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CHEMISTRY

PRESENTED BY:-

Vikas Lohiya

Raunak Bhansali

CSE Final Yr

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UnhappyUnstableHIGH energy

HappyStable

LOW energy3

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Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)

Reactants Products

(stable) (unstable)4

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When electrons are accelerated

and then stopped, a photon of

light will be generated.

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The building blocks of Chemistry

Hydrogen Nitrogen-7

Oxygen-8

Carbon-6

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Carbon-6

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Compounds are twoor more elements

that share electrons.

When electrons are shared,

they dont just stay around

the element that first owned

them.

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Water: the Universal Solvent

One side of water is negatively

charged because the oxygen atom

keeps the shared electrons

longer than the hydrogen atoms.

As a result the oxygen side is

negatively charged and the hydrogen

side of water is positively charged.

O

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Water: the Universal SolventWater has positive and negative poles and thus called a polar solvent.

The negative end of water will be attracted to the positive sodium ion. The positiveend of water will be attracted to the negative chloride ion.

Being always in motion, it will pull on the ionic compound and move the ions awayfrom each other. This dissolves the ionic compound.

Na+ Cl-

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Wax does not repel water

Water is so attracted to other water molecules thatanything between them is squeezed out of the way.

Oil

droplet

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Cationan ion with a positivecharge.

Anionan ion with a Negativecharge.

A

ION

+

-

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Cations

H+ Hydrogen

Na

+

SodiumMg+2 Magnesium

Ca+2 Calcium

Ag+1 Silver

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Fe+2 Iron (II) Ferrous

Fe+3 Iron (III) Ferric

Cu+1 Copper (I) Cuprous

Cu+2 Copper (II) CupricNH4

+ Ammonium

Metal oxide Cations

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F-1

FluorideCl-1 Chloride

Br-1 BromideI-1 Iodide

Anions

The Halogens14

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PO4-3 PhosphateSiO4

-2 Silicate

SO4-2

SulfateMoO4

-3 Molybdate

B4O7-2

Borate

Anions OH-1 Hydroxide

NO2-1

NitriteNO3-1 Nitrate

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Ionic bondA chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form

a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form anegative ion

Li F21

21

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Li+1 F-1

Ionic bond

21

2

1

The attraction between a cation

and an anion.17

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SALT - a Cation and an Anionheld together by an ionic bond.

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P+1

Covalent bondwhen two atoms share a pair of

electrons.

P+1

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Covalent bondwhen two atoms share a pair of

electrons.

P+1 P+1

Its like both atoms

have a filled orbital.20

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Metallic Bond the sharing of valenceelectrons by neighboring metal atoms.

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Physical vs. Chemical

ChangesPhysical changesoccur when substances orobjects undergo a change without changing

into another substance

Chemical changesare changes substancesundergo when they become new or different

substances.

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Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Physical changeobjects identity remains the same

Usually involves energy (like heat) andstates of matter.

Meltingof ice cream is an

example of a physical change.

Remember that after a:

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Chemical Change

Chemical changeobjects identity changesChemical changes happen on a molecular level

Burningof a candle is an example of a chemic

change.

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Properties andchanges showingChemical reaction(i.e. reactivity,

combustibility,development of a

gas, formation of

precipitate, andchange in color).

Reactivity

Combustibility

Gas formation

Precipitate

Color change26

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Reactivity

The tendency toundergo a

chemical

change.

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H

Li

Na

Be

Mg

B

Al

C

Si

N

P

O

S

F

Cl

He

Ne

Ar

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C b i

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Combustion -

chemicalreaction between

a fuel and anoxidant,

producing gasesand light

(flames).29

C b tibilit

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Combustibility

The tendency toreact with

Oxygen,releasing heat.

O2

BURNING30

evidence of Chemical Change:

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evidence of Chemical Change:development of a gas

formation of precipitatechange in color

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P i it t

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Precipitate - theformation of insolubleionic compounds.

Does NOT dissolve in solution.

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Reaction

http://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/newnav/newnavigator/images/P7280069.JPGhttp://icn2.umeche.maine.edu/newnav/newnavigator/images/P7280069.JPG

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Nuclear Chemical Physical

ReactionProcess in which one or more substances are changed into others

Reaction Type

Protons&Neutronschange

Bonds

made/ broken

Electronsexchanged

No change inatoms

phasechange

Density 33

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Decomposition

Simple Reactions

Synthesis(Combination)

Single

Replacement

Double

Replacement 34

B B

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Decomposition

Synthesis

SingleReplacement

Double

Replacement

A B A B+

A BA B +

A BA B +C+ C

A BA B +C+ CD D35

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The study of chemicals

that make up livingthings.

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Biochemical

Sugars (carbohydrates)

ProteinsFats (lipids)

DNA

Main categories

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Hair, nails

andmuscles

are madeof Proteins

Proteinstructure

Amino acids are b ilding blocks for proteins

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HH

H NC

O

Amino acids are building blocks for proteins

O

C

C

N

O

H C

H

Amino

acid

Glycine

C

H

H

Alanine

Glycine is the simplest of the

amino acids. Lets now make

alanine.

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Sugars are called carbohydrates.

They are made of a circle of

carbons and one oxygen.

Sugars

CCCCC

OThey can be linked in a

chain to form COMPLEX

sugars.

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Fatty Acids are a

kind of Fat or oil.They are basically a

chain of carbons,with a COOH group.

Fats (lipids)

COOH

group

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DNA is

stored in the

Nucleus (center)

of the cell.

A id

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Acidany of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning

litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt

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Base

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Baseany of various water-soluble compounds capable of turning litmus blue and reacting with

an acid to form a salt and water

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Highly corrosive!

Highly corrosive!

Remember:

Low pH = high acidity

pH- the amount of H+ ions in a

solution.ACIDextra H+1 ions (protons)BASEfewer H+1 ions.extra OH+1 ions.

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pH H2O H+

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Weak ACID

Strong ACIDHCl Hydrochloric acid

H2SO4 Sulfuric acidHNO3 Nitric acid

CH3COOH Acetic acidH2CO3 Carbonic acid

Citric acid

pH H2O H

1 10 1

2 100 1

3 1000 1

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pH paperContaining a universal indicator, pH paper is paper that can be defined as the

product used to determine acidity levels of solutions.Litmus paper will demonstrate a color change based on the acidity of solution. A red

color change indicates acidic solution, while blue shows basic.

Blue Litmus paper

Red Litmus paper

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Catalyst

a substance whichalters the rate of a

chemical reaction.It is unchangedat the

end of the reaction.

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Platinum catalyst

http://www.autoprotoys.com/catalytic-converter.jpg

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Platinum catalyst2 CO + O2

Pt 2 CO2

stabilized

intermediates

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http://www.autoprotoys.com/catalytic-converter.jpg

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Thank you

Jared Chadwick

said

Chemistry plays an important role in life. Everydaychemistry is about us, and everyday we use chemistry.

Without it we would not be able to survive.

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