CHEMISTRY 161

Chapter 1

Chemistryarabic: al-kimya greek: khymeia

latin: chimica

‘FUSION’~ 3,500 BC

Solar System Chemistry

Chemistry in Space

Star Formation Star Destruction

Amino Acids Sugars

ASTROBIOLOGY

PROPERTIES OF MATTERphysical chemical

densitycolorodor

(determine w/o destruction of matter)

reactivity

(determine w/ destruction of matter)

CHEMICAL REACTIONSTATE

EXPERIMENT I

EXPERIMENT II

decomposition (water)

combination from two or more elements

(exception: ozone O3)

EXPERIMENT IIIEXPERIMENT IV

ELEMENTS1. cannot be decomposed by chemical means

2. different elements have different properties

3. each element is assigned a unique chemical symbol(one or two letters)(common language)

a) first letter is always capitalizedb) all remaining letter(s) are lower case

EXPERIMENT V

BOOK(112/114/116)

Measurementsmeasurements are numerical (quantitative) observations

how much?

weight; volume; speed; energy; density; distance

qualitative observations

color, small

what?

number error* unit

Measurements

*uncertainty

measurement unit symbol

length meter mmass gram gtime second selectrical current ampere Atemperature Kelvin Kamount of substance mole molluminous intensity candela cd

SI base unit

all units are derived from 7 SI base units

derived unitsarea length width

volume length width height

velocity distance / time

velocity / timeacceleration

Pressure [Pa; mbar, torr]760 torr ~ 1013 mbar ~ 105 Pa

Force [N] acceleration mass

force / area

number unit

Measurements

50 m s-1

300,000,000 m s-1

Decimal Multipliers

prefix symbol factor power of 10mega M 1000000 106 kilo k 1000 103 deci d 0.1 10-1 centi c 0.01 10-2 milli m 0.001 10-3

1000 g 0.01 g 0.001 g

Conversion

Measurement English to Metric Metric to English Length 1 ‘’ = 2.54 cm 1 m = 39.37 in.

1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 km = 0.6215 mile1 mile = 1.609 km

Mass 1 lb = 453.6 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb1 oz = 28.35 g

Volume 1 gal = 3.785 L 1 L = 1.057 qt1 pt = 946.4 mL1 oz (fluid) = 29.6 mL

1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

NASA-Mars Polar Lander

Temperature

0 K

-273 OC

EXPERIMENT VI

T[K] = T[oC] + 273

number error unitMeasurements

measuring device

inaccurate reading

multiple measurements

average (statistics)EXPERIMENT VII

Significant Digits

T = 24.3 ºC (3 significant digits)

T = 24.32 ºC (4 significant digits)

0.034 K 3.4 10-2

0.0340 K 3.40 10-2

Summary

1.Compounds & elements

2.SI units and conversion of units

3. errors

4. number of significant digits