These may include:

u Travel for programme management and monitoring purposes

u Salaries and support costs of implementingpersonnel (possibly prorated) directly relatedto the programme (e.g. project officers,finance officers)

u NGO/CSO-owned vehicles and their maintenance if directly used to implementactivities under the Agreement

u Office equipment used in direct support of the programme

u Costs connected with planning and management, such as (prorated) salariesand related costs for representation, planning, coordination and management

u Pro-rated support to management for timewhich directly contributes to the programme

u In-country planning expenses

u Costs connected with the administrative support of the programme, including (prorated) financial management and information resources management

u Monitoring and evaluation costs2

u Costs of any planned Audit related to the specific programme or project for partnership

u Other expenses incurred directly in supportof the programme, including additionalrentals of office space, office maintenance,utilities, telecommunications, office supplies

DPSCs should be itemised in broad categoriesand included in the Programme Budget.

The following characteristics for the provision of DPSCs, as defined in the text box, apply:

Direct programme support cost: costs attributableto the management and administration of theprogramme, that can be identified as arisingdirectly and unequivocally from its implementation.

l Direct Programme Support Costs to besupported by UNICEF must be clearly identifiedas such in the Budget.

l The total of DPSC should not exceed amaximum of 25% of the total funds and valueof supplies (net of indirect programme costs)provided to the CSO under the PCA.

The UNICEF Programme Officer is responsible toclearly assess, together with the partnerorganisation, what is “reasonable” considering thelocal context and typical costs for administeringlocal activities. Up to 25% of the total budget to betransferred by UNICEF – including the value ofsupplies; and excluding indirect programme costs- is allowable for such costs. Normally, the amountwill be less than the 25% limit.

In exceptional cases, which will usually be crisissituations with very high logistics, access and/orsecurity costs, the Representative must sign awritten justification to be filed with the PCA for anypercentage of DPSC above 25%.

2. The Indirect Programme Cost (IPC), asdefined in the text box, is included in PCAs as


footnote1 Adapted from “UNICEF Programme Cooperation Agreements and Small Scale Funding Agreements with Civil Society Organisations,” December 2009.2 Monitoring of beneficiary populations, as distinct from the monitoring of programme activities, may be classified under “Programme Costs” rather than

DPSCs. Evaluation may also be included in “Programme Costs” where knowledge generation using the evaluation is an objective of the Agreement itself.Where M&E are for programme management purposes, however, they should be counted as part of the support costs.

a standard 7% addition to the (i.e. on top ofthe) cash Transfer component (i.e. excludingsupplies, equipment and other forms of in-kindsupport) of the agreed budget of ProgrammeCosts and Direct Programme Support Costs,to support the partner organization’s generaloperations.

Indirect programme cost: the partner’s costsincurred in support of the programme that cannotbe separately identified and traced unequivocallyto the programme

This may include:u Contribution to the partner’s headquartersu Office spaceu Organisational Auditsu Trainings for staff (e.g. teambuilding

exercises)u Any other item that does not require justifi-

cation but that UNICEF and the CSO feelsare important to enhance programming

IPCs are not included in the budgets of SmallScale Funding Agreements.

3. Programme Costs. All other budget items fallunder the category of Programme Costs.These are acceptable if they clearly contributeto the achievement of the objectives of thepartnership and the expected results asestablished in the PCA. Only items thatcontribute to the achievement of theseexpected results may be supported byUNICEF.

Programme Costs are the costs of inputs,such as:

u Activities, such as workshops, training,social mobilisation, community outreach,service delivery(protection, health, WASH,HIV, education activities)

u Supplies that directly assist beneficiaries orbeneficiary institutions

u Materials production and distributionu Surveys, reviews, consultations and

results-related evaluationsu Technical assistance to support beneficiaries

or beneficiary institutions (e.g. WASH programme officer, Child Protection counsellor, Doctor, Nurse, etc)

u Communication that directly supports the programme objectives (e.g. costs of telephone lines at Childline)

Development of a BudgetThe budget must be based on the agreedProgramme Document and Joint Work Plan. The following three steps are essential to securinga clear rationale and justification for transferringUNICEF resources to a partner CSO.

1. All budget items and planned expendituresmust contribute to the achievement of theresults described in the ProgrammeDocument.

2. The budget items must be based on a cleardescription of activities that will be undertakenunder the partnership.

3. All budget items must be assessed for theirrelevance to the implementation of theactivities and the achievement of the plannedresults. Those which can be justified asessential to the achievement of the goals andplanned results—whether categorized asProgramme Costs or Direct ProgrammeSupport Costs—may be supported.

Relevant national labour laws and the use ofUNCT-approved local salary and entitlementscales will serve as the basis for preparing thebudget for implementing personnel and technicalassistance costs.


E. ANNEX E - Programming Services for Children with Disabilities: within the framework of the Zimbabwe National Action Plan forOrphans and Vulnerable Children 2011-2015

Adding to the evidence base for appropriate, effective and targeted programming.


I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

II. Overview Of Situation For Children With Disabilities In Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

III. Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

i. Child Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

ii. Social versus Medical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

iii. Support Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

iv. Co-ordinated Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

v. Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

vi. Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

vii. Double Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

IV. Cost Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

V. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

VI. Implications for UNICEF 2011-2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

VII. DRAFT Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

VII. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Contents

I. Introduction

II. Overview Of Situation For Children With Disabilities In Zimbabwe

This report is intended to develop understandingof the issues of children and disability inZimbabwe to contribute to the evidence base forappropriate, effective and targeted programming.

In addition to giving consideration to the currentsituation for children with disabilities it examines inmore detail three programmes which were fundeduntil the end of December 2010 within theProgram of Support to the National Action Plan forOrphans and Vulnerable Children 2006-2010, forcost effectiveness and suggests measures for thefuture investment of limited resources to achievebest impact.

In programme development, measures that havean impact on issues affecting children withdisabilities are often perceived as 'add-on' ratherthan integral. That is, programmes are designedwithout being inclusive of the most marginalisedand isolated groups and consequently do notmeet their needs. This document puts forwardrecommendations for programming based on an

understanding of the rights and needs of childrenwith disabilities.

Specifically that mainstreaming disability issuesinto programming, i.e., systematically addressing,and incorporating measures that challengediscrimination and promote equality for childrenwith disabilities into all programmatic, operationaland organisational activities, is the preferredprogrammatic option. However recognising thatchildren with disabilities may have additionalneeds which may require specialist services,these should be provided within the context ofexisting frameworks, from a 'build back better'perspective, with a national scale approach inmind and a strategy for addressing the mostserious protection violations.

To aid in this process draft guidelines andchecklists are proposed to help programmerstransform child rights policy, into a reality forchildren with a disability.


Up to date and validated data on the situation forchildren and adults with disabilities in Zimbabwe isnot available (Lang and Charowa 2007; Choruma2007). Further, methods of classification andmethodology for collecting disability statisticschange and it is therefore difficult to determineprecise data. However according to the 2002census there are 349,000 people with disabilitiesliving in Zimbabwe almost 25% of whom wereunder the age of 19 at the time of the census.World Health Organisation data suggests that upto 10% of the total population of each country mayhave a disability; by this estimate more than600,000 children in Zimbabwe may have adisability however this includes minor disabilitieswhich do not significantly impair functioning, aswell as more profound disability.

Children's Rehabilitation Unit (CRU) at HarareHospital which provides, early intervention,ongoing therapeutic and psychosocial andoutreach services to children with disabilities and

This report refers to children with disabilities based on the UN defini-tion of disability as 'a great numberof functional limitations occurring inany population in any country of theworld. People may be disabled byphysical, intellectual or sensoryimpairment, medical conditions ormental illness' Standard rules on theEqualization of Opportunities forPersons with Disabilities, G.A Res.96,UN GAOR, 48th Sess. (1993)

their families, reports in 2010 that approximately25 per cent of the caregivers are in 'generationgap' households, and approximately 20 per centof caregivers are HIV positive.

There is anecdotal evidence to suggest thatchildren with disabilities may remain hidden fromthe wider population due to myth and superstitionwhich suggests that the 'cause' is related to badspirits, or is the fault of 'bad' mothering. Marongweand Mate (2007) found evidence that the cause ofdisability is often attributed to witchcraft or theoccult or to the mothers' immoral behaviour.There is also evidence that institutional andstructural factors have a direct, causal impact ondisability and impairment, including poor healthservices, substandard housing and high levels ofunemployment (Lang & Charowa 2007). CRUreported that they had seen a significant increasein referrals during 2008 and 2009 when livingconditions in Zimbabwe were affected by thepolitical context and rampant inflation. A DisabilityLiving Survey undertaken during 2003 notsurprisingly concluded that living standards fordisabled individual and households wasconsiderable lower in comparison with non-disabled counterparts (Eide et al 2003). It is alsonoted that in the prevailing context of poverty andlivelihoods crisis in which there are limited viablealternative sources of income, households withdisabilities are the worst affected (CASS and Mate2007).

Government support to people with disabilities inZimbabwe was at its peak in the mid 1990's andwas a regional best practice example ofgovernment commitment to supporting the mostvulnerable. However the current administrativeand institutional infrastructure arrangements arean example of the significant erosion of basicsocial protection services.

Today, children with disabilities continue to bevariously perceived as 'diseased', inhuman,lacking any capacity to grow and develop. Their

rights as children and as humans are for the mostpart ignored. These perceptions result inwidespread prejudice against children withdisabilities, which are reflected in social exclusion,lack of dignity and respect, inadequate or non-existent educational opportunity and prejudicialmedical treatment. There is little or nounderstanding of a child-centered developmentalapproach to care; support to families is negligibleand, in spite of pockets of excellence, communityservices are almost non-existent.

Children with disabilities are less likely tocomplete primary education than their non-disabled counterparts, further reinforcing theirmarginalization and exclusion as employmentopportunities are thus further beyond their reach(Lang and Charowa 2007; Eide et al 2003).

Despite the great pressures placed on families ofchildren with disabilities a significant number docare for their children successfully within thefamily but require significant support andassistance to do so.


34 per cent of disabled females and22 percent of disabled males neverattended school compared with 12percent and 8 percent respectively oftheir non-disabled counterparts.

Eide et al (2003) Living Conditionsamong People with ActivityLimitations in Zimbabwe. SINTEF;Oslo

III. Issues

i. Child RightsThe rights of children with disabilities arerecognised in the Convention on the Rights of theChild 1990, specifically articles 6:2, 23 and 24,and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfareof the Child 1999, specifically articles 3, 13 and14. The 2006 Convention on the Rights ofPersons with Disabilities (although not yet signedby Zimbabwe) is intended as a human rightsinstrument with an explicit, social developmentdimension. It adopts a broad categorization ofpersons with disabilities and reaffirms that allpersons with all types of disabilities must enjoy allhuman rights and fundamental freedoms.Howeverin practice, particularly in the case of those withhigh levels of support needs; these rights areoften considered secondary to those of the rest ofthe population. Equality of opportunity is aconcept that constantly eludes children withdisabilities.

ii. Social versus Medical ModelThe picture or 'model' of disability that otherscarry in their minds governs behaviour towardschildren with disabilities. This model in turn affectsthe way in which society is organised. Themedical model, perceives disability as an illnessand the person with disabilities as a patient whoneeds a cure so that they can fit into 'normal'society; since a cure is rarely considered possiblethe 'patient' is banished from that society. Theemphasis is on the condition rather than theperson. The social model, on the other hand,recognises the person with a disability as anequal who must overcome the barriers to his orher development imposed by society. Theemphasis is on social responsibility and changingthe attitudes of others rather than on treating theperson with a disability as if they were theproblem. The medical approach is very muchevident in the language of disability, 'rehabilitation'and 'therapy' are most often used to specialistdescribe services which places an emphasis onthe perceived medical 'defect'.

iii. Support ServicesCommunity-based support services are virtuallynon-existent. The Ministry of Health and ChildWelfare Children's Rehabilitation Unit at Harare

Hospital is supported by a local non-governmentalorganisation JF Kapnek Trust, but has inadequateresources to comprehensively respond to allreferrals. District Rehabilitation Units and localhealth centres receive some small support fromJairos Jiri Association and Zimbabwe NationalAssociation for Mental Health (ZIMNAMH),however coverage is limited. In spite of this theGovernment - NGO partnership model has proveneffective in reducing both capital and recurringcosts; and ensures access to a wide range ofprofessional support services which increase thelikelihood of children receiving more holisticpackages of care. Education may be deniedchildren because of access issues e.g., childrenliving in rural areas who require transport andsomeone to accompany them to school, childrenwho use wheelchairs but are unable to accessschool because the entrance has stairs. SchoolsPsychological Services Officers should assessand place children, ensuring they haveappropriate assistive devices and adequatesupport, however rising vacancy levels andresource constraints means that fewer and fewerchildren are able to access these services. WhilstBEAM allocations for school fees support childrenin special schools, in practice this is inadequate tocover the full costs of boarding fees. Children mayalso not be considered by the school selectioncommittees since they are out of district (atboarding school) during the selection process.Quality of educational provision is affected by theavailability of resources; whilst school books andequipment are being delivered through theEducation Transition Fund materials and specialequipment for hearing and visually impairedchildren, robust equipment for physically andintellectually disabled children, (often moreexpensive resources) are less likely to beavailable Vocational education for children withhearing and visual impairment is often limiting anddenies them the opportunity to proceed to thirdlevel education and therefore to succeed in theprofessions. Services continue to be provided ona segregated basis; where available, social carebenefits are inadequate. Early interventionservices to support parents in providing care andstimulation for their infants in the most criticallyimportant first six months and in the early yearsare limited.


iv. Co-ordinated SupportThere is little evidence of inter-agency working,and few examples of coordinated approaches tofamily support. Where a family is experiencingdifficulty, the complexity of their needs is oftenmisunderstood or ignored by professionals. Wherethe education, health and social welfare serviceshave no linkages, obvious support solutions areoften missed. Current limited case managementdoes not support referrals or multi-agencyworking. Non-governmental organisations, able toaccess external funding sources have beeninstrumental in complementing disintegratinggovernment programmes; however interventionsoperate in isolation, cover only a few wards anddistricts and are often high cost.

v. Poverty

Of the factors contributing to vulnerability only thelevel of household wealth is a consistent predictor(Akwara et al. 2010) and financial protectionpromotes more equitable outcomes and reducessocial exclusion (UNICEF 2010). Children withdisabilities often require special services andequipment, medicines and therapies which are notavailable from the state. Where a child isincontinent the laundry costs for the family may beinflated, children with disabilities may requirespecial nutritional support, and assistive devices.Families on a low or with no income may literallybe unable to afford to care for their child. This maybe further compounded when a child withdisabilities lives in a labour constrained householdwith no adult or with an elderly or chronically illcaregiver. Using scant resources to support thedisability of a child will also impact the householdas a whole and the other siblings, therebyreducing their access to education and healthservices. Additionally there is evidence to suggestthat poverty can impact negatively on early childdevelopment (UNICEF 2000). Where a child has adisability this reduces even more theiropportunities to grow and develop.

vi. InformationThe availability of information, and the way inwhich it is given, is often crucial to the well beingof parents, caregivers and children withdisabilities. Parents have indicated that the mosthelpful sources of information and advice areoften other people with similar experiences.Enabling caregivers and siblings to meet andshare experience with other parents can often bethe first stage in acceptance. Support groups alsooffer safe places for disclosure of HIV status, forcounselling support for testing, and for broaderfamily support. Providing information to children inaccessible and age appropriate formats alsocontributes towards understanding and lifts overalllevels of awareness.

vii. Double DiscriminationChildren from minority groups face even greaterdisadvantage than non minority families in asimilar situation. Poor housing and highunemployment levels amongst minority groups arethe first factor in a life bounded by poverty anddiscrimination and families of children withdisabilities in this context are even less likely toaccess available benefits and supports.Additionally many children from minority groupsare mislabeled as developmentally delayed orlearning disabled often due to linguistic andcultural misconceptions.


One support group specifically forfathers has recently grown to 103members and has impacted on thewell-being of the family as a whole;as well as demolishing myths of therole of mothers in 'causing' disability;it has encouraged fathers to under-stand their role as carers for children.

CRU Harare Hospital, June 2010

IV. Cost Effectiveness

Cost effectiveness of services for children withdisabilities is difficult to determine since like forlike comparisons are not possible due to thediversity of provision both in terms of quality andquantity. Nevertheless a rudimentary examinationof provision versus cost suggests that a) the smallscale interventions are more expensive and thatlarger scaled up provision can result in costbenefit and b) that interventions based oncoordinated support and a multi-sector approachare cheaper and more effective. For example bothJF Kapnek Trust and Jairos Jiri Association workwith Schools Psychological Services, the first toensure assessments are completed as early aspossible to maximize benefits for children, and thesecond to support the mobility of SPS Officers toreach children outside the urban areas. A crudecost comparison over 12 months from October2009 to September 2010 shows significant

variation across providers (Table 1) ranging fromUS$33.70 per child US$91.86 for broadly similarservices. However in developing interventions themessage is not one of 'cheapest is best', butrather that value for money must be demonstratedagainst clear results for children.

By utilising existing services where they exist, forexample supporting children to access educationthrough the existing education system, ensuringthat BEAM (Ministry of Labour and social ServicesBasic Education Assistance Module) takesaccount of the special circumstances of childrenwith disabilities during the selection process,lobbying for additional educational grants forchildren with disabilities to cover other educationalsupport costs, Jairos Jiri Association andZIMNAMH would reduce unit costs.


Organisation Outline Service Provision Cost per ChildJF Kapnek Trust, Children'sRehabilitation Unit Harare Hospital

Centre based plus outreachEarly intervention includingdiagnosis, assessment, interventionplanning provision and referralChild and adult counselling andpsychosocial supportSupport groupsParenting skills trainingProvision of practice placementsand professional development

US$33.70

(3092 children with disabilitiesprovided with direct support at acost of US$104,212.00)

Jairos Jiri Association Consortium approachCommunity based rehabilitationprogramme including assessment,intervention planning and provisionand referralDirect support to children in specialschoolsExtracurricular activities

US$68.00

(5323 children with disabilities and1774 other children directbeneficiaries at a cost ofUS$477,044)

ZIMNAMH Consortium approachCommunity based rehabilitationprogramme including assessment,intervention planning and provisionand referralDirect support to children in specialschoolsExtracurricular activities

US$91.86

(3694 children with disabilities and1484 other orphans and vulnerablechildren)

V. Conclusions

Children with disabilities and their families aresignificantly more disadvantaged than otherchildren in Zimbabwe. They are the poorest of thepoor and the least visible. They are the hardest toreach.

Children with disabilities are more likely toexperience abuse, violence, neglect anddiscrimination than their non-disabled peers.Children with disabilities and households withdisabled members are likely to be the poorest andmost disadvantaged in any community.

Many of the barriers preventing children withdisabilities achieving their rights can be brokendown through thoughtful mainstreaming andtraining of service providers in disabilityawareness.

Although the cost of service provision for childrenwith special needs is likely to be higher than fornon-disabled children costs can nevertheless bereduced through scale-up of interventionsstrategically planned for maximum impact. Inaddition costs associated with accessingeducation which may be reduced throughprovision via principal education interventions.

Similarly principal health interventions maycontribute to reduced costs e.g. inclusion ofepilepsy medication through essential drugsprovision.

Future programming should ensure that servicesfor children with disabilities and their families existat community level, provide centre based servicesfor urban populations and out-reach services tochildren from rural areas and:l Are national in reach;l Complement clinical programmes; l Enable families to provide social care, support

and encouragement to their children withdisabilities; and to

l Cope with the associated stigma anddiscrimination

Intervention design should encourage parents andcaregivers to learn how to care for their child andoffer opportunities to meet other parents and caregivers in similar circumstances. Specialistsupports should be provided to orphaned childrenwith disabilities, or whose caregivers are affectedby HIV.

Programmes should address specific childprotection issues related to the potential for abuseof children with disabilities by caregivers and thewider community, premised on their increasedvulnerability as children and as children with adisability and should provide children and theirfamilies with the knowledge, skills and confidenceto keep safe, to cope with stigma anddiscrimination and to dispel negative beliefs aboutthe causes and nature of disability.

Programmes should address the special needs ofgirls and adolescent children and be explicit indetailing how these special needs will be met.

Finally, children with disabilities and their families1

should be supported within a continuum of care

which provides wraparound specialist services.This includes children with visual and hearing

impairment, other physical disabilities andintellectual impairment.



friends.

VI. Implications for UNICEF 2011-2013

VII. DRAFT Checklist

a) Focus on national scale-up of replicable,government owned services that benefitchildren with special needs in acomprehensive but cost effective mannerincluding replication of CRU model at everyclinic

b) Provide services within a national casemanagement system with governmentoversight and regulation

c) Mainstreaming disability issues acrossUNICEF programmatic areas including WASH,

Education and Health sections e.g. childfriendly school construction to include specialclasses and disabled access; free educationthrough dedicated BEAM resources; ETF toinclude special equipment and resources inaddition to Braille textbooks

d) Social cash transfer roll-out to the poorestfamilies including those with disabilities(almost 15 percent of household member inthe most vulnerable category in recent CTtargeting baseline survey)


Issue

Disability Mainstreaming And Programme Planning Decisions

I. The Strategic Dimension

Further ActionNeeded

AddressedYes/No

What are the needs and issues of concern to local children withdisabilities?

Have children with disabilities, their parents and families participated inthe assessment of these needs and concerns?

Who should we work with locally to identify the needs of children withdisabilities?

Have the needs of disabled children been considered at a strategic levelin your country strategy?

Do our local partners consider the rights and needs of children withdisabilities on a systematic basis?

What are the weaknesses in governance and capacity that prevent usaddressing the needs of disabled children?

What are the weaknesses in governance and capacity that prevent localpartners addressing the needs of disabled children?

Are there legislative changes that need to be made to address the needsof children with disabilities?

Are we in regular contact with agencies or individuals who can advise uson incorporating the needs of disabled children into programming?


Issue

II. The Operational Dimension


AddressedYes/No

Are the needs of disabled children met in existing projects?

If not, can disabled children be incorporated into existing projects withoutmajor restructuring?

Do new projects specifically address the needs of disabled groups?

Have the families of disabled children been involved in the developmentof projects?

Will the project exclude children with disabilities?

Is it possible to make the project inclusive?

Does the proposed project address the needs of the individual child?

Does the proposed project avoid the medical model of childcare?

Does the proposed project adopt a "social model" approach to childrenand disability issues?

Will the proposed project shift the balance away from institutional care forchildren with disabilities?

Have we ensured the development of community based supportservices?

Will the proposed project support the right of the child to live in their ownhome?

VIII. References

Akwara, P. et al, 'Who is the Vulnerable Child? Using survey data to identify children at risk inan era of HIV and AIDS', AIDS Care, vol. 2, no. 9, September 2010, pp 1066-1085CASS & Mate, R. (2007), Understanding the Livelihoods of Children with Disabilities and theirFamilies in Zimbabwe. FAO and UNICEF: Harare.Choruma, T. (2007), The Forgotten Tribe, People with disabilities in Zimbabwe. Progressio:London.Eide, A., Nhiwathiwa, J., Muderedzi, J. and Loeb, M. (2003) Living conditions Among Peoplewith Activity Limitations in Zimbabwe. SINTEF: Oslo. Lang, R. and Charowa, G. (2007), DFID Scoping Study: Disability Issues in Zimbabwe. DFID:Harare.Marongwe, N. and Mate, R. (2007), Children and disability, Their Households'' LivelihoodsExperiences in Accessing Key Services. FAO: RomeUNICEF (2000), A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations, Innocenti Report Card No.1, UNICEF International Child Development Centre: FlorenceUNICEF (2010), Children and AIDS Fifth Stocktaking Report 2010


Issue

III. Programme Cycle Management Principles


AddressedYes/No

Does the project advance the rights of disabled children as enshrined inthe UNCRC?

Does the project ensure that support and service development fordisabled children is coordinated?

Is the proposed project culturally appropriate?

Will the project be value for money and sustainable in the localenvironment?

Will there be an increase in knowledge about disability rights and needsissues?

Will the project increase awareness of disability rights and needsamongst practitioners, professionals, policy planners and legislators?

Will the project increase awareness of disability rights and needsamongst parents, families and children?

Will the project ensure ensured equal access to all children withdisabilities irrespective of their national and ethnic origin?

Do you have systems in place to monitor and evaluate how successfulinclusion of disabled children has been?

Have we ensured partnership and collaborative approach?

How will the project ensure that the needs of disabled children areconsidered on an ongoing and systematic basis during and after projectimplementation?

child abuse zim resources cpfundnapii rfp2011

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