Chemical Chemical NomenclatureNomenclature

according toaccording to

IUPACIUPACthethe

IInternational nternational UUnion of nion of PPure and ure and AApplied pplied CChemistryhemistry

Binary Ionic CompoundsBinary Ionic Compounds Made of 2 elementMade of 2 element Metal bonded to Metal bonded to

nonmetalnonmetal Metallic cations have the Metallic cations have the

same name as the metalsame name as the metal If a metal can form If a metal can form

different oxidation states different oxidation states use a Roman Numeral, use a Roman Numeral, known as Stock System, known as Stock System, following the metal name following the metal name to indicate the oxidation to indicate the oxidation state.state.

Or the Latin System Or the Latin System using a Latin root and using a Latin root and suffix.suffix. Lower oxidation state – ous Lower oxidation state – ous Higher oxidation state – ic Higher oxidation state – ic

Nonmetal anions: Nonmetal anions: drop the ending and add –drop the ending and add –

ide.ide.

The Rule: The Rule: Unchanged cation Unchanged cation

name + anion name name + anion name (drop ending) + ide(drop ending) + ide

Examples: Examples: NaCl: Sodium chlorideNaCl: Sodium chloride CaBrCaBr2 2 : Calcium : Calcium

bromidebromide Multiple oxidation Multiple oxidation

statesstates FeS: FeS:

Iron (II) sulfideIron (II) sulfide or Ferrous sulfideor Ferrous sulfide

FeFe22SS33: : Iron (III) sulfideIron (III) sulfide Ferric sulfideFerric sulfide

Other Elements that use the Other Elements that use the Latin SystemLatin System

Iron (ferrous and ferric)Iron (ferrous and ferric) Lead (plumbous and plumbic)Lead (plumbous and plumbic) Mercury (Mercurous and Mercuric)Mercury (Mercurous and Mercuric) Nickel (Nickelous and Nickelic)Nickel (Nickelous and Nickelic) Chromium (Chromous and Chromic)Chromium (Chromous and Chromic) Manganese (Manganous and Manganic) Manganese (Manganous and Manganic) Cobalt (Cobaltous and Cobaltic)Cobalt (Cobaltous and Cobaltic) Tin (Stannous and Stannic)Tin (Stannous and Stannic) Antimony (Antimonious and Antimonic)Antimony (Antimonious and Antimonic) Copper (Cuprous and Cupric)Copper (Cuprous and Cupric)

Binary Covalent Binary Covalent CompoundsCompounds

Made of 2 elementsMade of 2 elements 2 Nonmetals bonded2 Nonmetals bonded Element farthest to the left in Element farthest to the left in

the Periodic Table is the the Periodic Table is the positive oxidation state. positive oxidation state.

Prefix to indicate number of Prefix to indicate number of atoms + unchanged nonmetal atoms + unchanged nonmetal with the positive oxidation with the positive oxidation state + prefix to indicate state + prefix to indicate number of atoms + nonmetal number of atoms + nonmetal with negative oxidation state with negative oxidation state (drop ending) + ide.(drop ending) + ide.

Rule of double vowel Rule of double vowel contraction: contraction:

Drop the -a or -o before an -a Drop the -a or -o before an -a or –o.or –o.

Keep all other double vowels.Keep all other double vowels. Example: Pentoxide not Example: Pentoxide not

pentaoxide pentaoxide Example: Diiodide not Example: Diiodide not

diodidediodide

Examples:Examples: COCO22 : : Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide NN220055: Dinitrogen : Dinitrogen

pentoxidepentoxide

Prefixes: Prefixes: Mono- Mono- Di-Di- Tri-Tri- Tetra-Tetra- Penta-Penta- Hexa-Hexa- Hepta-Hepta- Octa-Octa- Nona-Nona- Deca-Deca- Enna-Enna- Dodeca-Dodeca-

Ternary CompoundsTernary Compounds Made of 3 or more elementsMade of 3 or more elements Ternary compounds – compounds of polyatomic ionsTernary compounds – compounds of polyatomic ions

Polyatomic ions – ions made of more than one atomPolyatomic ions – ions made of more than one atomThe Rule: The Rule: Cation name + anion name.Cation name + anion name. Examples: Examples:

KNOKNO33 Postassium nitratePostassium nitrate

RbRb22SOSO4 4 Rubidium sulfateRubidium sulfate

Metals with multiple oxidation statesMetals with multiple oxidation states PbPb33(PO(PO33))22

Lead (II) phosphiteLead (II) phosphite Or Plumbous phosphiteOr Plumbous phosphite

PbPb33(PO(PO33))4 4 Lead (IV) phosphiteLead (IV) phosphite Or Plumbic phosphiteOr Plumbic phosphite

Binary AcidsBinary Acids Made of 2 elements (hydrogen and one other Made of 2 elements (hydrogen and one other

element)element) Acid – hydrogen compounds of an monoatomic Acid – hydrogen compounds of an monoatomic

anion in water solutionanion in water solution Binary acids – acids made of two elementsBinary acids – acids made of two elements Acids whose names end in –ideAcids whose names end in –ide Rule:Rule:

Add hydro to the beginning of the nonmetal’s name drop Add hydro to the beginning of the nonmetal’s name drop the ending and add –ic acid. the ending and add –ic acid.

HydroHydro (nonmetal root) (nonmetal root) ic acidic acid Examples:Examples:

HCl HCl Hydrogen chloride (if pure substance) = hydrochloric acid (in Hydrogen chloride (if pure substance) = hydrochloric acid (in

water)water) HH22SS

Hydrogen sulfide (if pure substance) = hydrosulfuric acid (in Hydrogen sulfide (if pure substance) = hydrosulfuric acid (in water)water)

Ternary AcidsTernary Acids

Ternary acid – hydrogen compounds of Ternary acid – hydrogen compounds of polyatomic anions in water solutionpolyatomic anions in water solution

Acids whose names end in –ite or –ateAcids whose names end in –ite or –ate Rule:Rule:

If the ending is –ite, replace it with –ous acidIf the ending is –ite, replace it with –ous acid If the ending is –ate, replace it with –ic acid\If the ending is –ate, replace it with –ic acid\ Do not use hydro- at the beginningDo not use hydro- at the beginning Examples:Examples:

HH22SOSO44 is sulfuric acid not hydrosulfuric acid is sulfuric acid not hydrosulfuric acid HNOHNO22 is nitrous acid not hydronitrous acid is nitrous acid not hydronitrous acid

Polyatomic Oxoanion RulesPolyatomic Oxoanion Rules Oxygen can form a series of polyatomic oxoanions formed Oxygen can form a series of polyatomic oxoanions formed

from nonmetals and end in –ite and –atefrom nonmetals and end in –ite and –ate Example:Example:

ClOClO-1-1 hypochlorite (assigned to lowest oxidation state of hypochlorite (assigned to lowest oxidation state of nonmetal)nonmetal)

ClOClO22-1-1 chlorite chlorite

ClOClO33-1 -1 chloratechlorate

ClOClO44-1 -1 perchlorate (assigned to highest oxidation state of perchlorate (assigned to highest oxidation state of

nonmetal)nonmetal) Series oxoanions: (usually)Series oxoanions: (usually)

If 1 in the series use -ateIf 1 in the series use -ate If 2 in the series use -ate and –iteIf 2 in the series use -ate and –ite If 3 in the series use -ate, -ite, and per___ateIf 3 in the series use -ate, -ite, and per___ate If 4 in the series use -ate, -ite, per___ate, and hypo____iteIf 4 in the series use -ate, -ite, per___ate, and hypo____ite

An additional series of ions can be formed by adding An additional series of ions can be formed by adding hydrogen to oxoanoinshydrogen to oxoanoins ExamplesExamples

POPO44-3-3 Phosphate ion Phosphate ion

HPOHPO44-2-2

Monohydrogen phosphate ion or hydrogen Monohydrogen phosphate ion or hydrogen phosphate ionphosphate ion

HH22POPO44-1 -1 Dihydrogen phosphate ion or bihydrogen phosphateDihydrogen phosphate ion or bihydrogen phosphate

Other Polyatomic Ion RulesOther Polyatomic Ion Rules Some polyatomic ions end in –ide by conventionSome polyatomic ions end in –ide by convention

OHOH-1 -1 hydroxide hydroxide CNCN-1-1 cyanide cyanide NN33

-1-1 azide azide Polyatomic ions of the same elementPolyatomic ions of the same element

Add per-Add per- OO-2-2 is oxide is oxide OO22

-2-2 is peroxide is peroxide SS-2-2 is sulfide is sulfide SS22

-2-2 is persulfide is persulfide Polyatomic cations formed from nonmetals end Polyatomic cations formed from nonmetals end

–ium–ium ExamplesExamples

NHNH44+1 – +1 – Ammonium Ammonium

HH3300+1 – +1 – Hydronium Hydronium

HydratesHydrates

Compounds with water molecules Compounds with water molecules surrounding the formula unit of the surrounding the formula unit of the compound. compound.

Rule:Rule: Regular name + Prefix • hydrateRegular name + Prefix • hydrate Example: MgSOExample: MgSO44 • 7 H • 7 H22OO Magnesium HeptahydrateMagnesium Heptahydrate

Some Have Traditional Names Some Have Traditional Names by Conventionby Convention

HH22O – WaterO – Water PHPH33 – Phosphine – Phosphine NHNH33 – Ammonia – Ammonia NN22HH44 – Hydrazine – Hydrazine NO – Nitric OxideNO – Nitric Oxide NN22O – Nitrous OxideO – Nitrous Oxide