chemical formulas & equations 8 th grade science 2010 h 2 o nacl co 2 2h 2 + o 2 = 2h 2 o
TRANSCRIPT
Chemical Formulas & Equations
8th Grade Science 2010
H2O NaCl CO2
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
Chemical Compounds
• A compound is when 2 or more elements chemically combine.
• They are formed by chemical bonds between atoms.
• The properties of a compound are often very different from the elements themselves.
Chemical Formulas
• Formulas that use chemical symbols and numbers to represent what makes up a substance.
– NaCl – Sodium chloride (salt)– Na – Sodium, Cl - Chlorine
– H2O – Dihydrogen monoxide (water)– H – Hydrogen, O - Oxygen
– CO2 – Carbon dioxide– C – Carbon, O - Oxygen
Subscripts
• Numbers written below and to the right of a chemical symbol in a formula.
H2O – 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen
• Tells how many atoms of an element are in each molecule.
• Only used if more than one atom is present.
C9H8O4
How many atoms of each element are in this compound?
• C = Carbon – 9 atoms
• H = Hydrogen – 8 atoms
• O = Oxygen – 4 atomsHow many elements are there? How many total atoms?
• 3 elements 21 total atoms
H2SO4
How many atoms of each element are in this compound?
• H = Hydrogen – 2 atoms
• S = Sulfur – 1 atom
• O = Oxygen – 4 atomsHow many elements are there? How many total atoms?
• 3 elements 7 atoms
Coefficients
• # placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula
• Identifies the # of molecules of a substance
– 2H2O = 2 molecules of H2O
– 3FeO3 = 3 molecules of FeO3
Coefficients X Subscripts
• To determine the number of atoms using coefficients you multiply the coefficient with the subscript.
• 2H2O - 2 molecules of H2O
= 4 Hydrogen atoms and 2 Oxygen atoms
2Fe2O3
• 2 Molecules of Fe2O3
=
• 2 X 2 = 4 Fe (iron) atoms
• 2 X 3 = 6 O (oxygen) atoms
Using Parentheses
• Multiply the subscript with each element in parentheses.
• Al2(SO4)3
• Al = 2 atoms of Aluminum• S = 3 X 1 = 3 atoms of Sulfur• O = 4 X 3 = 12 atoms of Oxygen
(CH3)2CHOH
• C = Carbon = 2x1 = 2+1 = 3 carbon atoms
• H = Hydrogen = 3x2 = 6+2 = 8 Hydrogen atoms
• O = Oxygen = only 1 Oxygen atom
Chemical Reactions
• Occurs when one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.
• Atoms are rearranged to form a totally new substance with properties that are completely different
• Indicators of a chemical reaction– Gas formation – Solid formation – precipitate– Energy change – light, heat, or sound– Color change
Chemical Equations
• Uses chemical symbols and formulas to represent a chemical reaction.
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2OReactants Yield Products
Sign
Chemical Reactions
• Elements are rearranged to form new substances in a chemical equation to show that a chemical reaction has occurred.
Chemical Equations
• Reactants – starting materials in a chemical reaction.
• Products – substances formed in a chemical reaction.
C12H22O11 + H2O → H2O + C12H22O11
• Does this equation show the atoms rearranged to form NEW substances?
• Reactants = C12H22O11 and H2O
• Products = C12H22O11 and H2O
• No! No new substances have been formed.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
• Does this equation show elements rearranged to form new substances?
• Reactants = Zn and 2HCl
• Products = ZnCl2 and H2
• Yes! – New substances are formed.
Law of Conservation of Mass
• The mass of atoms and molecules is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions.– The # of atoms for each element in the reactants must equal the # of atoms for each element in the products in a chemical reaction.
– Chemical Equations must be balanced.
Chemical Equations Must Be Balanced!
• Law of Conservation of Mass • The # of atoms in the reactants must equal the # of atoms in the products for each element
CH4 + O2 → H2O + CO2
• Reactants
• Carbon = 1• Hydrogen = 4• Oxygen = 2
• NOT BALANCED!
• Products
• Carbon = 1• Hydrogen = 2• Oxygen = 3
NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl
Reactants → ProductsNa – 1 Na - 1Cl – 1 Cl - 1Ag – 1 Ag - 1N – 1 N - 1O – 3 O – 3
Is this equation balanced?
YES!
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
• Is this equation balanced?
Reactants → Products
H = 4 H = 4O = 2 O = 2
Is this equation balanced?
Yes!