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Topic: Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Problem Statement:

Discuss the following properties of various inorganic and organic compounds:• General Formula• Nomenclature

• Chemical Properties• Industrial Uses• Examples

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Binary Salts

1. Binary salts have the general formula (M+Nm). 2. In the nomenclature, the metal is first followed by the non-metal, whose name is

then changed to “-ide”.3. Non-metallic oxides such as nitrides, carbides, phosphides and hydrides can react

with moisture and water to produce flammable gases, toxic gases and heat. Apart from these common hazards, they also have some special hazards. For instance, nitrides release ammonia gases when they come in contact with moisture.– Higher nitrogen oxides such as azides are shock sensitive and poisonous. – Carbides release highly unstable and explosive acetylene gas when they come

in contact with moisture. – Hydrides release large amounts of heat and hydrogen gas when they come in

contact with moisture. – Phosphides release large amounts of highly poisonous phosphine gas when

they come in contact with moisture.


Binary Salts (Contd.)

4. Binary salts are commonly used in fertilizers, developers in photography, protection from harmful gamma radiation.

5. Some common examples of binary salts are Potassium Chloride (KCl)Mercury II Chloride (HgCl2)

Sodium Floride (NaF) Calcium Sulfide (CaS) Sodium Hydride (NaH) Sodium Sulfide (Na2S)


Metal Oxides

1. Metal Oxides have the general formula (M+O).2. In the nomenclature, the metal is named first, followed by the oxygen,

which is then altered to be named “oxide”. 3. Metal oxides might be prone to hygroscopic hazards. When mixed with

water, these salts produce intense heat and a caustic liquid. The farther the metal is to the left in the periodic table, the more intense the reaction will be.

4. Metal oxides find their use in batteries as well as industrial applications such as lead oxide which provides protection from sound and vibrations.

5. Some common examples of metal oxides are Sodium Oxide (Na2O), Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Potassium Oxide (K2O) and Calcium Oxide (CaO).


Hydroxide Salts

1. Hydroxide salts have the general suffix (OH).2. In the nomenclature, the metal is named first followed by the

hydroxide.3. Solutions of hydroxide salts, much like the metal oxides,

produce caustic liquids and generate intense heat. 4. One major application of hydroxide salts is that they are used

in industries to provide a strong base and is also used in agriculture in fertilizers like ammonia.

5. Some common examples of hydroxide salts include Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2).


Oxy-salts

1. Oxy salts have the general formula (M+ oxy-anion).2. In the nomenclature, the metal is named first followed by the

oxy anion, depending upon its oxy state.3. These salts are potent oxidizers. When introduced to heat,

they liberate oxygen and intensify the combustion of materials.

4. One of the common forms of oxy salts is Epsom salt, which is used for health issues and other applications.

5. Some common examples of oxy salts are Sodium Perchlorate (NaClO2), Potassium Nitrate (KNO3), Potassium Nitrite (KNO2), Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2).


Cyanide Salts

1. Cyanide salts are mixtures of cyanides and ammonium salts, with a general formula (CN).

2. In the nomenclature, the metal is named first followed by adding the word cyanide to the ion. All cyanides are toxic through every route.

3. When they are mixed with an acid, they liberate hydrogen cyanide gas, which is highly toxic in nature.

4. Cyanide salts are used in electroplating, photography development, and as a chemical for gas chamber executions.

5. Some common examples of cyanide salts are Sodium Cyanide (NaCN), Potassium Cyanide (KCN).


Ammonium Salts

1. Ammonium salts have the general formula (NH₄⁺¹). 2. In the nomenclature, the ammonium ion comes

first, followed by the non-metal. 3. Since ammonium salts contain a positive charge,

they easily react and release a toxic gas.4. Ammonium salts are used in many fertilizers. 5. Some common examples of ammonium salts are

Ammonium Chlorate ( NH4ClO), Ammonium Fluoride (NH4F), Ammonium Bisulfate (NH4HSO2).


Binary Non-salts

1. Binary Non Salts have the general formula (Nm+Nm). 2. In their nomenclature, the element donating the least

amount of atoms comes first. It is then followed by the second element ending in “ide”.

3. Any of these salts containing halogens are considered toxic. The ones containing hydrogen are water reactive in addition to being toxic. They are also able to release hydrogen gas during this, and thereby sufficient to ignite the gas.

4. Despite high toxicity and reactivity, binary non-salts are used in fertilizers and for other agricultural purposes.

5. A popular example of a binary non-salt is ammonia (NH3).


Non-metallic oxides

1. Non-metal oxides have the general formula (Nm + O). 2. In the nomenclature, the non-metal is named

followed by the oxide, which is then followed by a prefix (di or tri) that designates the number of oxygen atoms present.

3. Non-metal oxides are respiratory irritants and form oxy-acids with water. They are also responsible for producing much of the "acid rain" making the environmental news.

4. Sulphur dioxide is a common example of such a non-metal oxide.


Inorganic Oxides

1. Inorganic oxides, as the as the name suggests, have a general formula (Nm +Ozy Radical).

2. They are more commonly known for their ability to react in the instant formation of very corrosive oxy-acids when contacting moisture, toxicity, being strong oxidizers, stimulation of combustion.


Binary Acids

1. Binary acids have the general formula (H + Halogen).2. In the nomenclature, the "hydrogen" name changes

to "hydro" and non-metal changes from "ide" to "ic" and then word acid is added, based on the basisity, though, the suffix may vary.

3. Binary acids, like most common laboratory chemicals, are toxic in nature.

4. Some common examples of binary acids are Hydrogen fluoride HF, Hydrogen chloride HCl, Hydrobromic acid HBr, Hydrogen iodide HI.


Inorganic Cyanides

1. Inorganic Cyanides are chemical compounds with the general formula (Nm+CN).

2. In the nomenclature, the non metal is named first followed by ‘cyanide’, or ‘cyanogen’ as a prefix.

3. All of these chemicals are extremely toxic. They prevent cells in the body from using oxygen.

4. They find a prominent application as military warfare agents.

5. A common example of an inorganic cyanide is HCN.


Alkanes

1. Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general formula (H+C).

2. In nomenclature, the name of the compound ends in “ane” after a suitable Latin prefix showing the number of carbon atoms in the alkane.

3. Alkanes are the most common materials found in hazardous materials, though they have a wide range of industrial applications.

4. Some common examples of alkanes are methane, ethane and propane.


Alkenes

1. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula (H+C).

2. In the nomenclature, they are named similar to alkanes, except that the suffix is „ene‟.

3. Alkenes are highly toxic.4. They are used as oxidisers, energy sources as

well as in the field of plastic manufacturing. 5. Some common examples are propene and

ethene. © e-Assignmenthelp, 2014

Alkynes

1. Alkynes are hydrocarbons with general formula: (CnH2n – 2).

2. In the nomenclature, they are named similar to alkanes and alkenes except for the fact that the suffix is ‘yne’. – In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, the parent chain must

include the double bond even if it makes it shorter than the others.

– And the parent alkene chain must be numbered from whichever end gives the first carbon of the double bond the lower of two possible numbers.

– Also, the location number should be given as to where the double bond is.


Alkynes

3. Alkynes take part in very violent decomposition reactions.

4. They find a wide range of applications in high energy fuels, high temperature processes, chemical intermediates.

5. A common example of an alkyne is acetylene.


Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1. Aromatic hydrocarbons have the general formula (CnHn).

2. In the classical nomenclature, they are named Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene based on the position of the prominent substituent.

3. They are very highly toxic and combustible, while some aromatic hydrocarbons are found to be carcinogenic.

4. In the field of experimental chemistry, they are extensively used as carriers and intermediates.

5. Some common examples are Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene.


Hydrocarbon Radicals

1. Hydrocarbon Radicals are hydrocarbons with general formula (R-X).

2. These radicals are named based on number of carbon atoms (Latin suffix) followed by ‘yl’.

3. They are volatile at different temperatures and also undergo cracking.


Fuel Families

1. Fuel Families are hydrocarbons (H + C) which are more commonly used in fuel sources, such as in petroleum and crude oils.

2. They are chemically volatile at different temperatures, giving rise to the phenomenon of ‘cracking’.

3. Some common examples of fuel families are petroleum, crude oils, methane, ethane.


Halogenated Hydrocarbons

1. Halogenated hydrocarbons have the general formula (R-X).

2. In the classical nomenclature, the prefix is followed by ‘ide’.

3. They are toxic, flammable, carcinogenic, and take part in polymerization reactions.

4. They also find a wide range of industrial applications such as solvents, refrigerants, anesthetics, and insecticides.

5. Examples of halogenated hydrocarbons include Alkyl Halide, Aryl Halide


Amines

1. Amines are ammonium derivatives with general formula (R-NH₂)

2. In the nomenclature, they are named ‘amides’.3. Amines are used in chemical warfare, as blistering

agents etc. They are very irritating to the tissue, very toxic to the kidneys. They are also highly flammable.

4. Amines are found very widely in nature. Industrial applications of amines include manufacturing of plastics, insecticides, etc.

5. Nitrogen mustard is a common example of amines.


Nitroso-compounds

1. Nitros are nitrogen oxide derivatives with general formula (R-NO₂).

2. In the nomenclature, the positive radical is named first, followed by ‘amine’.

3. They are highly unstable and often considered ideal explosives.

4. They are also used as racing fuels. 5. Some common examples are trinitrobenzene,

trinitrotoluene and picric acid.


Organic Cyanides

1. Organic Cyanides are cyanide derivatives with general formula (R-CN).

2. In IUPAC nomenclature, these are named nitriles while in classical nomenclature, they end with the suffix ‘cyanide’.

3. They are very toxic and very irritating to the human body, causing direct damage to the respiratory tract.

4. They are used in the extraction of metals and as pesticide fumigants.


Ethers

1. Ethers have the general formula (R- O-R1).2. In the nomenclature, the hydrocarbon is

named first, followed by the suffix ‘ether’. – In the IUPAC system of nomenclature, simple ethers

can be named by naming the alkyl groups alphabetically followed by the word "ether".

– A more efficient way of naming ethers would be by adding -oxy- to the prefix for the smaller hydrocarbon group and joining it to the alkane name of the larger hydrocarbon group.


Ethers

3. Since ethers have oxygen in a very unstable arrangement, they have a very wide flammable range.

4. Ethers are used as solvents, gas additives; formerly they were also used as anesthetics.

5. Ethyl Ether and ethoxyethane are common examples of ethers.


Sulfides

1. Sulfides are sulphur-hydrocarbon derivatives with general formula (R- S-R1).

2. In the nomenclature, the hydrocarbon is followed by ‘sulfide’

3. The common hazards of sulfides include toxicity, flammability and irritation.

4. Sulfides are primarily chemical intermediates or additives by nature.

5. Some common examples are thiomethyl ether and thioethyl ether.


Mercaptans

1. Mercaptans or “thiols” are sulphur-hydrocarbon derivatives with general formula (R- SH).

2. In the nomenclature, the hydrogen is named first, followd by the suffix „mercaptan‟.

3. The common hazards from mercaptans include toxicity, flammability and irritation.

4. Mercaptans are primarily chemical intermediates or additives by nature.

5. Some common examples are ethyl mercaptan, grapefruit mercaptan and monoterpenoid thiol.


Organic Peroxides

1. Organic Peroxides have the general formula (R- O2-R). 2. In the nomenclature, they are named by naming the

hydrogen first, followed by the suffix „peroxide‟.3. They may become violently unstable, oxidizers,

flammable. 4. Common uses of organic peroxides include use as

initiators in chemical manufacturing processes.5. Examples of organic peroxides are methyl peroxide

and methyl ethyl peroxide.


Alcohols

1. Alcohols have the general formula (R- OH). 2. In classical nomenclature, alcohols are

named by mentioning the hydrocarbon first, followed by „ol‟.

3. Alcohols can be toxic. They oxidize to form aldehydes or organic acids.

4. Menthol, ethanol, 2-propanol, etc. are common examples of alcohols.


Ketones

1. Ketones have the general formula (R- CO-R). 2. In the classical nomenclature, they are named by

mentioning the hydrocarbon first, followed by „one‟.

3. Ketones tend to be toxic, narcotic and flammable by nature.

4. They are widely used as industrial and laboratory-grade solvents.

5. Some common examples are Dimenthyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone.


Aldehydes

1. Aldehydes have the general formula (R- CHO). 2. In the nomenclature, they are named by

naming the hydrocarbon first, followed by the suffix „-al‟.

3. Aldehydes are toxic by all routes.– They oxidize to from organic acids. – They are also highly flammable. – Some aldehydes are suspected carcinogenic agents

(HCHO).


Aldehydes

4. Aldehydes are used as solvents, disinfectants and preservatives.– Unsaturated aldehydes are used in the

manufacture of plastics.

5. Some common examples of aldehydes include Methanal (Formaldehyde); Ethanal (Acetaldehyde); Propanal (Propionaldehyde); Butanal (butyraldehyde).


Organic Acids

1. Organic acids have the general formula (R- COOH).2. In the nomenclature, the hydrocarbon is named first,

followed by „-ic acid‟.3. While some are very toxic, some are mild irritants.

Organic acids are highly flammable and form mild corrosive solutions when mixed with water.

4. They are used as solvents in plastic production and water purification.

5. Some common examples of organic acids are benzoic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid.


Esters

1. Esters have the general formula (R- CO2-R). 2. Unlike most other organic compounds, they have a

unique naming system based upon materials used in etherification process.

3. Since they are highly unsaturated, they tend to be very toxic and participate in polymerization reactions. All esters are combustible/ flammable.

4. They are used as food additives and as esterification agents (plastic manufacturing).

5. Some common examples are ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate ester, propyl ethanoate .


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