What you can learn about

CHEMISTRYL A B O R ATO RY E X P E R I M E N TS

What you can learn about

1

Contents

Page

LEC 01 Kinetic Theory

LEC 01.01 Velocity of molecules and the MAXWELL BOLTZMANNdistribution function 8

LEC 01.02 Gas viscosity: Estimation of molecular diameter 9LEC 01.03 Diffusion in gases: the diffusion coefficient

of bromine in air 10LEC 01.04 Determination of molar mass using the ideal gas law 11LEC 01.05 Determination of the molar mass of a liquid 12LEC 01.06 Determination of the molecular weight of a polymer

from intrinsic viscosity measurement 13LEC 01.07 Thermal conductivity of gases 14LEC 01.08 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer 15LEC 01.09 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids

(rotary viscometer) 16LEC 01.11 Gay-Lussac’s law 17LEC 01.12 Amontons’ law 18LEC 01.13 Boyle and Mariotte’s law 19

LEC 02 Thermochemistry / Calorimetry

LEC 02.01 Thermal equation of state and critical point 22LEC 02.02 Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillator 23LEC 02.03 Heat capacity of gases 24LEC 02.04 Determination of the enthalpy of vaporization of liquids 25LEC 02.05 Partial molar volumes 26LEC 02.06 Determination of the mixing enthalpy

of binary fluid mixtures 27LEC 02.07 Determination of the hydration enthalpy of an electrolyte 28LEC 02.08 Determination of the enthalpy of neutralisation 29LEC 02.09 Determination of the melting enthalpy of a pure substance 30LEC 02.10 Boiling point elevation 31LEC 02.11 Freezing point depression 32LEC 02.14 Determination of the enthalpy of combustion with a

calorimetric bomb 33LEC 02.15 Determination of the heat of formation for water 34LEC 02.16 Determination of the heat of formation for CO2 and CO

(Hess law) 35LEC 02.17 Determination of the calorific value for heating oil

and the gross calorific value for olive oil 36LEC 02.18 Dilatometry 37

LEC 03 Chemical Equilibrium

LEC 03.01 Evaporative equilibrium 40LEC 03.02 Vapour pressure of mixtures of ideal fluids 41LEC 03.04 Boiling point diagram of a binary mixture 42LEC 03.05 Solubility diagram of two partially miscible liquids 43LEC 03.06 Miscibility gap in a ternary system 44LEC 03.07 Distribution equilibrium 45LEC 03.08 Solubility product 46LEC 03.09 Dissociation equilibrium 47LEC 03.10 Complex formation equilibrium 48LEC 03.11 Dissociation constants 49LEC 03.13 The melting point of a binary system 50LEC 03.14 Law of integral ratio of volumes 51LEC 03.15 Determination of the number of theoretical trays

in a distillation column 52LEC 03.16 Fractional distillation with the bubble tray column 53LEC 03.17 Chromatographic separation procedures:

gas chromatography 54

ContentsPage

LEC 04 Interfacial Chemistry

LEC 04.01 Determination of the surface tension of pure liquids with the bubble pressure method 56

LEC 04.02 Determining surface tension using the ring method (Du Nouy method) 57

LEC 04.03 Free films 58LEC 04.04 Contact angle 59LEC 04.06 Electrokinetic potential 60LEC 04.07 Electrophoretic mobility 61LEC 04.08 Adsorption isotherms 62

LEC 05 Chemical Kinetics

LEC 05.01 Saponification rate of tert-butyl chloride 64LEC 05.02 Reaction rate and activation energy of the acid hydrolysis

of ethyl acetate 65LEC 05.03 Kinetics of saccharose inversion 66LEC 05.06 Decomposition of �,�’- azobisisobutyronitrile 67LEC 05.07 Halogen exchange rate 68LEC 05.08 Conductometric measurements on the saponification

of esters 69LEC 05.09 Enzyme kinetics: Determination of the Michaelis constant 70LEC 05.10 Enzyme kinetics: Inhibition and poisoning of enzymes 71

LEC 06 Electro Chemistry

LEC 06.01 Charge transport in solids 74LEC 06.02 Charge transport in liquids 75LEC 06.03 Ion migration velocity 76LEC 06.04 Transference numbers 77LEC 06.05 The temperature dependence of conductivity 78LEC 06.06 Conductivity of strong and weak electrolytes 79LEC 06.07 Conductiometric titration 80LEC 06.08 Determination of the activity coefficient by conductivity

measurement 81LEC 06.09 The Nernst equation 82LEC 06.10 Determination of the solubility products

of the silver halides 83LEC 06.11 Determination of diffusion potentials 84LEC 06.12 Temperature dependence of the electromotive force 85LEC 06.13 Potentiometric titration 86LEC 06.14 Precipitation titration 87LEC 06.15 pH measurement 88LEC 06.16 Titration curves and buffering capacity 89LEC 06.17 Potentiometric pH titration

(phosphoric acid in a soft drink) 90LEC 06.18 Electrode kinetics: The hydrogen overpotential of metals 91LEC 06.20 Amperometric equivalent point determination

with the dead stop method 92

LEC 07 Photometry and Photochemistry

LEC 07.01 Absorption of light 94LEC 07.03 Excitation of molecules 95LEC 07.04 Absorption spectra and pKa values of p-methoxyphenol 96

What you can learn about

Kinetic TheoryContents

LEC 01.01 Velocity of molecules and the MAXWELL BOLTZMANNdistribution function

LEC 01.02 Gas viscosity: Estimation of molecular diameter

LEC 01.03 Diffusion in gases: the diffusion coefficient of bromine in air

LEC 01.04 Determination of molar mass using the ideal gas law

LEC 01.05 Determination of the molar mass of a liquid

LEC 01.06 Determination of the molecular weight of a polymer fromintrinsic viscosity measurement

LEC 01.07 Thermal conductivity of gases

LEC 01.08 Viscosity measurements with the falling ball viscometer

LEC 01.09 Viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids (rotary viscometer)

LEC 01.11 Gay-Lussac’s law

LEC 01.12 Amontons’ law

LEC 01.13 Boyle and Mariotte’s law1

2 Contents

LEC 02.01 Thermal equation of state and critical pointLEC 02.02 Adiabatic coefficient of gases – Flammersfeld oscillatorLEC 02.03 Heat capacity of gasesLEC 02.04 Determination of the enthalpy of vaporization of liquidsLEC 02.05 Partial molar volumesLEC 02.06 Determination of the mixing enthalpy of binary fluid mixturesLEC 02.07 Determination of the hydration enthalpy of an electrolyteLEC 02.08 Determination of the enthalpy of neutralisationLEC 02.09 Determination of the melting enthalpy of a pure substanceLEC 02.10 Boiling point elevationLEC 02.11 Freezing point depressionLEC 02.14 Determination of the enthalpy of combustion with a

calorimetric bombLEC 02.15 Determination of the heat of formation for waterLEC 02.16 Determination of the heat of formation for CO2 and CO (Hess law)LEC 02.17 Determination of the calorific value for heating oil and the

gross calorific value for olive oilLEC 02.18 Dilatometry

Thermochemistry/Calorimetry

Contents

LEC 03.01 Evaporative equilibrium

LEC 03.02 Vapour pressure of mixtures of ideal fluids

LEC 03.04 Boiling point diagram of a binary mixture

LEC 03.05 Solubility diagram of two partially miscible liquids

LEC 03.06 Miscibility gap in a ternary system

LEC 03.07 Distribution equilibrium

LEC 03.08 Solubility product

LEC 03.09 Dissociation equilibrium

LEC 03.10 Complex formation equilibrium

LEC 03.11 Dissociation constants

LEC 03.13 The melting point of a binary system

LEC 03.14 Law of integral ratio of volumes

LEC 03.15 Determination of the number of theoretical trays in a distillation column

LEC 03.16 Fractional distillation with the bubble tray column

LEC 03.17 Chromatographic separation procedures: gas chromatography

Chemical Equilibrium3

Interfacial ChemistryContents

LEC 04.01 Determination of the surface tension of pure liquids with the bubble pressure method

LEC 04.02 Determining surface tension using the ring method (Du Nouy method)

LEC 04.03 Free films

LEC 04.04 Contact angle

LEC 04.06 Electrokinetic potential

LEC 04.07 Electrophoretic mobility

LEC 04.08 Adsorption isotherms4

Chemical Kinetics5 Contents

LEC 05.01 Saponification rate of tert-butyl chloride

LEC 05.02 Reaction rate and activation energy of the acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate

LEC 05.03 Kinetics of saccharose inversion

LEC 05.06 Decomposition of �,�’- azobisisobutyronitrile

LEC 05.07 Halogen exchange rate

LEC 05.08 Conductometric measurements on the saponification of esters

LEC 05.09 Enzyme kinetics: Determination of the Michaelis constant

LEC 05.10 Enzyme kinetics: Inhibition and poisoning of enzymes

Electro Chemistry6 Contents

LEC 06.01 Charge transport in solidsLEC 06.02 Charge transport in liquidsLEC 06.03 Ion migration velocityLEC 06.04 Transference numbersLEC 06.05 The temperature dependence of conductivityLEC 06.06 Conductivity of strong and weak electrolytesLEC 06.07 Conductiometric titrationLEC 06.08 Determination of the activity coefficient by conductivity

measurementLEC 06.09 The Nernst equationLEC 06.10 Determination of the solubility products of the silver halidesLEC 06.11 Determination of diffusion potentialsLEC 06.12 Temperature dependence of the electromotive forceLEC 06.13 Potentiometric titrationLEC 06.14 Precipitation titrationLEC 06.15 pH measurementLEC 06.16 Titration curves and buffering capacityLEC 06.17 Potentiometric pH titration (phosphoric acid in a soft drink)LEC 06.18 Electrode kinetics: The hydrogen overpotential of metalsLEC 06.20 Amperometric equivalent point determination with the dead

stop method

Contents

LEC 07.01 Absorption of light

LEC 07.03 Excitation of molecules

LEC 07.04 Absorption spectra and pKa values of p-methoxyphenol

Photometry andPhotochemistry7

99PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 Göttingen Laboratory Experiments Chemistry

Index

AActivation energy 65

Adiabatic coefficient of gases 23

Adsorption 62

Amontons’ law 18

Amperometric titration 92

Avogadro’s law 51

BBoiling point 31, 42

Boyle and Mariotte’s law 19

Bubble pressure method 56

Buffering capacity 89

CCalorific value 36

Calorimetry 25, 27, 28, 2930, 34, 35, 36

Capillary viscometer 13

Charge transport 74, 75, 76, 77

Clausius-Clapeyron equation 40

Complex formation 48

Conductometry 68, 69, 7071, 80, 81

Contact angle 59

Critical point 22

Cryoscopy 32

DDiffusion coeffiecient 10

Diffusion potential 84

Dilatometry 37

Dissociation 46, 47, 49

Distillation 52, 53

Distribution 45

Du Nouy method 57

EEbullioscopy 31

Electrochemical cells 82, 87, 88

Electrokinetic potential 60

Electrolyte conductivity 58

Electrolytes 76, 77, 78, 7980, 81, 89

Electromotive force 83, 85, 86

Electron conductivity 74

Electron excitation 94, 95

Electrophoresis 61

Enthalpy of combustion 33, 36

Enthalpy of formation 33, 34, 35

Enthalpy of neutralisation 29

Enthalpy of vaporization 25, 40

Enzyme inhibition 71

Enzyme kinetics 70, 71

Equations of stateof ideal gases 11, 12

Eutectic mixture 50

Evaporative equilibrium 40

FFalling ball viscometer 15

Fick’s laws of diffusion 10

Flammersfeld oscillator 23

Freezing point depression 32

GGas chromatography 14, 53, 54

Gay-Lussac’s law 17, 51

General equation of state 17, 1819, 51

Gibb’s phase law 44, 50

HHeat capacity 24, 25, 27, 28

29, 30, 33, 36

Heat of formation 34, 35

Henderson-Hasselbalch 47,4989, 97

Hess’ law 28, 33, 35

Hittorf transference numbers 77

Hydration enthalpy 28

IIon conductivity 75, 80

Ion mobility 46, 76, 7778, 80, 81

Ionic conductivity 46

KKohlrausch’s law 79

LLambert-Beer law 45, 49, 94

95, 97

Law of integral ratioof volumes 51

Law of mass actio 89

MMAXWELL BOLTZMANN 8

Melting enthalpy 30

Melting point 50

Michaelis-Menton mechanism 70

Miscibility gap 43, 44

Mixing enthalpy 27

Mixtures 41, 42, 43, 44

Molar mass 11, 12

Molecular weight 1

NNernst equation 82, 84, 85

86, 87, 90

Nernst’s distribution law 45

Newtonian liquid 15, 16

non-Newtonian liquid 16

OOptical rotation 67

Ostwald’s dilution law 79

Overpotential 91

PPartial molar volumes 26

pH indicators 88

pH titration 88, 89

pH value 88, 89, 90, 97

pKa value 47, 49, 96

Poiseuille’s formula 9

Poiseuilles’s equation 13

Polarization 91

Potentiometric titration 86, 90

Precipitation titration 87

Proteins 61

RRaoult’s law 31, 32, 41, 42

Rate law 64, 65

Reaction law 68

Reaction order 64, 67, 68, 69

Reaction rate 65, 67, 68, 69. 70

Rectification 52, 53

Rotary viscometer 16

100 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 GöttingenLaboratory Experiments Chemistry

Index

SSaccharose inversion 66

Saponification rate 64

Solubility 43, 46

Solubility product 83, 87

Solvatochromism 94

Stokes law 15

Surface tension 56, 57, 58, 59

TTensides 58

Theoretical trays 52, 54

Thermal conductivity 14

Thermal equation 22

Thermal expansion 37

Trouton’s rule 25

VVapour pressure 40, 41

Vapour-density method 12

Velocity distribution 8

Victor Meyer 12

Viscosity 9, 13, 15, 16

Volume contraction 126