chemical safety & security - lab designs

8/10/2019 Chemical Safety & Security - Lab Designs

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Keday, Malaysia

30 April 4 May 2012

0 April 4 May 2012

SAND No. 2009-8395P

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,

for the United States Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration

under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Lab Assessment Exercise

Part 1: Lab Layout and Safety Controls

Enable the Work

Secure the Facility

Protect the Environment

Com l with Re ulations

4


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Provide a safe/secure workplace

Facilitate workplace activities

Efficient

Cost Effective

5

Cost

P C i ioor Communication

Lack of Scientific Knowledge

Complicated Project

Trade offs

6

Trade-offs

Personalities

Maintenance

Based on:

Containment

Maximize Containment Minimize Contamination

7

Redundancy is the Key

Chemical Containment ConceptChemical Containment Concept

Environment EnvironmentFacility

Personnel

ChemistryKnowledge

Storage Operations

Facility

8

EnvironmentEnvironment

Engineering Controls

Facility

Facility


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1

Workers must have knowledge andunderstanding

2Containment

9

Proper Work Practices

Good Engineering Controls

3Construction

How well the facility is built

10

Architects

Engineers

Administrators

Builders

11

ro ess ona s

Laboratory Users

12


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Definition

pro ems an nee s

Interpretation

(of requirements into design criteria)

Design

(iterativeprocess)

(iterativeprocess)

13

rans a es spec ca ons n o pragma c rea y

Construction

(to accomplish goal)

- ANSI Z9.5

Amer ican National Standards Ins ti tu te,

Major US Standards & GuidelinesMajor US Standards & Guidelines

. a ora o ry en a on an ar

- NFPANational Fire Protection Assoc iation

- BOCA

Building Officials Code Association

- ASHRAE 110Amer ican Soc iety of Heatin g, Refr igerati on and Air

14

,

Evaluating Laboratory Hoods

- Others- National Electrical Code

- Amer ican Chemical Soc iety, Green Chem istry Ins ti tut e

www.acs.org/greenchemistry

- Layout of buildings and laboratories

Architectural Features Include:Architectural Features Include:

- pace requ remen s

- Spatial arrangement of equipment and benches

- Emergency egress

- Storage requirements

15

-

- Access controls

- Securit y features

Spatial oor p an Location of rooms and equipment Traffic flow of people and equipment Access control

Mechanical Ventilation Utilities

16

Effluent control Control and monitoring

Safety and Security


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Arch itectural

Factors in Laboratory DesignFactors in Laboratory Design

HVAC*

Safety and Security

- Fire

- Emergencies

17

- Exposures- Access/ex it contro l (faci li ty, chemicals, equipment)

(* heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)

Number of occupants and their technicalqualifications

General Information NeededGeneral Information Needed

Space and storage requirements

Utilities needed

Equipment needs

Time/duration of occupancy

18

n c pa e c anges n researc programs Sustainability (environmental, green initiatives)

Security needs

Type of Work/Research

Safety/Security InformationSafety/Security InformationNeeded for Lab DesignNeeded for Lab Design

Type of Hazards

Type of Wastes

Chemical

Biological

19

Radiation

High Voltage

Types of Chemicals

Safety/Security InformationSafety/Security InformationNeeded for Lab Design, contd.Needed for Lab Design, contd.

Flammable

Corrosive (acid or base)Reactive

Acutely Toxic (po isons)

Re ulated

20

Chronically Toxic (e.g.,carcinogens, repro-toxins)

Chemicals of securi ty concern

Controlled Drugs

Wastes


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Sample preparation and storage area

egregate samp e gest on us ng ac -specialized laboratory hoods

Segregate solvent extraction to reducevapor contamination

Proper eyewash placement

Waste storage area

Gas bottle storage

21

Zones or control areas may

Types and degree of hazards

Amounts of hazardouschemicals

Allows better control over: Personnel access

Hazards using Equipment

22

PPE Administrative procedures

Examples: Fire safety zones,HVAC zones, Building floors

Best practice is toseparate movement of: enera popu a on Laboratory personnel Chemicals and laboratory

materials. Internal service

corridors between labs Allow transport of

chemicals away from public

23

and other supportequipment

Provide additional lab exitswith emergency doors tomain corridors

GeneralLab

UtilityCorridor

StaffOffice

ChemicalFree

Good safety: two or more

lab/room/building

Good security: controlwho can enter alab/room/building

Emergency exit doors:

24

,on outside

Have panic bar on inside

May set off alarm whenopened


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Multiple, specialized

stockrooms rather than one

l

Teaching stockroom

High trafficcentral storeroom

Chemicals dispensed across

counter

Access restricted to

stockroom personnel

Locked when unattended

Only keep ~1 week supplyof chemicals needed forstudent experiments

Central Stockroom

Wide variety of chemicalsand materials

Add it ional c ont ro ls and

25

,

attractive, or dual-usechemicals

Chemicals stored incompatible groups

Install tanksoutside buildingand pipe into lab Long-term, frequent

use of same gas

Highly hazardous gases

Restrict access

26

u - u ng oroutdoors, depending onconditions

Tanks inside labs

Wide variety of gases Low use rates

Strap to wall orbench

27

ranspor sa e y

Large volumes ofc em ca wasteshould be stored in

areas with fewerpeople Access restricted to

responsible personnel Locked when unattended

28

Divided into chemicallycompatible groups

Provide safetyequipment and alarms


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aste co ect on area nteaching/research labs:

Convenient student use

Emptied/movedfrequently

Divided into chemically

29

Provide safety equipment

Uses standard size and layout of benches,equipment and utility connections

Customize layout for specific applications

Allows for: Cheaper lab design

Easier lab modifications

30

Open Laboratory Closed Laboratory

31

O en laboratories Closed laboratories

Consider using both or having connected access:

Support team work

Facilitates communication

Shared:

Equipment

Bench space

Support staff

Specialized, dedicated work

More expensive

Less flexible

Easier to control access

Needed for specific work

NMR

32

Easier to monitor

Cheaper to design, build andoperate

The trend since mid 90s

High hazard materials

Dark rooms

Lasers


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Ventilation Design:Ventilation Design:Avoid Exhaust RecirculationAvoid Exhaust Recirculation

Avoid r e-ent rainment

Disperse emissionsstraight upward anddownwind!

37 38

Try to locate hoods, utilities and

relative position in all labs.

Locate sinks centrally

Space between benches shouldallow people to pass each other(1.5 m).

Details on these topics given in

39

Lab hoods

Safety showers / eyewashes

Chemical management

Construction materials shouldbe appropriate for chemicals Benchtops Cabinets & shelving Flooring

Avoid metal drainpipes Store chemicals and waste

securely not easily spilled orknocked over.

Keep bulk chemicals in

40

stockroom - not lab.

Control access to labs,especially during off-hours


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Hazardous ExposureHazardous Exposure

SOURCESOURCE

47

RECEPTOREnclose the Source

RECEIVER

Hazardous ExposureHazardous Exposure

SOURCE

48

RECEIVER

Illustration courtesy, Tom Smith, ECT Technologies, Cary NC USA


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VentilationVentilation

49

Safe Worker

Illustration courtesy, Tom Smith, ECT Technologies, Cary NC USA

Reminder:Reminder:Prioritization of ControlsPrioritization of Controls

Administ rative controls &Operational work practices

50

ersona pro ec veequipment

Uses of VentilationUses of Ventilation

Keep gas / vapor concentration below OEL

r movemen o re uce ea s ress

Keep toxic contaminants below OEL

Confined space entry

Limit CO2 buildup

Cont rol c lean room or hos ital

51

environments

OEL = Occupational Exposure Limit

Limitations of VentilationLimitations of Ventilation

May require large amounts of air (expensive)

Need tempering

Heat, cool, dehumidify, humidify

May be contaminated

System design

Remove contaminate from breathing zone

52

Insufficient air velocity or volume

Contaminant cleanup or discharge

Users need training


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EngineeringEngineering Ventilation ControlsVentilation Controls

General dilution ventilation

Local exhaust ventilation

53

For Control of: Temperature

Harmless Substances

Nuisances

Odors

54

UseUse Local ExhaustLocal ExhaustVentilation (LEV):Ventilation (LEV):

To enclose and contain

When contaminant is toxic

Employee works near the contamination

When complete containment/enclosure

55

is not feasible

Local Exhaust VentilationLocal Exhaust Ventilation

56


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LEV PrinciplesLEV Principles

Capture contaminant near source

Keep contaminant out of breathing zone

Provide adequate make-up air

57

DefinitionsDefinitions

Hood includes any suction device,, ,

or removes contaminants.

Dilution Ventilation moves room airaround by a fan that is sometimes exhausted

to the outside.

58

that captures and removes emitted

contaminants.

System ComponentsSystem Components

Hood

Duct Work

Optional Air CleaningDevices

59

Discharge

System CharacteristicsSystem CharacteristicsDischarge

Q3 = Q1 + Q2

Q2

Branch

Capture Hood

Air Cleani ngSystem

Fan

Conservation of Mass

60

Dip Tank

Where:Q = volumetric flow rate (m3/s)v = velocity (m/s)A = Cross Sec tional Area (m 2)

Q1 Q = vA


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Q =Q = vAvA

Q = volumetric flow rate of air m3/s

v = velocity of air through an area (m/s)

A = cross sectional area air flows

61

through (m2)

Volumetric Flow RateVolumetric Flow Rate

Q = vA

62

Q = Volumetric Flow Rate, m3/sv = Average Velocity, m/s

A = Cross-sectional Area, m2

System LossesSystem Losses

Friction Loss

- Rougher surfaces lead to higher velocity

- FL LV2/d

- FL units of pipe length

Dynamic Loss

- Turbulence from elbows or cross-sectional areachanges or transition

- Turbulence at hood entry

Coefficient of Entry Ce measures efficiency of

63

oo en ry

- DL increases with abruptness of elbow or transition

- DL units of equivalent pipe length or fraction of VP

Pressure losses from system devices

- Fans, air cleaners, etc.

Press RoomPress Room Ventilation SystemVentilation System

64


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Local Exhaust HoodsLocal Exhaust Hoods

SLOT HOOD

D

65

CANOPY HOOD

Canopy HoodCanopy Hood Machine ShopMachine Shop

66

Portable Welding HoodPortable Welding Hood

67

Traditional LaboratoryTraditional LaboratoryChemical HoodChemical Hood

68


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Design Goals forDesign Goals forBalance EnclosuresBalance Enclosures

High level of containment

Stable balance readings

Ergonomic design, visibility,

comfort

Task specific flexibility

Energy efficient

- 0.6 m enclosure (~2) = 0.047 m3/s air (100

69

- 1.8 m hood (~6) = 0.566 m3/s air (1200 CFM)

- 0.566 m3/s (1200 CFM) = $5K/yr.

Flow at Exit and EntryFlow at Exit and Entry

Capture of contaminant atentr is onl ef fective within

Duct

one (1) duct diameter

30 Duct Diameters

70

Air

Air

Duct Diameter

effective to thirty

(30) duct diameters

Hood Capture VelocitiesHood Capture Velocities

Equal Velocity Zones AirAir

% Hood Capture Velocity

~100%

~60%~30%

~15%

~7.5%

HoodAir

Duct

71

Hood Diameter

AirAir

r

Hood Capture VelocitiesHood Capture Velocities

Equal Velocity ZonesAir

Air Air

% Hood Capture Velocity

~100%

~60%~30%

~15%

~7.5%

Duct

HoodAir

72

Hood Diameter

AirAir

Flanged Hood


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Designs deal with rain without capping

77

Engineering Controls:Engineering Controls:Avoid Exhaust RecirculationAvoid Exhaust Recirculation

Hood

Exhaust

7878

Air Intake

Engineering Controls:Engineering Controls:Avoid Exhaust RecirculationAvoid Exhaust Recirculation

High

Hazard

Hood

Exhaust

7979

Air Intake

Potential IssuesPotential Issues

Insufficient air volume

Wrong location

Wrong configuration Bad hood design

Duct velocity too low

80

Insufficient make up air

Clogged system

Noise


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Tom Smith, Exposure Control Technologies,ary ttp: www. a oo pro.com

Nelson Couch, PhD, CIH, CSP, Triangle Health& Safety Inc., Durham, NC [email protected]

81

ay yan, ow c ences n erna ona , e anNC, USA http://www.flowsciences.com

Any Questions?Any Questions?

82

Improper Hood UseImproper Hood Use

84


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Also called a fume hood or fume cupboard Desi ned to limit ex osure to hazardous or

unpleasant aerosols

First used by alchemists 500 years ago

85

Control ConceptControl Concept

86

SOURCERECEIVER

LEV ImplementationLEV Implementation

Identify/Characterize Contaminant

Characterize Air Movement

Identify Alternative Controls Choose Most Effective Control

Implement Control

87

Evaluate Control

Maintain Control

LEV Capture AbilityLEV Capture Ability

Hood configuration (type of hood)

Extent of enclosure (e.g., glove boxes completely enclose)

88

Air movement in hood

(smooth, laminar, non-turbulent)


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Duct DesignDuct Design

Provide adequate capture velocity

sua y . - . m s - pm

89

a n a n uc ranspor ve oc y For chemical laboratories 1.2 m3/s(~2500 cfm)

Duct Design, contd.Duct Design, contd.

Keep system balanced,- . .,

- match airflows among manifolded hoods

Minimize power consumption

- i.e., conserve energy

- save money

90

http://www.clf.rl.ac.uk/facilities/AstraWeb/images/Photo7/Air_duct_TA3.JPG

LEV Hood Design RequirementsLEV Hood Design Requirements

Capture emissions close to source.

Move contamination away frombreathing zone.

Consider existing air movement whenlocating hood.

91

Minimize air movement in source area.

Should not interfere with work.

Laboratory hoods and ventilation are the basis of engineering contr ols.

Laboratory HoodsLaboratory Hoods

u ey mus e proper y: se ec e , o ca e , use , an ma n a ne .

92


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As near to contamination source as possible

So contamination moves away from operator So contamination moves away from operator

Minimize cross-drafts

Dont place near windows and doors

Dont place near air conditioning/heater

diffuser

D i f i h h k

93

Doesnt interfere with other workers

Locate out of traffic flow

Place near rear of laboratory

94

Enclose as much of the operation as possible

Place utility controls (gas, electric) outside or as nearhood front as possible

Hood lights should be vapor tight

Mount hood motor outside buildingand away frombuilding air intakes

Dont use hoods for uses not intended (e.g., perchloricacid digestion, radioisotopes)

95

Ensure duct material compatible with exhausts

Dont use without indication it is working properly

Dont put your head in the hood. , , Place large equipment above surface

on 5 cm blocks to allow uniform air

flow Lower sash height to 30 - 50 cm

during operation Keep sash fully closed when not in

96

use Use liner or tray inside hood to

contain spills

http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazett

e/daily/0403/photos/03-

meltonstem_1.jpg


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Work in the center of hood and 15 cm in from.

Dont store chemicals or equipment in hood.

Dont block baffles (slots).

Maintain hood regularly (check fan belt,lubricate motor).

Re ularl evaluate hood (flow rate, mark

97

operating sash height). Reports problems, concerns, malfunctions

immediately.

Perchloric acid (with water wash down) Radiological (with special filters) Floor level (improperly called walk-in)

Distillation/California hoods (0.5m or ~1.5 ftabove floor)

Canopy hoods (not suitable for most laboperations)

Slot hoods

98

Duct ess ume oo s

Vented enclosures or special purpose hoods

Glove Boxes (complete enclosure)

Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)

ADA Hood

Canopy Hood Floor Hood

99 100

Chemical weighing station Bulk powder transfer station


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Ductless HoodsDuctless Hoods

Should only be used ina ora or es w :

Small quantities of known non-

volatile substances.

Only with HEPA filters

Never with volatile substances

Unless breakthrou h time for the

101

specific chemical being used isknown, carbon filters are

unreliable.

Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)

102

Hood Problems and PitfallsHood Problems and Pitfalls

Face velocity

- ecommen e . - . m s - pm

Ai r changes/hour

- Recommended 6 10 / hour

103

Neither of these measurements can

guarantee hood capture or containment.

Hood EvaluationHood Evaluation

Face Velocity, a necessary butnot sufficient condition.

Anemometer/velometer

Smoke Tubes, Candles,

Incense

104


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105105

Ensuring laboratory hood safetydepends on many factors including: Hood design

Hood use

Lab design

System operation

106

, .,

University of North Carolina, ChapelHill NC USA

Texas A & M University

Flow Sciences Inc, Leland NC USA

107

,

AirClean Inc, Raleigh NC USA

108


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Receipt Storage

Use Disposal

111

Reduces hazardous w aste

Chemical Management is a BestChemical Management is a BestPractice for SafetyPractice for Safety andandSecuritySecurity

Waste e uces cost

New purchasesWaste dispo sal

More efficientImproves security

Insider threatOutsider threat

New

Chemical

112

ac a es env ronmen a comp anceImproves quality of researchImproves quality of lab instruction


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Chemical Management Elements

Source reduction Procedure for chemical ordering and

disposal Inventory and tracking Storage in stockrooms

113

Recycling o f chemicals, containersand packages

What chemicals are needed?

How much is needed?

How will the chemicals be handled?

What are the reaction products?

114

How will the chemical be stored?

How will disposal take place?

Less is Better

Order only what you need

Reduce size of experiment

It cost less to store

It cost less to dispose

Less is Better: Guide to minimizing waste in laboratories, Task Force on Laboratory Environment,

Health and Safety, American Chemical Society, 2002.

http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_SUPERARTICLE&node_id

=2230&use_sec=false&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=ef91c89e-8b83-43e6-bcd0-ff5b9ca0ca33

115

Citrus based solvents for xylene in CH3histology lab

Peracetic acid for formaldehyde forcleaning kidney dialysis machines

Non mercury thermometers

Enzyme and peroxide based cleanersfor chromerge (NoChromix) CH3

O

CH3

116

When purchasing automatedequipment think of chemical waste

O OH


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Database or Spreadsheets are tools t o trackt e c em ca nventory

Barcoding can be used Chemicals can be found easily Chemical ages can be tracked Chemical standards maintain traceability Disposal can be documented

117

Assures accuracy of database Provides visual inspection of chemical condition

Searches and Report s:Find an M SDS

Database helps safely track andDatabase helps safely track andreport chemical storage and usereport chemical storage and use

Chemical Inventory Search Menu

Chemical Regulatory Reports Search Menu

Find Chemical Storage Locations

Transfers, Removal, Verification and Inventory Entry:Transfer or Remove a Bar-coded Chemical from the Inventory

Verify Chemical Inventory Menu

Add Chemical Inventory

118

Chemical Exchange Menu

Procedures, Forms and Links:See Inventory procedures, forms and other documents

See Other Chemical Related Links

Chemical or tradename search

CAS number search

Ingredient search

Location/organization searchLocation owner search

Requester search

119

Barcode search

Query for toluene: barcode, location,Query for toluene: barcode, location,department, quantity and order datedepartment, quantity and order date

BARCODE LOCATION DEPT QUANTITY UNITPurchaseDate

AQ00600682 NM/518/1111 1725 1 L 10/24/2006

AQ00602185 NM/518/1123 1111 100 mL 11/20/2006

AQ00582298 NM/518/1302 1131 1 L 8/8/2006

AQ00602186 NM/518/1302 1131 100 mL 11/20/2006

AQ00602187 NM/518/1302 1131 100 mL 11/20/2006

120

AQ00582307 NM/518/1302 1131 4 L 8/8/2006

(M)SDS and Certificates of Analysis may also be included


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ACIDSAceti c aci d (gl acial )Hydrochloric acid

u ur c ac

SOLVENTSDichloromethane (methylene chlorid e),

Aceto ne Chl orofo rm, Ethyl acetate, Glycero l,Hexanes Isopropyl alcohol, Methanol,Petroleum ether Toluene, Xylenes

OXIDIZERS

121

, ,dichromate, Silver nitrate

POISONSIndicators, Iodine (solid or solution ) Metals(powders, dust, shot)Sodium, calcium, silver, and potassium salts

Excess chemicals made availableExcess chemicals made availableto others & can be searchedto others & can be searched

NAME

MSDS QTY STATEDATE

OPEN?

DEVCON 5 MINUTEEPOXY KIT

NL20380073.9mL

Liquid 07/25/2001NotOpen

5 MINUTE EPOXY KIT NL20380073.9mL


TOLUENE OHS23590500.0mL


122

TOLUENE OHS23590500.0

mLLiquid 03/25/1999

Not

Open

Its Safer!

It may be cheaper to order diethyl ether

123

But, if its opened for a long timeperoxides can form!

How old are your chemicals?ow old are your chemicals?

Some chemicals degrade

over time

rotate stock

label & date

124

Chemical assays have

expiration dates


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Examples:- -

Perchlorate-forming perchloric acid

Water/moisture sensitive Na, K, Li, LAlH,flammable metals

Control measures:

125

Inventory contro

SOPs, inspections

R O O R

It is impor tant not to let peroxide forming chemicals evaporateto dryness o r accumulate under screw caps.

-R-O-O-R-

Peroxide Forming

Chemicals

Even with inhibitors they can become

dangerous over time

- discard or test if unsure

126

- label & date when received,

when opened, and

provide expiration date

Peroxide test kits and strips should

be available

Peroxides can explodew en exp ose o er maor mechanical shock

Examples: ethers, dioxane,

tetrahydrofuran

References:

127

There are excellent websites on peroxideforming c hemicals and their hazards,use, storage, and disposal. For example,see:

http://www.med.cornell.edu/ehs/updates/peroxide_formers.htm

Protect chemicals during normal

Protect chemicals during unexpectedevents

Floods Tidal waves Earthquakes

128

Typhoons Hurricanes


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Separate incompatible chemicals

Separate flammables/explosives fromignition sources

Use flammable storage cabinets for largequantities of flammable solvents

129

epara e a a me a s rom wa er

Separate acids and bases

Store nitric acid separately Store lar e containers on bottom shelves

Lock up drugs, chemical surety agents, highlytoxic chemicals

Do not store food in refrigerators with chemicals

130

Secure (chain/clamp) and separate gas

Screw down cylinder caps

Store in well-ventilated area

Separate & label empty cylinders

Store empty cylinders separately

Separate flammable from

131

reactive/oxidizing gases

132


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Damage from Gas Cylinder FireDamage from Gas Cylinder Fire

133

An Accident Waiting to HappenAn Accident Waiting to Happen

134

135

Limit access

Only Lock area/room/cabinets when

not in use

Be sure area is cool and wellventilated

Secure storage shelves to

136

Shelves should have a

front lip In earthquake territory, have a

rod several inches above shelf


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Separate

chemicalsOrganize chemicals

by compatiblegroups

Alphabetizechemicals onlywithin compatiblegroups

137

Do Not Store Chemicals

on top of cabinets

on floor in hoods with food or drinks in refrigerators used for

food

138

w ere t ere are wi e

variations in temperature,humidity or sunlight

Dont use chemical containers for

Dont use food containers forchemicals

Be sure all containers are properlyclosed

Wipe-off outside of container

139

e ore re urn ng o s orage area

Transport/carry all containers safely Preferably use outer protective container

Never use hallwaysor s orage

Safety Hazard!!

Blocks exit path in

140


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Find one or two partners Use the hazard and compatibility information to optimize

chemical stora e Rules:

4 bottles per shelf maximum Note that only one cabinet has a vent Only one cabinet can be secured (padlock)

You may have to make some compromises or hard choices

When finished, discuss the following and write commentsn your wor oo :

Was there one perfect way to store the chemicals? Did you have to make compromises? What were they? In making compromises, what were your main priorities?

146

Conclusions

Can make chemical storage safer and more

Safe and secure chemical storage requires

Space Time Training Equipment

controls Substitution Scale Down

147


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Conditions , besides chemical, biolog ical or radiologicalcondit ions or ci rcumstances, that can cause injury,

Fire/Asbestos

Centrifuges

Cryogenics

Ergonomic

NoiseHeat/coldSunlightNon-ionizing

radiation

ness an eat :

149

ce

Physical stress/strain

Construction

MechanicalElectricalHousekeepingSpills/trips

oves

Lab hoods

150

Lab benches

151 152


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153

Uses

Hazards

Control of hazards Only authorized users can use equipment

Users must be trained

154

ss gn respons y o a ec

Include in periodic lab inspections

155

Rotor Drive Shaft Motor

Cabinet provides varying degrees of protection

Centrifuge SafetyCentrifuge Safety

Dont overload Check rotor for cracks

156

Keep rotor andcentrifuge clean

Set it upright


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157

Store cryogenics separately from other

chemicals

Store cryogenics (liquid nitrogen) & dry ice

in well ventilated areas

Use proper PPE (including eye protection)

158

Do not use cryogenics in closed areas

What are they?

ses

Hazards

Control training

inspection

159 160


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CyrogenCyrogen StorageStorage

161

Exploding liquid nitrogencylinder ruins lab.

What is dry ice?

Uses

Hazards

162

Control measures

Open-toed shoesshould not beallowed inlaboratories.

Employees should

163

no wear g oves, acoats or other PPEoutside the lab.

Working Alone Avoid!

urp y s aw w get you(Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong!)

Use the Buddy System

Unattended Operations/Reactions Caution! Prime sources of fires, spills and explosions

Check periodically!

-

164

Leave the lights on to indicate the presence of anunattended activity

Post appropriate signs and emergency phone #s

Notify those potentially impacted by malfunction


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Uses

Hazards

Unshielded rheostats

169

Control measures

Ultra low temperatures

-20C, -80C

Upright vs. walk-in

Emergency power

Labels

Precautions

170

No dry ice in

freezers

Improper storage

PPE

Potential Hazards

rgonom cs

High temperature

Broken glassware

Improper use

Control

171

TrainingBeware of contaminated

Glassware, especially i f b roken!

172


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Experiments carried out at pressures above 1~ ~, , .

Use of supercritical fluids (CO2)

Hazards

Explosions, equipment failure

Control Measures

173

SOPs, training, engineering controls,inspection

Dry runs

174

Vacuum WorkVacuum Work

Uses

- As iration

Hazards

- Injury due to glass breakage

- Toxicity of chemicalcontained in vacuum

- Fire following flask breakage

175

- Contaminated pump oil

Control Measures

- SOPs, inspection, education

Mechanical hazardse open r ve e s

with pinch pointsmust have shieldsand guards.

176

Oil pumps need drippans to contain oil.


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Elevated noise levels can.

Potential Hazards

Examples: bone-cuttingsaws, mechanical wateraspirators, sonicators,pumps.

177

Control Measures

Inspections, PPE,warning labels, training.

Uses NMR, MRI

Magnetic field High voltage Cryogenic liquids

- e.g., nitrogen, helium Other hazardous materials in lab

178

Control access to area Training Warning signs

IONIZING RADIATION

Particulate or electromagnetic

Charged ( ) or uncharged (, X, n)

Causes ionization of atoms or molecules

-

179

- Electromagnetic (UV, IR, MW, RF)

Can not ionize atoms or molecules

ray

SEM, TEM

Hazards

X-rays Control of hazard

Periodic maintenance

180

on uct ra at on survey Include in personnel radiation safety

program


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Protect yourself by:Protect yourself by:

TIMELimit time near source

DISTANCE Stay away

)d

d(I=I 2

2

112

181

CONTAMINATION CONTROL

*

Shielding MaterialsShielding Materials

Paper

Beta

Gamma & X-Rays

Lead or concrete

Water

182

Neutron10n

UV, Visible, IR, Lasers

Hazards

Skin erythema Eye injuries

183

Training, PPE, warning signs and

labels, interlocks

184


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Uses RF ovens and furnaces

Hazards Cataracts, sterility Arcing use of metal in microwave Superheating of liquids

185

Explosion of capped vials

Control Measures SOPs, education, inspection

Free-moving parts

Struck by injuries

Noise

Lasers

Aerosol

186

Generation

Hazards

Needle stickseedle sticks

Cuts

Contamination

Control Measures

187

SOPs

Training

Modify work practices

Engineering Controls

HousekeepingHousekeeping

188


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189

Most common injuries

Causes

Chemical spills and leaks

Improper work practices

Control Measures

SOPs, proper equipment,

190

effective communication,

engineering controls

Whats Wrong With This Picture?Whats Wrong With This Picture?

191

Think! Develop SOPs, safety manual, policies

reviewed and approved by management

Research protocol review Install engineering controls Provide PPE Provide training

192

,unannounced with lab supervisor

Document and follow-up Take action


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193

195 196


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197

Routes of ExposureRoutes of Exposure

Breathing Zone

Inhalation*

Absorption

Ingestion

Injection

yes

198

*Most important routeof entry

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

199

The LungsThe Lungs

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

Cilia Macrophages

ucus raps r an

foreign particles.

Little hairs (cilia) beatback and forth in the

airways to move mucus

pec a mo e ce s

that eat up toxins in

the airways and

lungs .

Requirements:

200

be expelled by

coughing.

Regular supply of

air with O2 Open, clear airways


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About 70 m2 the serving area

Gas Exchange RegionGas Exchange Region

.

Consists of alveolar duct andalveoli with surfactant to keepopen.

201

Close contact with capillaries toexchange O2 for CO2 and exhaleother gases/vapors.

Common Respiratory IssuesCommon Respiratory Issues

Bronchitis

202

Cells inflamed Airway narrow and clogged

Normal elasticity destroyed Forcefully blow the air out,

pressure on the airways

Excessive coughing

Size micrometers % De osition

Aerosol Penetration into theAerosol Penetration into the

LungLung

> 20 100% in upper airways

10 20 80% upper, 0+ alveoli

5.0 10 50% upper, 50% alveoli0.1 5.0 0+ upper, 90+ alveoli

203

Irritations acid mists HCl

Certain Effects of ChemicalsCertain Effects of Chemicals

on the Lungson the Lungs

Edema phosgene (COCl2)

Emphysema smoke (esp. tobacco)

204

Fibrosis silicon dioxide (SiO2)

Cancer asbestos (mesothelioma)


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AsphyxiantAsphyxiant/Suffocating Agent/Suffocating Agent

10%, non-irritant gases methane, N2,

CO2, Freon

Chemical displace oxygen on

205

hemoglobin cyanide, carbon monoxide

Skin ThicknessSkin Thickness

206

The EyesThe Eyes

207


Ingestion (mouth)

, mucociliary action of respiratory tract

Stomach GI tract bloodstream

Absorbed - systemic injuryLiver, kidney; Detoxification process

Inflammation

208

cirrhosis - fibrotic liver disease

malignant tumors

Factors: physical state, duration


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Injection

sharps, needles, broken glassware

skin puncture or injuries

Bypasses protective mechanisms

Usually rare in workplace

209

bloodborne pathogens (biomedical

facilitates) especially hazardous in health care

industry

210

The World of ChemicalsThe World of Chemicals

Universe of Chemicals > 5 Million

Industrial Inventories ~ 55,000

~

211

Substances that produce adverse biological effects ofany nature

TerminologyTerminology

Toxicants

Toxins

May be chemical or physical i n nature

Effects may be of various types (acute, chronic, etc.)

Specific proteins produced by living organisms(Mushroom toxin or tetanus toxin)

Most exhibit im mediate effects

212

PoisonsToxicants t hat cause immediate death or il lnesswhen experienced in very small amounts


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ToxicologyToxicology

Poisons - the adverse effects of substances on living.

All substances are poisons; There is none which is

not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison

from a remedy

Paracelsus 1493-1541

213

Chemical Toxicology The potential adverse effects andcontrol of chemicals in the workplace.

All chemicals have the capacity to be toxic

All chemicals act in the body according to theprinciples of chemistry, physics and biology

Natural chemicals are not inherently harmless

214

Synthetic chemicals are not inherently

hazardous

Chemical Beneficial Dose Toxic Dose

Aspirin 300-1000 mg 1000-30,000mg

Vitamin A 500 units/d 50,000 units/d

215

Oxygen 20% in air 50-100% in air

Ethyl Alcohol 7060

Sodium Chloride 3000

Agen t LD50 (mg/kg)

Naphthalene 1760

Ferrous Sulfate 1500

Aspirin 1000

Formaldehyde 800

Ammonia 350Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide 350

Caffeine 192

Phenobarbital 150

216

Chlorpheniramine Maleate 118

DDT 100

Strychnine Sulfate 2

Nicotine 1

Dioxin 0.0001

Botulinus Toxin 0.00001


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There are no harmlessThere are no harmlesssubstances.substances.

Only harmless ways of usingOnly harmless ways of usingsubstances.substances.

217

Chemical ToxicologyChemical Toxicologyon the body.on the body.

PharmacologyPharmacologyThe study of the effect the body has onThe study of the effect the body has on

218

..

Duration and frequency of exposure

Route of exposure

Environmental factors temperature,humidity, atmospheric pressure

219

em ca com na ons cu anexpensive to test)

A e Gender and hormonal status Genetic makeup

State of healthpresence ofdisease or stress

220

Lifestyle


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Toxicity Testing AssumptionsToxicity Testing Assumptions

ects seen n an ma s app y tohumans

High doses in animals are needed

221

to predict possible hazard to humans

Duration of ExposureDuration of Exposure

Acute 1 to 5 days

Subchronic 14 to 90 days

222

Chronic 6 months to lifetime

Doseose-Response Relationshipesponse Relationship

,in the number affected and/or an increasein the intensity of the effect: e.g., mortality;

cancer; respiratory depression; liverpathology

223

Dose = (Concentration) x (Time)

This relationship is unique for each chemical

Ef

fec

50

100

224

Dose (mg/kg)

t 5

LD5 LD50Threshold

(NOEL: No Observable Effects Level)

D d DD d D


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Fundamental concept in toxicology

The relationship between thedegree of exposure (dose) and themagnitude of the effect (response)

225

Provides basis for evaluating achemicals relative toxicity

Dose is uantit m mL

Dose and DosageDose and Dosage

Dosage includes frequency(10 mg, 4times/day)

Exposure dose quantity administered

226

Absorbed dose Actual quantity absorbed

TDlo Toxic dose low - lowest dose for effect

10 -10% of the test population

LD50 Lethal dose 50% - dose that causes death in50% of the test population

TClo Toxic concentration low - used to express toxicconcentration viainhalation

LC10 Lethal concentration 10% - dose that causes death in

227

LC50 Lethal concentration 50% - concentration thatcauses death in 50% of the test population viainhalation

Mass er wei ht or surface area of subject:

Quantity per unit mass (mg/kg)

228

uant ty per un t area o s n sur ace(mg/m2)


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Combined effect of 2 chemicals equals sumof each agent alone(2 + 3 = 5)

Synergistic Effect

229

than sum of each agent alone(2 + 3 = 20)

Potentiation

on certain organ or system, but whenadded to another chemical, it makes thelatter more toxic(0 + 2 = 10)

Antagonism

230

, ,interfere with each others actions or oneinterferes with the action of the otherchemical(4 + 6 = 8)

Local Effects occurring at site of first contact

between biologic system and toxicant Ingestion of caustic substances

Inhalation of irritant materials

Systemic Re uire absor tion and distribution of

231

toxicant to a site distant from entry pointwhere effects are produced; mostsubstances produce systemic effects CCl4 effects on the liver

Target Organs for ChemicalsTarget Organs for Chemicals

Toxins Target organgns

Symptoms Examples

HEPATOTOXIN LIVER JAUNDICE CCl4

NEPHROTOXINS KIDNEY EDEMAHALOGENATED

HYDROCARBONS

NEUROTOXINS CNS NARCOSISBEHAVIOR MERCURY

HEMATOPOIETICSYSTEM HEMOGLOBIN CYANOSIS CO, CS2

COUGH CHEST

232

LUNG AGENTS PULMONARY TISSUE,

TIGHTNESS SIL ICA, ASBESTOS

REPRODUCTIONTOXIN

REPRODUCTIVESYSTEM BIRTH DEFECTS LEAD

CUTANEOUS AGENTS SKIN RASHES; IRRITAION KETONE

EYE HAZARDS EYES CONJUCTIVITISORGANIC

SOLVENTS


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Liver Diseases

Fatty liver carbon tetrachloride

Cirrhosis ethanol

233

Liver cancer vinyl chloride and

chlorinated solvents/pesticides

Skin Diseases

TDI toluene 2,4-diisocyanate

Oil/coal tar acne chloroacne

PCBs-polychlorinatedbiphenyls

234

Leukoderma (depigmentation) H202

Allopecia (loss of hair) - thallium

Reproductive and Developmental Disorders

Concern for spermatogenesis, hormonalstatus, maternal toxicity, and embryo

or fetal toxicity.

235

Spermatogenesis

Rarely destroys the testes. Usually blocks sperm development.

236

Completely reversible after exposure ends.


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Developmental Effects:

Lethality resorptions/stillbirths

Toxicity body weight/behavioral effects

Teratogenicity malformations (thalidomide)

237

Delayed development/structuralanomalies/variations

Maternal Toxicit :

The ovary is more protected than the testes.So, it is not toxicity, but changes in hormonalregulation that is upset

Endocrine modulation, DDT, and raptor eggs,

238

ovulation, gestation

Nervous System:

CNS depression many organic solvents

Cholinesterase inhibition organophosphorus & carbamate pesticides

239

Nerve conduction velocity myelin sheath,peripheral nerve destruction nhexane

Circulatory System:

Hemoglobin CN and CO

Red cells lysis or lead poisoning

Leukemia benzene

240

Arterial blockage cholesterol, HDL/LDL

Halogenated HydrocarbonsHalogenated Hydrocarbons


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241

g yg y

(low flammability, excellent solvents)

, ,

Chronic liver, kidney

Chlorinated solvents (CNS/skin/cancer)CCl4-carcinogenic, liver, kidney

242

rom nate um gant, so vents s n

Fluorinated refrigerants (ozone layer/myocardium)

Structure Affects ActivityStructure Affects Activity

, . ., ,e.g., C4F8

Branched chain isomer lethal @ 0.5ppm

Linear isomer lethal @ 6,100ppm in 4 hr

243

Cyclic isomer essentially non-toxic

Aromatic HydrocarbonsAromatic Hydrocarbons

Benzene CNS depression, leukemia

Toluene CNS depression (glue sniffers)

Styrene dermatitis, CNS depression

Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons doxin, PCBs, biphenyls

liver/thyroid/skin Nitrobenzene CNS, jaundice (liver effect),

methemoglobin - blue lips & fingernails

244

eno , ver, ney, s n e ects

(absorbed readily through skin)

Aliphatic AlcoholsAliphatic Alcohols Glycol EthersGlycol Ethers


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Aliphatic AlcoholsAliphatic Alcohols

Methanol alcohol dehydrogenase-blindness-treat with ethanol

Ethanol CNS depression, fetal alcoholsyndrome, liver cirrhosis

245

Isopropanol CNS depression, gastritis

Glycol EthersGlycol Ethers

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) CH3OCH2CH2OH1. Disru ts s erm develo ment.

2. Developmental toxin day 7,8-neural tube;

day 10-11-digit/paw effects, brain, liver, and kidney

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH

1. Testicular degeneration

2. Reproductive/developmental toxins, but less severe

246

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME)

Not a reproductive/developmental toxin

KetonesKetones

Acetone (dimethyl ketone) CNS, skin

Methyl ethyl ketone CNS, skin,

reproductive and developmental effects

Methyl butyl ketone CNS and peripheral

247

nervous system effects

PesticidesPesticides

Organophosphates cholinesterase inhibitor;parathion, dursban, dichlorvos,

Organochlorine CNS; DDT, aldrin, kepone,mirex

Carbamates reversible cholinesterase inhibitor;sevin

248

Chlorophenoxy liver, kidney, CNS; 2,4-D,agent orange, 2,4,5-T

Pyrethrins CNS effects; resmethrin


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Lab Assessment Exercise

Part 2: Physical & Other Hazards

250

chemical safety & security - lab designs

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