chest pain
TRANSCRIPT
Practical view to chest pain(Medical therapy and disposition)
Presented by Dr. Mani Mofidi
Rasoul Akram Complex
Case scenario
• A 75 y/o male came to the ED with 2 episodes of retrosternal resting chest pain radiated to left arm from 1 hours ago, now resolved.
• PMH & FH: DM, his father died by heart attack in age of 60
• DH: ASA 80 mg/d, Metformin 500 mg/bid
• ECG: no ST-T changes
• BP: 115/75 mmHg, PR: 90/ min
What is your decision about this patient?
Goals …
• Focused assessment (targeted history, Ph.E, Biomarkers)
• Risk stratification (find high risk patients)
TIMI risk score• Age >= 65• Aspirin use in the last 7 days• At least 2 angina episodes within the last 24 hrs• ST changes of at least 0.5mm on admission EKG• Elevated serum cardiac biomarkers• Prior coronary stenosis >= 50%• At least 3 risk factors for CAD: - Hypertension
- Current smoker
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Diabetes
- Family history of CAD
Score Interpretation
pppCalculated TIMI riskscore
Risk of >= 1 primary end point in 14 days
Risk status
0 or 1 5% Low
2 8% Low
3 13% Intermediate
4 20% Intermediate
5 26% High
Primary treatment
• O2 if o2 sat < 94%
• Aspirin
• Nitroglycerin sublingual or spray
• Morphine
• Serial ECG & biomarkers• Consider noninvasive diagnostic tests
Very low risk for adverse events
• Patients younger than 40 y/o with non-classical presentations and no significant past medical history
• Serial biomarkers and 12-lead ECGs are normal.
• These patients may be discharged directly from the
ED/CPU if appropriate outpatient testing can be arranged
within 72 hours.
Low risk for adverse events
• Possible ACS, serial ECGs and biomarkers are normal
• ASA• Nitroglycerin sublingual up to 3 times at 3 to 5 min
interval, if pain persisted try IV rout 10 μgm/min• Β-blockers (metoprolol, 25 to 50 mg/d PO)• Morphine (2 to 5 mg) • Use the last 3 drugs if ongoing pain exists
Intermediate risk for adverse events
• Rest pain, now resolved• New onset of pain (at least class II severity within last 2
months) • Crescendo pattern of pain• Ischemic pattern on ECG
High risk groups
• Recurrent angina at rest or with low-level activities despite intensive medical therapy
• Elevated cardiac biomarkers (TnT or TnI)• New or presumably new ST-segment depression• High-risk findings from noninvasive testing• Hemodynamic instability, pulmonary edema• PCI within 6 months• Prior CABG or MI• Reduced LV function (LVEF less than 40%)
Early invasive strategy is preferred (in 48 h)
Treatment of intermediate and high risk patients
• ASA• Clopidogrel• Antithrombin• Nitroglycerin• Β-blocker
Aspirin
• 160-323 mg
• Contraindications: allergy (asthma), active bleeding, platelet disorders
• Use concurrent antacid or H2 antagonist to reduce side effects
Clopidogrel
• Loading dose 300 to 600 mg
• Contraindication: active bleeding
Antithrombin
• Heparin: Bolus of 60 units/kg (max, 4000 units) followed by infusion of 12 units/kg (max, 1000 units) titrated to a PTT 1.5 to 2.5 * control
• Enoxaparin: 1 mg/kg SC every 12 h, if GFR < 30 cc/min the dose should be reduced to 1 mg/kg/d
B-blocker
• Metoprolol (25 to 50 mg/d PO)
• Should start within 24 hours after hospitalization
• Contraindications: bradycardia, severe LV dysfunction, heart blocks, hypotension, active COPD & asthma, at risk for cardiogenic shock (age > 70, SBP < 120 mmHg, sinus tachycardia > 110/min)
Nitroglycerin
• First try sublingual or spray 3 times by 3 to 5 min interval
• With persistent pain, hypertension or signs of heart failure continue with IV route 10 μgm/min
• Contraindications: hypotension, extreme bradycardia (< 50 beat/min), RV infarction, recently received sildenafil
ACE-inhibitors
• After STEMI & NSTEMI (within 24 h)
• When hypertension persists after treatment with nitroglycerin and B-blocker
• LV dysfunction or CHF
Back to the case …
New rest pain now resolved
• Age >= 65• Aspirin use in the last 7 days• At least 2 angina episodes within the last 24 hrs• ST changes of at least 0.5mm on admission EKG• Elevated serum cardiac biomarkers• Prior coronary stenosis >= 50%• At least 3 risk factors for CAD: - Hypertension
- Current smoker
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Diabetes
- Family history of CAD
Back to the case …
• New rest pain now resolved
• Age >= 65• Aspirin use in the last 7 days• At least 2 angina episodes within the last 24 hrs• ST changes of at least 0.5mm on admission EKG• Elevated serum cardiac biomarkers• Prior coronary stenosis >= 50%• At least 3 risk factors for CAD: - Hypertension
- Current smoker
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Diabetes
- Family history of CAD
• Intermediate risk
• ASA• Clopidogrel• Antithrombin• Nitroglycerin• Β-blocker
• Intermediate risk
• ASA (not loading dose)• Clopidogrel• Antithrombin • Nitroglycerin• Β-blocker• antacid• cardiology consult for admission
References
• Braunwald’s Heart Disease 20012
• Rosen’s Emergency Medicine 2010
• Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine 2011
• AHA 2010