chemistry topic 11
TRANSCRIPT
Chemistry Topic 11
Organic Chemistry
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: SWBAT elucidate partial structures of organic compounds based on structure, formula, and names
• Do Now: What comes to mind when you hear the word “organic”?
Bonding of Carbon Atoms • Organic Chemistry = study of carbon-based
compounds
• Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds (tetravalent)
• Saturated = compound only has single bonds
• Unsaturated = compound contains one or more double
or triple bonds
Structural Formulas
• Molecular formula shows the number of atoms of each element
• Structural formula shows the arrangement of those atoms
Hydrocarbons
• Compounds that ONLY have HYDROGEN and CARBON
• Split up into 3 homologous series alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
• Generally, the larger (heavier) the compound, the higher the boiling point.
• Table Q
Alkanes
• Only single bonds
• Alkanes are saturated
• Formula CnH2n+2
• Name ends in “-ane”
• Ex. CH4, C2H6, C3H8
Alkenes
• Contain a double bond
• Unsaturated
• Formula CnH2n
• Name ends in “-ene”
• Ex. C2H4, C3H6, C4H8
Alkynes
• Contain a triple bond
• Unsaturated
• Formula CnH2n-2
• Name ends in “-yne”
• Ex. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6
Isomers
• SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA, DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULA
• Practice Problems
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: determine the correct name of an organic compound based on the structural features of that compound
• Do Now:
• HW:
• Worksheet
Naming Organic Compounds
• 1. Find longest carbon chain (they can bend!)
– This is called the parent chain
• 2. Identify alkyl groups (groups hanging off chain, put them in alphabetical order)
• Halides also
– F = fluoro
– Cl = chloro
– Br = bromo
– I = iodio
• 3. If necessary assign numbers to alkyl groups (Final name has lowest possible numbers)
• 4. If more than one of the same alkyl group is present give prefixes
– Di for 2
– Tri for 3
– Tetra for 4
Where’s the longest Carbon Chain?
How should we number it?
Are there any groups coming off the parent chain?
What are the names of those groups?
What’s the correct numbering?
What’s the final name?
Name these
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: determine what functional groups are found within different organic compounds
• Do Now: Name this
Functional Groups
• Functional groups = atoms or groups of atoms that give a compound distinctive physical and chemical properties
• R = Carbon Chain
• R’ = another carbon chain
Halides
• When a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen in an alkane organic halide
Alcohols
• Alcohol = organic compound in which one or more H are replaced by OH (hydroxyl)
Classifying alcohols
• Look at the C the OH is attached to
• The number of Carbons touching that Carbon designates whether the alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
• Names end in -ol
Classifying Alcohols
• If there are 2 OH s dihydroxy alcohol
– diol
• If there are 3 OH s trihydroxy alcohol
– triol
Aldehydes and Ketones
• Carbonyl (C=O)
• Aldehyde = carbonyl is at the end of chain
– Names end in -al
• Ketone = carbonyl is not at the end of chain
– Names end in -one
Ethers
• Carbon chains joined by an oxygen atom
Organic Acids
• Have a carboxyl group (-COOH)
– Name ends with –oic acid
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: Determine the products of different organic reactions
• Do Now: What class
of compounds does this
belong to?
Esters • Contain R-COO-R’
• Formed from an alcohol and organic acid
– Have strong fragrances (found in fruits and perfumes)
– Names end in -oate
Amines
• When a H in ammonia (NH3) is replaced with a carbon chain
– Name ends in -amine
Amino Acid
• Have carboxylic (COOH) group and amine group
– Building blocks of proteins
Amides
• Combination of 2 amino acids
• Held together by peptide bonds
• If all else fails look
at Table R
Combustion
• Hydrocarbon + oxygen CO2 + H2O
Substitution • Replacing one or more Hydrogen atom in an
alkane with another atom or group
Addition
• Adding one or more atom at a double or triple bond
Esterification
• Organic Acid + Alcohol Ester + H2O
Saponification
• Ester + Base Soap + Glycerol
Fermentation
• Sugar Alcohol + CO2
Polymerization
• Polymers = organic compounds made up of chains or smaller units
– Ex. Nylon, rayon, polyethylene, proteins, starches
Addition Polymerization
• Joining of monomers of unsaturated compounds
Condensation Polymerization
• Bonding of monomers by removing water
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: SWBAT review concepts of Organic Chemistry through practice problems and offering explanations backed by their knowledge.
• Do Now: Take out homework from last night to be checked.
• What careers did you learn about today?
• Which did you find most interesting? Why?
• Did any change your mind about your future?
• Go to codeacademy and work on HTML and CSS
• By the end of the class, you should be at least 30% done with the course. If not, please ask for help if needed.
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: SWBAT review concepts of Organic Chemistry through practice problems and offering explanations backed by their knowledge.
• Do Now: What are the reactants and products of saponification?
• Get worksheet
• Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry
• Obj: SWBAT review concepts of Organic Chemistry through practice problems and offering explanations backed by their knowledge.
• Do Now: What are the reactants and products of esterification?
• Homework: STUDY!!!
Test Instructions
• Get Test (doesn’t matter which version), Zipgrade, and Reference Tables from Desk
• START ON NEW SIDE OF ZIPGRADE!!!! – PUT YOUR NAME ON EVERYTHING AND YOUR ID # ON
ZIPGRADE (DON’T FORGET YOUR VERSION)
• START AT #1 • Answer extended response on test itself • If extended response is in the middle of the test,
skip it on zipgrade. Keep the numbering the same.