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Research ArticleReceived: 28 December 2008 Revised: 27 February 2009 Accepted: 2 March 2009 Published online in Wiley Interscience:

(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/jsfa.3582

Chemical composition and insecticidalproperties of Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees)essential oil against the stored product beetleCallosobruchus maculatus (F.)Rezuanul Islam,a,b Rejaul Islam Khan,b Sharif M Al-Reza,a Yong Tae Jeong,a

Chi Hyun Songa and M Khalequzzamanc∗

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum aromaticum is a widely used cooking ingredient in South Asian countries. In this study theessential oil of C. aromaticum was tested against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The objective was toidentify the natural compounds with insecticidal properties in the essential oil of C. aromaticum with a view to its potential useas an alternative to synthetic pesticides.

RESULTS: The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled bark essential oil of C. aromaticum was analysed by gaschromatography/mass spectrometry, and cis-cinnamaldehyde (53.90%) was found to be the principal constituent. The surfacefilm and fumigation toxicities and repellency activity against C. maculatus were evaluated. The extracted oil showed 94.44%mortality against adult C. maculatus through the surface film bioassay. The LD50 values were 27.56 and 23.16 µg cm−2 after24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The regression equations were calculated as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X and Y = 1.25 + 2.75Xrespectively. In the fumigation bioassay the LD50 value was 434.69 µg cm−2 after 24 h of exposure, with the regression equationY = 0.87 + 1.57X. It was also found that the extracted oil contained compounds that had a dose-dependent protective effecton egg hatching and adult emergence.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that the toxicity and insecticidal activity of C. aromaticum areattributable to its essential oil, which could be used as a biodegradable and natural bioprotectant for controlling stored productpests.c© 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

Keywords: essential oil; Cinnamomum aromaticum; Callosobruchus maculatus; insecticidal activity; cinnamaldehyde

INTRODUCTIONThe genus Cinnamomum comprises about 250 species distributedthroughout Asia and Australasia.1 Different varieties of cinnamonoil contain cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, cinnamic acid, cinnamylacetate, benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate, hydrocinnamaldehyde,o-methyl-coumaraldehyde, salicyaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, α-pinene, 1,8-cineol, linalool and α-terpineol.2 The leaf essentialoil of Cinnamomum osmophloeum grown in Taiwan containedmainly trans-cinnamaldehyde (79.85%) and showed excellentantibacterial, antitermite, antimite, antimildew, antipathogenic,antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities.3 – 5 The bark essentialoil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum contained 13 compounds, with (E)-cinnamaldehyde as the major component along with δ-cadunene(0.9%), α-copaenene (0.8%) and α-amorphene (0.5%).6 The majorcomponents of cinnamon leaf grown in Little Andaman, Indiawere eugenol (76.6%), linalool (8.5%) and pipertone (3.3%),7

whereas the stem-distilled volatile oil of cinnamon fruit grownat Karnataka and Kerala, India consisted of hydrocarbons (32.8 and20.8% respectively) and oxygenated compounds (63.7 and 73.4%

respectively), with trans-cinnamyl acetate and β-caryophyllene asmajor components.8,9

The search for new strategies or natural products to controldestructive insect pests and vectors of diseases is desirable owingto the prevalent occurrence of vector resistance to syntheticinsecticides and the problem of toxic non-biodegradable residuescontaminating the environment and having undesirable effects onnon-target organisms.10,11 The practice of adding a little vegetableoil to stored rice or legumes for protection against insect pests iswell known and well established in oriental countries such as China,

∗ Correspondence to: M Khalequzzaman, Department of Zoology, RajshahiUniversity, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh. E-mail: kzaman@ru.ac.bd

a Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyungsan City, Gyungbuk712-714, Korea

b Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University,Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh

c Department of Zoology, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh

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Concentration of essential oil (µg cm-2)

62.85 31.43 15.71 7.86 Control

Mo

rtal

ity

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

24h exposure48h exposure

a

b

c

d

e e

d

c

b

a

Figure 1. Toxicity effect of Cinnamomum aromaticum essential oil againstadult Callosobruchus maculatus after 24 and 48 h of treatment in surfacefilm bioassay. Each data point represents mean ± SD of ten replicates, eachcomprising ten adult insects and five separate experiments. Data that donot share the same letter are significantly different at P < 0.05 (based onDMRT).

Bangladesh, India and Indonesia. Aromatic species, particularlythose of the family Labiatae (or Lamiaceae), are among the mostwidely used plants in insect pest control.12,13

Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a majorpest of several pulses, including cowpea, chickpea, lentil, soyaand haricot bean. Among the insects attacking stored products,Bruchidae and especially Callosobruchus spp. have attracted theattention of many scientists as experimental model insects.Nowadays, methods such as storage in airtight plastic orsteel containers, application of chemical insecticides, gammairradiation, freezing the pulses or heating them are some of theadditional possibilities. However, most of these methods requirehigh inputs, often unavailable and unaffordable for subsistencefarmers. In this study we examined the chemical composition of thebark essential oil of C. aromaticum by gas chromatography/massspectrometry (GC/MS) and tested the efficacy of the extracted oilin controlling the pulse beetle C. maculatus during storage.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPlant material and essential oil extractionMature bark of C. aromaticum was purchased from a local marketin Dhaka, Bangladesh in June–July 2007. The collected samplewas identified by Professor ATM Nadiruzzaman, Department ofBotany, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Air-dried bark from thesample (200 g), in triplicate, was subjected to hydrodistillation ina modified Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h.14 The oil was driedover anhydrous Na2SO4, preserved in a sealed vial and stored in arefrigerator at 4 ◦C until further analysis.

GC/MS analysisGC/MS analysis of the essential oil was performed using aSHIMADZU (GC-17A, Kyoto, Japan) gas chromatograph/massspectrometer (GC/MS) equipped with a ZB-1 fused silica capillarycolumn (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 µm). For GC/MSdetection an electron ionisation system with an ionisation energyof 70 eV was used. Helium was employed as the carrier gas at aconstant flow rate of 1 mL min−1. The injector and MS transfer

line temperatures were set at 220 and 290 ◦C respectively. Theoven temperature was programmed from 50 to 150 ◦C at 3 ◦Cmin−1, then held isothermal for 10 min and finally raised to 250 ◦Cat 10 ◦C min−1. Diluted samples (1 : 100 v/v in methanol) of 1 µLwere injected manually in splitless mode. The relative proportionsof oil constituents were expressed as percentages by peak areanormalisation.

Quantification was performed using percentage peak areacalculations, and the identification of individual components wasdone using the Wiley/NBS Registry of Mass Spectral Databaseand NIST MS Search 2.0 according to the literature.15 The relativeconcentration of each compound in the essential oil was quantifiedaccording to the peak area integrated by the analysis program.

Insecticidal activityInsectsCallosobruchus maculatus specimens (insects) were obtained froman agricultural product storehouse. Mass cultures were maintainedin sterilised earthen pots and subcultures in plastic pots or beakerswith the food medium. The beakers were kept in an incubatorat 30 ± 0.5 ◦C without light or humidity control. Black lentil(Lens esculentus) was used as the food medium throughout theexperiment.

Surface film bioassayThe surface film bioassay was conducted using groups of ten adultinsects to evaluate the mortality effect. An appropriate quantity ofcinnamon oil was diluted in acetone to obtain each test solution.A pilot experiment was carried out to determine the oil dosesat which the mortality rate was between 10 and 90% for 4–10-day-old insects. The oil was applied by the surface film method.A 500 µL aliquot of test solution containing 62.85, 31.43, 15.71,7.86 or 0 (control) µg cm−2 oil was poured onto a petri dish (6 cmdiameter). The treated petri dishes were kept in an incubator at30 ± 0.5 ◦C. Insect mortality was recorded after 24 and 48 h oftreatment. Each experiment was replicated five times and theinsecticidal activity of the oil was expressed as % mean mortalityof adult insects.

Fumigation bioassayGlass vials (5.5 cm × 2.5 cm diameter) capped with polypropylenestoppers were used for the fumigation bioassay. Insects weretransferred to the vials in groups of ten adults. The vials werecovered with fine nylon cloth secured with adhesive tape. Thedoses of cinnamon oil used were 95.45, 63.63, 47.72, 31.82 and0 (control) µg cm−2. The vials containing the insects were turnedupside down over the vials containing the oil such that the oilvapour saturated the atmosphere of the containers. The vials werekept at 30 ± 0.5 ◦C with a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark.Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h after treatment. Tenreplications were used for each combination of dose and exposuretime.

Repellency testThe repellency test consisted of experimental units of 20 pairsof insects enclosed in a plastic box (18 cm × 18 cm × 7 cm) inwhich two glass petri dishes (5 cm diameter) containing 40 lentilseach and placed at opposite corners of the box were offered. A200 µL aliquot of test solution containing 62.85, 31.43, 15.71 or7.86 µg cm−2 oil was applied to a filter paper disc (2.1 cm diameter)and placed on one petri dish, while a filter paper disc without oil

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B

Y = 1.25 + 2.75X

3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

0.5 1 1.5 2

Log dose (µg cm-2)

AY = 0.39 + 3.20X

3.3

4.3

5.3

6.3

0.5 1 1.5 2

Log dose (µg cm-2)

Pro

bit M

orta

lity

Figure 2. Probit mortality line of Cinnamomum aromaticum oil log dose (µg cm−2) against adult Callosobruchus maculatus after (A) 24 and (B) 48 h oftreatment in surface film bioassay.

Concentration of essential oil (µg cm-2)

95.45 63.63 47.73 31.82 Control

Mo

rtal

ity

(%)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

24h, exposure

e

d

c

b

a

Figure 3. Toxicity effect of Cinnamomum aromaticum essential oil againstadult Callosobruchus maculatus after 24 h of treatment in fumigationbioassay. Each data point represents mean ± SD of ten replicates, eachcomprising ten adult insects and five separate experiments. Data that donot share the same letter are significantly different at P < 0.05 (based onDMRT).

Y = 0.87 + 1.57X

2.8

3.2

3.6

4

1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Log dose (µg cm-2)

Pro

bit M

orta

lity

Figure 4. Probit mortality line of Cinnamomum aromaticum oil log dose(µg cm−2) against adult Callosobruchus maculatus after 24 h of treatmentin fumigation bioassay.

was placed on the opposite petri dish as control. After 48 h thenumber of eggs laid on each lentil was counted. The repellencycapacity was quantified by comparing the number of eggs laidon lentils in the petri dish with cinnamon oil against the numberof eggs laid on lentils in the corresponding petri dish without oil(control).

Treatment of eggs with aromatised powderTwo lentils together with a pair of newly emerged insects wereplaced in each of 60 glass bottles. After 3 days the insects wereremoved, the eggs were counted and 20 eggs were left in eachbottle (the others were removed using a needle). The eggs werethen sprinkled with 0.5 mg of kaolin powder aromatised with C.aromaticum essential oil at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and50 µL g−1. For each concentration applied to the lentils, ten bottleswere used, with five replicates per treatment. The control consistedof eggs that were not sprinkled with the aromatised powder butwere held under the same conditions (number, replications andenvironment). The eggs were examined after 5 days to distinguishthose that had developed (opaque and yellowish) from those thathad not (translucent and yellow). The bottles were covered andchecked again after 30 days to compare the number of emergedinsects with the number of eggs that had been deposited.

Statistical analysisThe mortality percentage was corrected using Abbott’sformula:16,17

Pt = [(Po − Pc)/(100 − Pc)] × 100

where Pt is the corrected mortality (%), Po is the observed mortality(%) and Pc is the control mortality (%).

The observed data were then subjected to probit analysisaccording to Finney18 and Busvine17 using software developedin the Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science,University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, which adapts thetraditional calculations to automatic computation. Heterogeneityis tested by a χ2 test. If the probability is greater than 5%, anautomatic correction of heterogeneity is introduced. The programalso calculates the confidence limits for LD50. These data areentered into a linear regression program, which fits a regressionline on the probit log dose concentration graph. Percentagemortality and dose concentration can be determined from thisgraph using the probit transformation table.19

RESULTSChemical composition of essential oilDistillation of C. aromaticum bark yielded 1.12% (w/w) essentialoil based on dry weight. The results of GC/MS analysis of the C.aromaticum bark essential oil are listed in Table 1 according totheir elution order on the ZB-1 capillary column. The essential

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Table 1. Chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodis-tillation from bark of Cinnamomum aromaticum

Number RIa Compound Peak area (%)b

1 982 Benzaldehyde 0.47

2 1005 1,8-Cineol 0.88

3 1017 Acetophenone 0.10

4 1076 Linalool 0.12

5 1090 Myrcenol 0.10

6 1136 Phenylethyl alcohol 0.14

7 1159 α-Terpineol 0.97

8 1161 2-Bornanol, 2-methyl 0.58

9 1171 Benzaldehyde, 2-methoxy 0.18

10 1178 Chavicol 0.31

11 1181 trans-Cinnamyl alcohol 0.78

12 1189 cis-Cinnamaldehyde 53.90

13 1220 p-Anisaldehyde 0.29

14 1290 p-Cuminol 0.12

15 1320 β-Farnesene 0.10

16 1345 α-Cubenene 1.99

17 1372 Isoledene 1.65

18 1378 Methyl cinnamate 0.47

19 1380 Eugenol 5.36

20 1386 Azulene 0.58

21 1395 Eugenol methyl ether 0.14

22 1404 β-Cedren 1.59

23 1438 Aromadendrene 0.45

24 1441 Isosativene 0.18

25 1447 α-Humulene 0.42

26 1475 α-Curcumene 0.50

27 1492 Germacrene 0.59

28 1494 Caryophyllene 2.23

29 1538 α-Calacorene 0.53

30 1552 Acetyl eugenol 0.22

31 1556 Cuparene 0.24

32 1561 Caryophyllene oxide 1.25

33 1564 Nerolidol 0.56

34 1568 Viridiflorol 2.06

35 1580 Ledol 1.90

36 1610 Tetradecenal 0.08

37 1626 α-Cadinol 2.67

38 1628 Cubenol 1.09

39 1639 Patchouli alcohol 0.24

40 1682 α-Bisabolol 0.76

41 1697 cis,trans-Farnesol 0.75

42 1733 Benzyl benzoate 0.30

43 1769 Tetradecanoic acid 0.48

44 1800 Hexadecenal 0.38

45 1832 Pentadecanoic acid 0.43

46 1854 Hexadecanol 0.15

47 1968 n-Hexadecanoic acid 1.16

48 2009 Eicosane 0.57

49 2045 Phytol 0.18

50 2183 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid 0.36

51 2300 Tricosene 0.54

52 2704 Phthalic acid 0.13

Total identified components 92.22

a Retention index relative to n-alkanes on ZB-1 capillary column.b Compound percentage.

Concentration of essential oil (µl g-1)

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Eg

g h

atch

ed &

Ad

ult

em

erg

ed (

%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Hatched, cinnamon oilAdult emerged,Cinnamon oil

a a

b

cd

e e

b

bc

c,dd

Figure 5. Effect of Cinnamomum aromaticum essential oil on Calloso-bruchus maculatus egg hatching and adult emergence. Each data pointrepresents mean ± SD of ten replicates, each comprising 20 eggs andfive separate experiments. Data that do not share the same letter aresignificantly different at P < 0.05 (based on DMRT).

oil contained 52 different compounds representing 92.22%of the total oil. The major components detected in the oilwere cis-cinnamaldehyde (53.90%), eugenol (5.36%), α-cadinol(2.67%), caryophyllene (2.23%), viridiflorol (2.06%), α-cubenene(1.99%), ledol (1.90%), isoledene (1.65%), β-cedren (1.59%) andcaryophyllene oxide (1.25%). α-Terpineol (0.97%), 1,8-cineol(0.88%), trans-cinnamyl alcohol (0.78%) and α-bisabolol (0.76%)were found as minor components.

Surface film bioassay of essential oil on adult C. maculatusThe essential oil of C. aromaticum exhibited a moderate to hightoxic effect on adult C. maculatus in a dose-dependent manner. Asshown in Fig. 1, the oil concentration of 62.85 µg cm−2 producedthe highest insect mortality (94.44%) after 24 h of treatment.The LD50 values, 95% confidence limits, regression equations andχ2 values are given in Table 2. They show a variable degree ofinsect mortality. The LD50 value was calculated as 27.56 µg cm−2

with 95% confidence limits from 20.98 to 36.21 µg cm−2 andthe regression equation was obtained as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X after24 h of treatment. After 48 h of exposure the LD50 value wascalculated as 23.16 µg cm−2 with 95% confidence limits from 17.01to 31.53 µg cm−2 and the regression equation was obtained asY = 1.25 + 2.75X . The significant χ2 values indicate the goodnessof fit of the regression lines presented in Figs 2A and 2B.

Fumigation bioassay of essential oil on adult C. maculatusThe essential oil had a lower fumigation effect on adult insects asshown in Fig. 3. The LD50 values, 95% confidence limits, regressionequations andχ2 values are given in Table 2 and the regression lineis shown in Fig. 4. The LD50 value was calculated as 434.69 µg cm−2

with 95% confidence limits from 55.80 to 3386.30 µg cm−2 after24 h of treatment. The regression equation was obtained asY = 0.87 + 1.57X with a χ2 value of 1.09 at two degrees offreedom (2DF). According to the results presented in Fig. 4, weobserved similar trends to the surface film toxicity of C. aromaticumessential oil.

Repellency capacity of essential oil on adult C. maculatusA dose-dependent effect of the essential oil on C. maculatusoviposition was observed. At concentrations of 62.85, 31.43, 15.71

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Table 2. LD50 values, 95% confidence limits, regression equations and χ2 values of Cinnamomum aromaticum essential oil against adultCallosobruchus maculatus in surface film and fumigation bioassays

95% confidence limits

Treatment time (h) LD50(µg cm−2)a Lower (µg cm−2) Upper (µg cm−2) Regression equation χ2 (at 2DF)

Surface film bioassay

24 27.56 ± 3.78 20.98 36.21 Y = 0.39 + 3.20X 2.27

48 23.16 ± 3.76 17.01 31.53 Y = 1.25 + 2.75X 1.14

Fumigation bioassay

24 434.69 ± 32.56 55.80 3386.30 Y = 0.87 + 1.57X 1.1

a Each value represents mean ± standard deviation of ten replicate bottles and five separate experiments.

and 7.86 µg cm−2 the oil reduced egg laying by 60.0, 43.3, 33.3and 11.7% respectively compared with the non-treated control.Statistically significant results were obtained, with 40% more eggsbeing found on control lentils than on oil-treated lentils.

Treatment of eggs with aromatised powderThe essential oil from C. aromaticum had a significant (P < 0.05)and concentration-dependent effect on both egg hatching andadult emergence as shown in Fig. 5. The oil might hamper thegeneration of insects resident in stored products and could beuseful to reduce losses during storage.

DISCUSSIONThe use of natural products can be considered as an importantalternative for the control of stored product pests. The resultsfrom this study indicated that the essential oil of C. aromaticumexhibited effective toxicity to C. maculatus in all aspects (surfacefilm and fumigation bioassays, repellency, egg hatch and adultemergence). Essential oils can affect insects in several ways: theymay disrupt major metabolic pathways and cause rapid death, actas fumigants,12 contact insecticides,20 repellents,21 antifeedants,22

attractants, deterrents or phagostimulants, or modify oviposition.They may also retard or accelerate development or interfere withthe life-cycle of insects in other ways.23 From our findings inthe surface film bioassay, cinnamon oil proved to be an effectivebiocontrol agent. In the fumigation bioassay, moderate insecttoxicity was recorded after 24 h of treatment. The larvae that hatchfrom the eggs of Callosobruchus spp. must penetrate the foodmedium to survive, but they are unable to do this unless the eggis attached to the food surface. Eggs on oil-treated lentils werefound to be less firmly attached than those on control lentils,suggesting that the oil may inhibit successful larval penetrationinto the food medium. While oil used alone can effectively protectpulses from the pulse beetle, it can leave a persistent odourthat can be unpleasant when eating the product. Similar resultswere obtained with the essential oils of Tagetes minuta L., Hyptissuaveolens Poit., Ocimum canum L., Ocimum basilicum and Piperguineense Schum.24 The principal component of C. aromaticumessential oil is cis-cinnamaldehyde, which has been found toplay a key role in controlling the pulse beetle.5 In general, thecytotoxic activity of essential oils is mostly due to the presence ofphenols, aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde) and alcohols.25 The othermajor component of cinnamon oil, eugenol, may also induce anincrease in cell membrane permeability and consequently growthinhibition due to its action on intracellular enzymes.26 It is also

possible that various minor components may be involved in sometype of synergism with other active components.27

The results of the present study suggest the possible useof C. aromaticum essential oil in research for selecting newbiodegradable and natural biocontrol components, becausecinnamon oil has potential insecticidal activity. However, furtherinvestigations on the insecticidal mode of action of the oil, itseffect on non-target organisms and field evaluation are needed.

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