che prenatal development

7/31/2019 Che Prenatal Development

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PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT


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3 BIOLOGICAL

BASISOF

DEVELOPMENT


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MFIM-MATURATION

F-FERTILIZATION

I-IMPLANTATION


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MATURATION

SPERM

Head

Neck

Tail

OVUM

3x larger than the sperm

Has a round surface with a

consistency of jelly


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OVULATION

Escape of one mature ovum during the

menstrual cycle.


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*** TWINS

MONOZYGOTIC

DIZYGOTIC


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FERTILIZATION:

The fusion of two specialized cells.

Marks the beginning

of development.


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What happens?1. Ovulation

Egg bursts from the surface of the ovary

2. Fallopian Tubes

Passageway for the egg once it is discharged from the ovaryssurface

3. Zygote

Fertilized egg

4. Implantation

When fertilized egg attaches and secures himself to the

uterine wall5. Blastocyst

Name of the fertilized egg after initial divisions


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IMPLANTATION

occurs inthe uterus

zygote

blastocyst duration; 7

to 10 days


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..


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CHROMOSOMES & GENES:

Genotype

Phenotype

Dominant

Recessive


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Conclusions:

- structurally & functionally, femalesresist disease better than males

-the males are more subjected tohereditary disease & defect

- Environmental elements expose the

males to hazards- Females are born with & retain a

biological superiority over males


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CHROMOSOMAL

DISORDERS

1.Klinefelterssyndrome2.Down Syndrome3.Turner syndrome


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Down Syndrome

deviation of the 21stpair of chromosome

Small hands

Cardiac defects

Large tongue

Mental retardation


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Klinefelters syndrome

XXY

Small testicles

Decreased body hair

infertility


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Turner Syndrome

XO


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Genetic Disorders

1. Sickle cell anemia2. Cystic fibrosis3. Phenylketonuria

4. Spina Bifida5. Hemophilia6. Fragile x syndrome7. Tay Sachs


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Sickle cell anemia

abnormalhemoglobin

(+) pain


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Cystic fibrosis

Exocrine glands

Increased mucus decreased breathing


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Phenylketonuria

Amino acids

Mental Retardation

Affects the Nervous

Sytem


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Spina Bifida

developmental birth

defect caused by the

incomplete closure of

the embryonic neuraltube


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Hemophilia

impair the body's ability

to control blood clotting

or coagulation, which is

used to stop bleedingwhen a blood vessel is

broken

recessivesex-linked, X

chromosome disorderslikely to occur in males

rather than females
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-linkedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-linkedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-linkedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex-linkedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recessivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood


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Fragile x syndrome

With Mental Retardationand learning disorders

geneticsyndrome

results in a spectrum ofcharacteristic physical,intellectual limitations,emotional andbehavioral features

which range fromsevere to mild inmanifestation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder


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Tay- Sachs

TSD, also knownas GM2gangliosidosis orHexosaminidase A

deficiency presents a relentless

deterioration of mentaland physical abilities

which commences at 6months of age andusually results in deathby the age of four.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_gangliosidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_gangliosidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_gangliosidosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM2_gangliosidosis


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PREGNANCY & BIRTH:

Stages of Development:

1. Germinal period2. Embryonic period3. Fetal period


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1. Germinal Period

1st week: zygotetravels through thefallopian tube &receives nutrientsfrom the glands ofthe uterine wall. (3

to 4 days)

2nd week: Blastocystis firmly planted.Composed of twolayers **inner layer placenta,

umbilical cord,

amniotic sac


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2. Embryonic period

1.(3rd to 8th week)organogenesis occursWeek 3 : rapid dev. Of

the NS

Week 4: heart beatsWeek 5: Eyes & ears

emerge; body budsfor arms & legsWeek 6 & 7: Visible

fingers & toesWeek 8: differentiated

body parts about 95%


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3. Fetal period

(3rd mo. To birth) 3rd month: sex organs

appear 4th month: rapid growth;

RBC & WBC are formed 5th month: hears sounds;

wt.: 1 pound 6th month: rapid growth;

wt.:2 pounds 7th month:grows slowly 8th & 9th months:

preparation for birth;senses ready to fxn, brainis 25% of the adultweight


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**At the end of the 9th month: fetus is20 long, weighs 7 pounds & 6 ounces,brain has 20 to 25% of the adult wt.

Prenatal deveopment


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Prenatal deveopment


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STAGES OF BIRTH:

1. Dilation2. Expulsion

3. Afterbirth


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Dilation

lasts 12 to 13hours

diameter of cervixis stretched


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Expulsion

cervix fully dilated the baby passes

thorough the birthcanal


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Afterbirth

placenta isdischarged


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Vaginal delivery


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Problems in Pregnancy:

a.miscarriageb.stillbirthc.ectopic pregnancy


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Birth Complications

a.Forceps deliveryb.Breech deliveryc.Cesarean section

d.Anoxiae.RH factor


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Cesarean section


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PREMATURITY

a condition that occursless than 37 weeksafter conception & isdefined by low birthweight & immaturity

Categories:a.Borderline 37 to 38

weeks

b.Moderate

31 to 36weeks; LBWc.Extreme 24 to 30

weeks; VLBW


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Causes

a.Low socioeconomicstatus

b.Smoking

c.Alcohold.Cervical problemse.High BP, unusual

stress

f.Diabetesg.Heart disease


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TERATOGENS

agents that can cause abnormalities


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Infectious diseases:

a.Syphilis (blindness, MR, deafness)b.toxoplasmosisc.other infections & influenza, chicken

poxd.Rubella (heart disorders, cataracts,

deafness, MR)

e.Cytomegalovirusf.Herpes Simplex


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Other:

AIDS

Chemicals

Smoking

Alcohol

DIAGNOSING FETAL


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DIAGNOSING FETALPROBLEMS:

1.Amniocentesis done before the 15th

week of pregnancy & onwards2.Fetoscopy performed after the 18th

week3.Chorionic Villi Sampling (8-12 WEEKS)4.Ultrasound

amniocentesis


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amniocentesis


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Chorionic villi sampling


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INFERTILITY

a.Low sperm countb.Sexually transmitted

disease

c.Chlamydia

Pelvicinflammatorydisease

d.Endometriosis

e.Intrauterine device


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ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

1.In vitro fertilization fertilized an egg &sperm in a dish

2.Gamete IntrafallopianTransfer also known

as embryo transfers3.Zygote intrafallopiantransfer the fertilizedegg isplaced/transferred intothe fallopian tube

4.Sperm & egg Donation5.Cryopreservation6.Surrogate motherhood


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ADOPTION

open

means that the birth mother

and adopted family know

who each other are

semi-open adoption, thebiological parents may

meet the adoptive parents

one or several times and

then have no morephysical contact

closed

"confidential" adoptionand sometimes "secret"adoption

adopted by anotherfamily, and the record ofthe biological parent(s) iskept sealed

Often, the biologicalfather is not recordedeven on the original birthcertificate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_certificatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_record


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Source: Human Development, Across the Lifespan, 5th Ed. by Dacey

& Travers

Developmental Psychology, 5th edition by Elizabeth

Hurlock

che prenatal development

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