Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

Small to largeSmall to large

Small to largeSmall to largeAtom: Atom: Smallest possible particle of an Smallest possible particle of an elementelement

Element: Element: A pure substance that can not A pure substance that can not be broken down into other substances. be broken down into other substances.

Molecules: Molecules: Two or more atoms held Two or more atoms held together by bondstogether by bonds

Macromolecule: Macromolecule: a very large molecule, a very large molecule, Protein, carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Protein, carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic AcidAcid

Cells: Cells: Basic unit of living matterBasic unit of living matter

ChemistryChemistryAn atom contains; protons, neutrons, An atom contains; protons, neutrons, and electronsand electrons

Atomic numberAtomic number: the number of protons : the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atomfound in the nucleus of an atom

Periodic Table of ElementsPeriodic Table of Elements: An : An arrangement of elements based on arrangement of elements based on their atomic number and masstheir atomic number and mass

Elements are also placed due to the Elements are also placed due to the number of electrons in the outer shellnumber of electrons in the outer shell

Electrons and Electrons and bondingbonding

The number of electrons in the outer shell The number of electrons in the outer shell determines how an element will react with determines how an element will react with another.another.

Elements want to have “full” outer shells.Elements want to have “full” outer shells.

To have a full outer shell an element will To have a full outer shell an element will either share or transfer electronseither share or transfer electrons

Ionic Bonding: Ionic Bonding: elements elements transfertransfer electrons electrons

Covalent BondingCovalent Bonding: elements : elements shareshare electrons electrons

Water propertiesWater properties

WaterWaterAll living things are dependent on All living things are dependent on waterwater

Cells are 70% to 95% waterCells are 70% to 95% water

Water is the only compound found Water is the only compound found on earth in all 3 formson earth in all 3 forms

Water is one oxygen covalently Water is one oxygen covalently bonded to two hydrogen's. bonded to two hydrogen's.

Although this is a covalent bond the Although this is a covalent bond the oxygen pulls the shared electrons oxygen pulls the shared electrons closer to itself making it more closer to itself making it more negative and making the hydrogen negative and making the hydrogen more positivemore positive. .

Water structureWater structure

Waters life-supporting Waters life-supporting propertiesproperties

CohesionCohesion: The : The tendency of tendency of molecules of the molecules of the same kind to stick same kind to stick to one another. to one another.

Important in Important in plants because as plants because as water evaporates water evaporates it pulls itself it pulls itself upward in plants. upward in plants.

AdhesionAdhesion: : Attraction that Attraction that occurs between occurs between unlike molecules.unlike molecules.

Important Important because water because water sticks to the sticks to the sides of the plant sides of the plant tubes and helps tubes and helps combat gravity. combat gravity.

Waters life-Waters life-supporting supporting propertiesproperties

Temperature moderation: Temperature moderation: Water Water has a very strong ability to has a very strong ability to resist change in temperature resist change in temperature due to hydrogen bonding due to hydrogen bonding between moleculesbetween molecules

Water allows for temperature Water allows for temperature regulation of the world by regulation of the world by staying cool in the summer and staying cool in the summer and warm in the winterwarm in the winter

Waters life-supporting Waters life-supporting propertiesproperties

Ice: Ice: the solid form of the solid form of water that is lower water that is lower density than the liquid density than the liquid form. As water freezes form. As water freezes the molecules move the molecules move further apart. further apart.

Important because it Important because it allows animals to allows animals to continue to live under continue to live under frozen water instead of frozen water instead of being frozen from the being frozen from the bottom up. bottom up.

Waters life-supporting Waters life-supporting propertiespropertiesWater has a great ability to Water has a great ability to

dissolve other substances.dissolve other substances.

Water is the universal solventWater is the universal solvent

Solvent: The substance that Solvent: The substance that dissolves another substancedissolves another substance

Solute: The substance that is Solute: The substance that is being dissolvedbeing dissolved

Solution: A uniform mixture of Solution: A uniform mixture of two or more substances. two or more substances.

Acids, Bases, Acids, Bases, Buffers, PhBuffers, Ph

pH ScalepH Scale

Water sometimes breaks into ion’s of Water sometimes breaks into ion’s of H+ and OH- H+ and OH-

Hydrogen ion(+) and Hydroxide ion(-)Hydrogen ion(+) and Hydroxide ion(-)

These ions are what determine These ions are what determine whether something is an acid or base.whether something is an acid or base.

The pH scale is an exponential scale The pH scale is an exponential scale showing acids and bases. showing acids and bases.

Ph Scale

Scale from 0 to Scale from 0 to 1414

each step is 10x each step is 10x more than the more than the nextnext

0-6 is Acidic0-6 is Acidic

7-8 is neutral7-8 is neutral

8-14 is Basic8-14 is Basic

LE 2-15

Acidic solution

OH

H

HH

HOH

H H

H

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

H

H

HH

Incre

asin

gly

AC

IDIC

(Hig

her

con

cen

trati

on

of

H )

Neutral solution

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

Basic solution

NEUTRALH

pH scale

Lemon juice, gastric juice

Grapefruit juice, soft drink

Tomato juice

Human urine

Pure waterHuman blood

Seawater

Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Household bleach

Oven cleaner

Incre

asin

gly

BA

SIC

(Low

er

con

cen

trati

on

of

H )

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

Basic solution

Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Household bleach

Oven cleaner

Incre

asin

gly

BA

SIC

(Low

er

con

cen

trati

on

of

H )

Bleach

Milk of magnesia

AcidsAcidsAn acid is any substance that An acid is any substance that gives off gives off H+ H+ to the solutionto the solution

Ex: lemon juice, stomach acidEx: lemon juice, stomach acid

Acidic solution

OH

H

HH

HOH

H H

H H

Incre

asin

gly

AC

IDIC

(Hig

her

con

cen

trati

on

of

H )

pH scale

BasesBasesA base is a compound that A base is a compound that removes H+ from the solution removes H+ from the solution by giving off by giving off OH-OH- to bond with to bond with the H+the H+

Ex: Soap, Bleach, Oven Ex: Soap, Bleach, Oven cleanercleaner

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H

H

Basic solution

Milk of magnesia

Household ammonia

Household bleach

Oven cleaner

Incre

asin

gly

BA

SIC

(Low

er

con

cen

trati

on

of

H )

BufferBufferCells are very sensitive to H+ and Cells are very sensitive to H+ and OH- ions. Even a slight change in OH- ions. Even a slight change in pH will affect a cell. pH will affect a cell.

A buffer will accept H+ ions when A buffer will accept H+ ions when they are too high and will donate they are too high and will donate H+ when they are too low. H+ when they are too low.

Blood is a great example of a Blood is a great example of a bufferbuffer

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

H H

H

HH

Neutral solution

NEUTRALH

Tomato juice

Human urine

Pure waterHuman blood

Seawater

Chemical Chemical ReactionReaction

The breaking of old and The breaking of old and forming of new bonds to forming of new bonds to make new chemical make new chemical substances. substances.

Reactant: The starting Reactant: The starting materialsmaterials

Product: The ending materialsProduct: The ending materialsReactants Product

Chemical reactionChemical reaction

In a chemical reaction the In a chemical reaction the atoms are not destroyed atoms are not destroyed or created, just or created, just rearranged. rearranged.

H + H + O = H2OH + H + O = H2O

IonsIons

Ions are created when an electron Ions are created when an electron is lost or gainedis lost or gained

Elements that lose an electron are Elements that lose an electron are positive ions (H+) due to the loss positive ions (H+) due to the loss of a negative charge.of a negative charge.

Elements that gain an electron are Elements that gain an electron are negative ions (H-) due to the negative ions (H-) due to the gaining of a negative chargegaining of a negative charge

PolymersPolymers

BiomoleculesBiomolecules

Biomolecules are made up Biomolecules are made up of smaller piecesof smaller pieces

Monomer: A small Monomer: A small molecular unitmolecular unit

Polymer: Monomers linked Polymer: Monomers linked togethertogether

BiomoleculesBiomoleculesCarbon is the one element required Carbon is the one element required for lifefor life

Any Carbon based molecule is Any Carbon based molecule is considered an organic moleculeconsidered an organic molecule

Each of the four macromolecules Each of the four macromolecules start with Carbon as the basis. start with Carbon as the basis.

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesLipidsLipidsProteinsProteinsNucleic acidsNucleic acids

MacromoleculesMacromolecules

Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate: Complex Complex sugars made up of Carbon, sugars made up of Carbon, Oxygen and HydrogenOxygen and Hydrogen

Starch: a large chain of Starch: a large chain of sugarssugars

Energy source of cellsEnergy source of cells

MonosaccharideMonosaccharideA simple sugar A simple sugar

containing only one containing only one sugar molecule.sugar molecule.

EX.EX.

GlucoseGlucose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

One sugar molecule One sugar molecule

can be in a chain orcan be in a chain or

ring formring form

LE 3-4b

Glucose Fructose

Structuralformula

Abbreviatedstructure

Simplifiedstructure

GlucoseGlucoseGlucose is a main source of cellular Glucose is a main source of cellular energyenergy

The carbon skeleton can also be used The carbon skeleton can also be used to build other moleculesto build other molecules

Glucose is also used to create larger Glucose is also used to create larger macromolecules. macromolecules.

Structuralformula

Abbreviatedstructure

Simplifiedstructure

DisaccharideDisaccharideTwo Two monosaccharaides monosaccharaides can be linked can be linked together using a together using a dehydration reaction dehydration reaction to create a to create a disaccharidedisaccharide

Ex.Ex.

Glucose+fructose= Glucose+fructose= sucrosesucrose

Glucose+Glucose= Glucose+Glucose= maltosemaltose

Glucose Glucose

Maltose

PolysaccharidePolysaccharideLong polymer chains made up of a chain of Long polymer chains made up of a chain of simple sugarssimple sugars

EX.EX.

StarchStarch= found in plant cells and is a long = found in plant cells and is a long chain of glucosechain of glucose

GlycogenGlycogen= found in animal cells and is a = found in animal cells and is a long chain of glucose that is branchedlong chain of glucose that is branched

CelluloseCellulose= found in plant cells and is a = found in plant cells and is a long chain of glucose that are linked long chain of glucose that are linked together with hydrogen bondstogether with hydrogen bonds

Sugar molecules are hydrophilicSugar molecules are hydrophilic

Starch granules inpotato tuber cells

Glycogengranules inmuscletissues

Cellulose fibrils ina plant cell wall

Cellulosemolecules

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

STARCHGlucose

monomer

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesLipids: Lipids: Water avoiding compound Water avoiding compound made up of Carbon and hydrogen made up of Carbon and hydrogen chainschains

Cholesterol: An essential lipid Cholesterol: An essential lipid molecule needed for cell membranes.molecule needed for cell membranes.

Lipids act as a barrier that contains Lipids act as a barrier that contains the liquid parts of the cell. They also the liquid parts of the cell. They also act as chemical messengers in the act as chemical messengers in the form of hormones. form of hormones.

Saturated FatSaturated Fat

UnsaturatedUnsaturated Fat Fat

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids: A large molecule made up : A large molecule made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides. of smaller molecules called nucleotides.

Nucleotides: Nucleotides: Small molecules made up of Small molecules made up of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphatea sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate

Nucleic acids are what our DNA or genetic Nucleic acids are what our DNA or genetic material is made ofmaterial is made of

With out nucleic acids our body would not With out nucleic acids our body would not have directions and could not function. have directions and could not function.

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesProteins: Proteins: A large molecule made up of amino A large molecule made up of amino acidsacids

Amino acid: Amino acid: A small molecule that is made up A small molecule that is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

Proteins are large chains of amino acids that Proteins are large chains of amino acids that bond together and then fold to create bond together and then fold to create useable cell parts. useable cell parts.

Proteins also make up enzymes which speed Proteins also make up enzymes which speed up chemical reactions. up chemical reactions.

Proteins and Enzymes

Function of Proteins

Made up of amino acids

Responsible for most day to day functions of all cells

Amino acids link together and form a long chain

Protein ShapeThe long Amino acid chain folds to make the protein useable

A proteins shape is changed by its surroundings

A protein that is outside of its normal environment (High temperature or pH Change) will be denatured (misshapen)

Proteins to Enzymes

A protein sometimes works as an enzyme

An enzyme speeds up chemical reactions in our bodies. This is done by lowering the activation energy

An enzyme speeds up a reaction by making it easier.

Reactants

Netchangein energy

EA withoutenzyme

Products

Progress of the reaction

En

erg

y

EA withenzyme

Activation energy graph

EnzymeEnzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions