chemistry in the atmosphere chapter 17 copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chemistry in the AtmosphereChapter 17
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 2: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
17.1
The Nitrogen Cycle
![Page 3: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
2NO2 (g) + H2O (g) HNO2 (aq) + HNO3 (aq)
Industrial Nitrogen Fixation
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)catalyst
N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g)electrical
energy
17.1
NH3 + 2O2 HNO3 + H2O
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
CH4 + 2H2O 4H2 + CO2
![Page 4: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
17.1
The Oxygen Cycle
![Page 5: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
17.1
hn + N2 2N
hn + N N + e-
hn + O2 O2+ + e-
![Page 6: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
e-
p+
+ O O* + e-
O* O + hn
+ N2 N2* + p+ + e-+
+N2* N2 + hn+
green and red
blue and violet
O + NO NO2*
NO2* NO2 + hn
Glowing tail section of space shuttleorange
17.2
Chemical Rxs in the Thermosphere
![Page 7: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
17.3
UVO2 O + O
< 240 nm
O + O2 + M O3 + M
O3 production
O3 destruction
O3 O + O2
UV
O + O3 2O2
dynamic equilibrium
constant concentration of O3 in stratosphere
UV
Ozone Layer
![Page 8: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Anthropogenic O3 destruction
CFCl3 CFCl2 + ClUV
CF2Cl2 CF2Cl + ClUV
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2+
O3 + O 2O2
Cl catalyzes the reaction
17.3
![Page 9: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
17.3
Concentrations of Chlorine Monoxide and Ozone Versus Latitude
![Page 10: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Polar stratospheric clouds provide a surface for the rx:
Cl2 + hn 2ClSpring sunlight
HCl + ClONO2 Cl2 + HNO3
17.3
Cl + O3 ClO + O2
ClO + O Cl + O2+
O3 + O 2O2
![Page 11: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Ozone Depletion (in purple) Over the South Pole
17.3
![Page 12: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2H2S (g) + 3O2 (g) 2SO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
SO2 (g) + OH (g) HOSO2 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (g) H2SO4 (g)
H2SO4 aerosols have a local cooling effect on the atmosphere.17.4
HOSO2 (g) + O2 (g) HO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
![Page 13: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The trapping of heat near Earth’s surface by gases in the atmosphere is the greenhouse effect.
17.5
H2O + hn H2O*
CO2 + hn CO2*
![Page 14: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Why don’t N2 and O2 contribute to the greenhouse effect ?
N2 and O2 cannot absorb IR radiation.
3 vibration modes of
H2O
2 of the vibration modes of CO2
17.5
![Page 15: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
17.5
The Carbon Cycle
![Page 16: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
17.5
The Yearly Variation in the CO2 ConcentrationAt Mauna Loa, Hawaii
![Page 17: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17.5
The Temperature Rise on Earth’sSurface from 1880 to 1996
![Page 18: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mean precipitation pH in 1994
SO2 (g) + OH (g) HOSO2 (g)
SO3 (g) + H2O (g) H2SO4 (g)
HOSO2 (g) + O2 (g) HO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
Acid Rain
17.6
![Page 19: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CaSO4 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
2CaCO3 (s) + 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2CaSO4 (s) + CO2 (g)
17.6
The Effect of Acid Rain on the Marble Statue of George Washington (New York, City). Photos Taken in 1944 and 1994
![Page 20: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
17.6
![Page 21: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
17.7
Photochemical smog is formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight.
Primary pollutants: NO, CO and unburned hydrocarbons
Secondary pollutants: NO2 and O3
N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g)
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
NO2 (g) + hn NO (g) + O (g)
O (g) + O2 (g) + M O3 (g) + M
![Page 22: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
17.7
Typical Variations with Time in the Concentration ofAir Pollutants on a Smoggy Day
![Page 23: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
17.8
U23892
4.51 x 109 yrTh234
9024.1 days
Pa23491
1.17 minU234
922.47 x 105 yr
Th23090
7.5 x 104 yrRa226
881.6 x 103 yr
Rn22286
3.82 d
![Page 24: Chemistry in the Atmosphere Chapter 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader038.vdocuments.mx/reader038/viewer/2022102808/56649cbf5503460f94985699/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)