checkpoint inhibitors in lymphoma - ciclt.netcheckpoint inhibitors in lymphoma craig moskowitz, md...
TRANSCRIPT
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Checkpoint Inhibitors in Lymphoma
Craig Moskowitz, MDStephen A. Greenberg Chair in Lymphoma ResearchMember, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterProfessor of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
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There are currently 75 prospective clinical trials open at MSKCC studying checkpoint inhibitors in solid and liquid tumors
Please only open studies where there are prospective biopsies being done!
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Hodgkin Lymphoma
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HL by the Numbers
Optimal Upfront Treatment8000 pts
Favorable ES
Unfavorable ES
Unfavorable ES with Bulk
Favorable AS
Unfavorable AS
1000 2500 1000 2500 1000
100 Fail 300 Fail 200 Fail 500 Fail 300 Fail
700 Pts ≥ 70 yearsNo standard TX
TREATMENT FAILS IN 1400 PATIENTS
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Relapsed/Refractory HL: 1400 pts/year
Salvage therapy (1-2)
PET neg. PET pos. PR No Response
70% 15% 15%
735 Pts Cured with ASCT
210 pts 210 pts
100 pts Cured with ASCT
110 ptsTreatment
Failure
555 pts Allo vs CPI
245 ptsTreatment Failure
980 pts
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6
Epidemiology of Hodgkin lymphoma in USA
81,080 estimated lymphoma cases in 2016
55%Males
45%Females
81,080NHL
9,350
Close to 8,350 in USA diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma annually
• Approximately 1,200 will die from the disease
• Over 210,000 patients have a history of HL
20 yrs >55 yrs34 yrs
32% 28%
Age
Bimodal Distribution
HL Patients
Higher survival rate but an increased
incidence of long-term health complications
No standard treatment exists for
older patients (>60 years old)
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Why is this topic so important?
The cure rate of relapsed/refractory HL is > untreated ABC-DLBCL
Bobby Jones said I never learned anything from a golf match I won
We must get it correct this time!
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Composition of the microenvironment in B cell lymphomas
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Composition of the microenvironment in cHL
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HRS
PD1
PD-L1PD-L2
MHC I/II
TCR
Adapted from Stathis & Younes: Ann Oncology 2015
T cell
Targeting PD1/PDL1 Pathway in Hodgkin Lymphoma
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HLA expression on HRS cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma at diagnosis Antigen loss is even greater in the second-line setting
HLA expression Frequency
Normal 12%
Only HLA class I lost 18%
Only HLA class II lost 24%
Both HLA antigens lost 46%
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Incidence plots and mutation types for recurrent mutations in HRS cells
Reichel et al, Blood 125(7): 1061-72 (2015)
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25%
50%
75%
100%
0 1 2 3 4 5Time (years)
HLA II negative 65%
HLA II positive 82%
P = 0.001
MHC II (HLA-DR) and failure-free survival
Hazard ratio: 2.00 (95% CI: 1.19-3.45); p = 0.01
Diepstra et al. J Clin Oncol 25: 3101-3108, 2007
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Twa et al, Blood 123: 2062-5 (2014);Twa et al, J Pathol 2015
Gains and amplifications of the PD-L1/2 locus in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 20)
20%
29% 24%
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Michael R. Green et al. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:1611-1618
Michael R. Green et al. Blood 2010;116:3268-3277
PD-L1 Almost Universally Expressed on RS Cells Through 9p24.1 Amplification or EBV
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Patterns of PD-L1 expression in HL
PDL1/PAX5 PDL1/PAX5
PDL1/PAX5 PDL1
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Does immune checkpoint blockade in HL work by the expected mechanism?
PD-L1 expression or
HLA-DR?
Mutational load or CN
gains of 9p24
CD8 T cells and/or PD1+
cells
Mutational load inHL is minimal, but CN gains
of 9p24 are common
Most cases expressthe ligands, but MHC
class I or II loss by HRScells occurs in most cases
(but may be expressedmore frequently at relapse?)
Almost no PD-1+ T cellsin cases of classical HL
PD-L1
B2M
PD-1
GrB
MHC I
MHC II
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Do we have reliable biomarkers for selecting patients for immune checkpoint blockade in HL?
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Mechanism of Nivo/Pembro in HL?
• Very few PD-1+ T cells in HL biopsies
• Most cases of HL with FISH data show a good correlation between 9p24 amplification and expression of the ligands PD-L1 and/or PD-L2
• Both 9p24 gain/amplification may be enriched for in the relapsed/refractory setting?
• HRS cells show frequent loss of HLA class I and II, so difficult to reconcile the arguments in favor of immune checkpoint blockade mediated by “releasing the hounds”
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Known biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in HL
• Evidence of T-cell activation
– Increase in T and NK cells in the peripheral blood
– Increased IFN-g response signature
– Decreased Treg:Teff ratio
– Decreased PD-1 expression
• These did not correlate with response to therapy
Armand et al, J Clin Oncol 2016Merryman et al, Blood 2017
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Known biomarkers of response to anti-PD-1 therapy in HL
• Evidence of T-cell activation
• Alterations in HRS cells
– PD-L1 expression
– JAK/STAT activation
• All patients on both a phase I and phase II study of nivolumab had nuclear pSTAT3 suggestive of constitutive JAK/STAT activation
Ansell et al, N Engl J Med 2015Younes et al, Lancet Oncol 2016
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Peripheral Blood Immunophenotyping
PB samples baseline and cycle 7 (n=9)
Change in circulating lymphocyte subsets by flow
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NanoString Analyses
Baseline FFPE tumor biopsies (n=19)
680 immune-related gene platform
IFN-γ Expanded Immune T-Cell Receptor Signaling
IDO1 CD3D NKG7 CD27 CD4
CXCL10 IDO1 HLA-E TIGIT CCL5
CXCL9 CIITA CXCR6 CD8a IL2RB
HLA-DRA CD3E LAG3 CD3D IKZF3
STAT1 CCL5 TAGAP GRAP2 CD3G
IFNG GZMK CXCL10 LCK CD74
CD2 STAT1 PTPRCAP
HLA-DRA GZMB
CXCL13 IL2RG
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Baseline FFPE tumor biopsies (n=19)
680 immune-related gene platform
NanoString Analyses
Signature DirectionSigned Rank Test
Adjusted p-value
Expanded Immune Score Positive 0.0028
TCR Score Positive 0.0038
IFN-γ Score Positive 0.0052
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Unanswered questions regarding the MOA of anti-PD-1 therapy in HL
1. Does anti-PD-1 therapy activate anti-tumor immunity in HL, and if so, what is the effector cell?
– CD4+ T cells?
– NK Cells?
2. Do immunosuppressive features of either R-S cells or the HL microenvironment predict response to anti-PD-1 therapy?
– PD-L1 expression/genetic amplification
– MHC-I and MHC-II expression
– R-S cell mutational burden
– Regulatory T-cells
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Patients eligible for or receiving anti-PD-1 therapy
FFPE sections Single cell sorting
• Immunophenotype
• Gene expression
• Clonality
•PD-L1/2 expression
•MHC-I/II expression
•Mutational and neoantigen burden
•Gene expression
•PD-L1/2 expression
•NK cell infiltration
•Treg infiltration
•Gene expression
Multiple core biopsies
T-cells HRS cells Microenvironment
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Longer term results with antibodies blocking PD-1 signaling
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Longer term Follow up of Phase 1 trial of Pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-013)
EnrollmentDec 2013-Sep 2014
2014
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Data cut off: Nov 17, 2014 Median duration of follow-up:
5 monthsMoskowitz CM et al., ASH 2014
2015 2016
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Data cut off: Oct 27, 2015Median duration of follow-up: 19
monthsArmand P et al, ASH 2015
Data cut off: Sep 27, 2016Median follow-up: 29 months
Armand et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1108
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Keynote 013 - Best Overall Response
All Patients N = 31
Prior ASCT,BV Post ASCT
n = 16
ASCT Ineligible, Failed BV
n = 8
Prior ASCT,BV Pre ASCT
n = 7
n (%) 95% CI n (%)95%
CIn (%)
95%
CIn (%) 95% CI
ORR18
(58%) 39-76
11
(69%) 41-89
3
(38%) 9-76
4
(57%) 18-90
CR6
(19%) 8-38
3
(19%) 4-46
2
(25%) 3-65
1
(14%) 0.4-58
PR12
(39%) 22-58
8
(50%) 25-75
1
(13%) 0.3-53
3
(43%) 10-82
Data cutoff date: September 27, 2016
Armand et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1108
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Keynote 013 – Durability of ResponsesChange From Baseline in Target Lesions
Ch
ange
Fro
m B
asel
ine
In T
arge
t Le
sio
ns
(%)
Time Since Initiation of Treatment (months)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100 CRPRSDPD
Best Overall Response
Data cutoff date: September 27, 2016
Armand et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1108
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Longer Term Follow up of Pembrolizumab Phase 2 trial (KEYNOTE-087)
Cohort 1 (N = 69)†
Patients following R/R cHL who progressed
after ASCT and subsequent BV therapy
Response assessed
according to Revised
Response Criteria for
Malignant
Lymphomas (Cheson
2007)
Pembrolizumab
200 mg Q3W
Cohort 2 (N = 81)†
Patients following R/R cHL who failed
salvage chemotherapy, ineligible for ASCT‡
and failed BV therapy
Cohort 3 (N = 60)†
Patients following R/R cHL who failed ASCT and not treated with BV
after transplantation
Survival Follow-Up
• Primary end point: Overall response rate (ORR; blinded independent central review)• Secondary end points: ORR (investigator review), DOR, PFS, OS
CT scans repeated Q12W
PET repeated at W12, W24, to confirm CR or PD, and as clinically indicated
†Patients in all cohorts had to have ECOG PS 0-1‡Unable to achieve a CR or PR to salvage chemotherapy
Moskowitz et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1107
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Keynote 087: ORR by Cohort (BICR)
†Based on binomial exact confidence interval method.‡For complete remission, a residual mass was permitted for patients who were negative on PET scanning.
Cohort 1
Progressed after
ASCT and
subsequent
BV therapy
N = 69
Cohort 2
Failed salvage
chemotherapy,
ineligible for ASCT
and failed BV
therapy
N = 81
Cohort 3
Failed ASCT and
not treated with
BV after
transplantation
N = 60
n (%) 95% CI† n (%) 95% CI† n (%) 95% CI†
ORR 51 (73.9)61.9-
83.752 (64.2) 52.8-74.6 42 (70.0)
56.8-
81.2
Complete
remission‡15 (21.7)
12.7-
33.320 (24.7) 15.8-35.5 12 (20.0)
10.8-
32.3
Partial
remission36 (52.2)
39.8-
64.432 (39.5) 28.8-51.0 30 (50.0)
36.8-
63.2
Stable disease 11 (15.9) 8.2-26.7 10 (12.3) 6.1-21.5 10 (16.7) 8.3-28.5
Progressive
disease5 (7.2) 2.4-16.1 17 (21.0) 12.7-31.5 8 (13.3) 5.9-24.6
Unable to
determine2 (2.9) 0.4-10.1 2 (2.5) 0.3-8.6 0 (0) –
Data cutoff: September 25, 2016
Moskowitz et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1107
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Keynote 087: ORR by Blinded Central Review:Subgroup Analyses†
Primary Refractory Disease(n = 73)
Relapsed After ≥3 Lines of Therapy(n = 146)
n (%) 95% CI‡ n (%) 95% CI‡
ORR 58 (79.5) 68.4-88.0 99 (67.8) 59.6-75.3
Complete
remission17 (23.3) 14.2-34.6 31 (21.2) 14.9-28.8
Partial
remission41 (56.2) 44.1-67.8 68 (46.6) 38.3-55.0
Stable disease 4 (5.5) 1.5-13.4 24 (16.4) 10.8-23.5
Progressive
disease8 (11.0) 4.9-20.5 20 (13.7) 8.6-20.4
Unable to
determine3 (4.1) 0.9-11.5 3 (2.1) 0.4-5.9
†These subgroups are not mutually exclusive‡Based on binomial exact confidence interval method Data cutoff: September 25, 2016
Moskowitz et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1107
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Longer term Follow up Phase 2 Study of Nivolumab(CheckMate 205): Cohorts A and B
1. Younes A et al. Lancet Oncol 2016;17:1283–94
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV Q2W
Treatment until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity
Patients could elect to discontinue
nivolumab and proceed to
allogeneic (allo)‐HSCT
Cohort Bn = 80
Cohort An = 63
BV naïve post-ASCT
BV treatedpost-ASCT1
FDA approvalMay 2016
ASH 2016: Primary
disclosureMinimum
follow-up 9 months
ASH 2016:Update
Minimum follow-up 12 months
Phase 2 study conducted in Europe and North America
Timmerman et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1110
Primary Endpoint• ORR by IRRC
Additional endpoints• Duration of response• Duration of CR/PR• PFS by IRRC• OS• Safety
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Best Overall ResponseCohort A: Nivolumab in BV-Naïve Post-ASCT Patients
Cohort A (n = 63)
IRRC assessed
ORR, n (%)
95% CI
43 (68)
55, 79
CR, n (%) 14 (22)
PR, n (%) 29 (46)
SD, n (%) 13 (21)
PD, n (%) 7 (11)
Timmerman et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1110
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Duration of Response by Best ResponseCohort A: Nivolumab in BV-Naïve Post-ASCT Patients
PR
CR
OR
180 3 6 9 12 15
Months
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Pro
ba
bilit
y o
f re
sp
on
se
014 13 12 9 3 1
029 24 16 10 3 0
043 37 28 19 6 1
CR
PR
OR
No. of patients at risk
Durable responses in both complete and partial responders
Database lock Jun 2016
Median
duration of
follow-up, mo
(range)
14
(1–20)
Median DOR,
mo
(95% CI)
NR
(NR, NR)
Timmerman et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1110
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Duration of Response by Best ResponseCohort B: Nivolumab After BV Post-ASCT
OR
CR
PR
0 3 6 9 12 15
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Pro
ba
bilit
y o
f re
sp
on
se
Months
6 5 5 3 2 0
48 39 31 22 10 0
54 44 36 25 12 0
No. of patients at risk
CR
PR
OR
Database lock Oct 2015
Apr 2016
Median follow-up, mo (range)
9
(2–12)
15
(2–19)
ORR, n (%) 53 (66) 54 (68)
Median DOR, mo(95% CI)
8(7, NR)
13(9, NR)
Median DOCR, mo(95% CI)
5
(NR,
NR)
NR
(5, NR)
Median DOPR, mo(95% CI)
8
(7, NR)
13
(8, NR)
Timmerman et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1110
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Novel combinations for relapsed and refractory HL patients
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Nivolumab and Ipilimumab Two immune checkpoint inhibitors
CTLA-4 blockade (ipilimumab) PD-1 blockade (nivolumab)
APC–T-cell interaction
Activation(cytokine secretion, lysis, proliferation, migration to tumor)
Tumor microenvironment
Dendriticcell T cell Tumor cell
MHC TCRTCR
PD-L1
PD-L2
MHC
PD-1
PD-1
B7
B7CD28
CTLA-4
anti-CTLA-4
+++
---
+++T
cell
+++
---
---
anti-PD-1
CTLA-4 is expressed on T cells and inhibits T-cell activation
PD-1 expression on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with decreased cytokine production and effector function
Ipilimumab disrupts the CTLA-4 pathway, thus inducing anti-tumor immunity
Nivolumab disrupts PD-1 pathway signaling and restores anti-tumor T-cell function
Ansell et al. ASH 2016 abstract #183
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HL: Best Overall Response
100
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96
−50
−75
100
−25
0
25
50
75
Time since first treatment date (weeks)
Change in tumor burden, HL
1st occurrence of new lesion
Responders (n = 23)
Non-responders (n = 8)
Off treatment
Ch
an
ge
fro
m b
ase
lin
e in
ta
rge
t le
sio
ns
tum
or
bu
rde
n (
%)
HL (N = 31)
ORR, n (%)a 23 (74)
Complete response 6 (19)
Partial response 17 (55)
Stable disease 3 (10)
Relapsed or progressive disease
3 (10)
Median duration of OR, months (range)
NR (0.0+, 13.4+)
Transplant naïveb
(n = 18)
ORR, n (%) 12 (67)
Ansell et al. ASH 2016 abstract #183
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Brentuximab vedotin (BV) plus nivolumabas First Salvage Therapy
Brentuximab vedotin disrupts the microtubule network and triggers an
immune response through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stressa
Nivolumab targets the programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway and restores antitumor immune responses
MHC
PD-L1 PD-1
PD-1
T-cellreceptor
T-cellreceptor
PD-L1
PD-L2
CD28
T cell
NFκBOther
PI3K
Dendriticcell
Tumor cell
IFNγ
IFNγR
Shp-2
Shp-2
AntigenAntigen
MHC
B7
PD-1
PD-1
Nivolumab blocks the PD-1 receptor
PD-L2
• Both agents are well tolerated with high single-agent response rates in patients with R/R HL (BV=72% ORR, 33% CR; Nivo=73% ORR, 28% CR)
• Together, they could yield improved CR rates and improved durability of responses, and potentially lead to better long-term outcomes
Herrera et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1105
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Schema
• Target enrollment: ~55 patients
• Patients were treated in 21-day cycles for up to 4 cycles (12 weeks)
◦ During Cycle 1, BV was administered on Day 1 and Nivo on Day 8
◦ During Cycles 2-4, dosing of both drugs occurred on Day 1 of each cycle
◦ After completion of the Cycle 4 response assessment, patients were eligible to undergo
ASCT
• Investigator assessment of lymphoma response and progression was per the Lugano
Classification Revised Staging System for malignant lymphoma (Cheson et al., 2014)
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Demographics and Disease Characteristics
n (%)
Disease status at study entry
Primary Refractory 17 (40)
Relapsed, remission duration ≤
1 year14 (33)
Relapsed, remission duration
> 1 year11 (26)
Extranodal disease 11 (26)
Bulky disease 4 (10)
Prior chemotherapiesa
ABVD 38 (90)
AVD or ABVE-PC 4 (10)
BEACOPP or Stanford V 3 (7)
Prior radiation 5 (12)
• 42 patients (52% F, 48% M) with a median age of 37 years have been enrolled
a Two patients received AVD after discontinuing ABVD due to AEs, and 1 patient received BEACOPP
after discontinuing ABVD due to inadequate interim response
Herrera et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1105
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BV + Nivolumab: Adverse Events
• AEs occurring in ≥ 50% of patients post-ASCT completion (N=6) included anemia (G3), vomiting (G1), diarrhea (G1), febrile neutropenia (G3), and neutropenia (G4)
• One patient with treatment-related serious adverse event after Cycle 1 BV: dehydration (G3), asthenia (G1), hypercalcemia (G2), malaise (G2), nausea (G1)
• AEs occurring in ≥ 10% of patients (N=42) pre-ASCTa were all Grade 1 or 2 in severity with the exception of one Grade 3 urticaria event
b, c
a 3 patients (7%) experienced peripheral sensory neuropathy (Grade 1) b Includes 1 occurrence of Grade 3 urticaria, c One PT of IRR not reported as associated with infusion
Herrera et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1105
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BV + Nivolumab: Infusion-Related Reactions (IRRs)
• IRRs observed in 38% of patients: most common were flushing, nausea (14% each); chest discomfort, dyspnea, urticaria (12% each); cough, and pruritus (10% each)
• A protocol amendment was instituted requiring premedication with low-dose corticosteroids (hydrocortisone 100 mg or equivalent) and antihistamine at Cycles 2-4
• Premedication regimen including low-dose corticosteroid did not impact the rate or severity of IRRs, however no patients discontinued treatment due to an IRR
Herrera et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1105
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Change in SPD from baseline
BV + Nivolumab: Tumor Response per Investigator
5-Point Score n (%) Total
CmR 1 8 (28) 18 (62)2 6 (21)3 3 (10)Missing
1 (3)
PmR 4 6 (21) 8 (28)5 2 (7)
NmR 5 1 (3) 3 (10)
PmD 5 2 (7) 2 (7)a Cycle 2 SPD reported for 1 patient
a
Change in max SUV from baseline
Deauville score (N=29)
ORR (26/29) = 90%95% CI: 72.6, 97.8
CmR (18/29) = 62%95% CI: 42.3, 79.3
Herrera et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1105
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STARTING DOSE
Arm Y: Dose Level -1
Nivolumab 1mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-46
Brentuximab vedotin 1.2 mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-16
Arm D: Dose Level 1 (N=3)
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-46
Brentuximab vedotin 1.2 mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-16
Arm E- Dose Level 2 (N=7)
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV day 1 cycles 1-46
Brentuximab vedotin 1.8 mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-16
Arm F- Phase I Expansion Cohort (N=9)
Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV day 1 cycles 1-46
Brentuximab vedotin 1.8 mg/kg IV day 1 of cycles 1-16
BV+Nivolumab for Relapsed PatientsE4412 Schema: (Arms D-F)
Diefenbach et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1106
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E4412 Patient Demographics
Patient Characteristics Relapsed HL (N = 19)
Median Age, yr (range) 40 (21-70)
Sex, n (%)Male
Female9 (53)
10 (47)
Baseline ECOG PS, n (%)012
11 (57)6 (32)2 (11)
B symptoms, n (%) 5 (26)
Number of prior systemic therapies, mean (range)
3 (1-7)
Prior transplant, n (%)AutologousAllogeneic
8 (42)6 (32)2 (11)
Prior Brentuximab, n (%) 4 (21)
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BV + Nivolumab: Common and Immune Adverse Events
• Elevated hepatic enzymes most common: transient primarily cycle 1 no impact on treatment
• Peripheral sensory neuropathy common in BV re-treatment patients
N=18
Percentage of patients with common and immune adverse events
Diefenbach et al. ASH 2016 abstract #1106
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Typhlitis
Eye Disorder (Other)
Myalgias
Pneumonitis
Blurred vision
Diarrhea
Anorexia
Puritis
Neutrophil count decreased
Fever
Headache
Maculo-papular rash
Nausea
Peripheral sensory neuropathy
Elevated Hepatic Enzymes
Grades 1 and 2
Grade 3
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Best comparison phase II studies, ASCT and BV failure
Pembro Nivo
Patients 69 80
Age 34 (19-64) 37 (28-48)
Prior Tx 4 (2-12) 4 (3-15)
Prior BV 100% 100%
Prior auto-SCT 100% 100%
Pembro Nivo
ORR 72% 66%
CR (IR)CR (doc)
22%22%
9%22%
PR 51% 58%
SD 13% 23%
POD 6% 8%
Moskowitz et al, ISHL 2016Younes et al, Lancet Oncol 2016
Pembrolizumab Nivolumab
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ch
an
ge F
rom
Baselin
e,
%
0
n at risk
1 2 3 4 5 76 8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cu
mu
lati
ve E
ven
t R
ate
, %
Time, Months
70
90
80
110
100
50 39 39 18 10 9 11 1
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I have some reservations on the Pembrolizumab label
• There is an implication that patients with primary refractory, transplant-eligible disease can receive this therapy prior to salvage chemotherapy
• This would be a MISTAKE in clinical judgement
• As far as I know, no patient has been cured with a CPI
• Reserve Pembrolizumab for HL having a poor response to salvage chemotherapy or for ASCT failures
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Phase 1b Study of Pembrolizumab in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory PMBCL:
Results from the Ongoing KEYNOTE-013 Trial
Pier Luigi Zinzani,1 Vincent Ribrag,2 Craig H. Moskowitz,3
Jean-Marie Michot,2 John Kuruvilla,4 Arun Balakumaran,5
Yayan Zhang,5 Patricia Marinello,5 Sabine Chlosta,5
Eric Gustafson,5 Margaret A. Shipp,6 Philippe Armand6
1Institute of Hematology “L. e A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; 2Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; 3Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, NY, USA; 4Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; 5Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA; 6Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Relapsed/Refractory PMBCL
• 80% of PMBCL patients are cured with standard frontline therapy
• ~200 patients/year in the US are diagnosed with rrPMBCL, with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options (no standard of care)
• Overall response rate in rrPMBCL is ≤25% and 2-year OS is 15%1,2
• New treatment options are needed, but small patient numbers limit ability to conduct clinical trials
• PMBCL frequently harbors amplification/translocations involving the 9p24.1 locus, leading to PD-L1 and PD-L2 overexpression
• Pembrolizumab is an anti–PD-1 antibody that helps restore antitumor immune surveillance
1. Lazzarino et al. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:1646-53.
2. Kuruvilla et al. Leuk Lymphoma 2008;49:1329-36.
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Phase 1b KEYNOTE-013 Study
Pembrolizumab IV
10 mg/kg Q2W
OR
200 mg Q3Wa
CR
PR or SD
PD
Discontinuation
allowed after ≥24 wk
Treat for 24 mo
or
PD
or
Intolerable toxicity
Discontinue
(option to continue
until PD confirmed)
PET/CT scans at weeks 6 and 12a
then Q9W per IHP 2007 criteria
Overall Study
MDS
MM
Classical HL
NHL
PMBCL
• Relapsed/refractory
• ASCT failure/ineligible
• ECOG PS 0-1
• Adequate organ function
• No autoimmune disease
• No pneumonitis
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Phase 1b KEYNOTE-013 Study
• Primary endpoints
– Safety
– Overall response rate
• Key secondary endpoints
– Complete remission rate
– Duration of response
– Biomarkers
• Safety population: all patients who received ≥1 dose of
study drug
• Efficacy population: all patients with (a) ≥1 dose of study
drug and (b) ≥1 post-baseline tumor assessment or disease progression before the first tumor assessment
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Baseline Characteristics
Characteristic N = 18
Age, median (range) 30.5 years (22-62)
Female, n (%) 13 (72)
ECOG performance status, n (%)
0
1
11 (61)
7 (39)
Bulky lymphadenopathy,a n (%) 8 (44)
Prior lines of therapy
Median (range)
<3 lines, n (%)
≥3 lines, n (%)
3 (2-6)
7 (39)
11 (61)
Prior autologous stem cell transplantation, n (%)
Transplant ineligible, n (%)
6 (33)
12 (67)
Prior radiation, n (%) 11 (61)
Prior rituximab, n (%) 18 (100)
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Treatment-Related Adverse Events (AEs)
Safety population
(N = 18)
All AEs
n (%)
Grade
3 or 4 AEs
(%)
Any related AE 11 (61) 2 (11)
Related AEs in ≥2 patients
(≥1 patient for grade 3 or 4)
Decreased appetite 2 (11) 0
Diarrhea 2 (11) 0
Fatigue 2 (11) 0
Hypothyroidism 2 (11) 0
Nausea 2 (11) 0
Pyrexia 2 (11) 0
Neutropenia 1 (6) 1 (6)
Venoocclusive liver
disease1 (6) 1 (6)
No discontinuations due to AEs
No treatment-related deaths
Serious AEs (none deemed
related to treatment by
investigator): bacterial pneumonia
(n=2), pneumonia, persistent
cough, chest pain exacerbation
(n=1 each)
Immune-related AEs: grade 2
aggravated diarrhea, grade 2
radiation pneumonitis (n=1 each)
Data cutoff May 27, 2016.
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Best Overall Investigator-Assessed Response (Efficacy Population)
Efficacy population (N = 17)
Number
of
patients
% (90% CI)
Overall response
Complete remission
Partial remission
7
2
5
41 (21-64)
12 (2-33)
29 (12-52)
Stable disease 6 35 (17-58)
Progressive disease 3 18 (5-40)
No assessmenta 1 6 (0-25)
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-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Be
st
ch
an
ge
fro
mb
aseli
ne
(%)
Best Percentage Change From Baseline
in Tumor Size (Evaluable Patients)
-50% decrease
81% of patients (13/16) had
reduction in target lesions
PDSDPRCR
Best Overall Response
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Patient Case – Complete Response• 49-year old woman
• PMBCL diagnosis
Images courtesy of Jean-Marie Michot and Vincent Ribrag, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Previously treated with:
• R-CHOP
• R-DHAC
• ASCT
• Radiation
• EZH2 histone methyltransferase
inhibitor
• Methotrexate + R-GEMOX
Baseline 9 Weeks Post-Baseline
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+
Treatment Ongoing
Complete Response
Partial Response
Progressive Disease
Last Dose
Transplant Ineligible
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Weeks
Treatment Exposure and Response Duration (Evaluable Patients)
Median follow-up duration:
11 mo (range: 3-27)
6/7 (86%) responses ongoing
at time of analysis
Median response duration:
not reached (range: 2-23 mo)
Two patients reached the
maximum 2 years of
treatment and remain in
remission (follow-up: 25.4 mo,
23.8 mo)
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Conclusions
• Conventional therapy for rrPMBCL often yields poor outcomes, highlighting need for new treatment options
• Pembrolizumab treatment was associated with manageable safety profile, promising response rate, and long-lasting remissions in heavily pretreated patients with rrPMBCL
• KEYNOTE-170: global, multicenter phase 2 study evaluating safety and efficacy of single-agent pembrolizumab in larger cohort of rrPMBCL (NCT02576990)
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Some of our new studies
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New study: ABVD and nivolumab
Stage III/IV disease
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9p24.1 amplification, enriched in ASHL and associated with PFS
Roemer et al, J Clin Oncol 2016
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ABVDx2
cyclesPET
Deauville 1-3
Deauville 4-5 or IPS 3-7
AVDx4
ABVDx3 AVDx1
Nivox2
doses
Nivox6
doses
ABVDx2 AVDx2
Nivox4
doses
Nivox4
doses
Dose level 2
AVDx4
Nivox8 doses
Dose level 3
Dose level 1
Cohort AAge <60, stage III/IVPhase I schema
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ABVDx2
cyclesPET
Deauville 1-3
Deauville 4-5
AVDx4
AVDx4
Nivox8 doses
Cohort AAge <60, stage III/IVPhase II schema
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New study: LAG 3 and Anti-PD1
DLBCL
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LAG-3 (Lymphocyte activation gene-3) checkpoint pathway
LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor
that binds to MHC class II
• Expressed on activated CD4 and CD8 T-cells, gd T
cells, NK, pDCs, B, NKT, and Treg cells
• Often co-expressed with PD-1 on antigen-
experienced T cells
• Expression is increased in tumors compared to
normal tissues
–Blocking LAG-3 enhances T-cell
function
• Increases T cell proliferation, proinflammatory
cytokine production and expression of effector
molecules
LAG-3 and PD-1 Biology Overview
Freeman, Nat Imm, 2012
69 Confidential
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Why Study anti-Lag3 in combination with anti-PD-1?
• REGN3767 (anti-LAG-3) + REGN2810 (anti-PD-1) has encouraging efficacy in mouse models
70
Addition of Anti-hLAG-3 Enhances Efficacy of Anti-hPD-1 REGN2810 and Improves Survival of Tumor-Bearing Mice
• Dual humanized PD1 hum/hum/LAG-3hum/hum mice were engrafted with MC38.Ova cells s.c. on day 0 • Treatment days are indicated by arrows
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
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two-way ANOVA (Dunnett’s multiple comparison test), **p<0.01, *p<0.05
log-rank (Mantel Cox) test, with Bonferroniadjustment for multiple comparisons, ****p<0.0001, **p<0.01
n=6 mice/group (IgG control)n=12 mice/group (a-PD-1, a-LAG-3)
IgG
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REGN in-house data
Confidential
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LAG-3 (Lymphocyte activation gene-3) checkpoint pathway
LAG-3 is an inhibitory receptor
that binds to MHC class II
• Expressed on activated CD4 and CD8 T-cells, gd T
cells, NK, pDCs, B, NKT, and Treg cells
• Often co-expressed with PD-1 on antigen-
experienced T cells
• Expression is increased in tumors compared to
normal tissues
–Blocking LAG-3 enhances T-cell
function
• Increases T cell proliferation, proinflammatory
cytokine production and expression of effector
molecules
LAG-3 and PD-1 Biology Overview
Freeman, Nat Imm, 2012
71 Confidential
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Dual targeting of LAG-3 & PD-1 with blocking antibodies may be more effective than either single agent in tumor & pathogen infection models
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Efficacy Assessments by CT/MRI Q6 weeks (cycles 1-8) or Q9 weeks (cycles 9-17)Efficacy Assessment C5D1 by FDG-PET/CT (DLBCL)
Obtain archived tumor tissue for histological confirmation of malignancy
On trial biopsy: at baseline, D29, and at PD
Follow-Up
CT/M
RI Q
6W
1 22 42
Screening-28 Days
Cycle 1
F/U Q28 DaysFor 6 Months
RepeatsCycles 3-8
43
Maximum Treatment Duration = 51 Weeks
REGN3767(X mg/kg Q3W) Assess
REGN2810(3 mg/kg Q3W)
Study Diagram: Treatment & Assessments
Cycle 2
29 64 85 106 127 148 168
RepeatsCycles 9-17
CT/M
RI Q
9W
CT/M
RI Q
6W
CT/M
RI Q
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CT/M
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CT/M
RI Q
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CT/M
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73 Confidential
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Total number of patients for the study, and to be enrolled at MSKCC
• 3 DLBCL cohorts, 9-15 patients per cohort = 27-45
• 4 sites participating, none strong in NHL, so MSKCC expected to have the majority of patients
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New study: Nivolumab and IBrutinib
Richter’s transformation
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PCI32765-LYM-1002: Study DesignNivolumab + Ibrutinib in relapsed B-cell malignancies
Part A n=18(Dose Optimization)
A-1I: 420 mg , po, qd
N: 3mg/kg , i.v., q14d
A-2I: 560 mg, p.o., qd
N: 3 mg/kg, i.v., q14d
Part B (n=30 in each cohort)(Expansion Cohort: Two-stage design)
B 2 and B 3: I: 560 mg/qd PO + N: 3 mg/kg/q14d
B2: Follicular Lymphoma
B3: DLBCL
B 1: I: 420 mg/qd PO + N: 3 mg/kg/q14d
B1: CLL (del 17p or del 11q)
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Favorable Relapse of HL
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Study, Patient populations and statistics
P
Pembrolizumab 200mg q3 weeks x4
P P P14-21 days XR
T
Involved Site Radiation
PET/CT Simulation PET/CT Simulation PET/CT
ESHL, treated with < 6 cycles of chemotherapy alone and relapsed or refractory early stage disease
RAPID failures for exampleWhere ISRT is commonly administered
Simon 2-Stage DesignCR rate will increase from 20% with pembrolizumab alone to 50% with the use of pembrolizumab + ISRT
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Have we forgotten about allogeneic stem cell transplantation in the new era of CPI?
Let’s remember that the CPI have not cured anyone yet with HL!
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The issues• 3 yr. PFS with allogeneic transplant varies in 2016 but ranges from 30-
50-%
• No patient in the US will be BV naive if an allogeneic transplant isrequired
• Should an allogeneic transplant be offered to any patient that has not received a CPI?
• Should an allogeneic transplant only be considered in patients thathave disease progression on CPI?
• Should CPI be a bridge to allo in all cases?– Should only patients that have <CR be referred for an allo?– Should only patients with a CR be referred for an allo?
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Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Following PD-1 Blockade in Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoma
Reid W. Merryman, MD1, Haesook T. Kim, PhD2, Pier Luigi Zinzani, MD, PhD3, Carmelo Carlo-Stella, MD4,5, Stephen M Ansell, MD6, Miguel-Angel Perales, MD7, Abraham Avigdor, MD8, Ahmad S. HalwaniMD9, Roch Houot, MD, PhD10,11, Tony Marchand, MD10, Nathalie Dhedin, MD12, Willy Lescaut, MD13, Anne Thiebaut-Bertrand, MD14, Sylvie François, MD15, Aspasia Stamatoullas-Bastard, MD16, Pierre-Simon Rohrlich, MD17, Hélène Labussière Wallet, MD18, Luca Castagna, MD4,5, Armando Santoro, MD4,5, Veronika Bachanova, MD, PhD19, Scott C. Bresler, MD, PhD19, Amitabh Srivastava, MD20, Harim Kim21, Emily Pesek1, Marie Chammas1, Carol Reynolds, PhD1, Vincent T. Ho, MD1, Joseph H. Antin, MD1, Jerome Ritz, MD1, Robert J. Soiffer, MD1, and Philippe Armand, MD, PhD1.
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• 39 patients• All received prior CPI• cGVHD-41% at 1 yr.• 1 y.r cumulative
incidence of relapse is only 14%
• Only 4 patients died from TRM
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My current strategy for ASCT failures which is subject to change
• If disease is nodal only and stage I/Il, and pt is RT naïve: radiotherapy with curative intent
• Advanced stage
– HLA typing and refer for a potential allogeneic stem cell transplantation
– Start CPI
• If CR is achieved continue for another 3 months and if CR is maintained stop therapy and monitor, restart if HL progression and refer back for allo consideration
• If a PR is achieved continue therapy based upon clinical situation, (PR can convert to CR), however refer back to transplant physician for repeat evaluation and further discussions
• If stable disease is achieved, a CR will not happen, continue therapy until definitive disease progression and then start MOPP vs. clinical trial, and refer back for allo consideration if a PR is achieved
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Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Model of Success in Oncology I am honored to be studying this disease and taking care of the patients
• First hematologic malignancy, London (Hodgkin 1832)
• First cured with radiotherapy, Toronto (Peters 1950)
• First prospective randomized trials, Stanford (Kaplan 1960)
• First advanced-stage cancer cured with combination chemotherapy (MOPP),
– NCI ( DeVita 1967)
• First cases of secondary leukemia and solid tumors (early 1970’s)
• First disease cured with immunotherapy?
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Case 1: FV
66-year-old female
Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin lymphoma
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Oncology History
• Diagnosed with stage IIIA mixed cellularity HL in 1972.
– treated with splenectomy and cobalt radiation
• Early 2010: developed anorexia, weight loss, fevers, sweats, rash, and pruritus
• 3/6/2010: biopsy of right groin LN consistent with mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma, stage IIIB
– treated with ABVD x 6 cycles -> CR
• Eearly 2011: developed left posterior cervical LN. Biopsy confirmed recurrent disease, stage IIIA
– Received ICE x 4 months (no. of cycles unknown), complicated by bilateral PE
– Did not go to transplant
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FV Oncology History• Late 2012: recurrent disease
– treated with EVAC x 4; critical illness following cycle 4 with pneumonia/meningitis
• 5/15/2012 - 5/24/2013: Brentuximab vedotin
• 9/2014 – 4/2015: CUDC (dual HDAC & PI3K Inhibitor) on protocol
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Oncology History cont’d• 11/24/15: Initiated Pembrolizumab 200mg q 3 weeks on Phase 2 clinical trial
• 10/21/16: POD, but continued tx on study
• 1/2017: further POD off study
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FV Pembrolizumab• Received 19 doses
– Tx discontinued due to disease progression
• Toxicities related to treatment: hypothyroidism, rash
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Baseline 11/16/2015 8/1/20162/12/2016Best response 5/6/2016
12/9/2016
2/2017
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Case 2: YM
48-year-old female
Relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma
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YM Oncology History• March 2010 dx with stage IIA nodular sclerosing Hodgkins lymphoma
• 5/6/10 BM Bx without involvement
• She received 5 cycles of ABVD followed by IFRT to bilateral neck, supraclavicular fossa, mediastinum.
• Restaging at completion of treatment demonstrated residual disease
• 11/4/10 right level 4 LN bx with atypical lymphoid proliferation, compatible with residual classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
• late 2011 ICE chemotherapy
• Feb 2012 autologous SCT (conditioning regimen unknown).
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YM Oncology History, Cont’d• Upon first restaging post-transplant, the patient had refractory disease.
• 7/3/12 R cervical LN bx: classical Hodgkin Lymphoma, CD30+
• July 2013: initiated brentuximab. Imaging after two cycle demonstrated VGPR. However, at the next restaging, she had progressive disease.
• Therapy was changed to Gemcitabine, Navelbine, and Doxil. She received 6 cycles, completed 7/24/13.
• PET/CT 8/23 revealed CR.
– Her sister, who is HLA-matched was pregnant at that time. She delivered in December 2013. Patient refused cord blood transplant as alternative
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YM Oncology History, cont’d• PET on 1/14/14 revealed hypermetabolic thoracic and abdominal
lymphadenopathy suspicious for malignant involvement
• 3/31/14 initiated pembrolizumab 10mg/kg on phase I clinical trial
• 6/20/14 PET/CT CR
• Second restaging 10/17/14 NED. CT 6/25/15 NED
• 10/16/2015 dose #50 pembrolizumab on study study end
• 2/2017 NED
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YM - Pembrolizumab• Received 50 doses over 2 year period of time
– Tx discontinued due to finite dosing schedule per protocol
• Toxicities related to treatment: none.
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Baseline 3/21/2014 2/5/2015
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Lymphoma Disease Management Team
Lymphoma ServiceConnie Batlevi
Philip Caron
Pamela Drulinksy
John Gerecitano
Audrey Hamilton
Paul Hamlin
Steve Horwitz
Andrew Intlekofer
Anital Kumar
Matt Matasar
Alison Moskowitz
Craig Moskowitz
Ariela Noy
Lia Palomba
Carol Portlock
David Straus
Santosh Vardhana
AnasYounes, Chief
Andrew Zelenetz
Lymphoma Transplant ProgramMatt Matasar
Craig Sauter
Craig Moskowitz
Juliet Barker
Gunjan Shah
Miguel Perales
Sergio Giralt
Hematopathology Ahmet Dogan, ChiefMaria ArcilaCaleb HoOscar LinPeter MaslakChris ParkDavid ParkFiliz SenMariko Yabe
Nuclear MedicineHeiko Schoder, Chief Neetha Pandit-TaskerJorge Carasquillo
Radiation Oncology
Joachim Yahalom
RadiologyJames CaravelliJurgen RademakerGary Ulaner
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Development of Anti-PD1/PDL1-Based Therapy
PD1/PDL1mAB
Ibrutinib
PI3Ki/mTORi
Chemotherapy
Revlimid
BrentuximabVedoton
Urelumab (4-1BB)Ipililumab (CTAL4)
a-CD20