THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Chazars Cheese

1869; Frahn, De Chazaris; Excerpta de Seriptorihus Ara­bics, St. Petersburg, 1821; idem, urn Foszlan (Fadlan), St. Petersburg, 1823; Grigoryev, Rossia i Asia, St. Petersburg, 1876; Harkavy, Soobslicheniya o Chazarakya, in Yevreiska-ya Biblioteka, viii., SU Petersburg, 1880; idem, Ghazarskia PUma, in Yevreiskayd Blblioteka, vii., St. Petersburg, 1879; idem, in Geiger's Jttd. Zeit. ill., lireslau, 1865; idem, in Baz-svyet, 1880, No. 4; idem, Nyekotoryya Dannyya, in Trudy h. Areheologicheskavo Syezda v Kazani, Kazan, 1884; idem, in liussisehe Revue, 1875,1877; Hirschfeld, Das Buch Al-Chazari, Breslau, 1885; Klaproth, M&molre sur les Kha-zars, in Journal Aslatique, ser. 1, vol. iii.; Neumann, Die Volkerjles Sildllchen Russlands, Leipsic, 1847; C. d'Ohsson, Les Peuples du Cauease, Paris, 1828; Sprenger, Al-Mas'udi's Meadows of Gold, t, London, 1841; Vambery, Der Ursprung der Magyaren, Leipsic, 1882; Vivien de St. Martin, Sur les Khazars, in Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1851; Bacher, La Conversion des Khazars d'apres un Uuvrage Midra-schique, in Rev. Et. Julves, xx. 144-146; and works men­tioned In the text. See, also, ARMENIA, CAUCASUS, and CRIMEA. JT T>

CHEBAR: Name of a Baby Ionian river or canal, by the side of which Ezekiel" saw visions" (Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 15, 23; x. 15 et seq.). The Hebrew "nahar" (1ITJ), usually rendered "river,"was evidently used also for " canal" (= Babylonian " naru"; compare Ps. cxxxvii. 1, "naharoth Babel"; that is, "canals of Babylon "). In Babylonian, " Naru Kabaru " means, literally, "greatcanal." Theriver has usually been identified with the Chabor, a tributary discharging its waters into the Euphrates at Circesium; a mis­take not to be justified in view of the definite state­ment that it was in the land of Chaldea. The stream intended is undoubtedly the Kabaru, a large navi­gable canal near Nippur, twice mentioned in an in­scription recovered by the Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania (see Hilprechtand Clay, " Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania," ix. 50).

J. JK. R. W. R. CHECHELNIK: Town in the government of

Podolia, Russia, having (1898) a population of about 7,000, including 1,967 Jews. Their principal occu­pation is commerce; but 352 are engaged in various handicrafts, and 96 are journeymen. About 200 Jews earn a livelihood as farm-laborers; and 41 are employed in the local factories. There are no char­itable organizations, and poverty among the Jewish inhabitants is general. A private school for boys with 100 pupils, and 23 hadarim with 367 pupils, constitute the Jewish educational institutions of Chechelnik.

H. R. S. J. CHECHERSK: Town in the government of

Mohilev, Russia, with a population (in 1898) of 2,819, including 1,692 Jews. The latter are princi­pally engaged in commerce, but 323 follow various handicrafts. Of these 158 own shops, 60 are wage-workers, and 105 are apprentices. Shoemaking is the predominant industry, 120 persons being engaged in it. There are, besides, 31 day-laborers. The chari­table organizations consist of a Gemilut Ilasadim, a Lehem Ebyonim and a Bikkur Holim. Over 40 families apply yearly for aid for the Passover holi­days. The educational institutions include an ele­mentary government school with 80 pupils, 15 being Jews, and 15 hadarim, with 140 scholars. When the uprising under Bogdan Chmielnicki broke out in 1648, Chechersk was taken by the Cossacks, who massacred all the Jews there. BIBLIOGRAPHY ; Regesty, i. 403, 411, St. Petersburg, 1899.

H. K. S. J.

CHEDOBIiAOMEE,.— Biblical Data: Name of a king of Elam (Gen. xiv. 1), who made conquests as far west as Canaan and exercised supremacy over its southeastern part. After paying tribute to him for twelve years, the five local kings, or princes, rebelled in the thirteenth year, and in the fourteenth were assailed and reduced by Chedorlaomer, assisted by AMUAPIIEL, King of Slrinar; AIUOCH, King of Ellasar, and Tidal, King of Goyim.

Critical View: The name " Chedorlaomer" has long been the subject of controversy, that has increased, rather than diminished, since the discov­ery of native Elamite and Babylonian documents. The first clue to an identification of the name is found in the fact, everywhere now regarded as estab­lished, that the name is a correct Elamite compound. Its first half, "Chedor" (= "Kudur," "servant of," or "worshiper of"), is found frequently in Ela­mite proper names, such as " Kudur-nanhundi" ("nahhunte" in Susian or Elamite) and "Kudur-mabuk." The latter half of the name, "la'omer," (= "lagamaru"), is the name of an Elamite deity, mentioned by Assurbanipal.

Apart from these certain facts, all else is matter of controversy. Scheil believed that he had found the name on a tablet of Hammurabi in the form "Ku-du-la-uh-ga-mar" ("Revue Biblique," 1896, p. 600), but the name is now proved to be " Inuhsham-mar." Pinches has found the name " Kudur-ku-ku-mal" in a tablet dating probably from the period of the Arsacida;. In spite of the difficulty of the read­ing and the late date of the text, it is possible that the person intended is really the same as the Chedor­laomer of Genesis, though most scholars are opposed to this view. The tablet in question is couched in a florid, poetical style, and little material of historical value can be gleaned from it. For the present the records give only the rather negative result that from Babylonian and Elamite documents nothing definite has been learned of Chedorlaomer. It is, however, a matter of some consequence in estima­ting the character of the narrative in Gen. xiv. to have learned that the name of Chedorlaomer is not a fiction. BIBLIOGRAPHY : Schrader, Keilinsehriften des Alten Testa­

ments, 2d ed., pp. 135 et seq.; (compare paper read by Pinches before the Victoria Institute) Jan. 20,1896; L. W. King, Let­ters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi, 1898, vol. i. j. JK. R. W. R.

CHEESE: The curd of milk run into molds and allowed to coagulate. This article of food was known to the ancient Hebrews. Three expressions seem at least to indicate that various kinds and forms of cheese were in use: 1. "Gebinah" (Job x. 10) denotes the ordinary article, prepared in Biblical times as it is to this day in Syria. Milk is passed through a cloth, and"the curd, after being salted, is molded into disks about the size of the hand and dried in the sun. From such cheese a cool, acid drink is made by stirring it in water. 2. "Harize he-halab" (I Sam. xvii. 18) appears to have been made of sweet milk, and to have been something like cottage-cheese. It is not certain what "she-fot bakar" (II Sam. xvii. 29) signifies. Perhaps the Masoretic reading is corrupt. If not, " cream "