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Economic Commission for LatinAmerica & the Caribbean,United Nations

5 April 2001

Presented by

Chief,Unit on Investment and Corporate Strategies,United Nations Economic Commission for Latin Americaand the Caribbean (UN-ECLAC)


5 April 2001

Topics to be dealt with:

• FDI trends• Transnationalization• Corporate Strategies• FDI and International Competitiveness• Specifics of the Caribbean Basin situation


5 April 2001

(in billions of US dollars)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000e

Developing CountriesDeveloped Countries

Total World

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200


5 April 2001

(in billions of US dollars)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000e

L. America & Caribbean

Developing AsiaDeveloping Countries

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200


5 April 2001

(millions of dollars)

Data for 2000 estimated by Unit of Investment and Corporate Strategies

1990-1994annualaverage

1995-1999annualaverage

2000estimate

LAIA 14 250 56 362 67 191(Brazil) (1 703) (20 056) (30 250)(Mexico) (5 430) (10 928) (12 950)

Central America & Caribbean 1 406 3 953 4 500Financial Centers 2 506 3 811 2 500

TOTAL 18 162 64 126 74 191


5 April 2001

1990-92 1994-96 1998-99

Sales of the 500 Biggest CompaniesForeign companies 27.4 32.1 43.7National private companies 39.4 41.0 37.2State-owned 33.2 26.9 19.1Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Sales of the 100 Biggest Manufacturing CompaniesForeign companies 53.2 59.3 62.7National private companies 42.6 38.6 37.3State-owned 4.2 2.1 1.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Exports of the 200 Biggest ExportersForeign companies 29.2 43.2National private companies 35.9 32.7State-owned 34.9 24.1Total 100.0 100.0

The Transnationalization Process in LatinAmerica & the Caribbean

(percent)


5 April 2001

The First 15 of the 100 Biggest TNCs in LatinAmerica, by Consolidated Sales, 1999

(millions of dollars)

Rank TNC Home County Sector Total

1 Telefónica de España S.A. Spain Telecom. 12 4392 General Motors (GM) USA Automotive 12 4253 Volkswagen AG Germany Automotive 11 9024 DaimlerChrysler AG Germany Automotive 9 7465 Carrefour Group/ Promodés France Commerce 9 5616 Ford Motor Co. USA Automotive 8 2527 Repsol-YPF Spain Petroleum 7 9808 Fiat Spa Italy Automotive 7 6599 Royal Dutch-Shell Group UK./Hol Petroleum 6 44910 Exxon Mobil Corp USA Petroleum 6 40311 IBM USA Electronics 5 47912 Endesa España Spain Electricity 5 47513 The AES Corp. USA Electricity 5 18214 Wal Mart Stores USA Commerce 4 81615 Nestlé Switzerland Food products 4 766


5 April 2001

The Bigger Picture: predominant corporate strategies in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean in the 1990s

Sector Efficiency-seekingNatural resource

seekingMarket access seeking(national or regional)

PrimaryPetroleum/gas:Venezuela, ColombiaArgentinaMinerals: Chile,Argentina, Peru

Manu-facturing.

AAAuuutttooommmoootttiiivvveee::: MMMeeexxxiiicccoooEEEllleeeccctttrrrooonnniiicccsss::: MMMeeexxxiiicccoooaaannnddd CCCaaarrriiibbbbbbeeeaaannn BBBaaasssiiinnnAAAppppppaaarrreeelll::: CCCaaarrriiibbbbbbeeeaaannnBBBaaasssiiinnn aaannnddd MMMeeexxxiiicccooo

Automotive: (Mercosur)Chemicals: BrazilAgro-industry Argentina, Brazil, MexicoBeverages: Argentina, Brazil, MexicoTobacco products: Argentina, Brazil,Mexico

ServicesFinance: Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Argentina,Venezuela, Colombia, PeruTelecommunications: Brazil,Argentina,Chile and PeruRetail Trade: Brazil, Argentina, Mexicoand ChileElectrical Energy: Colombia,Brazil, Argentina and Central AmericaGas distribution: Argentina, Chile,ColombiaTourism: Mexico and the Caribbean Basin

StrategicE

lement

Seeking


5 April 2001

(percent)

Export category Industrialcountries

Developingcountries

DevelopingAsia

LatinAmerica

1985 1998 1985 1998 1985 1998 1985 19981. Natural resources 37.8 43.2 62.1 56.8 29.7 27.4 12.3 13.8

2. Manufactures basedon natural resources

68.1 69.5 31.3 30.5 12.4 14.4 6.5 6.2

3. Manufactures NOTbased on nat. res.

82.4 69.7 17.5 30.3 11.6 22.1 2.5 4.3

- Low technology 51.5 35.5 48.5 64.5 39.1 49.8 4.0 6.7- Medium technology 89.4 80.3 10.6 19.7 5.2 11.6 2.4 4.5- High technology 83.0 66.4 17.0 33.6 11.3 27.6 2.0 3.0

4. Others 71.1 62.2 28.9 37.7 6.4 11.0 4.1 4.1

TOTAL 68.7 65.8 31.1 34.2 16.0 21.5 5.6 5.7Source: calculated from CAN 2000.


5 April 2001

The ten winner countries

0

5

10

19771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996

%

Mexico Japan China Korea Malaysia

Taiwan Singapore Thailand Ireland Spain


5 April 2001

Trade specialization: manufactures not based onnatural resources, 1977-1996

0

0.5

1

1.5

219

77

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Index

South America Mexico

4 Asian Tigers with natural resources 4 Asian Tigers without natural resources

Source: CANPLUS

The more successful countries have increasingly specialized in non NR-based manufactures


5 April 2001

A stark structural transformation of northern LAC’s integration into the international market

M E X IC O & T H E C A R IB B E A N B A S IN : A S P E C T S O F IT S C O M P E T IT IV ES IT U A T IO N W IT H R E S P E C T T O W O R L D IM P O R T S , 1985-1998

1985 1990 1995 1998

I . M a rket sh a re 2 .13 1 .73 2 .21 2 .80N atu ra l reso u rces 1 / 5 .01 3 .61 3 .31 3 .69M anu factu res based o n natu ral resou rces 2 / 1 .43 1 .15 1 .30 1 .53M anu factu res no t based on natu ral resou rces 3 / 1 .17 1 .41 2 .22 2 .95

- L ow techno log y 4 / 1 .06 1 .44 2 .40 3 .40- M ed ium tech no lo gy 5 / 1 .09 1 .43 2 .35 2 .97- H ig h techno logy 6 / 1 .50 1 .34 1 .84 2 .55

O thers 7 / 1 .83 1 .84 2 .18 2 .60

II . E x p ort stru ctu re 100 .0 100 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0N atu ra l reso u rces 1 / 5 4 .4 3 3 .3 20 .0 1 6 .2M anu factu res based o n natu ral resou rces 2 / 1 3 .1 1 1 .9 9 .7 8 .6M anu factu res no t based on natu ral resou rces 3 / 2 9 .9 5 1 .3 66 .9 7 1 .9

- L ow techno log y 4 / 7 .1 1 3 .8 18 .0 2 0 .1- M ed ium tech no lo gy 5 / 1 4 .6 2 5 .7 33 .1 3 2 .8- H ig h techno logy 6 / 8 .2 8 15 .8 9

O thers 7 / 2 .7 3 .6 3 .4 3 .3

III. 10 p rin c ip a l exp orts (by % ex po rt stru cture) a / b / 4 3 .3 3 6 .2 37 .0 3 8 .97 81 A utom ob iles fo r p asseng ers + 0 .6 4 .4 7 .6 7 .53 33 C ru de p etro leum - 3 3 .2 1 5 .6 7 .6 6 .27 73 E qu ip m en t fo r d istribu tin g electric ity * + 1 .8 3 .3 3 .8 3 .97 61 T elev ision rece ivers * + 0 .6 1 .2 2 .4 3 .28 46 U nd erw ear, kn itted or croche ted * + 0 .4 1 .8 2 .7 3 .27 64 T eleco m m u n ication eqp t. & p arts , accesso ries * - 2 .4 2 .2 2 .9 3 .27 52 C o m p uters and othe r d ata p ro cessin g eqp t. * + 0 .1 1 .3 1 .9 3 .17 82 A utom ob iles fo r the transp ort o f m erchan d ise + 0 .4 0 .4 2 .2 2 .99 31 U nclassified op eration s and special m erchan d ise * + 1 .9 2 .9 2 .8 2 .87 84 P arts & accesso ries fo r m oto r v eh ic les + 1 .9 3 .1 3 .0 2 .8


5 April 2001

Mexico & the Caribbean Basin: factors behindthe growth of FDI for the export of manufactures

◆ US industries undergoing restructuring due to strong competitionfrom Asian exports: ISIPs in automotive, electronic and apparel.

◆ Convenient production costs (for efficiency-seeking FDI), plusgeographic proximity.

◆ Most active agents: US corporations.

◆ Significant structural change process: financial and trade openingplus export incentives (maquila and export processing zones)

◆ Concrete trade mechanisms for facilitating access to US market(NAFTA rules of origin for Mexico, production sharing forCaribbean Basin).

◆ Trade agreeements (NAFTA, Caribbean Basin Initiative, Tradeand Development Act 2000)


5 April 2001

The flip side: in South America, weak links, no specialization

SO U T H A M E R IC A : A SP E C T S O F IT S C O M P E T IT IV E SIT U A T IO N W IT HR E SP E C T T O W O R L D IM P O R T S, 1985-1998

1985 1990 1995 1998I. M arket share 3 .34 2.73 2.73 2 .81N atural resources 1 / 7 .12 7.59 8.93 10 .03M anufactu res based on natu ral resources 2/ 5 .03 4.33 4.55 4 .59M anufactu res not based on natu ral resources 3/ 1 .21 1.13 1.11 1 .17

- Low technology 4 / 1 .93 1.73 1.66 1 .53- M edium techno logy 5 / 1 .16 1.18 1.32 1 .51- H igh techno logy 6/ 0 .45 0.35 0.28 0 .38

O thers 7/ 2 .08 1.14 1.33 1 .42

II. E xport structure 100 .0 100 .0 100.0 100 .0N atural resources 1 / 49 .2 44 .3 43 .6 44.0M anufactu res based on natu ral resources 2/ 29 .2 28 .3 27 .6 25.7M anufactu res not based on natu ral resources 3/ 19 .7 26 .0 27 .1 28.5

- Low technology 4 / 8 .2 10 .6 10 .1 9 .0- M edium techno logy 5 / 9 .9 13 .5 15 .1 16.7- H igh techno logy 6/ 1 .6 1.9 2 .0 2 .8

O thers 7/ 1 .9 1.4 1 .7 1 .8

III. 10 principal exports (by % export structure) a/ b / 52 .3 44 .6 40 .8 41.1333 C rude petro leum + 12.3 10 .0 11 .2 11.1081 A nim al feed (excluding unprocessed grains) + 4 .4 4.4 4 .7 4 .3334 Petroleum products, refined - 10 .7 7.2 4 .4 4 .3071 C offee and its products - 9 .9 4.6 4 .1 4 .1682 C opper - 3 .2 4.5 3 .7 3 .6057 Fuits and nuts (excl. o leag inous), fresh or dry + 2 .9 3.9 3 .6 3 .6281 Iron ore and its concen trates + 4 .1 4.4 3 .3 3 .1222 O leaginous seeds and fruits + 2 .2 2.4 2 .1 2 .5781 A utom obiles for passengers + 0 .6 0.7 1 .2 2 .3


5 April 2001

South America: factors behind the growthof FDI in natural resources and services

◆ New global strategies of TNCs initiating their internationalization process andentering South America for the first time.

◆ Impressive process of acquisitions of private companies in South America.

◆ Profound process of liberalization, privatization and deregulation of state assetsin South America.

◆ Principal industries affected: energy, telecomunicaciones, banking, commerce.

◆ Most active agents: European corporations, especially Spanish ones.

◆ Trade and investment liberalizatioin and opening up of extractive industries,such as petroleum and mining.

◆ Further development of manufactures based on natural resources in which thereare static comparative advantages (industrial commodities), particularly in theSouthern Cone countries.

◆ Application of new WTO agreements promoting trade in services:telecommunications and financial services


5 April 2001

1 9 8 5 1 9 9 8 C h a n g eM e x i c o 1 . 5 5 2 . 2 4 0 . 6 9A r g e n t i n a 0 . 3 7 0 . 5 1 0 . 1 4C h i l e 0 . 2 3 0 . 3 2 0 . 0 9C o s t a R i c a 0 . 0 7 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 3G u a t e m a l a 0 . 0 6 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 2H o n d u r a s 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 2D o m i n i c a n R e p . 0 . 0 8 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 2E l S a l v a d o r 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1C o l o m b i a 0 . 2 4 0 . 2 4 0 . 0 0P a r a g u a y 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 0N i c a r a g u a 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0J a m a i c a 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 0U r u g u a y 0 . 0 7 0 . 0 6 - 0 . 0 1C u b a 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 1G u y a n a 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1S u r i n a m e 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 1B o l i v i a 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 2 - 0 . 0 2B a r b a d o s 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 0 - 0 . 0 2H a i t í 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 1 - 0 . 0 2P e r u 0 . 1 7 0 . 1 2 - 0 . 0 5P a n a m a 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 5 - 0 . 0 5E c u a d o r 0 . 1 7 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 0 6T r i n i d a d & T o b a g o 0 . 1 0 0 . 0 4 - 0 . 0 6V e n e z u e l a 0 . 6 6 0 . 4 1 - 0 . 2 5B r a z i l 1 . 3 7 1 . 0 1 - 0 . 3 6

Eight winners of twenty five competitors


5 April 2001

The New Context for Corporate Strategies in LAC

• the new developmental context: unimagined levels of FDI inflows• transnational corporations: new principal actors in Latin America• two distinct worlds of corporate strategy:

1. Market access seeking: -Mercosur and Chile-telecom, electricity, retail trade, banks-mainly European (esp. Spanish) FDI-mainly purchase of existing assets-improved systemic competitiveness-downside: BoP pressures

2. Efficiency-seeking FDI: -Mexico and Caribbean Basin-autos, electronics, apparel-mainly US FDI-mainly in creation of new assets-huge increase in exports (IC)-downside: few linkages


5 April 2001

Apparel: Shifts in the Regional Structure of T-shirts and Similar Apparel(HTS 6109) Imports to the US Market during 1990-99

WesternEurope

NorthAmerica

NortheastAsia

LatinAmerica

European Rim

South andSoutheastAsia

The rings indicate the share oftotal US imports of these items,measured in U.S. dollars, bypartner country: 1. 20%+ 2.10 - 19.9% 3. 5 - 9.9% 4. 2.5- 4.9% 5. 1.25 - 2.4%. Totalvalue of T-shirts, etc. (HTS6109) imports was $0.6 billionin 1990 (0.121% of total USimports) and $3.2 billion in1999 (0.312%). The 1999position corresponds to wherethe country’s name is located;the 1990 position, if different,is indicated by a small circle.The arrows represent themagnitude and direction ofchange over time. Source:Calculated using the MAGICcomputer program of UN-ECLAC

1

2

3

4

5

Italy

Mexico

Canada

Korea

Taiwan

China

Hong Kong Macao

Thailand

Singapore

Pakistan

IsraelEgypt

Turkey

Guatemala

Jamaica

Costa Rica

Haiti

Brazil

DominicanRepublic

El Salvador

HondurasPanama

Greece

Portugal

Peru

ISIPs of US clothingTNCs incorporateMexico / CaribbeanBasin to help defendtheir US market shares.


5 April 2001

Apparel:Two Worlds within “North of Panama”-1) Production sharing in the Caribbean Basin

•TSUS 807/HTSUS9802 production sharing mechanisms provide duty exemption for US-madecomponents incorporated in imported articles that have been assembled outside of the US in countrieswith renewable bilateral agreements. The merchandise processing fee is also exempted.• US companies typically use the production sharing mechanism to reduce manufacturing (labor) costsand improve their competitiveness in the US market against Asian imports.• Latin American countries interested in attracting such assembly operations usually provided duty-and tax- free facilities in the form of Export Processing Zones (EPZ).• the countries of the US Caribbean Basin Initiative (in 1986) and Mexico (in 1989) were given a SpecialAccess Program (fewer quotas) to guarantee access to the US market for locally-assembled apparelproducts incorporating “fabric wholly formed and cut in the United States”.• 59% of the duty savings by way of HTSUS 9802 in 1997 were made in the apparel industry, where UStariffs are still relatively high (15.5%).• usually results in specialization in apparel characterized by standardized runs, simple tasks and fewstyling changes in which labor costs determine competitiveness.• CBI assemblers faced an effective US tariff on apparel of 8.5% in 1998, down from 9.1% in 1993, andpossessed significant Guaranteed Access Levels for apparel assembled from US components


5 April 2001

Apparel: Two Worlds within “North of Panama”-2) the NAFTA rules of origin in Mexico

NAFTA gave Mexico additional benefits:• further reduction or elimination of tariff duties on apparel (effective tariff falls from6.4% to 0.9%)• further reduction or elimination of apparel quotas• North American rules of origin (Mexican inputs count as NAFTA inputs following the“yarn forward” origin rule).• more finishing processes permitted: bleaching, dyeing, stone and acid washing,perma-pressing, etc.

Consequences:• Mexico wins US market share for apparel from CBI and other assemblers• new FDI in production of Mexican inputs (i.e. denim for jeans) allows Mexico toevolve into more of a “full package” (or more vertically-integrated) apparel supplier• Mexico begins to specialize in more sophisticated apparel items that incorporate newdimensions of the apparel industry: more capital-intensive plants, higher quality standards, morevalue added in women’s wear and other fashion articles, for example.


5 April 2001

.

Shifts in the Regional Structure of Men’s and Boys’ Blue Jeans(HTS 6203424010) Imports to the US Market during 1990-94

WesternEurope

NorthAmerica

NortheastAsia

Latin America& Caribbean

European Rim


The rings indicate the share oftotal US imports of this item,measured in U.S. dollars, bypartner country: 1. 25%+2. 12.5 - 24.9% 3. 6.25 -

12.4% 4. 3.125 - 6.24%5. 1.52 - 3.124%Total value of men’s and boys’blue jeans imports was $ 198.7million in 1990 (0.04 % of totalUS imports) and $ 424.3 millionin 1994 (0.064 %). The 1994position corresponds to wherethe country’s name is located;the 1990 position, if different, isindicated by a small circle. Thearrows represent the magnitudeand direction of change overtime. Mexico’s share increasedfrom 13.2 to 36.1% during1990-1994.Source: Calculated using theMAGIC computer program ofUN-ECLAC

1

2

3

4

5

Canada

Mexico

Japan

Taiwan

HongKong

Indonesia

PhilippinesChina

Macao

Australia

DominicanRepublic

CostaRica

Honduras

Jamaica

GuatemalaBelize

BrazilColombiaVenezuela


5 April 2001

.

Shifts in the Regional Structure of Men’s and Boys’ Blue Jeans(HTS 6203424010) Imports to the US Market during 1995-99

WesternEurope

NorthAmerica

NortheastAsia

LatinAmerica &Caribbean

European Rim


The rings indicate the share oftotal US imports of this item,measured in U.S. dollars, bypartner country:1. 25%+ 2. 12.5 - 24.9%

3. 6.25 - 12.4% 4. 3.125 -6.24% 5. 1.52 - 3.124%Total value of men’s and boys’blue jeans imports was $ 556.9million in 1995 (0.08 % of totalUS imports) and $ 1,051million in 1999 (0.1 %). The1999 position corresponds towhere the country’s name islocated; the 1995 position, ifdifferent, is indicated by asmall circle. The arrowsrepresent the magnitude anddirection of change over time.Mexico’s share increased from44.9 to 65.9% during 1995-1999.Source: Calculated using theMAGIC computer program ofUN-ECLAC

1

2

3

4

5

Canada

Mexico

DominicanRepublic

Costa Rica

Nicaragua

GuatemalaChileColombia

Brazil

Turkey

HongKong

China

Thailand

Indonesia


5 April 2001

Analytical Considerations Concerning ApparelThe Caribbean Basin apparel assemblers are at a severe competitive disadvantage incomparison to Mexico’s new benefits within NAFTA. Moreover, the Caribbean Basinapparel assemblers will lose many of their existing advantages with the opening up ofthe apparel industry in the context of the WTO Agreement on Apparel and Textiles.

• This portends the possibility of a low wage- based “race to the bottom” in theCaribbean Basin. What can be done to prevent such an unattractive outcome? somecountries (Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic) seem to be trying to move upstreamin their export processing zone activities. They seek a better connection between policygoals related to national development and the efficiency-seeking strategies of TNCs.Example- Intel in Costa Rica.

• The NAFTA-parity implied in the US Trade and Development Act 2000 applies totariffs, not the NAFTA rules of origin. perhaps there is a way to maintain the existingCaribbean Basin assembly operations by relating them functionally (subcontracting,etc.) to the evolving more full package Mexican apparel industry.

• this problem requires an urgent solution (last tranche of ATP kicks in end 2004)


5 April 2001

• represents a reaction to the decline in benefits resulting from the passive policyaimed at attracting FDI solely by way horizontal incentives (export processing zones,temporary importation, etc.). This FDI flowed primarily to industries demonstratingstatic comparative advantages, generally intensive in low wage labour (i.e. apparel)

• objective: attract new FDI, by way of direct action, and channel it, by way ofdirected incentives, toward activities in which Costa Rica possesses, or can develop,competitive advantages based on skilled human resources (i.e. electronics)

• indicator of success: new FDI by Intel (in the order of US$300 - 500 millions) toestablish a new microprocessor assembly and testing plant. This plant in 1999generated about 40% of the total value of Costa Rica’s exports of goods

• remaining task: convert this initial success (Intel) into a cluster of interrelatedelectronics activities based on multiple investments by distinct electronics TNCs andtheir suppliers


5 April 2001

.

Shifts in the Regional Structure of Computer Parts and Accessories(HTSUS 8473301 ) Imports to the US Market during 1994-99

WesternEurope

North America

NortheastAsia


European Rim


The rings indicate the shareof total US imports of thisitem, measured in U.S.dollars, by partner country:1. 15.0%+ 2. 7.5-14.9%3. 3.75-7.49% 4. 1.875-3.749% 5. 0.9375-1.874%Total value of computerparts and accessories(HTSUS 8473310) importswas $9.9 billion in 1994(1.49% of total US imports)and $18.2 billion in 1999(1.78%). The 1999 positioncorresponds to where thecountry’s name is located;the 1994 position, ifdifferent, is indicated by asmall circle. The arrowsrepresent the magnitude anddirection of change overtime.Source: Calculated using theMAGIC computer programof UN-ECLAC

1

2

3

4

5

MalaysiaTaiwan

Canada KoreaMexico

Costa Rica

Singapore

China

Japan

PhilippinesUnited Kingdom

Ireland

Germany

Italy

HongKong


5 April 2001

the Role of FDI and Export of Manufactures

Governments must take decisions of a developmental nature

NationalDevelopmentOrientation

Role of FDIRole of Exports of

ManufacturesExamples

1. Autonomous limited central Japan, South Korea,Taiwan

2. Pro-active central central Singapore, Ireland

3. Semi-active central central Malaysia, Thailand,special industrial

zones of China

4. Passive central central Mexico and Spain


5 April 2001

What have we learned from this analysis of FDI and IC in Latin America?

� Governments have to adapt to corporate strategies in the course of theglobalization process, not TNCs to governments.� A “more is better” FDI policy usually results more in TNCs achieving theircorporate goals but not so much in national governments reaching theirs.� Governments must establish their goals in explicit form, which implies having adefined strategy for their incorporation into the globalization process. They needvarious FDI policies in a coherent national strategy. Their FDI policies might vary bysector (natural resources, manufactures, services, etc.).� The real policy choices for participating in the ISIPs are among the pro-active,semi-active and passive routes (the autonomous route is no longer available).�A pro-active policy implies the use of incentives to channel FDI to priorityactivities in the national economy and establishing oneself as a regional hub in theglobalization process.�A semi-active policy implies coordinating the trade and FDI roles of a nationaleconomy in terms of its integration into the globalization process. Specific policies ontrade specialization and FDI promotion are required, coupled with strong humanresource and national integration initiatives.


5 April 2001

.

Figure : Shifts in the Regional Structure of Men’s and Boys’ Non-Knitted or Crocheted Apparel (HTS 6203) Imports to theUS Market during 1990-99

WesternEurope

North America

NortheastAsia


European Rim


The rings indicate the share oftotal US imports of these items,measured in U.S. dollars, bypartner country: 1. 25%+ 2.12.5-24.9% 3. 6.25-12.49% 4.3.125-6.24% 5. 1.562-3.124%.Total value of men’s’ apparel(HTS 6203) imports was $2.5billion in 1990 (0.51% of total USimports) and $7.0 billion in 1999(0.68%). The 1999 positioncorresponds to where thecountry’s name is located; the1990 position, if different, isindicated by a small circle. Thearrows represent the magnitudeand direction of change over time.Source: Calculated using theMAGIC computer program ofUN-ECLAC

1

2

3

4

5Korea

Taiwan

Canada

Mexico

China

Italy

DominicanRepublic

Honduras

Guatemala

Colombia

Costa Rica

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Sri Lanka

PhilippinesCambodia

SingaporeBangladesh

ISIPs of US clothingTNCs incorporateMexico/CaribbeanBasin to help defend USindustry


5 April 2001

Experiencias con una orientación estrategica: Singapur eIrlanda (1)

E L E M E N T O S IN G A P U R IR L A N D A

P ro g ra m ad e

D e s a rro lloIn d u s tr ia l

• D e s d e lo s a ñ os 60 , im p le m e n ta c ió n deu n a g re s iv o y c o ns is te n te p la n ded e s a rro llo in d u s tr ia l, co n es p e c ia lre le va n c ia d e la IE D .

• E n los a ño s 90 po lític a in d u s tria lb a s a d a e n los c lus te r y a c tiv ap ro m o c ió n y a p o y o a la IE D .

• P ro m o c ió n d e la s a c tiv id ad e s d e I& D yd e s a rro llo d e te cn o lo g ía .

• A p a rtir d e lo s a ñ o s 50 e x is te u n ao rd e n a d a P o lític a In d u s tr ia l, c o n a c tivofo m e n to a la IE D y c o n e s tra te g ia s d ed e s a rro llo d e la rg o p la zo .

• D e s d e 1 9 9 2 , la p o lít ic a s e o rie n ta a lac re a c ió n d e e m p le o , a l fo r ta le c im ie n tod e la s ac tiv id a d es d e I& D y a ld e s a rro llo d e la te cn o lo g ía .

C o m p o rta -m ie n to

E c o n ó m ic oe IE D

• U n o d e lo s p a ís e s co n m a yo rc re c im ie n to p e r c á p ita e n la s ú ltim a s 3d é c a d a s . E je m p lo d e l lla m a d o M ila g roA s iá tic o .

• F u e rte c rec im ie n to de ex p o rta c io n esm a n u fa c tu re ras en a ño s 8 0 y 9 0 .

• C o n s o lid ac ió n y c re c im ien to d e lo sflu jos de IE D .

• P ro m e d io an u a l d e IE D e n tre 1 98 7 -92fu e d e U S $ 3 .6 0 0 m illo n e s , m ie n trasq u e en tre 1 9 9 3 -9 8 a lca n zó a U S $7 .5 0 0 m illo n e s .

• S u s ta n tivo c re c im ie n to e co n ó m ic o yc la ro fo rta le c im ie n to y d iv e rs ifica c ió nd e e x p o rta c io n e s e n los a ño s 90 .

• F u e rte a u m e n to d e IE D a pa rtir d e1 9 9 1 .

• E n tre 1 9 8 6 -9 1 p ro m e d io an u a l d e IE Dfu e d e U S $ 3 8 0 m illo n e s , m ie n tra s q uep a ra 19 9 2 -97 es ta c ifra fue d e U S $1 .8 0 0 m illon e s .

C o m p e tit i-v id a d

• E s ta b ilida d p o lítica y e c o n o m íac o m p e titiva y d es re g u la da . L u ga r d ein v e rs ió n co n b a jo r ie s g o .

• C a lif ic ac ió n d e m a n o de o b ra .• In fra es tru c tu ra• D e s a rro llo d e la s c o m u n ic a c io n es e

in fo rm a c ió n te cn o ló g ic a .• D e s a rro llo d e la c ie n c ia , tec n o lo g ía e

I& D .• B u e n a c a lid ad d e v id a .• C o m p le ta re d d e tra b a jo

g u b e rna m e n ta l.

• E s ta b ilid a d p o lítica y e c o n ó m ica .• C o h e s ió n s o c ia l y c o ns e n s o p o lít ico

c o n re lac ión a la IE D .• E x c e le n te ca lific a c ió n y ca p ac ita c ió n

p e rm a n e n te d e la m a n o d e o b ra .• B u e n a c a lid a d d e v id a , m uy c e rc a n o a l

d e su s p a re s e u ro p e o s .• C o m p le to ap o y o de l s is te m a

in s titu c io n a l a la s e m p res a se x tran je ra s .

April, 2000

29


5 April 2001

Experiencias con una orientación estrategica: Singapur e Irlanda (2)

I n s t r u -m e n t o s

• R e la t iv a m e n te b a jo im p u e s toc o r p o r a t iv o .

• I n ic ia t iv a s p a r a e l d e s a r r o l lo d e lai n d u s t r ia :- P la n I - 2 1 ( D e s a r r o l l o d e c lu s t e r ,

P r o m o c ió n d e I & D , A t r a c c ió n d ec o m p a ñ ía s a in s t a la r s e d e sr e g io n a le s , e t c . )

• F a c i l id a d e s I n d u s t r ia le s :- P r o v is ió n d e s i t io s in d u s t r i a le s y

f á b r ic a s .- A r e a s p a r a in t e g r a c ió n d e

a c t iv id a d e s d e la e m p r e s a .• S e t d e In c e n t iv o s t r ib u t a r io s a la I E D .

• B a jo im p u e s to c o r p o r a t iv o .• A p o y o a l d e s a r r o l lo d e a c t iv id a d e s

in d u s t r ia le s .• C o m p le t o y f u e r t e p la n d e

s u b v e n c io n e s y g a r a n t í a s a l d e s a r r o l loin d u s t r ia l y a la I E D e n :- A r e a t r ib u t a r ia- A d q u is ic ió n d e a c t i v o f i jo- P r é s t a m o s e in t e r e s e s- E m p le o y E n t r e n a m ie n to d e l

p e r s o n a l- I n v e s t ig a c ió n y a d q u is ic ió n d e

t e c n o lo g í a- R e d u c c io n e s d e r e n t a- A d q u is ic ió n d e a c c io n e s .

S e c t o r e s

• C r e c im ie n t o e c o n ó m ic o l id e r a d o p o rm a n u f a c tu r a s y s e r v ic io s e x p o r ta b le s ,q u e t ie n e n a d e m á s e s p e c ia l a p o y og u b e r n a m e n t a l .

• E n p a r t i c u la r la E le c t r ó n ic a , Q u í m ic o s ,I n g e n ie r í a y la I n v e s t ig a c ió n M é d ic a .

• S ig n i f i c a t i v o c r e c im ie n t o d e lo sS e r v ic io s .

• S e c t o r e s m á s r e le v a n t e s e n e s t r a t e g iad e d e s a r r o l lo : I n fo r m a c ió n yC o m u n ic a c io n e s T e c n o ló g ic a s ,S e r v ic io s I n te r n a c . ( F in a n c ie r o s y C a l lC e n t e r s ) , F a r m a c é u t ic a y Q u í m ic o s . Af u t u r o , e s p e c ia l a p o y o a l C o m e r c ioE le c t r ó n ic o .

I n s t i t u -c i o n e s

• E x is te u n a c o m p le ta y e f ic i e n t e r e d d et r a b a jo g u b e r n a m e n t a l q u e im p le m e n t ala p o l í t ic a d e d e s a r r o l lo in d u s t r ia l y d ep r o m o c ió n d e I E D .

• A g e n c ia s c o n e s t r a te g ia s c la r a s yf u n c io n e s d e f in id a s .

• E q u ip o s e s p e c í f i c o s d e t r a b a jo .• C o m p le t o a p o y o in s t i t u c io n a l a la s

a c t iv id a d e s d e in n o v a c ió n y d e s a r r o l lod e t e c n o lo g ía .

• A g e n c ia s m á s im p o r t a n te s :- E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t B o a r d .

( E D B )- J u r o n g T o w n C o r p o r a t io n .

• M a r c o in s t i t u c i o n a l b ie n d e f in id o yo r g a n iz a d o . R o le s y fu n c io n e se s p e c i f i c a d a s y a c c ió n c o o r d in a d a d ed i f e r e n t e s a g e n c ia s , c o n p e r m a n e n tec o n ta c t o c o n e m p r e s a s y g o b ie r n o .

• E q u ip o s d e t r a b a jo s e c t o r ia le s .• A p o y o in s t i t u c io n a l a la c ie n c ia y

t e c n o lo g í a .• A g e n c ia s m á s im p o r t a n te s :

- F o r f a s- I n d u s t r ia l D e v e lo p m e n t A g e n c y .

( I D A )- E n t e r p r is e I r e la n d .

April, 2000

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5 April 2001

Informe 2000: Nueva Política en Rep. Dominicana. Focalización enAlta Tecnología y Mejoramiento de Competitividad Sistémica

I.26

• Las nuevas políticas son una reacción frente a la disminución de los beneficiosde la IED captada en los años ochenta y noventa a través de incentivoshorizontales (zona franca), la que se concentraba en industrias de ventajacomparada estática intensivas en mano de obra barata, particularmente en laindustria de confecciones.

• Los objetivos son los de atraer IED que permita incrementar la competitividadsistémica de la economía y canalizar nueva IED a actividades de mayor valoragregado y que generen mayores encadenamientos productivos locales, tanto enlo que se refiere a la industria manufacturera como a los servicios turísticos.

• Areas de acción: 1) nuevo enfoque para zonas francas industriales quepromueve industrias de mas alta tecnología; 2) mejoramiento del marco legal ycapitalización vía IED de servicios públicos básicos como la electricidad; 3)promoción de una mayor participación de empresas locales en los proyectos deIED en el sector turístico.


5 April 2001

1 9 8 5 1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 8

I . P a r t i c i p a c i ó n d e m e r c a d o 0 . 2 5 0 . 3 1 0 . 3 8 0 . 4 1

P r o d u c t o s p r i m a r i o s 1 / 0 . 4 0 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 0 0 . 2 1M a n u f a c t u r a s b a s a d a s e n r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s 2 / 0 . 3 8 0 . 2 5 0 . 2 6 0 . 3 5

M a n u f a c t u r a s n o b a s a d a s e n r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s 3 / 0 . 1 5 0 . 3 2 0 . 4 3 0 . 4 5- t e c n o l o g í a b a j a 4 / 0 . 5 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 4 6 1 . 4 9- t e c n o l o g í a m e d i a n a 5 / 0 . 0 4 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 5 0 . 1 6- t e c n o l o g í a a l t a 6 / 0 . 0 2 0 . 0 3 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 5

O t r o s 7 / 0 . 7 7 0 . 4 7 0 . 3 3 0 . 2 8

I I . C o n t r i b u c i ó n ( e s t r u c t u r a d e l a s e x p o r t a c i o n e s ) 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0P r o d u c t o s p r i m a r i o s 1 / 2 3 . 7 1 0 . 6 5 . 6 5 . 0

M a n u f a c t u r a s b a s a d a s e n r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s 2 / 2 4 . 0 1 1 . 6 8 . 9 1 1 . 1M a n u f a c t u r a s n o b a s a d a s e n r e c u r s o s n a t u r a l e s 3 / 3 9 . 6 7 1 . 4 8 1 . 9 8 0 . 7

- t e c n o l o g í a b a j a 4 / 3 3 . 1 5 6 . 8 6 5 . 9 6 4 . 9- t e c n o l o g í a m e d i a n a 5 / 5 . 1 1 2 . 8 1 3 . 5 1 3 . 3

- t e c n o l o g í a a l t a 6 / 1 . 2 1 . 7 2 . 5 7 2 . 4O t r o s 7 / 1 2 . 9 6 . 4 3 . 6 8 3 . 2

I I I . 1 0 p r i n c i p a l e s e x p o r t a c i o n e s p o r c o n t r i b u c i ó n ( C U C I R e v . 2 ) a / b / 4 5 . 8 6 4 . 2 7 2 . 3 7 6 . 5

8 4 2 R o p a e x t e r i o r p a r a h o m b r e s y n i ñ o s , d e t e j i d o s * + 5 . 4 1 3 . 5 1 6 . 5 1 7 . 4

8 4 6 R o p a i n t e r i o r d e p u n t o y g a n c h i l l o * + 5 . 6 8 . 2 1 2 . 6 1 3 . 88 4 3 R o p a e x t e r i o r p a r a m u j e r e s , n i ñ a s y b e b é s , d e t e j i d o s * + 5 . 8 1 0 . 2 1 0 . 6 1 0 . 18 7 2 I n s t r u m e n t o s y a p a r a t o s d e m e d i c i n a * + … 4 . 3 7 . 0 6 . 8

8 4 5 R o p a e x t e r i o r y a c c e s o r i o s d e v e s t i r d e p u n t o y g a n c h i l l o * + 0 . 9 4 . 7 5 . 7 6 . 51 2 2 T a b a c o , m a n u f a c t u r a d o + 1 . 8 1 . 3 1 . 9 5 . 17 7 2 A p a r a t o s e l é c t r i c o s p a r a e m p a l m e , c o r t e d e c i r c u i t o s * + 1 . 3 3 . 9 4 . 2 5 . 16 1 2 M a n u f a c t u r a s d e c u e r o n a t u r a l , a r t i f i c i a l o r e g e n e r a d o + 3 . 4 6 . 4 6 . 1 4 . 9

0 6 1 A z ú c a r y m i e l - 1 7 . 8 7 . 2 4 . 2 3 . 88 9 7 J o y a s y o b j e t o s d e o r f e b r e r í a y p l a t e r í a y o t r o s + 3 . 7 4 . 8 3 . 5 3 . 1

Informe 2000: República Dominicana. Aspectos de suCompetitividad en las Importaciones Norteamericanas

(Estados Unidos y Canada)

I.27

chief, unit on investment and corporate strategies, …...7 repsol-ypf spain petroleum 7 980 8 fiat...

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