chemical resistance carbon graphite
TRANSCRIPT
Graphite Specialties
Chemical Resistance ofCarbon and Graphite
Broad Base. Best Solutions.
2
SGL Group – The Carbon Company
We are SGL Group – The Carbon Company, one of the worldwide leading manufacturers of carbon-based products.
We have an in-depth materials, production, applications and engineer ing expertise, a comprehensive graphite and carbon fiber-based product portfolio, and an integrated value chain from carbon fibers to composites. We operate close to our customers through a global sales network and state-of-the-art production sites in Europe, North America and Asia. With this Broad Base, we offer Best Solutions to our customers with the help of our Company philosophy of SGL Excellence.
SGL ExcellenceWe constantly aim to improve our products and services to meet our customers‘ specific requirements. Our company-wide SGL Excellence Initiative and SIX SIGMA, which we apply as core methods, are state-of-the-art tools for bringing continuous improve-ment to all areas, including our processes, engineering know-how, product development and innovation, as well as the expertise of our workforce. We keep close contact with our customers, suppliers and logistic partners to help achieve this.
3
The Business Line Graphite Specialties includes the four Business Segments Industrial Applications, Electronic Applications, High-Temperature Applications and Automotive & Mechanical Applications.
Our comprehensive range of materials extends from isostatically molded, extruded, die-molded and vibration-molded graphite through to carbon and graphite felt and carbon fiber-reinforced carbon. We optimize them to the needs of our customers by drawing on our expertise in the planning, design and processing of complex components made from these materials. Finishing options such as coating, impregnation and purifi-cation complete our product portfolio.
Production sites in Europe, North America and Asia supply our materials to our own machining centers, which are located close to our customers worldwide.
Graphite Specialties Customized Products for Key Industries
Industrial Applications
High-Temperature Applications
Electronic Applications
Automotive & Mechanical Applications
Chemical propertiesCarbon is insoluble and does not melt. Chemically, it is one of the most resistant materials.
Organic chemistryCarbon is resistant to nearly all organic media. This class includes the intermediate and final products of the following industries:
• Petrochemistry • Coal purification • Synthetics • Paints and varnishes• Cosmetics • Foodstuffs• Photochemicals • Refrigerants • Antifreezes
Inorganic chemistryCarbon is also resistant to most inorganic media, e.g. to most acids and alkalis, aqueous salt solutions and to most technical gases.
Recommended materials and chemical resistanceIn practical applications, carbon is often used in an impregnated form. The impregnating agent, too, has an influence on chemical resistance.
In the tables on pages 6 to 15, carbon materials are recommended with and without impregnation, depen-ding on the medium. The chemical resistance data for resin-impregnated carbon material can be interpreted as applying to the resin-bonded carbon grades as well. But, unlike resin-impregnated material, a resin-bonded gra-de may be unsuitable for the intended function, since any chemical influence on the binder may reduce the strength of the carbon material.
The tables show a fairly large number of organic and inorganic media to illustrate the broad chemical resistance of our carbon materials.
The structural formulas used correspond to those given in the D’Ans Lax “Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker“ (Handbook for Chemists and Physicists).
Chemical Resistance of Carbon and Graphite
4
Carbon is not resistant, or resistant only up to certain concentra-tions and temperatures, when in contact with some alkalis and halogens, as well as some highly oxidizing inorganic acids.
Carbon is not resistant, either, to liquid sodium or potassium, which form intercalation compounds with carbon. These cause a marked increase in material volume, which in turn leads to the mechanical destruction of the carbon.
The tables on pages 16 to 19 show the media with limit temperatures and limit concentrations to which carbon is not resistant, or resistant only up to the stated values under statical test conditions.
The data given refer to defined chemical compounds only. Me-dia mixtures have been ignored because of the large number of possible combinations. However, as a general rule of thumb the resistance to acid mixtures is determined by the temperature and the resistance of the carbon material to the concentration of the individual constituents of the mixture.
No formulas are given for a number of media which are chemi-cally considered as mixtures. They typically include fruit juices, beer, milk, oil and petroleum. These mixtures are marked a). Compounds with a cyclic or complex structure: These compounds are marked b).
5
A
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO + + + +
Acetanhydride (CH3CO)2O + + + +
Acetic acid CH3CO2H + + + +
Acetic acid anhydride see Acetanhydride + + + +
Acetic acid ethyl ester CH3CO2C2H5 + + + +
Acetic acid methyl ester CH3CO2CH3 + + + +
Acetone CH3COCH3 + + + +
Acetyl chloride CH3COCI + + + +
Acetylene C2H2 + + + +
Acrolein CH2 = CHCHO + + + +
Acrylonitrile CH2 = CHCN + + + +
Air (gas) a) + + + +
Air (liquid) a) + + + +
Alcohols ROH + + + +
Aldehydes RCHO + + + +
Alkacide solution a) + + + +
Allyl acetone CH2 = CHCH2CH2COCH3 + + + +
Allylamine CH2 = CHCH2NH2 + + + +
Allyl chloride CH2 = CHCH2CI + + + +
Aluminum acetate (aqueous solution) AI(CH3CO2)3 aq + + + +
Aluminum chloride (aqueous solution) AICI3 aq + + + +
Aluminum fluoride (aqueous solution) AIF3 aq + + + +
Aluminum nitrate (aqueous solution) AI(NO3)3 aq + + + +
Aluminum sulfate (aqueous solution) AI2(SO4)3 aq + + + +
Amines RNH2 + + + +
Amino acid RCH(NH2)CO2H + + + +
Ammonium acetate (aqueous solution) NH4C2H3O2 aq + + + +
Ammonium carbonate (aqueous solution) (NH4)2CO3 aq + + + +
Ammonium chloride (aqueous solution) NH4CI aq + + + +
Ammonium nitrate (aqueous solution) NH4NO3 aq + + + +
Ammonium sulfate (aqueous solution) (NH4)2SO4 aq + + + +
6
Chemical Resistance
(Temperature: 350 °C)
(Temperature: 250 °C)
(Temperature: 200 °C)
(Temperature: 350 °C)
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
A
B
Ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S + + + +
Ammonium sulfite (aqueous solution) (NH4)2SO3 aq + + + +
Ammonium thiocyanate (aqueous solution) NH4SCN aq + + + +
Amyl acetate CH3CO2C5H11 + + + +
Amyl alcohol C5H11OH + + + +
Aniline C6H5NH2 + + + +
Argon Ar + + + +
Arsenic acid H3AsO4 + + + +
Arsenious acid H3AsO3 + + + +
Barium chloride (aqueous solution) BaCI2 aq + + + +
Beer a) + + + +
Benzaldehyde C6H5CHO + + + +
Benzene C6H6 + + + +
Benzene-sulfonic acid C6H5SO3H + + + +
Benzoic acid C6H5CO2H + + + +
Benzyl chloride C6H5CH2CI + + + +
Borax solution (aqueous) Na2B4O7 aq + + + +
Boric acid (aqueous solution) H3BO3 aq + + + +
Brandy see Ethanol
Butadiene (gas) CH2 = CH–CH = CH2 + + + +
Butane (gas) C4H10 + + + +
Butanol C4H9OH + + + +
Buttermilk a) + + + –
Butyl acetate CH3CO2C4H9 + + + +
Butyl acrylate CH2 = CHCO2C4H9 + + + +
Butyl phosphate b) + + + +
Butylene (gas) C4H8 + + + +
Butyric acid C3H7CO2H + + + +
7+ resistant – not resistant
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
8
CCalcium bisulfite (aqueous solution) Ca(HSO3)2 aq + + + +
Calcium chloride (aqueous solution) CaCI2 aq + + + +
Calcium hydrogen
phosphate (aqueous solution) CaHPO4 aq + + + +
Calcium hydroxide (aqueous solution) Ca(OH)2 aq + + + +
Calcium nitrate (aqueous solution) Ca(NO3)2 aq + + + +
Camphor (solid, Mp 176 °C) b) + + + +
Caprolactam (solid, Mp 69 °C) b) + + + +
Carbon dioxide (gas) CO2 + + + +
Carbon dioxide (liquid) CO2 + + + +
Carbon disulfide CS2 + + + +
Carbon monoxide (gas) CO + + + +
Carbon tetrachloride CCI4 + + + +
Cellulose (dispersion) a) + + + +
Chloroacetic acid CICH2CO2H + + + +
Chloroacetyl see Acetyl chloride + + + +
Chlorobenzene C6H5CI + + + +
Chlorocyan CICN + + + –
Chloronaphthalene C10H9CI + + + +
Chloronitrobenzene NO2C6H4CI + + + +
Chromic alum (aqueous solution) KCr(SO4)2 aq + + + +
Citric acid (aqueous solution) b) + + + +
Cooking oil a) + – + +
Copper acetate (aqueous solution) Cu(CH3CO2)2 aq + + + +
Creosote a) + + + +
Cresols b) + + + +
Croton aldehyde CH3–CH = CH–CHO + + + +
Crude oil a) + + + +
Cupro-ammonia (aqueous solution) [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 aq + + + –
(Schweitzer’s reagent)
Cyclohexamine C6H11NH2 + + + +
Cyclohexane C6H12 + + + +
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
9
DDichlorobenzene C6H4CI2 + + + +
Dichlorobutane C4H8CI2 + + + +
Dichloroethane C2H4CI2 + + + +
Diesel oil a) + + + +
Diethylamine NH(C2H5)2 + + + +
Diethylaniline C6H5N(C2H5)2 + + + +
Dimethyl formamide HCON(CH3)2 + + + +
Dioxane b) + + + +
Diphenyl C6H5–C6H5 + + + +
Diphenyl oxide (heat exchanger liquid) (C6H5)2O + + + +
Ethane C2H6 + + + +
Ethanol C2H5OH + + + +
Ethyl acetate see Acetic acid ethyl ester + + + +
Ethyl alcohol see Ethanol + + + +
Ethyl ether (C2H5)2O + + + +
Ethylamine C2H5NH2 + + + +
Ethylene C2H4 + + + +
Ethylene chloride see Dichloroethane + + + +
Ethylene glycol (aqueous solution) C2H6O2 aq + + + +
Ethylene oxide b) + + + +
+ resistant – not resistant
E
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
10
Fatty acid sulfonates b) + + + +
Fatty acids CnH2n+1CO2H + + + +
Fatty alcohols CnH2n+1OH + + + +
Feed water H2O + + + +
Formaldehyde HCHO + + + +
Formalin see Formaldehyde + + + +
(= formaldehyde 40 % in water)
Formic acid HCO2H + + + +
Fruit juices a) + + + +
Furfurol b) + + + +
Gallic acid b) + + + +
Gas oil a) + + + +
Gasoline a) + + + +
Gelatine (aqueous solution) a) + + + +
Glucose (aqueous solution) b) + + + +
Glycerine C3H8O3 + + + +
Glycol see Ethylene glycol + + + +
Glycol acetate CH3CO2C2H5O2 + + + +
Helium He + + + +
Hexachlorocyclohexane C6H6CI6 + + + +
Hexane C6H14 + + + +
Hydrogen H2 + + + +
Hydrogen cyanide HCN + + + +
Hydroquinone C6H4(OH)2 + + + +
Ink a) + + + +
Iron(II) sulfate (aqueous solution) FeSO4 aq + + + +
Iron(III) chloride (aqueous solution) FeCI3 aq + + + +
Isoamyl alcohol C5H11OH + + + +
Isopropyl acetate CH3CO2C3H7 + + + +
Isopropylamine C3H7NH2 + + + +
F
G
I
H
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
11
Lactic acid (solid, Mp 18 °C) CH3CH(OH)CO2H + + + –
Latex a) + + + +
Lauric acid (solid, Mp 44 °C) CH3(CH2)10CO2H + + + +
Linoleic acid b) + + + +
Linseed oil a) + + + +
Magnesium chloride (solution) MgCI2 aq + + + +
Magnesium sulfate (aqueous solution) MgSO4 aq + + + +
Maleic acid (solid, Mp 130 °C) HO2CCH = CHCO2H + + + +
Maleic acid anhydride (solid, Mp 52 °C) C4H2O3 + + + +
Manganese chloride (aqueous solution) MnCI2 aq + + + +
Manganese sulfate (aqueous solution) MnSO4 aq + + + +
Mercaptane C2H5SH + + + +
Mercury Hg + + + –
Mercury-II-chloride (aqueous solution) HgCI2 aq + + + –
Mercury-II-nitrate (aqueous solution) Hg(NO3)2 aq + + + –
Methane (Gas) CH4 + + + +
Methanol CH3OH + + + +
Methyl alcohol see Methanol + + + +
Methyl chloride CH3CI + + + +
Methylamine CH3NH2 + + + +
Methylene chloride CH2CI2 + + + +
Methylethylamine CH3NHC2H5 + + + +
Milk a) + + + +
Mineral oil a) + + + +
Molasses (aqueous solution) a) + + + +
Monochloroacetic acid see Chloroacetic acid + + + –
Monochlorobenzene C6H5CI + + + +
Monovinyl acetate CH3CO2CH = CH2 + + + +
L
M
+ resistant – not resistant
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
12
Nitrobenzene C6H5NO2 + + + +
Nitrogen (gas) N2 + + + +
Nitrogen (liquid) N2 + + + +
Nitrophenol (solid) O2NC6H4OH + + + +
Octane C8H18 + + + +
Octanol C8H17OH + + + +
Octyl alcohol siehe Oktanol + + + +
Oil a) + + + +
Oleic acid b) + + + +
Oxalic acid (aqueous solution) HO2CCO2H aq + + + +
Oxygen (gas) O2 + + + +
Palmitic acid (solid, Mp 62 °C) CH3(CH2)14CO2H + + + +
Paraffines (liquid) CnH2n+2 + + + +
Paraldehyde see Acetaldehyde + + + +
Peristol (dye) a) + + + –
Petroleum a) + + + +
Petroleum ether a) + + + +
Phenol (liquid) C6H5OH + + + +
Phthalic acid anhydride (solid, Mp 130 °C) b) + + + +
Picric acid (aqueous solution) b) + + + +
Potassium aluminum sulfate (aq. solution) KAI(SO4)2 aq + + + +
Potassium bromide (aqueous solution) KBr aq + + + +
Potassium carbonate (aqueous solution) K2CO3 aq + + + +
Potassium chloride (aqueous solution) KCI aq + + + +
Potassium fluoride (aqueous solution) KF aq + + + +
Potassium nitrate (aqueous solution) KNO3 aq + + + +
Potassium oxalate (aqueous solution) K2C2O4 aq + + + +
N
O
P
(Temperature: 350 °C)
(Temperature: 250 °C)
(Temperature: 200 °C)
(Temperature: 350 °C)
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
13
Potassium sulfate (aqueous solution) K2SO4 aq + + + +
Potassium sulfite (aqueous solution) K2SO3 aq + + + +
Propane (gas) C3H8 + + + +
Propanol C3H7OH + + + +
Propionic acid C2H5CO2H + + + +
Propyl alcohol see Propanol + + + +
Propylene (gas) C3H6 + + + +
Pyridine C5H5N + + + +
Rapeseed oil a) + + + +
Rayon a) + + + +
Ricinus oil a) + + + +
Salicylic acid (solid, Mp 159 °C) HOC6H4CO2H + + + –
Sea water a) + + + +
Silicon tetrachloride SiCI4 + + + +
Silicone oil a) + + + +
Silver cyanide (aqueous solution) AgCN aq + + + –
Silver nitrate (aqueous solution) AgNO3 aq + + + –
Soap solution a) + + + +
Soda (aqueous solution) see Sodium carbonate + + + +
Sodium acetate (aqueous solution) NaCH3CO2 aq + + + +
Sodium bicarbonate (aqueous solution) NaHCO3 aq + + + +
Sodium bisulfate (aqueous solution) NaHSO4 aq + + + +
Sodium bisulfite (aqueous solution) NaHSO3 aq + + + +
(Digester liquor)
Sodium bromide (aqueous solution) NaBr aq + + + +
Sodium carbonate (aqueous solution) Na2CO3 aq + + + +
Sodium chloride (aqueous solution) NaCI aq + + + +
Sodium cyanide (aqueous solution) NaCN aq + + + +
P
R
S
+ resistant – not resistant
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
14
SSodium nitrate (aqueous solution) NaNO3 aq + + + +
Sodium oxalate (aqueous solution) Na2C2O4 aq + + + +
Sodium perborate (aqueous solution) NaBO3 aq + + + +
Sodium phosphate (aqueous solution) Na3PO4 aq + + + +
Sodium sulfate (aqueous solution) Na2SO4 aq + + + +
Sodium sulfide (aqueous solution) Na2S aq + + + +
Sodium sulfite (aqueous solution) Na2SO3 aq + + + +
Sodium tartrate (aqueous solution) Na2C4H4O6 aq + + + +
Sodium thiosulfate (aqueous solution) Na2S2O3 aq + + + +
(Fixing salt)
Spirit of wine see Ethanol + + + +
Stearic acid (solid, Mp 69 °C) CH3(CH2)16CO2H + + + +
Sugar solution a) + + + +
Sulfate waste liquor a) + + + +
Sulfite waste liquor (aqueous solution) NaHSO3 aq + + + +
Sulfonic acids (organic) RSO3H + + + –
Tannic acid (aqueous solution) b) + + + +
Tannic acids a) + + + +
Tar oils a) + + + +
Tartaric acid (aqueous solution) HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H aq + + + +
Tetrachloroethane CHCI2CHCI2 + + + +
Tin tetrachloride SnCI4 + + + +
Titanium tetrachloride TiCI4 + + + +
Toluene C6H5CH3 + + + +
Trichloroacetic acid (solid, Mp 57 °C) CCI3CO2H + + + +
Trichloroethylene (Tri) CCI2 = CHCI + + + +
Trisodium phosphate (aqueous solution) Na3PO4 aq + + + +
Turpentine a) + + + +
T
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
15
PTFEResin Metal
Chemical Resistance
VVinyl chloride C2H3CI + + + +
Vinyl ethyl ether C2H5OCH = CH2 + + + +
Water H2O + + + +
Water gas H2-, CO-, CO2-mixture + + + +
Water vapor/ Steam H2O + + + +
Whey a) + + + +
Wine see Ethanol + + + +
Wine vinegar see Acetic acid + + + +
Xylene C6H4(CH3)2 + + + +
Zinc chloride (aqueous solution) ZnCI2 aq + + + +
W
X
Z
15+ resistant – not resistant
(Temperature: 350 °C)
(Temperature: 250 °C)
(Temperature: 200 °C)
(Temperature: 350 °C)
Without impregnation
Medium Formula With impregnation
Acid mixture HNO3/H2SO4 290 100 – – – – – – –
= 2:3
Amidosulfunic acid NH2–SO3H 370 40 + + + + + + +
Ammonia NH4OH 320 25 + + + + + + +
(aqueous)
Ammonia NH3 370 100 + + + + + + +
(gas)
Aqua regia HCI/HNO3 380 100 – – + – – – –
= 3:1
Bleach liquor NaOCI 290 300 g/l + – + + + – +
(concentrated) =̂120 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 320 300 g/l – – – – – – –
(concentrated) =̂120 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 290 150 g/l + – + + + – +
(diluted) =̂ 60 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 320 150 g/l + – + – + – –
(diluted) =̂ 60 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 370 150 g/l – – – – + – –
(diluted) =̂ 60 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 320 75 g/l + + + + + + +
(diluted) =̂ 30 g CI2/I
Bleach liquor NaOCI 370 75 g/l – – – – + – –
(diluted) =̂ 30 g CI2/I
Borofluoric acid HBF4 370 all + + + – + + –
Bromine Br2 290 100 – – – – – – –
(liquid)
B
A
Graphite
ImpregnationImpregnation
Hard carbon
Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration
Medium
Synt
hetic
resin
PTFE
Synt
hetic
resin
with
out
Ant
imon
y
Ant
imon
y
with
out
Con
cent
ratio
n %
Tem
pera
ture
K
Form
ula
16
Caustic potash sol. KOH 290 60 + + + + + + +
(concentrated)
370 60 + – + – + – –
Chlorinated lime Ca(CIO)CI 370 saturated + – + + + – +
(aqueous solution)
Chlorine CI2 370 100 + + + – + + –
(gas) (dry)
Chlorine CI2 290 100 + + + – + + –
(gas) (liquid)
Chlorosulfonic acid CI–SO3H 290 100 – – – – – – –
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 290 20 + + + + + + +
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 370 20 + – + – + – –
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 290 40 + + + – + + –
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 370 40 – – – – + – –
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 290 60 + + + – + + –
Chromic acid CrO3 aq 370 60 – – – – – – –
Disulfur dichloride S2CI2 290 100 – – – – – – –
Fluorine F2 290 100 – – – – – – –
(gas)
Hydrochloric acid HCI 370 36 + + + – + + –
(concentrated)
Hydrofluoric acid HF 355 40 + + + – + + –
(concentrated)
Hydrofluoric acid HF 290 60 + + + – + + –
(concentrated)
Hydrofluosilicic acid H2SiF6 290 all + + + + + + +
D
F
H
+ resistant – not resistant
17
Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration
ImpregnationImpregnation
Synt
hetic
resin
PTFE
Synt
hetic
resin
with
out
Ant
imon
y
Ant
imon
y
with
out
Con
cent
ratio
n %
Tem
pera
ture
K
Form
ula
GraphiteHard carbonMedium
C
H
18
N
P
ImpregnationImpregnation
Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration
Synt
hetic
resin
PTFE
Synt
hetic
resin
with
out
Ant
imon
y
Ant
imon
y
with
out
Con
cent
ratio
n %
Tem
pera
ture
K
Form
ula
GraphiteHard carbonMedium
Hydrogen bromide HBr 370 100 + + + + + + +
(gas)
Hydrogen chloride HCI 370 100 + + + + + + +
(gas)
Hydrogen fluoride HF 320 100 + + + – + + –
(gas)
Hydrogen sulfide H2S up to up to 100 + + + – + + –
(gas) 370
Hydrogen sulfide H2S up to up to 4 g/l + + + – + + –
(aqueous) 320
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 320 30 + + + + + + +
Nitric acid HNO3 380 38 + + + – + + –
(diluted)
Nitric acid HNO3 320 65 + + + – + + –
(diluted)
Nitric acid HNO3 360 65 + – + – + – –
(diluted)
Nitric acid HNO3 390 65 – – – – + – –
(diluted)
Nitric acid HNO3+NO, 290 100 – – – – – – –
(fuming) NO2
Nitrous gases NO + NO2 290 100 – – – – – – –
Perchloric acid HCIO4 should not come in contact with carbon materials – explosion risk!
Perhydrol H2O2 see Hydrogen peroxide
Phosgene COCI2 290 all + + + + + + +
Phosphoric acid H3PO4 320 89 + + + + + + +
(concentrated)
H3PO4 410 89 + + + – + + –
P
S
T
+ resistant – not resistant
19
Chemical Resistance as a Function of Temperature / Concentration
ImpregnationImpregnation
Synt
hetic
resin
PTFE
Synt
hetic
resin
with
out
Ant
imon
y
Ant
imon
y
with
out
Con
cent
ratio
n %
Tem
pera
ture
K
Form
ula
GraphiteHard carbonMedium
Phosphoryl chloride POCI3 290 100 + + + – + + –
Potassium perman. KMnO4 290 50 + + + + + + +
(aqueous)
Potassium perman. KMnO4 370 50 + + + – + + –
(aqueous)
Sodium Na 370 100 – – – – – – –
(liquid)
Sodium chlorite NaCIO2 350 20 – – – – – – –
(aqueous)
Sodium hypochlorite NaOCI see Bleach liquor
Sulfur dioxide (gas) SO2 370 100 + + + + + + +
Sulfur trioxide SO3 370 > 50 – – – – – – –
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 370 98 – + + – + – –
(concentrated)
H2SO4 420 98 + – + – + – –
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 415 48 – + + – + – –
(diluted)
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 + SO3 290 98 – – – – – – –
(fuming, oleum)
Sulfurous acid H2SO3 370 all + + + + + + +
Sulfuryl chloride SO2CI2 340 100 + – + – + – –
Thionyl chloride SOCI2 345 100 + + + – + + –
Graphite Specialties
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Crystalline silicon carbide coatings used on graphite products for semiconductor applications
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