CherryTrainingSystems:

PNW 543Reprinted February 2003

A Pacific Northwest Extension PublicationOregon State University • University of Idaho • Washington State University

Selection andDevelopment

Contents

Understanding the tree ....................................................................................................................... 1

Training system options ..................................................................................................................... 1

Pruning and training techniques ........................................................................................................ 3

Spanish Bush ..................................................................................................................................... 6

Steep Leader .................................................................................................................................... 11

Vogel Central Leader ....................................................................................................................... 20

For more information ...................................................................................................................... 26

Prepared by Lynn Long, Extension agent, Wasco County, Oregon State University.The author wishes to thank the following individuals for their assistance in the preparation of this publication.

Without their help, this publication would not have been possible.

Tobias VogelDr. Juan NeguerolesJose MarsalCarmelo GamezLuis GamezMel Omeg

While the objectives of pruningand tree training have changedlittle over the years, the need forattention to pruning and traininghas increased dramatically. PacificNorthwest cherry growers nowcompete in a world market,making fruit size and qualityincreasingly important. In addi-tion, labor is less available andmore expensive than in the past.Trees must be easy to maintain,and fruit must be of high qualityand easy to harvest. A goodtraining system provides a struc-tural framework that will accom-plish these goals.

Understandingthe tree

Cherry trees, particularlyvariety and rootstock combina-tions historically grown in thePacific Northwest, present threesignificant challenges to anorchard manager:• Excessively vigorous

growth—Cherry trees are largeand vigorous. Without sometype of manipulation, theyproduce long shoots with fewlateral branches. This traitmakes maintenance difficultand limits fruit production.

• Delayed fruiting—Pruning canhelp control tree size andproduce more branches that arecloser together. However,

Cherry Training Systems:Selection and Development

pruning, especially dormantheading cuts, tends to delayfruit production in young treesby directing the tree’s energy tovegetative growth. With typicalheading cuts and standardrootstocks, cherry trees rarelyproduce a crop before the fifthor sixth leaf. Moreover, anyother factor that increases treevigor, such as deep, productivesoils or over-fertilization, alsotends to delay the onset of floralinitiation.

• Narrow crotch angles—Cherry trees tend to producebranches with narrow crotchangles. These angles often areweak and prone to bark inclu-sion, a condition in which barkis trapped between the trunkand the branch. Splitting canoccur at these locations.

With the introduction ofdwarfing and precocious (early-bearing) rootstocks (such as Gisela5, 6, and 12), some of the negativecharacteristics of cherry trees canbe altered. With these rootstocks,it is possible to harvest a crop inthe third leaf. Tree size is con-trolled more easily, and branchesnaturally form at wider angles.However, without proper manage-ment and pruning, these trees mayproduce smaller fruit.

Whatever the variety androotstock combination, annualshoot elongation is imperative for

maximum fruit quality. The largestand highest quality cherries areproduced at the base of theprevious season’s growth and on1- to 3-year-old spurs. Therefore,the goal of an orchard managershould be to grow an abundance ofnew 10- to 12-inch shootsthroughout the tree while limitingthe number of old spurs.

Training systemoptions

There are many trainingsystems, both supported andfreestanding, that are used bycherry growers around the world.This publication describes threecommercially successful systems:Steep Leader, Spanish Bush, andVogel Central Leader. Each hasstrengths and weaknesses. Choos-ing the right system depends on anumber of factors, includinggrowing conditions, variety,rootstock, labor availability, andmanagement skills.

Consider carefully beforeselecting a training system.Understanding how variousfactors interact with one another isan important part of making theright choice.

2

Steep LeaderThe Steep Leader system

(Figure 1) is an adaptation of theopen vase system commonly usedby Pacific Northwest growers. Itoften is used in low- to moderate-density orchards on full-sizerootstock. It is possible to producemoderately large crops of large,good-quality cherries by theseventh or eighth leaf. However,because this system frequently isassociated with trees grown onfull-size rootstock, productionusually does not begin until thefifth or sixth leaf, and treesgenerally are taller than thosetrained with the other two systems.This said, however, it is possibleto use the Steep Leader systemwith dwarfing rootstocks, whichwould significantly increase theprecocity of the trees.

Spanish BushThe Spanish Bush system

(Figure 2) produces a true pedes-trian orchard of very high density,where the majority of fruit can beharvested from the ground withoutladders. This is an advantagewhere labor availability and costare of high concern.

It might be possible to use thissystem with full-size rootstock onpoor soils, especially with highlyproductive varieties (such asSweetheart). Generally, however,with the good soils commonlyfound in the Pacific Northwest, adwarfing rootstock is needed tohelp control tree growth and vigor.

Without a precocious rootstock,production is delayed due to theextensive number of heading cutsmade to establish the system’sframework. In addition, due tosmall tree size, this system shouldnot be selected for frost-pronelocations.

Vogel Central LeaderThe Vogel Central Leader

(Figure 3) is a precocious systemof moderately high density that iseasy to grow and maintain. Highearly yields are possible with thissystem. Tree shape encouragesgood light penetration throughoutthe tree. Due to the single leadernature of this system, a dwarfingrootstock is necessary to helpmaintain reasonable tree height.

Figure 1.—Steep leader. Figure 2.—Spanish bush. Figure 3.—Vogel central leader.

Introduction

3

Pruning andtraining techniques

The developmental process ofthese training systems uses thefollowing pruning and trainingtechniques.

Heading into1-year-old wood

This cut stimulates the growthof lateral branches and often isused in the early developmentalstages of cherry training systemsto force branching. Since headinginto young wood invigorates thearea around the cut, this type ofcut tends to delay fruiting. Thiscut is used extensively in theSpanish Bush and Steep Leadersystems.

Heading into older woodThis cut also encourages lateral

branches, but it lacks some of theinvigorating effects of cuts madeinto 1-year-old wood; therefore, itdoes not delay fruiting to the samedegree. However, fruit budsusually are removed with this cut,reducing the crop. Heading cutsinto older wood often are used tostiffen branches or remove down-ward-hanging (pendant) wood.This cut can be used in all threetraining systems.

Stub or renewal cutA stub cut is used to renew

fruiting wood in order to keep ityoung and productive. There aretwo types of stub cuts. In the firsttype, an existing branch is cutback to a point from 1 inch toseveral feet of its origin in order togrow a new branch (Figure 4).

Table 1.—Appropriate uses of various training systems.

Growing conditions* Steep Leader Spanish Bush Vogel Central Leader

Good soils ✔ dwarf rootstocks only dwarf rootstocks onlyPoor soils ✔ ✔ ✔Frosty sites ✔ — ✔

Rootstocks and varieties*

Full-size rootstocks ✔ poor soils only —Dwarfing rootstocks ✔ ✔ ✔Highly productive varieties ✔ ✔ ✔Productive varieties/dwarfing rootstocks ✔ ✔ —

Characteristics of the training system

Requires higher management skills ✔ ✔ —Produces high early yields — ✔ ✔Reduces harvest costs — ✔ ✔

*A “✔” indicates the system is appropriate.

This cut is used when there are nolateral branches capable of replac-ing the current terminal. Existingor adventitious buds grow fromthe point of the cut, and a newbranch is selected. This cut iscommon in all three systems tomaintain fruit quality and size.

Introduction

Figure 4.—Stub cut with no lateralbranching.

4

The second type of stub cut isused most commonly in the VogelCentral Leader system, but it alsocan be used with the Steep Leadersystem. If a lateral branch beginsto grow upright or simply is toomature, it can be cut back so thatan existing secondary branch cantake over the terminal growth. Theprimary lateral should be headedto within several buds of the pointof origin of the secondary branch(Figure 5).

It is important that the stubconsist of live wood and that thesecondary branch terminal (a) behigher than the remaining stub (b).This prevents vigorous verticalwood from growing out of thestub, and it keeps the secondarybranch more horizontal and lessvigorous.

Brunner cutThe Brunner cut is a combina-

tion of two cuts used to controltree vigor in young trees(Figure 6). A heading cut is madeinto a strong (temporary) verticalbranch (a) at the same time aweaker (permanent) adjacentbranch is headed (b). The purposeis to divert vigor away from theweaker branch in favor of thestrong branch. The strong branchthen is removed completely inmidseason (c).

This procedure allows headingcuts to be made into permanentbranches without over-invigora-tion, thereby reducing the poten-tial for delayed fruiting. This cutcan be used in the establishmentyears of the Steep Leader andSpanish Bush systems.

Thinning cutThinning cuts remove entire

branches at their point of originand tend to open the tree to betterlight penetration. Thinning cutsstimulate growth from a moreextensive region than headingcuts. They also are less invigorat-ing, so they are less prone to delayfruiting. Thinning cuts are used inall three systems.

Limb manipulationMost varieties of cherries have

a very upright growth habit withnarrow branch angles. Therefore,bark inclusion and subsequentweak attachments can become aproblem. In addition, this growthhabit produces a tree base nar-rower than the tree top, whichcauses poor light penetration.

Introduction

Figure 6.—Brunner cut.

ab

c

Figure 5.—Stub cut with lateral branching. Notelive buds on the stub and the relative height ofbranch terminals “a” and cut “b.”

ab

5

To broaden the base andstrengthen limb attachments, youmust widen the crotch angles.Besides improving light penetra-tion, spreading helps reducebranch growth and encouragesearly fruit production (precocity).

To establish wide crotch anglesfor the Steep Leader or SpanishBush systems, place a toothpickbetween the trunk and a young,3- to 4-inch shoot growing fromthe trunk. Manipulate branchangles while the tissue still isgreen but after shoots have grownto 3 or 4 inches in length.

In moist climates where the riskof bacterial canker infection ishigh, or to establish the properbranch angle for the Vogel CentralLeader system, a clothespin can beused as a spreader. Attach theclamp to the trunk just above thedeveloping branch and force theshoot to establish at a 90-degreeangle.

There are several ways tospread more mature branches.With the Steep Leader and VogelCentral Leader systems, youngbranches are spread to a morehorizontal angle by tying them to

hop clips inserted in the ground. Inthe Spanish Bush system, twoparallel wires usually are strungon opposite sides of the row, andbranches are tied to the wires.

Summer pruningSummer pruning can be used in

any of the three systems, but it is akey component of both the Span-ish Bush and Vogel systems.Because summer pruning tends tobe less invigorating than dormantpruning, it tends to encourageprecocity in young trees. How-ever, with some system-variety-rootstock combinations, it can leadto overproduction, so it should bebalanced with dormant pruningwhen necessary. In addition,laterals that form following asummer cut generally havenarrower branch angles.

PromalinInstead of severe heading cuts,

which tend to delay fruiting,cherry growers sometimes usePromalin to increase branching.Mix Promalin with latex paintaccording to label directions andapply to 1-year-old branches at the

Introduction

green tip stage of bud develop-ment. For best results, paint theentire region of the branch wherelaterals are desired, not just thebuds. It might be necessary toremove a third of a stronglygrowing branch to force branchingat the base.

Promalin works most consis-tently in moderate to warm springtemperatures (daytime tempera-tures above 60°F). Promalin is nota required component of any ofthese systems, but it can be used inany system to increase branchingand precocity.

ScoringScoring is another method used

to encourage branching. Scoringcan be used in any system. Notchthe branch to the depth of thecambium just above a bud. Thecut should extend one-third toone-half the circumference of thebranch. To assure adequateresponse on vigorous trees, youmust make a relatively broad cut.A number of tools can be used; forexample, you can achieve thedesired effect by taping togethertwo hacksaw blades.

6

Spanish BushIn the Spanish Bush system, numerous branches help to reduce tree

vigor, imparting a small tree structure and encouraging fast and easytree maintenance and harvest. Since tree size is small, light can pen-etrate readily through a properly pruned tree, encouraging high fruitquality. In addition, high tree density provides high early yields.

Head whip.Plant trees 8 to 10 feet apart in the row with 15 to 18 feet

between rows, depending on soil fertility, rootstock, terrain, andequipment size. At bud break, head the whip 12 to 30 inchesabove the ground, depending on the desired height of primarybranches and the presence of buds below the cut (a). Spreaddeveloping shoots to obtain wide crotch angles. Encouragestrong tree growth.

Head primary branches.Allow primary branches to grow 20 to 24 inches in length

before making these cuts so the branches will be strong enoughto respond with vigorous growth. Cut branches back to a heightof 6 inches above the cut made at planting (a). Cut all branchesat the same level. This is the only cut during the first growingseason.

At planting

First growing season

Spanish Bush

a

a a a a

7

Tie down branches(optional).

By autumn of the first growingseason, secondary branches shouldhave grown 20 to 24 inches inlength. Run two parallel wires atground level, one on each side ofthe tree row, and anchor them tothe ground. Tie down secondarybranches to the ground wires toopen and spread the tree (a). Youcan remove the wire system by theend of the second growing season.

Spreading is especially impor-tant for upright varieties such asLapins.

Head secondary branches.If secondary branches have

reached 20–24 inches in length,head them back to 10 inchesduring bloom of the secondgrowing season (a). Otherwise,wait until they grow to20–24 inches long. Again, makeall cuts at the same level.

Second spring

Spanish Bush

Continued—First growing season

aaaa

aaaaaaa

8

Head tertiary branches.By late spring, tertiary

branches should have grown tonearly 24 inches in length. Exceptfor center and horizontalbranches, cut back the newgrowth to 10 inches above theprevious cut (a). Make all cuts atthe same level. Leave horizontalbranches unheaded so they canproduce fruit. Also leave centerbranches intact to force a morespreading growth habit. (Theywill be thinned out after fruitingbegins.)

These are the last training cutsmade in the formation of the tree.Pruning of the tertiary branches isparticularly important for upright,poorly branching varieties such asBing and Lapins and for strongrootstocks such as Mazzard andMahaleb. For naturally branchingvarieties such as Sweetheart orweaker rootstocks such asGisela 5, this final heading cutmight not be necessary.

Thin for good lightpenetration.

At the same time, you mightneed to thin some branches inorder to allow better light penetra-tion. Thin out vigorous, uprightbranches while leaving weaker,horizontal branches to fruit (b).From now on, thin branches atevery pruning.

At the same time, discouragestrong tree growth. Reducefertilizer applications until the treebegins to fruit so that new shootgrowth is less than 2 feet long.

Spanish Bush

Continued—Second spring

a.—Head tertiary branches.

a a a a

b.—Thin for light penetration.

b

b

a aa a

b

b

aa

Seeinset

�

See inset

9

Renew fruiting wood.At maturity, secondary or

tertiary branches become perma-nent scaffold branches. Fruitdevelops on weak, renewablebranches growing from thepermanent scaffolds. To maintainfruit size, fruiting wood must berenewed regularly. Stub backabout a quarter of the fruitingbranches each year so that in4 years all fruiting wood isrenewed (a).

This pruning normally is doneafter harvest as a summer cut.However, when using a dwarfingrootstock, or when tree vigor islow, you might elect to pruneduring the dormant season toencourage growth, vigor, and fruitsize.

Thin for lightpenetration.

Thin out branches in the innercanopy that are interfering withlight penetration. Thin out vigor-ous, upright branches whileleaving weaker, horizontalbranches to fruit (b).

After harvest or dormant, at maturity

Spanish Bush

a a

a

a

a

ab

b

b

b

b

b

ba

b.—Thin for light penetration.a.—Renew fruiting branches.

a

b

See inset

Seeinset

10

Head fruiting wood toincrease fruit size.

To reduce fruit load andincrease fruit size, head back longfruiting wood after harvest orduring the dormant season (a).

Top and hedge the treeannually in the autumn.

At maturity, top trees at 8 feetand hedge them annually (b).

Spanish Bush

a.—Head fruiting wood.

a

Continued—After harvest or dormant, at maturity

a

a

a

a

bb

bb

a

See inset

11

Steep LeaderA moderate-density orchard is possible on standard rootstock with the

Steep Leader system. Each nearly vertical leader is treated as a separatespindle producing young wood and high-quality fruit.

Select leaders.Select three permanent leaders

if in-row spacing is less than20 feet. Otherwise, select fourwell distributed leaders (a).Establish a wide base, but allowleaders to grow nearly vertical.You might wish to leave one ortwo other leaders as temporarybranches, including vigorouslygrowing branches that wouldtend to invigorate the tree ifremoved (b).

Head leaders 2 to 3 feet fromthe trunk to encourage branchingand establish a permanent bottomwhorl (b and c).

Head whip.Plant trees 16 to 20 feet apart

in the row with 18 to 24 feetbetween rows, depending on soilfertility, terrain, equipment size,and the manager’s skill level. Atplanting, head the whip 30 to36 inches above the ground, basedon the desired height of primaryscaffold branches (a). Use tooth-picks or clothespins to establishwide branch angles (b).

At planting

First dormant season

Steep Leader

a

b

a

aa

c

c c

c

b

See inset

a.—Select leaders.

a

aa

12

Choose secondarybranches that willcontinue terminalgrowth.

Select one branch per leader toserve as an extension of thepermanent scaffold branch. Headthis branch approximately 2 feetfrom its point of origin (a).

Second dormant season or spring second leaf

Steep Leader

a.—Head secondary branches.

a

a

a

a

a

See inset

13

Establish a permanentbottom whorl.

Select one outside secondarybranch per scaffold, and tie it tohorizontal in order to establish apermanent bottom whorl (a).Head these branches 2 to 3 feetfrom their base (b).

Continued—Second dormant season or spring second leaf

a & b.—Establish a permanentbottom whorl.

a

b

b

a

a

a

a

bb

b

Seeinset

Steep Leader

14

Leave temporarysecondary branches todivert vigor.

It might be necessary to leaveseveral temporary branches untilfruiting begins in order to controloverall tree vigor. Head thesebranches at about 2 feet (a).

Continued—Second dormant season or spring second leaf

a.—Head temporary secondarybranches.

a

a

a

a

a

a

Steep Leader

a

a

Seeinset

15

Thin to weak wood.Select smaller and weaker

wood as permanent branches.Thin out very strong wood (a).

As the tree matures, leavetemporary branches unheaded inorder to encourage early fruitproduction. Remove thesebranches once the tree begins tofruit, and growth slows (b).

Dormant or spring pruning to maturity

Steep Leader

a

b

b.—Remove temporary branches.

b

a.—Thin out very strong wood.

a

b

Seeinset

�

Seeinset

16

Remove overlyvigorous branches.

Remove any branches with abasal diameter greater than two-thirds the diameter of the parentbranch (a). The biggest woodshould be at the bottom of thetree. Keep in mind the idea of“big, smaller, smallest” as youwork up the tree.

Renew wood.Each leader should be treated as

an individual spindle tree growingits own young wood. Since thebest quality cherries are grown onyoung wood, favor it by stubbingback one or two older brancheseach year (b). This secondarywood should be no more than3 years old.

Dormant or summer pruning at maturity

Steep Leader

a

a

bb

a.—Remove vigorous branches.

a

b.—Renew wood.

b

Seeinset

Seeinset

�

17

Maintain light paths.Remove wood that is shading

lower branches in order to main-tain quality production throughoutthe tree (a).

Remove pendant wood.Pendant wood tends to overset

and produce small cherries (b) andshould be removed.

Steep Leader

Continued—Dormant or summer pruning at maturity

b.—Remove pendant wood.

b

a.—Maintain light paths.

a

ab

a

a

a

a

Seeinset

Seeinset

18

Maintain propertree height.

As the tree reaches maximumheight, prune the top back to weaklaterals (a).

Reduce leader tipsto one shoot.

Single out tips at the end ofmain leaders (b). Also, whereadjacent branches are the samesize, remove one. This helps toreduce shading.

Steep Leader

Continued—Dormant or summer pruning at maturity

b.—Reduce leader tips to oneshoot.

b

a.—Maintain tree height.

a

a

a

b

b

b

Seeinset

Seeinset

�a

19

Tip lower branches.Tipping the lower branches

reinvigorates this region of thetree where vigor is hardest tomaintain, and helps to ensurelarge cherries. Tip only what youcan reach from the ground withloppers (a). The top rarely needsto be invigorated, and tipping inthe top causes shading.

Maintain a pyramidshape to the tree.

To encourage good lightdistribution and high-quality fruitthroughout the tree, a pyramidshape should be the goal of maturetree pruning (b). Keep in mind thatbranch sizes from bottom to topshould follow the pattern of “big,smaller, smallest.”

Steep Leader

Continued—Dormant or summer pruning at maturity

b

b

a

a

a

a

b

aaa

a

a.—Tip lower branches.

a aa

a

b

a

20

Vogel Central LeaderBy taking advantage of the inherent central leader nature of a young

cherry tree, the Vogel Central Leader system requires little establish-ment pruning. This factor, coupled with modest growth characteristicsand an intermediate planting density, helps to provide for high earlyyields.

Head whip.Plant trees 8 to 12 feet apart in the row with 15 to 18 feet

between rows, depending on soil fertility, rootstock, terrain, andtractor size. At planting, head the whip 30 to 36 inches abovethe ground, based on the desired height of the primary fruitingbranches (a).

At planting

Vogel Central Leader

a

21

Establish branch angle.When the remaining lateral shoots have grown to 3 or

4 inches in length, attach a clothespin at a 90-degree angle tothe trunk just above these shoots (a). Move the clothespins tothe shoot tip after 2 to 3 weeks to help keep the shoot flat (b).For adequate weight, use large plastic clothespins rather thanwooden pins.

Moderate growth helps to maintain a horizontal branch angle.For this reason, generally avoid fertilizers until cropping begins.

At the same time, if both top buds grew, select the weakershoot to form the new leader and remove the other (c).

Remove buds at bud swell.As buds swell in early spring, allow the top two buds to

remain, while removing the next five to six buds (a). Thisprocedure is intended to reduce leader competition and providefor wider branch angles.

First spring

Vogel Central Leader

c.—Remove the strongershoot.

c

a

a & b.—Spread shoots

a

ba

a

b

c

a

Seeinset

Seeinset

22

Continue training branches.Head the leader only if its growth during the previous year

was greater than 32 inches (a). Treat the leader as in the estab-lishment year. Keep the top two buds and remove the nextfive to six buds (b). Apply clothespins to emerging shoots(c and d).

Encourage branches to grow throughout the entire length ofthe trunk in a spiral rather than allowing distinct whorls todevelop. As branches mature, maintain a greater distancebetween the branches by thinning out those that are closelyspaced in order to provide for adequate light penetration (e).

Spring pruning, until maturity

Thin emerging shoots.Thin emerging shoots, if necessary, to provide for good light

distribution throughout the tree (a).

Vogel Central Leader

b.—Remove buds. e.—Thin branches.

e

b

a.—Thin emerging shoots for lightpenetration.

a

e

b

c

a

d

Seeinset

aa

See inset

See inset

e

23

Maintain a dominantterminal on alllateral branches.

Pinch side shoots onlaterals (a).

Pinch back or remove verticalshoots growing from primarylaterals only if they are growingwithin a few inches of the trunk(b). Leave all other shoots grow-ing off the primary lateral, andallow them to develop as potentialrenewal branches.

Stub back primary laterals thatare growing vigorously upright,being sure to leave a live stub (c).

Spring or summer, years 2 and 3

Vogel Central Leader

b.—Pinch back or remove verticalshoots near trunk.

b

a.—Pinch side shoots.

a

aa

a

bc

a

Seeinset

Seeinset

24

Stub back or remove thick branches.Stub back or remove branches thicker than one-half the trunk

diameter to allow good light distribution throughout tree (a).

Vogel Central Leader

Continued—Spring or summer, years 2 and 3

Maintain light penetrationand encourage fruiting wood.

In order to promote young fruiting wood and encouragelarge fruit size, stub back several laterals each spring (a).Remove pendant wood first, and then older wood that has beenallowed to fruit for 3 or 4 years. There should be a goodbalance between established fruiting wood and renewal shoots.To maintain the typical “Christmas tree” shape, be sure to stublower branches farther from the trunk than upper branches.

a

a

a

25

Repeat the procedures shown on pages 23 and 24 each year to maintain good light distribution and maxi-mum fruit size throughout tree. In a large, mature tree, there may be as many as 10 to 15 renewal cuts madeper year, but each tree needs to be evaluated individually. More cuts are needed to invigorate weaker trees orto reduce overcropping.

Spring or summer, at maturity

Maintain tree height.Make no attempt to control tree

height until tree growth begins toslow. You can maintain tree heightby cutting the tree top back to aflat, weak lateral (a). Dependingon tree vigor, you can remove asmuch as 4 feet of height.

Postharvest, at maturity

Vogel Central Leader

a

26

For more informationCold Resistance of Stone Fruit

Flower Buds, PNW 221

Irrigating Deciduous Fruit andNut Trees in Oregon, EC 1424

Leaf Analysis of Nutrient Disor-ders in Tree Fruits and SmallFruits, FS 118

Managing Orchard Floor Vegeta-tion in the Pacific Northwest,PNW 313

Nutrient Disorders in Tree Fruits,PNW 121

Orchard Spraying in the PacificNorthwest, PNW 174

Sweet Cherry Varieties in Oregon,FS 57

Training and Pruning SweetCherry Trees for MechanicalHarvesting, FS 202

Using Horticultural Spray Oils toControl Orchard Pests,PNW 328

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