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Proceedings of International ~onference on Advances in Mechanical EngineeringI May 29-31,2013, COEP, Pune, Maharashtra, IndiaI Paper ID - ICAME20 13S21P7I

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A REVIEW ON POCKETING TOOLPATr OPTIMIZATION IN CNC MILLING

I

Purvik PatelC M Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Faculty ofTechnology& Engineering,

Charotar University of Scienceand Technology, Changa, Gujarat.

E-mail-purvik3989@yahoo.in

Avadhoot jurkarDepartment of I dustrial &Production En ineering,Vishwakarma I stitute ofTechnology, U per IndiraNagar, Bibwew di, Pune,

Maharashtra.avadhoot.rajurkal'@vit.edu

I

Vijay ChaudharyC M Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Faculty ofTechnology & Engineering,

Charotar University of Scienceand Technology, Changa,Gujarat.vijaychaudhary.me@charusat.ac.in

• I

~ ABSTRA~TToday's manufacturing industries augment their producdon lines with modem machining centers backedby CAM softwares. Several attempts are being made to cut down the programming time for machiningcomplex geometries. Special programs/softwares have ~een developed to generate the digital numericaldata and to prepare NC programs by using suitable post-Processors for different machines. By selecting theproportional tools and manufacturing process plan; the topl paths and NC program are generated.More andmore complex mechanical parts that earlier were being cast and assembled/manufactured by otherprocesses are now beingmachined. Majority of these parts require lots of pocketing operations and findtheir applications in die and mold, turbomachinery, air4raft, nuclear, defense etc. Pocketing operationsinvolve removal of large quantity of material from the]metal surface. In today's rapid manufacturingconcept, application of proper simulation, modeling and optimization strategies in metal cutting isessential to improve the machining and the overall productivity.This paper presents an exhaustive reviewon the work done in this area by researchers worldwide. ~ocketing operation has been specifically chosenfor toolpath optimization. Amongst many methods of toolpath generation, there are two strategies fortoolpath optimization. The first strategy communicates I with MasterCAM® software for reduction inmachining time by optimization o~.\toolpath using CAD~CAM simulation. The second strategy requiresselection of optimal cutting parameters such as feed rat~, depth of cut, cutting speed and stepover forpocket milling process. I

I

Keywords: toolpath, part program, optimization, pocket II

IINTRODUCTION I .

~ In today's fast growing manufacturing sector, apPlic~tions of proper simulation, modeling andoptimization strategies in metal cutting is essential to impr9ve the machining and overall productivity. End

• milling process is widely used in industry including the a~rospace and automotive sectors because of itsversatility and efficiency. Most of the CAD/CAM syst ms are not able to provide machining time

• automatically like MasterCA~ (Jayswaland Taufik, 2011 . CAM module makes universal, standard NC• code, which is further translated (post-processed) into a f4rm, which is understood by specific machine

II

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An Alarming Bell of occupational Health Hazards and Woi k .Related Disorders in Emerging Indian IT Sect

A Revi wShriiam Madhukar Sane, Vinayak M. Kale, Va ha

N. Karandikar, Mahesh S.Mokashi, Pradyu naR.Mulherkar, Sourabh Kulkarni and Viraj V. Rajebho ale

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INTRODUCTIONAs computers are used in office automation throughout the world, for the past few decades a rapi ly

~ increasing work force has been involved with computers for increasing periods of time. Sev ral""'studies have reported poxitive association between computer use and musculoskeletal disor ers

symptoms ..With rapidly changing workplaces, unique occupational health hazards are emerg ng.• Traditional industrial health concerns were related more in the physical health domain. Emer ing

new o~cupations particularly in Information Technology (IT) and IT enabled Services (ITES), po e a• host of new health challenges particularly those related to mental and social health.

postural stress due to poor workstation ergonomics such as inappropriate location of the monitor;keyboard or mouse has been found to be associated with musculoskeletal problems.

SeV'eral.recent studies have found a relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and theuse of a computer. In general, findings indicate that poor ergonomic conditions are associated ith

• computer users' complaints about visual discomfort and musculoskeletal pain symptoms .. and baa injuries and visual strain have also been found to be the main contributors to work

• lost due to computer-related injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to cumulative tra marepresent a major health-and financial burden to the employees and to the industry. These probl ms

• if ignored can prove debilitating and can cause crippling injuries forcing one to change 0 e's• profession. There is an urgent need to understand the dynamics of. these problems and pre ent

_< them from consuming epidemic proportions.

_, MUSCULO-SKELET AL DISORDERS (MSD's)

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Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) due to cumulative trauma represent a major health and £ina cialburden to the employees and to the industry. "Musculoskeletal disorders" include a wide ran e of.inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the muscles, tendons', ligaments, jo nts,peripheral nerves, and supporting blood vessels. These include clinical syndromes such as te doninflammations and related conditions (tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, bursitis), nerve compre siondisorders (carpal tunnel syndrome, sciatica), and osteoarthrosis, as well as less well standar izedconditions such as myalgia, low back pain and other regional pain syndromes (6,8,15).

• DeP,:,n. ofP,"du,''',~ h~dIndu,.",1 Engin';ring, Vi'hw,~a,,~a InstituteofTechnology;Pune;Un;v'....'Y of~une.M.B.B.s., Director-Bliss Utility HealthcarcServices (P) Ltd, Pune . .

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..4 Ergonomic Programme Management in Manufacturing Sector ~,. A Review

Shriram Madhukar Sane, VarshaN. Karandikar, Neha N. Shete,• Dhanashri S. Shevade an~ Vi~aj l1' Raj~b,hosc¥

,

INTROCUTION.. I

Ergonomics is an effective approach to reduce injuries by controlling the risk.factors such as force,• repetition, posture and vibration. The use of ergonomic principles in.manufacturing operations ha,

become an important part of a comprehensive health and safety process. The purpose of ergonomic• analysis is to effectively eliminate Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD)and hazards

by providing management leadership, employee involvement in the identification and resolutiori• . of hazards by providing trainirig, evaluation as all on-going proc~ss. This paper summarises th€1"'J efforts in implementing and maintainirig the programme.· ,,_ .Manufacturing industry continues to be a significant source ofWMSD,CTOand Acute trauma.__ The primary aim of this program is to effectively eliminate or control these hazards by providing:

management leadership and employee involvement. Ergonomic program management inl,.. manufacturing sector was undertaken and resulting control suggestions are provided. I

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the reporting of cumulative trauma I

• disorders (CTDs) and other work-related disorders (WMSD)due to ergonomic hazards. WMSD Ii

represents nearly half of the occupational illnesses reported in the annual Bureau ofLabour Statistics• (BLS)survey. Much of the increase in CTDs is due to changes in process and technology that expose... employees to increased repetitive motion and other ergonomic risk factors. Ergonomics program is

a systematic process for anticipating, identifying, analyzing and controlling WMSDhazards." This ergonomic management program is. to effectively eliminate or control Work-related

Musculoskeletal Disorders (WM;SD)and hazards. Major elements of this program are management• leadership, employee involvem~nt and team approach for identification and resolution of hazards.

The effectivemanagement ofworker safety and health protection includes all work-related hazards.,.) TheOccupational Safety and Health Act of 1970(aSH Act) clearly states that the general duty of all I

employers is to provide their employees with a workplace free from recognized serious hazards.• OSHA seeks the cooperation and commitments of the employers in making this ergonomic

management program an effective effort for occupational safety and health." It is essential that employers and related industries adopt an appropriately comprehensive

program for addressing ergonomic hazards. Today such a type of the ergonomic management• programs is not given due consideration as given in the western countries, may be because of lack• of legal penalties so such a programme are not implemented in most of the Indian based companies.. Hence, it is all the more important to be aware of such occupational and safety related issues and• identify the need of development of workplace based on ergonomics programme management.

•• .. Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune; University of Pune,

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Proc. of the International Conference on "Manufacturing Excellence" (ICMAX-2013), Jan. 28-30, 2013JJTU, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India'

Production Planning & Control (Scheduling of Job Shop

Production)

Deshpande Rohan A., V.N. Karandikar, Shrlram M. Sane

• Bansilal Ramnath Agrawal Charitable Trust's Vishwakarma Institute of Technology Bibwewadi,Pune -411037.• {rohandeshpande.in@gmail.com, Varsha_karandikar@rediffmail.com, sanese@gmail,com}

Abstract

Production planning is the key activity for the organization's efficiency, effectiveness,timely delivery, quality product, and customer satisfaction. Planning, routing, scheduling &loading are the most important functions included in the production planning. Scheduling isone of the most important function especially in job shop production due to its complexity.Scheduling is the process of fitting a shop order into the uncommitted time avai/able for agroup of machines required for the manufacture of the item and within the total time whichis no greater than the promised delivery period. Scheduling of job shop production is one ofthe challenging tasks due to its low volume and high variety. Therefore lot of schedulingtechniques is available now-a-days. Recently job management software tools are widelyused in the industries which are based on job shop production. "My Work PLAN" software isnow-a-days is widely used which is provided by ·Sescoi-which is one of the leading jobmanagement solution company. There are various approaches are available for jobshop production. For ex. Job shop scheduling by using manual scheduling, by using ERP,by using Theory of constraint, by using excel spread sheets and' white boards, by usingproject management softWare tools, etc. In today's modern day "MY WorkPlan" is theproject management and ERP based solution is useful especially for job shop or engineer­to-order or make-to-order or project based company.Keywords: Job Shop Production; Job shop scheduling; Work system design

..•..~4\..•••" 1. Introduction

••Production is defined as the ·manuf~cturing of finished goods from raw material by using man,machine & money" & planning is deflhed as "to design the related and coordinated activities likematerial control, process planning, scheduling etc. Production planning, therefore, is the pre­determination of manufacturing requirements such as men, materials, machines, manufacturingprocess, money, order priority etc. for the production of goods of the right quality, in the rightquantities and at the right time. Control is to review the work progress, make corrections whereverrequired thereby ensure that programmed production takes place. Production planning and controlthus is the process of planning production in advance, setting rate of each item, fixing starting andfinishing dates for each item, authorizing shop activity by release of production orders, follow upthe.progress of products, and expediting wherever required.

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2. Case study: Precision Automation & Robotics India ltd.•Problem Statement before decide to use WorkPlan software in the PARI they scheduled the

machine load plan by using manual scheduling technique.Manual scheduling: Quite often, a scheduler's role is confined to tracking job progress on the shopfloor and reports it to management. There are several job shops where production scheduling is

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IIIII

Ergonomic Risk Assessment Methods: I

A ReviewVarsha N. Karandikar, Shriram Madhukar Sane amd Pranita K. Mane*

• This review paper provides an appraisal of literature regarding discomfort of the lower extremities .\1 .

of workers in occupational environments. The primary extrinsic occupationally-related causes Of II

• job discomfort reviewed in this study are based on individual joint position, whole or partial body I

posture and occupational activity. This paper presents eleven different methods for determining• risk factors for work related musculoskeletal disorders.• Relev~nce:This r~view helps to provide the ~ormation r.elated.to.p~.stural acti~ities that can~ad to fatigue and discomfort, The methods for risk assessments described here gIve the much.Wer idea of what to expect when choosing one method over another for assessment.

'Severalpublished studies suggest two types of adverse health outcomes for prolonged postural• activity at work: (1)body discomfort and (2)work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).At• the same time, it is evident that postural discomfort can also arise from confounders such as pastinjury;current health, psychosocial variables, and present diagnosis ofWMSDs.Betterunderstanding

.of the plausible cause-and-effect relationships with respect to perceived and reported bodydiscomfort levels and occupational activities can contribute to the prevention and management of

.work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).The above applies to all regions of the body,, including the under-studied lower extremities (LE).This review focuses on the lower extremity.joints and body segments (pelvis, hip, thigh, knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot) and the occupationalvariables that affectcomfort in these areas (Christopher R. Reid,PamelaMeCauley Bush,Waldemar

eKarwowski, Samiullah K. Durrani, 2010).Thisreview refines the myriadof possible job/ task related variables into three general categories:

~1) joint positions, (2)body postures/and (3)task performance requirements (occupational activities)';:hristopher R. Reid, Pamela McCauley Bush, Waldemar Karwowski, Samiullah K. Durrahi,2010)."Each of these categories, although associated to body discomfort, progressively views the variables.f causation at a higher level of association .. _t Positions

..Joint position looks at each LEjoint individually and shows how body discomfort can relate to joint~eviation. Bodyposture looks at the LEfrom the view ofmultiple joint positions acting together to_ttain a primarily static body posture.

~ccupational Body Postures

~s mentioned previously, a body posture is simply a collection of joint positions for each major'lllfointof the body. As a result, the same variables of static hold time, body endurance, strength

• Department of Production and Industrial Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute ofTechnology,Pune;University ofPune••

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Ergonolllic Programme Management in M.anufacturing Sec or -A R view

Shriram MadllUkar Sane, Varsha N.Karandikar, Neha .Sheie,Dhanashri S. Sheoade and Viraj V. Raj bhosale

- ..._------_-_. --_. _ .._-----_ .._--_ .. _ ...._-_._ ..__ .- ._--------- -------- -_ ..._------------

INTROCUTIONErgonomics is an effective approach to.reduce injuries by controll~ng the risk.factors such s force,repetition, posture and vibration. The use of ergonomic principles in manufacturing opera ons hasbecome an important part of a comprehensive health and safety process. The purpose of er onornicaruUysis is to effectively eliminate Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD)and azardsby providing management leadership, employee involvement in the identification and re . lutionof f:tazardsby providing training, evaluation as all on-going process. 'This paper summa ises the­effc,)rtsin implemcn:ing and maintaining the programme.

Mar.ufac:u ring industry continues to be a significant source ofWMSD,CTDand Acute trauma.Th- primary aim of this program is to effectively eliminate or control these hazards by F ovidingmanagement ~ead('rship and employee involvement. Ergonomic program manage ent in~g sector was undertaken and resulting control suggestions are provided.;:In~t years. there has been a significant increase in the reporting of cumulativ

~ (CIT)S) and other work-related disorders (WMSD) due to ergonomic hazardsrepreseaes neaL)' half of the occupational illnesses reported in the annual Bureau ofLabour tatistics(BLS)survey. Much of the increase in CTDs is due to changes in process and technology th t exposeemployees to in(reased repetitive motion and other ergonomic risk factors:Ergonomics p gram isa systematic:process for anticipating, identifying, analyzing and controlling WMSDhaza ds.

This ergor'omic management program is to effectively eliminate or control Wor -relatedMusculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD)and hazards. Major elements of this program are ma agementleadership, emp loyee involvement and team approach for identification and resolution 0 hazards.Tl1eeffective mana~;ement of worker safety and health protection includes all work-relate hazards .The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHAct) clearly states that the general uty of allemployers is rc ;:':Qvide their employees with a workplace free from recognized seriou hazards.OSHA seeks the \~00peration and commitments of the employers in making this e gonomicmanagement program an effective effort for occupational safety and health.

It is essential .hat employers and related industries adopt an appropriately camp ehensiveprogram for addressing ergonomic hazards. Today such a type of the ergonomic ma agementprograms is not gi\'en due consideration as given in the western countries, may be beca se of lackof legal penalties so such a programme are not implemented in most of the Indian based c mpanies.Hence, it is all the more important to be aware of such occupational and safety related' sues andidentify the need of development of workplace based on ergonomics programme mana ement.

.._-------_.__._---_.._---_...--.----_._-----------+--~Department of lnCl:'AtJi and Production Engineering, Vishwakarrna Institute ofTechnology, Pune;Unive sity of Pune.

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ENGINEERING GRAPHICSWith an Introduction to Computer Aided Drafting

( VolumeI & II)

(A Text Book for the Degree Courses Intngineenng)

Written accOrding to thoRevIsedSyllabus and Structure ( 2003 Course) of Puna University

For First YearEnglneerlng students

Contains more than 490 Solved ExampJesand 250 Exercise Problems

Sixth Edition(First Reprint)

H. G. PHAKATKARM.E. (Mech.) Design Engg.

HeadMechanical Engineering DepartmentVishwakarma Institute of Technology

PUNE.

Price Rs. 300

NIRALI PRAKASHANIN1856 I

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Theory of Machinesand

Mechanisms- I::::::

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for s.E.(Mechanical)

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H. G. PHAKATKARM.E. (Mech.) Design Engg.

HeadMechanical Engineering DepartmentVishwakarma Institute of Technology

PUNE.

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NIRALI PRAKASHAN"The way to Excellence"

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Theory of Machines - II(A Text Book for Engineering Students)

Written according to the Revised Syllabusand Structure (1997 Course) of Pune University

for T.E.(Mechanical)

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H. G. PHAKATKARM.E. (Mech.) Design Engg.

Assistant ProfessorMechanical Engineering Department.Vishwakarma Institute of Technology

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Optimization of Composite Laminated Plate: A Review

Mr. Nishant S. kulkami

Vishwakarma Institute ofTeclmology~ Pune

Dr. V.K.Tripathi

Government College of Engineering, Pune

Abstract: A laminated composite is usually tailored according to the designer's needs by choosing thethickness, number and orientation of the lamina. Tailoring of the composite material properties throughselective choice of orientation. number of plies and stacking sequence of the layer is often used for fabricationof composite laminates. The properties like strength, stiffuess. weight, fatigue life, wear resistance etc..•whichcan be improved with the use of composite material are conflicting in nature and in structural design problemdesigner may require to improve one or more properties simu.ltaneously. These characteristics have motivatedthe use of multi objective optimization methods for Itmore systematic optimization process. Various researchershave done optimization of laminated composite plate for different objective functions using different failuretheories subjected to various loading conditions. The efforts taken by different researchers in this regard areexplored in this paper.

Keywords: Laminated composite plate, Optimization Methods. Failure theories

1. Introduction: Composite material is usually the combination of two or more materialson a ~opic scale to form a useful third material.The advantage of composite materialsis tb8t. they display the·best qualities of their constituents and often some qualities thatneither constituent possesses. A wide variety of properties which can be improved by the useof composite materials are Strength. Stiffness. Weight. Fatigue life. Acoustical insulation,Thennal conductivity etc. The properties which can be improved with the use of compositematerial are conflicting in nature and in structural.design problem; designer may req:uiretoimproveone or more properties simultaneously.These characteristics have motivated the useof optimizationmethods in the sense of tum the composite material structural design a moresystematic and well defined task. becoming less dependent to the designer sensitivity andachievingthe maximummaterial performance,

The properties mentioned above are used as the objective functions for optimization processby various researchers. The design variables that can be used in the optimization of thecomposites are fiber orientation angie, number of layers, layer thickness, stacking sequenceand fiber volume fraction. The various theories of failure applicable for composite materialare Tsai Wu theory, Tsai Hilt theory Maximum stress theory. Puck theory. Maximum straintheory, Cuntz theory, Zinoviev theory. Buggati theory etc. One or more of these theorieshave been used as constraints by various researchers. Many researchers carried outoptimizationof the composite materials subjected to various types of loads and with differentvariablesand constraints. This is explained in the next section.

2. Research work done by different scientists:

F.S. Almeida et al. [1] performed multi obj~tive optimization process using geneticalgorithmassociated with finite elementmethod. The objective functions considered in threedesign cases are minimization of mass. deflection and cost and maximization of stiffness.

Optimal selection of PU foam and replacement of Rockwool as an AcousticAbsorbing material

Aniket S. Koli a', Rajesh R. Askhedkar", Nishant S. Kulkarni'a Welan Technologies, b Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd., 'Vishwakarma Institute ofTechnolo~,

ABSTRACT: This paper helps to choose better acoustic absorbing material while s~lectingabsorbing material on basis of Acoustic Absorption coefficient (AAC) & Noise ReductionCoefficient (NRC). Rockwool is one of majorly used sound absorbing material because of itslow cost, but it makes application bulky and heavy. This study is done, looking polyurethane(PU) foam as replacing material for Rockwool by predicting acoustic absorption coefficient andNRC of absorbing materials. Acoustic absorption coefficient of both materials, predict1dusingMATLAB program formulised according to DIN EN 12354-6:2003 from knowledge 0 airflowresistivity and the thickness of material, are compared with measured values obts ined inImpedance tube method. However, to optimize between the thickness and the I density,comparative results are analyzed for both materials and best PU foam is selected which givesnearly same absorption coefficient as Rockwool. I

Keywords: Acoustical properties, Absorption coefficients, NRC, PU Foam and RockJool.

I

1. INTRODUCTION: Designing acoustic protection for any application consist properselection of sound absorbing material and its acoustical properties. Acoustic A}Jsorptioncoefficient or sound absorption coefficient and successively NRC are the major propertifs whichaffect selection of material. This study deals with selecting appropriate thickness and density ofdifferent materials, considering absorption coefficient and maximum NRC for optimized designof application.

In this paper absorption coefficient of sound absorbing material is predIcted bymathematical relations developed by Delany and Bazley for fibrous material and Dunn andDavern for foam material. These both different methods; According to DIN-EN 12354-6:2003are employed to find absorption coefficient on basis of airflow resistivity measured according toDIN-EN 29053. In the last part of the study, the micro structure property airflow resistivity ofPU foam is measured in Airflow Resistivity Meter test rig and used to predict Normaf incidentsound absorption coefficient by use of mathematical relations formulated in MATLAB program.Absorption coefficient of different thickness and densities of both PU foam and Rockwool arecompared analytically and experimentally measured in impedance (Kundt's) tube accfrding toISO 10534-2:1998 and analyzed for selecting best PU foam, which can be used as substitute forRockwool without compromising the noise absorbing quality of material. MATLAB I programgives maximum NRC value of PU foam considering thickness as design constraint so teat it canhelp to designer for further optimization of structural design of applications. The use ofPU foamwould enhance the acoustic attenuation capabilities of the application with compact dimensions,This whole process definitely help designer to get rid of trial and error for selection prrcess andultimately save time and money. .----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1----------*e-mail: aniket.koli@live.com

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•Proceedings oflnternational Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering

May 29-31. 2013. COEP, Pune, Maharashtra, India.Paper ID - lCAME20 13S4/0 I0

STlJDYOF THE ('OCKETVEl'I'TILATION SYSTEM IN DRYERSECTlON OF PAPER INDUSTRY

Bharat Patil' Dr.M.K Nalawade!bharatmtedt viLaigm'!.u.,.C.l'm !!!Ukundnaluwadc@gmail.c,)mI.! VishwakarmaInstitute (~(rechnol()gy.Bibwewadi.Pune.Maharashtra,India 41103;.

Kedar Jambhekal.J Narendra Gadwal'kiambhekar@lbrbC5!npfshall.,·0111 •Il.£il.dwlll:1i'forbes marshall .comJ.4 Forbes Marshall Pvt. Ltd. Pimpri. Pune. Maharashtra, lndia-l I J 1)/8.

ABSTRACT

• In this work. computational model of pocket ventilator along with dryer pocket were proposed. Use ofCFD simulation model to optimize pocket ventilation (PV) system in a dryer section of paper machine canbe a useful tool to improve drying efficiency of paper machine. In conventional paper machines. theprimary reason for uneven drying across the deckle length was uneven distribution of pocket air humiditybetween the edges and middle region of the dryer pocket. Balancing of the moisture condition isa naturalsolution to eliminate the problem. Improving ventilation in the dryer pocket can accomplish this.Ventilating air through the dryer fabric is the 1110St functional pocket ventilation system, which requiresfabrics with sufficient air permeability characteristics. Development and use of dryer fabrics with PVsystems has proved to be an appropriate solution to the problem. Therefore, any improvement or even abetter understanding of the dryer pocket ventilation (PV) can significantly reduce the paper makingoperation cost. This work addresses the issues such as velocity and humidity distribution inside the dryerpocket and flow of dry air through moving porous material. Computational results were found to be ingood agreement with the experimental counterpart.

Keywords: Porous medium. Mass transfer: Dryer pocket; Paper drying, Paper machines.

I. INTRODlJCTION

•In conventional paper machines. wet paper sheet was conveyed through a. series of dryers from which theresidual water gets vaporized. The paper is threaded around each dryer, which were heated by condensingsteam with conduction as the major mode of heat transfer to the paper sheet. The drying felt is a highlyporous material whose main purpose is to hold the paper sheet in close contact with dryer cylinder. Thisincreases the heat transfer between dryer drum and paper sheet. Also it prevents shrinkage anddeformation of paper sheet. enhances the stability of the moving paper. In a conventional double felteddryer section paper, dryer fabrics. paper lead tolls and dryers can create pockets that exhaust moist airmainly at edges. The moisture content is higher in the middle of machine than at edges. High air humidityin the dryer pockets and everywhere in the surrounding of web gives reduced drying rate.The pockets ofadouble felted dryer section have low natural air exchange. The high air humidity occurs in the pocketwithout ventilation.The moist air trapped in these pockets retards the drying rate of the sheet in the opendraw regions and further causes non uniform moisture distribution across the width ofthe sheet. However,

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( 30 1

Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Mechanical En&ineering

May 29·31, 2013. COEP, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Paper lD·~ [CAME2013 S.:V.Q5.

ANALYSIS OF HUMIDITY INSIDE POCKET IN DRYER SECTION OF PAPER INDUSTRY

Bhant Paril Dr, M. K. Nalawadebharatmtcch.vit(£ijgmail.com mukundnalawadc(iEgmaiLcomI. 2 Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Bibwewsdi, PUlle.Maharashtra, India 411037.

Kedar Jambbekar" Narendra Gadwalkjambhekar@forbellmarshalLcom ngadwal@forbesmarshall.com3. 4 Forbes Marshall 1'''1. Ltd, Pimpri, Pune. Maharashtra, India 4 11018.

ABSTRACT

A eFO model was developed to simulate the relative humidity distribution inside the dryer pocket in paperindustry using commercially available software FLUENT. Use of Cf'D simulation model to simulatedifficult-to-measure data like relative humidity inside the dryer pocket in a drying section of paperindustry can be a good supplementary tool to improve drying efficiency of paper machine. In thissimulation porous medium that is felt. dryer surface along with paper considered as moving wall boundaryconditions. The results obtained from CFD simulation presented in this work. suggest that significantimprovement in paper machine efficiency, energy saving and product quality can be achieved if dueattention is focused at the areas identified from the investigation in a systematic way.

Keywords: Mass transfer. Species Transport. Dryer Paper drytng. Paper machines.

I. INTRODUCTION

Paper drying is a complex heat transfer, evaporation and water removal process from Wei paper. Thereforea multi-faceted approach is required to optimize operation of the dryer section of a paper machine 10improve efficiency of the drying process and add energy savings. The major system components thatdescribe paper drying process using conventicnal.multi-cylinder configuration are; steam and condensate,pocket air conditions and hood balance. The spaces bounded by dryer cylinder. felt roll and the sheetapproaching and leaving the cylinder are called the pocket. The moist air trapped in these pockets retardsthe drying of the paper sheet in the free draw regions and causes non uniform moisture distribution acrossthe width of the paper sheet. A systematic investigation and analysis of all major system components isessential in the estimation of drying efficiency of the process and identifying the areas for improvement,The importance of pocket air ventilation and hood balance in paper drying is quite often ignored duringoperation of the dryer section of paper machine. 111is could result in excessive energy consumption in thedryer section and reduction in drying efficiency with consequential loss in productivity. Deterioration ofproduct quality could also be due to negligence in optimization of pocket ventilation system.Recently. many investigators have developed mathematical model of (he paper drying process. Anexperimental investigation of paper drying done by Lu lind Shen, 2007 measured relative humidity of airin gas pocket on a running paper machine. Widlund et al.. IW7 used LOV measurements and CFO

-------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------

ICAME2013 S6/08

Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering

May 29-31,2013, COEP, Pune, Maharashtra, India

CYCLIC PLASTICITY MODELING OF CARBON STEEL UNDER MULT'IAXIALNON-PROPORTIONAL FATIGUE LOADING CONDITIONS

Vikram D. Nikamyikram.nikam4(ii<gmail.com

VIT, Bibwewadi, Pune.

M. K. Nalawadem.ukundna laW.1tgef(t:gmail.com

VIT. Bibwewadi, Pune.

•S. Goyal

~goyal(a;bar~}.yjnReactor Safety Division.

BARC. Trombay. Mumbai.

Sunecl K. Gupta~lU.1<.:~J~.g@P;:ll:o;.•g.9.y,i.n

Reactor Safety Division,BARe Trornbay, Mumbai.

Punit Arora1?_uniJ.®!:llirc.gov,in

Reactor Safety Division,BARC, Trombay, Mumbai,

ABSTRACT

The integrity assessment of the piping components needs to be demonstrated under cyclic loadings.during the normal operation and the design basis accidents such as earthquake. In order to understandmaterial's cyclic plasticity and failure behavior, systematic analytical investigations were carried onspecimens of SA333 Gr.6 low carbon manganese steel material. The material specifications of this steel aresame as Primary Heat Transport (PHT) piping material of Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR).The axial-torsion fatigue tests were conducted on tubular specimens for different phase shifts in order toquantify the fatigue damage under mulriaxial and non-proportional loading. The current work mainly aims atthe investigations of material behavior under different loading combinationsofaxial and shear strainamplitudes pertaining to proportional and non-proportional loading for different equivalent strainamplitude.The effect of Relative Strain Amplitude Ratio (RSAR'I, that is the ratio of shear to axial strainamplitude. was studied in conjunction with phase shift angle. The multiaxial non-proportional response ofmaterial helps in identifying the critical ranges of RSAR and phase shift.

Keywords! Cyclic Plasticity, L,CF, Proportional, non-proportional, Rarchering

LIl';TRODUCTION

Engineering components in conventional power plant as well as in Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) may besubjected to cyclic loading during their service life. It includes normal operation loading, loading during theaccident events such as earthquake loads generally considered in design. In case of earthquakes, cyclicloading may induce large amplitude stress reversals, which exceed the elastic limit of the material. Undercyclic loading conditions. the material mainly fails due to the fatigue damage and the component~ are required

Proceedings of Internationsl 4i:ooference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering

May 29·31, 2013, COEP, Pune, Maharashtra. India

Paper ID -fCAME20IJ~.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TIMING CHAIN OF A HIGH SPEEl) THREE CYLINDER DrESELENGINE

Amit P. PatankarDept. of Mechanical EnggVishwakarma Institute ofTechnology, BibwewadLPune.Maharashtra, India.

amitpetaeker 151 l@gmail.com

Mukund. K. NaiawadeDept. of Mechanical EnggVishwakarma Institute ofTechnology, Bibwewadi,Pune.Maharashtra, India.

muk.undnaluwade@gmai1.com

Rakesh V,MulikPowertrain Engineering(PTE) Department,A.R.AJ., Puna,

Maharashtra, Indiamulik..edl@araiindia.com

Sushi! S.RamdasiPO\\'ertrain Engineel'ing (pTE) depm1fl1lmt,A.R.A.I.,

Pune, Maharasbna, Indiaramdasi.edl@araiindia.com

Neelkanth V.MarathePowertrain Engineering (PTE)departmel1tiA.R.A.r.,Pune,Maharashtra, Indiamarathe.edl@araiindia.com

ABSTRACT

The current trend in autemorive mdusrry is to achieve compact, efficient, reliable systems. Engine -timingdrives used in engines are one of the most critical systems. Tinling belts are subjected to excessiveelongation and wear, while timing gears contribute excess mass and inertia in the system. Hence timingchains are preferred widely, in various high performance engines. ChaIn ddves are easy to assemble andadjust, highly efficient, durable, reliable, compact and capable of attaining a wide range of power andspeed capacities. In spite of these advantages their complex dynamic behaviour is not well researched. Themajor objective of the current wprk is to develop timing chain drive for a high speed three cylinder dieselengine and investigate aoout its durability.

The scope of the work includes developing a simulation model in suitable simulation software andits dynamic analysis. The results are expressed in terms of parameters such as contact forces and nQrmalforces between diffetent components and link tensien forces elc.

I. INTRODUCTION

Automotive engine is an area where large numbers of researches were done by many researchers. Enginetiming is such an aspect of research which correlates the valve timing and injection timing in anautomotive engine. This phenomenon of timing governs many parameters ofel1gine performance and isrequired to be as precise as possible. To achieve proper tilulllg at injectors and valves, timing drives areneeded to be studied and analyzed for their dynamic behavior.The timing chain considered in the current work transfers motion from engine's crankshaft to thecamshaft that operates the valves and to Fuel Injection Pmhp (FIP) which controls fuel injection timing.The dynamics plays a vital role in the function, performance and life of the component. The dynamics of'atiming chain drive affect the functioning of other components of an engine such as valve train, crankshaft

Proceedings of'Intcrnarional Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering

May 29-31,2013, COEP, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Paper ID - ICAME2013 St/06

SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF LINKAGES FOR AUTOLOADER

TejasBhaveVIT. Pune

tejasbhave@hotmail.com

Prof. (Dr) M.K.Nalawade Dr S.V.GadeV[T. Pune ARDE.Pune

mukundnalawade@jgmail.com svgade@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT

The multi disciplinary and multi directional nature of threats in today's battlefield has made itnecessary for artillery weapon systems to be fast and accurate. Thif; can be achieved by automating thedifferen.tsubsystems of an artillery weapon of which one is the ammunition handling system. Autoloaders,which are a part of the ammunition handling sub system, call I)';) defined as a mechanical aid to orreplacement for an operator responsible for loading ammunition into crew served weapons. The currentwq_rK. deals with synthesizing and analyzing linkages tor the autoloader, in the form of rigid body gl,tidanceoftne proj~ctile and the charge pellet from an initial position to a flna! position defined with respect to thegun eo..ordinate system: Linkages were synthesized from the available position data for achieving themotion of the projectile and the charge pellet. The time intervals in which these motions were requiredwere.estimated and Kinematic and Kinetic analyses of the linkages were performed. Stress analyses of ther were carried out to investigate the stresses induced (lnd the thickness of the links required to keep

ed stress values \v.lthin safe limits.

Keywords: Autoloaders. Linkage Synthesis, Kinematic Analysis, Kinetic Analysis, Stress Analysis

INTRODUCTION

1-,'!f.

To meet the varied demands oftoday's battlefield, automation of the different subsystems In an artillerygun, Including the ammunition handling sub system, has become essential. Roy, 2004, in '/~utomation ofAmmunition Handling Systems for Artillery Guns', gave II deta::ed description of the neces.<iityofautomation in artillery guns as wei! as the different areas of the gun in which automation could beachieved, with a focus on the automation of the ammunition handling system. Ainley, 1980, in 'IntegratedArti~let'yRecoil Mechanism and Automated Handling Design for Self Propelled Howitzer' presented thedetails of the design process of the autoloader system for the particular gun. The author's main objectivewas to design an autoloader system tor the gun with minimum changes in the existing gun structure and

affecting the traversing and elevating capability of the weapon. Gupta, 2011., jn 'AmmunitionSystems', gave a detailed analysis of the currently used ::ftnmunitioll handling systems and the

Importance of automating ammunition handling systems. Descriptions of different types of automatedammunition handling systems were given and the importance of automated loading of the gun wasmentioned. A detaHed design and analysis of two different autoloader systems (including tf}esynthesis ofthe autoloader linkages, kinematic analysis. kinetic analysis and system reliability calculation) waspresented. The literature reviewed provides an understanding of the need for the autoloader and thedifferent aspects of autoloader linkage design.

C 3~i)

Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Maj' 29-31,2013, COEP. Pune, Maharashtt:,l, India,

Paper ID-ICAME20l3 $7/P7

Performance investigation of Heat Pipe with water as a working fluid

Anant Pailwan'anant.pailwan007''d;'gmai/co/tl

Prof. Dr. M. K. Nalawadel!IIukundlUlunl'adt!i(11gmailcom

Gajanan Khorgi(janani!!llrigcndesign,('om

i .'Vishwukurma lnsutute a[Techn%gy, Bibwewadi.Pune-t l 1 037. (India)JAqua chill systems tlndia) Pvt.Ltd. Kothrud, I'lIl1e-411 ()38. (India)

ABSTRACT

Heal pipes are essentially a means of iransferring high rates of heat even with very small temperaturegradients, and as such may be considered thermal "superconductors". In the case of heat pipes for HVACpurposes, refrigerants such as R22 and R134a have traditionally been used as working fluids. Use of wateras working fluid for Heat pipes. not only provides a greener solutio n but it would also allow improvementsin its efficiency. When refrigerant is replaced by water in heal pipe then the associated carbon penaltysignificantly decreases. Also water is harmless to the environment and has an ozone depletion and globalwarming potential of zero.

In spite of all above. open literature reveals very fewer efforts towards use of water as a working fluid inHeat Pipes. 'Therefore, the current work is dedicated to design and investigate the performance of a watertype wraparound 11I;:atpipe for low humidity condition, 111C performance was investigated for the workingconditions of inlet air temperature 22 5 ,t,outlet air temperature 16.! \Ie. with air flow rate of 2000 CFMat 12 fins pCI' inch (FPI). The theoretical performance was validated with that obtained using commerciallyavailable software FLUENT for the same operating conditions of Heat pipe.

Keywords: wraparound heat pipe; evaporation section; condensation section.

I. INTRODUCTION:Air cooling solution which comprises a fan and heat sink is employed to remove heat generated byelectronic device for stability and enhanced performance and life. Heal pipes are two-phase heat transferdevices with high effective thermal conductiv tty, Due 10 high heal transport capacity, heat pipe has becomemuch smaller than traditional heat exchangers in handling high heat fluxes. Heat pipe technology hasfound increasing applications in enhancing the thermal performance of cooling devices inmicroelectronics. energy saving in IN AC systems, surge!')' centres. hotels. clean rooms as reported in X.Yang et al., 2012. Heat pipe is an evaporation-condensation device for transferring heat in which the latentheat of vaporization is exploited to transport heat over long distances with a corresponding smalltemperature difference. Closed circulation of the working fluid is maintained by capillary action. In manyapplications, the heat transport rate is typically limited by the eapillary pressure that can be generated by

"~

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication analysis of a Finite line contactusing Couple-stress fluid

Indiaal Engineering,chippashrinlwas@gmail.com

Abstract.The effect of a coupleis studied.

(EHl) of a finite line contactuum theory and solvedcalculated by multilevelthe solution is obtained

minimum film thickness can be significantly increased bythe wear and increase the life of bearings. Coefficient of

considerable with increase in the couple-stress parameter.

is the non-dimensional

polymer additives in the base oil.with Newtonian behaviour of the

(3)

obtained by

(4)

~-

International Journal of Engln¢ering Research.& Technology (11 RT)ISSN,221 181

Vol. 2 Issue 6, June - 013

Effect of Bond Length, Bond Clearance And Torsional Stiffness of Adberends OnTorque Transmission Capability of AdhesiY'¢ly :Bonded Cylindrical Joint

Walame M Vi j Ahuja~. Ul1,1Department of Production Engil'lftering. C_ollegeof Engineering, Pune-et 1005

Abstract

1'if?;incrl!(lsingdemandfor light weight. high quality4rt4 more COst effective product has led adhesive~6ding to emerge as eme of the primary ways oj

.ing 'structural members. Adhesive joints havepreviau,~1ybee1fdesigned empirically but 11<}w.ada(o 1$ available to tiesign adhesive joints in an

lva,l" The fixing. of cylindrical componentstor,que is a commO/1 requiremem ittufacture 'and as on alternative to keYl!dtianicot membl!rs there is a need tottze the qdht'Sivelybonded cylindricalkevleSS fastening.· The present .

aims at the development of analytical mod.adhesively banded cylindrical joint subjecttOl'Bion iO(Jding /01' parametric study of the iollll. 71i¥af((!I)lSisis based all classical torsion theory andconstiunive, equiitbrium and compatibility equationsof/heary ole/as/icily are used toabtain s/re.rsjif:-/din(he:adhesive layer. The.model developed is used toanalyse the effect oj' geometrical and materialparameters Oil Ihe torque transmission capability (If

ndtico/joinialld l'alidCU,.tdexperimentally.UClliol1S (Ire also derlt'ed jor optif/1Jlm bond

length and 0pfimum bond clearance jor maximumlot'f./ue (ransmissioIJ capability.

Keywords.; Bonded Joil1t. Torsiol1. Analyticalsolll!il:m.Sti't.!Ssdi.wributiot!,Optimlzatioll

1.lptroductionhi lIutomotive applications ime!hgem lightweight

. pS (lan only he ohtall)¢<)by consistentlyIX of sleel, light metal and plastics

so~lled multi-Inaterird deSIgn. In such .ituation asIr~diti?mlljqilling techniques h~ye their well.knownlimillltions and adhesive honding is ol1ly thecompetitive joining technique \';hlch is rapidlYgaining !lcccl)!ancc alOOl1g,')\lll:lJor manulac{urerSOectt.jJse or spec!fie !ldVant11ges'V"er conventionalme"hanicallaslcning techniques.

UFHTV2!$60632

In recent years, with the development of bigl)Strengthadhesive materials lind with the progress ill techniquesof adhesive bonding, VliriOUS kinds of adhesivebonded joints are now being used in themanufacturing of light stntctufe$. Some typicaleXllljlp!es of adhesively bonded .cylindtlcal Jointssubjected 10 torsion loading are shaft 10 shaft. gear 10shaft. rotor to shaft, fan to shaft, pulley to shaft etc.A.dheslv¢ joints have previously been desi~'empirically. For successful industrial application oflIglllesivejoints, reliable and easy to use methods of

signing adhesive joints are required, Such methodswould not only provide ccnfideuce in the use ofadhesives, but would also enable improv<'l] andoptimamjomr designs.The increased application of adhesive bonding was

. accompanied by development of mathematical andnumerical methods to analyse and predict thebehaviour of joints, but at present also this is still anopen problem, An exact scltrtion for the stress field ofthese joints is difficult to obtain due to gcornetriccomplexities and material ncnlineariry of theadhesive. This has resulted in a Wide rl¥ilge ofsolutions deYeltlpcd each with different assuOlptionsand simplificatiuns.

2. Literature SurveyD. Chen and S. Cheng [11 analysed the stressdistribution in adhesive bonded tubular IllP jOilltssubjec.tcd to torsion. The analysis was based Oil theelasticity theory in conjunction With variationalprinciple of complimentary energy, with twoIldherenqs may be having different· materials .anddifferent thickness. The cl()sed fontl soiution soobtained was used to determine the stress intensitiesin adheSivelayer and strc~$concentration factor,Chaon ,... Ch()ll Ell] analysed the stress distl'ibu\ioll oftubular lap joini in torsion. whose adhcrcnds were ofcompo~te materials and ohtllillt!<i a closed fOfm"Solulion,·Thc$tress.c()J)centnuiolls al and neanhe !')lld""'liS studied as fUnctionof Vllliuus ptu'lll1lelers such as

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7/312018 ACOBasedRoutingAlgorithmsfor Ad-hocNetwork(WSN.MANETs):A Survey-IEEE ConferencePublica on

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2013 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network', echnologies

ASurvey on ECG Signal DenoisingTechniques

Sarang L. JoshiDept. 0/Electronics &Telecommunication,

Vlshwakarma Institute o/Technology,Pune

jsarang70@gmail.com

Rambabu A.VattiDept. 0/Electronics &Telecommunication,

VishwakarmaInstitute o/Technologys,Pune

. rambabuvatti.india@gmail.com

Rupali V.Tornekar I

Dept. 0/Electronics &Telecommunication,

Vishwakarma Institute o/Techno{ogy,Pune ,

rupali. tomekar@gmail.com

I

Abstract-Noise always degrades the quality of ECG signal.ECG noise removal is complicateddue to time varying natureof ECG signal. As the ECG signal is used for the primarydiagnosisand analysisof heart diseases,a goodquality ofECGsignal is necessary. A survey of various types of noisescorrupting ECG signal and various approaches based onWavelet Transform, Fuzzy logic , FIR mtering , EmpiricalModeDecomposition used in denoisingthe signal effectivelyare presented in this paper. The result tables comparing theperformances of various denoisingtechniquesbased on relatedparameters are included.

Keywords- EeG, Denoising, Wavelet Transform, Fuzzy logic,Empirical Mode Decomposition.

I.INTRODUCTION

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording of theelectrical activity of heart which is extensively used for thediagnosis of heart diseases. ECG is a weak non-stationarysignal which is interfered by various noises e.g. power lineinterference, baseline drift, electrode contact noise, EMGinterference. ECG signal denoising is the process to separatethe valid signal component from undesired signals to obtainnoise free ECG that facilitates easy and accurate diagnosis.A denoising approach should detect the different noises inthe data and filter the data while ensuring the obtainedresults not influenced by undetected artifacts.

Some of the approaches used for de-noising the ECGsignal are adaptive filtering, FIR filtering, Fuzzy logic,Empirical Mode Decomposition and Wavelet transform.Adaptive filtering is the most widely used technique for de­noising. Wavelet transform is the recent approach withdifferent types of thresholding techniques.

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. The noiseswhich contaminate the ECG signal are presented in sectionII, in section III various methods of ECG de-noisingtechniques are presented, in section IV the Future Scopeand finally we conclude in section V.

978-0·7695-4958·3/13 $26.00 © 2013 IEEEDOllO.lI09/CSNT.2013.22

II. NOISES IN ECG

The various types of noise which contaminate ECG ~gnalsare Power line interference, Electrode contact noise, *otionartifacts, Muscle contraction, Base line wander,Instrumentation noise generated by electronic devic1s andElectrosurgical noise[l]. •

Power line interference: Power line interference consists of60/50 Hz pickup and harmonics and the amplitude is 5P% ofpeak-to-peak ECG amplitude. Some of the common causesof the 50 Hz interferences are [14]:

I• stray effect of the alternating current fields due to l00pSinthe cables I

• improper grounding ofECG machine or the patient I

• disconnected electrode• Electromagnetic interference from the power lines• Electrical equipments such as air conditioner, elevatorsand X-ray umts draw heavy power line current, Whichinduce 50 Hz signals in the input circuits of the IBCGmachine.

Electrode contact noise: The connection between patientand .measuringsystem is interrupted for a short duration dueto Improper contact of the electrodes which createselectrode contact noise which is of duration I secLandamplitude of which is maximum recorded output of ~CGsignal with frequency of 60Hz [13]. '

Motion a:tijact: Transient _bas~line changes cause1 bychanges III the electrode-skill Impedance with elecJodemotion due to movement of the patient while the EC~iSbeing recorded. [12]. Duration of this noise is 100-5 swith amplitude of 500% peak to peak ECG amplitude[l ].

Muscle contractions: Also called as ~MG(electromyography) noise which is induced by the patient'smove~ent and is responsible for artifactual milli-volt lEvelpotentials to be generated [12]. The standard deviatio ofthis kind of noise is 10% of peak to peak ECG ampli de

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2013 International Conference on Communication_Systems and Network Technologies

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A Survey on ECG Signal DenoisingTechniques

Sarang L. JoshiDept. of Electronics &Telecommunication,

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology,Pune

jsarang70@gmaiLcom

Rambabu AVattiDept. of Electronics &Telecommunication,

VishwakarmaInstitute ofTechnologys,Pune

rambabuvatti.india@gmail.com

Rupali V.TornekarDept. of Electronics &Telecommunication,

Vishwakarma Institute of Technolop,Pune

rupali.tomekar@gmail.com I

Abstract~Noise always degrades the quality of ECG signal.ECG noise removal is complicated due to time varying natureof ECG signal. As the ECG signal is used for the primarydiagnosis and analysis of heart diseases, a good quality of ECGsignal is necessary. A survey of various types of noisescorrupting ECG signal and various approaches based onWavelet Transform, Fuzzy logic , Fffi flItering , EmpiricalMode Decomposition used in denoising the signal effectivelyare presented in this paper. The result tables comparing theperformances of various denoising techniques based on relatedparameters are included.

Keywords: EeG, Denoising, Wavelet Transform, Fuzzy logic,Empirical Mode Decomposition.

I.INTRODUCTION

The· electrocardiogram (ECG) is the recording of theelectrical activity of heart which is extensively used for thediagnosis of heart diseases. ECG is a weak non-stationarysignal which is interfered by various noises e.g. power lineinterference, baseline drift, electrode contact noise EMGinterference. ECG signal denoising is the process to separatethe valid signal component from undesired signals to obtainnoise free ECG that facilitates easy and accurate diagnosis.A denoising approach should detect the different noises inthe data and filter the data while ensuring the obtainedresults not influenced by undetected artifacts.

Some of the approaches used for de-noising the ECGsign~l. are adaptive filtering, FIR filtering, Fuzzy logic,Empirical Mode Decomposition and Wavelet transform.Adaptive filtering is the most widely used technique for de­noising. Wavelet transform is the recent approach withdifferent types of thresholding techniques.

The rest of the paper is arranged as follows. The noiseswhich contaminate the ECG signal are presented in sectionII, i~ section III various methods of ECG de-noisingtechmques are presented, in section IV the Future Scopeand finally we conclude in section V.

978-0· 7695-4958·3/13 $26.0002013 IEEEDOIIO.IIQ9/CSNT.2013.22

II. NOISES IN ECG

The various types of noise which contaminate ECG _s~alsare Power line interference, Electrode contact noise, l'1otionartifacts, Muscle contraction, Base line wander,Instrumentation noise generated by electronic devices andEJectrosurgicalnoise[IJ. I

I

Power line interference: Power line interference consists of.60/50 Hz pickup and harmonics and the amplitude is 5~% ofpeak-to-peak ECG amplitude. Some of the common cfiusesof the 50 Hz interferences are (14]: I

I• stray effect of the alternating current fields due to 10QPsinthe cables I

• improper grounding ofECG machine or the patient I

• disconnected electrode I

• Electromagnetic interference from the power lines I

• Electrical ~uipments such as air c~nditioner, eleyatorsand X-ray umts draw heavy power line current, flhichinduce 50 Hz signals in the input circuits of the IECGmachine.

I

Electrode contact noise: The connection between patientand .measuring system is interrupted for a short durati~ dueto unproper· contact of the electrodes which cfeateselectrode contact noise which is of duration I sef andamplitude of which is maximum recorded output of ECGsignal with frequency of 60Hz (13]. I

I

Motion artifact: Transient base line changes caUld bychanges in the electrode-skin impedance with ele trodemotion due to movement of the patient while the EGisbeing recorded. [12). Duration of this noise is 100- oOmswith amplitude of 500% peak to peak ECG amplitude[113].

IMuscle contractions: Also called as EMG(electromyography) noise which is induced by the patient'smovement and is responsible for artifactual miIli-voltllevelp~ten~ials to ~ ge?erated [12}. The standard deviatibn ofthis kind of noise IS 10% of peak to peak ECG amplitude

60 _ iEEE I~comDUter.. . Sbaety

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Pedestrian Detecf:i,,:r ,l:]sing Edge.let 'Featrrres'aud~anbp()st Stru~tnre.", andel, Pr~rana Purlv!lllF,Noota .Rachetl"

ShiligadCollegeof Vislr~k..armalllstitute ofTecMotogy,' PuneJ;';vijay,gll.ikwnd@vit.eau1Jprerbuapufvant7B6@gmal1.comj, tlikr.ac.167@gmaiLcom4

·~hstl\act.lnrecentyears, pedestrian detection (P.D) has ~~come an imp~rtanttaskjn variety OfaDl)JJcat'J()l)sISu(;nas campus security. video surveillance; automotive control, .humsn-computer interaction etc. These i:ljJI)U"'4"'~JIJ1'

require high detection accuracy and higb speed performance. To ~cl!iev~ these object!ves, a two-stepmethodwas proposed by Zhen Li whicl) was the fusioq ofHaar-llke ahd HOG features. Edgeler ,only used for detection of Head-shoulder <Hidcla$sifica~on, The compJtational time of this metncl(f.tlOV~YV~rless due to inclusion of HOG features, In ord~r.to alle1late this 'lilnjt~ijon,we propose here a mO(l1tICnl,iOill,using Bdgelets and Shapelets for full body detection, TKe classification ;is carried out with the help of Adlabpostalgorithm, Canny filter is used for good locM~tiQll and for obtaining 4iiriimal 'response. The proposedcarried. out on INRlA,dataset The exper!mentnt~on is ca~'ied out on vid4osirom campus and INRIA testThe results show that the proposed approach ciuthel.p to rapidly and p(e¢isely detect pedestriens.Genera! Terms-Pedestrian; im(1ge, Feflturet;scf,Algorif~am, I#pe"im/#~t(Jtion, Image edge. detecliim, A1ilc}i[nevision, Video ' .' " l '

KeYlPQrds,Pedestrian Delection. Edgel~t.Sh~peiet.:VideoslirvelllanceSrsfem. Adaq(losl.

19l1,kif li~ttir.~'1ti(malCpnfe((fflVV on!illli t.t){;fiflt'lfOfiJl torSt;sia/MlWe Development, Fet; 2.0tS

~nn¥~'n·r!l1.for Contl"tlst Eubnncernellt USing,the Fu

Filter aud Gal111119 Correction FilterVijl1YGalkwad 1.Shasl1ikant Lokhande1,Nikita Racheti), .Prerana PW'Yl.mt

Sin:hgadCol lege ofEngineering1,2'Vishwukarma Institute ofTechno!qgy, PUne. hi

" ~jl1Y.gaikwad@vite.du1, nikrac.167@grnail.c:Qm3, preranapurvant786@gmaiLcom4

'Allstract.A great deal of effort has been expended in-recent yeats developing algorithms to r'educefue rinii.,,,ith·flNl!!

iii11ererii 111all digitll' images. This paper presents an effective image pre-processing technique which ,m.I"N'I'Il"'.~

cO.l1trilst enhancement, sharpness, denoising and edge preservation. Histogram eqoaHzatlon is used r':;~'');;;;rrllril<it

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71412(}18 Comparative analysis of sensing matrices for compressed sensed thermal images -IEEE Conference P blication

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Registration of Aerial Images Using MomentInvariants

Trupti Y ChaudhariDepartment of InstrumentationEngineering,Vishwakarma Institute of Technology,Pune, India.chaudharitpt33@gmaiI.com

Sanika S PatankarDepartment of InstrumentationEngineering,Vishwkarma Institute of Technology,Pune. India.san ikapatankar@gmaiI.com

Jayant V KulkarniDepartment of InstrumentationEngineering, I

Vishwakarma Institute of Techriology,Pune, India. .vitjvk@yahoo.com

Abstract - Registration of aerial images is a necessary step asvaluable information for studying; monitoring, forecasting andmanaging natural resources can be obtained from it. This paperpresents an algorithm for registration of aerial images usingorthogonal moment invariants. Initially reference aerial imageand test aerial image are resized to same size and converted togray scale and contrast enhancement is performed usingnonlinear transformation •• 'urtber the corner points are detectedin both reference and test images using Harris corner detectorand are selected as control points for registration. A block of 21X 2] pixels is selected around every detected control point inreference and test aerial image and invariant moments arecomputed for every block. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC)and Euclidean distance (ED) are used for matching the momentinvariants vectors representing corner points belonging toreference and test aerial image. The translation, rotation andscale present in the test aerial image with respect to referenceaerial image are computed using similarity transformation.Performance of the proposed algorhhm is tested on publiclyavailable USC-SIPI Aerial Image Database. The average errorfor estimating rotation, translation and scale (8 = _5°,Ax = Ay =50. S = 0.8) are!J = 1.27%, Ax =7.83%, Ay = 8.42%, S = 1.19%and average error for estimating rotation, translation and scale(8 = 10",Ax = Ay = 25, S = 0.75) are 8 = 2.31%, Ax =6.87%, Ay =6.64%, S = 1.75% respectively.

Keyword.~- Aerial images; Image registration;moment invariants;Pearson correlation coefficient, Euclidean Distance; SimilarityTrall·ifor';'ation.

I. INTRODUCTION

Image registration is an important stage in most ofthe image processing applications [ I]. It is extensively used inweather forecasting. medical imaging [2J, aerial images andremote sensing [I, 3]. Image registration is the method ofspatial alignment of two images of same object taken atdifferent instances, from different locations or from differentmodality. This process facilitates to determine thecorrespondence of each prominent point in reference and testimages. B.Zitov'a et al present a detailed review ofregistration methods in [3J.

The registration techniques can be broadly classifiedas feature based and area based techniques. In area basedmethod, the pixel values are compared to determine thenearest match [4, 5J. It defines similarity measure based on

978-1-4799-3486-71l4/$31.00©20 I 4 IEEE

cross correlation, intensity differences and mutual i~]formationof the images [3, 4]. i

The feature based techniques are described in [6, 9].Various image feat,ures as gradient edge [7], cornerfPoints [8J,'or shape descriptors [9] are used to dete mine thecorrespondence between reference and test im ges. TheFeatures employed in these methods are iniariant totranslation, rotation and scale (TRS). This pape presents,matching of control points by using moment invari nts whichare present an aerial image registration algOrithm~'based onmatching of control points using moment invarian s. Furtherthe translation rotation and scale in test aerial i age withrespect to reference aerial image is estimated.

The paper is comprised of in four I sections.Introduction is followed by Section II elabor*ting theproposed algorithm, section III gives experiment1tion andresults and conclusion are presented in section IV. I

U. PROPOSED ALGORITHM

The proposed algorithm for registration bf aerialimages consist of steps such as, preprocessing, detection ofcomer points, c,omputation of moment invariants, matching ofcontrol points. and estimation of TRS. These steps aredescribed detail in the following subsections.

A. Preprocessing

In preprocessing, initially to take reference aerialimage and test image are resized to same size. After tliar inputimages are converted into gray scale image, and theIl' ontrastenhancement is applied on gray scale image by usin powerlow transformation as shown in fig. I. Fig. I(a) sho s colorinput aerial image, fig.I (b) present gray scale im1ge andcontrast enhanced image is present in fig.l(c).

B. Detectiono/Contralpints

Features based methods corresponding onl pointlocalization are the most commonly used for, imageregistration procedures as they can provide a Ihighlyparametric description of the correspondence based obly 011

point coordinates [10]. In our algorithm we have used corner

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