charter of the united nations, human rights, full

8/3/2019 Charter of the United Nations, Human Rights, FULL

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Charterof theUnitedNations

andStatute

of the

International

CourtofJusticeUnited Nations


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Chartero theUnitedNations

andStatuteo the

InternationalCourtoJustice

United Nations New York

asdf


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Department o Public Inormation

United Nations, NY 10017


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Introductory Note

Te Charter o the United Nations was signed on 26 June

1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion o the UnitedNations Conerence on International Organization, andcame into orce on 24 October 1945. Te Statute o theInternational Court o Justice is an integral part o theCharter.

Amendments to Articles 23, 27 and 61 o the Charter

were adopted by the General Assembly on 17 December1963 and came into orce on 31 August 1965. A urtheramendment to Article 61 was adopted by the General

Assembly on 20 December 1971, and came into orceon 24 September 1973. An amendment to Article 109,adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 1965,came into orce on 12 June 1968.

Te amendment to Article 23 enlarges the member-ship o the Security Council rom eleven to teen. Teamended Article 27 provides that decisions o the Secu-rity Council on procedural matters shall be made by anarmative vote o nine members (ormerly seven) and onall other matters by an armative vote o nine members(ormerly seven), including the concurring votes o the vepermanent members o the Security Council.

Te amendment to Article 61, which entered into orceon 31 August 1965, enlarged the membership o the Eco-nomic and Social Council rom eighteen to twenty-seven.

Te subsequent amendment to that Article, which entered


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into orce on 24 September 1973, urther increased themembership o the Council rom twenty-seven to ty-our.

Te amendment to Article 109, which relates to the rstparagraph o that Article, provides that a General Coner-ence o Member States or the purpose o reviewing theCharter may be held at a date and place to be xed by atwo-thirds vote o the members o the General Assemblyand by a vote o any nine members (ormerly seven) o

the Security Council. Paragraph 3 o Article 109, whichdeals with the consideration o a possible review conerenceduring the tenth regular session o the General Assembly,has been retained in its original orm in its reerence to avote, o any seven members o the Security Council, theparagraph having been acted upon in 1955 by the General

Assembly, at its tenth regular session, and by the SecurityCouncil.


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Chartero the United

Nations


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We the peopleso the United Nations

determined

to save succeeding generations rom the scourge o war,which twice in our lietime has brought untold sorrow to

mankind, andto reafrm aith in undamental human rights, in the dig-nity and worth o the human person, in the equal rights omen and women and o nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which justice and respect or

the obligations arising rom treaties and other sources ointernational law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards o lie inlarger reedom,

and or these ends

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with oneanother as good neighbours, and

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and

security, and


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to ensure, by the acceptance o principles and the institutiono methods, that armed orce shall not be used, save in the

common interest, andto employ international machinery or the promotion o theeconomic and social advancement o all peoples,

have resolved to combine our eortsto accomplish these aims

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through represen-tatives assembled in the city o San Francisco, who have ex-hibited their ull powers ound to be in good and due orm,have agreed to the present Charter o the United Nationsand do hereby establish an international organization to be

known as the United Nations.


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CHAPTERI

Purposes and Principles

Article 1

Te Purposes o the United Nations are:

1. o maintain international peace and security, andto that end: to take eective collective measures orthe prevention and removal o threats to the peace,and or the suppression o acts o aggression orother breaches o the peace, and to bring about bypeaceul means, and in conormity with the prin-ciples o justice and international law, adjustment

or settlement o international disputes or situationswhich might lead to a breach o the peace;

2. o develop riendly relations among nations basedon respect or the principle o equal rights and sel-determination o peoples, and to take other appro-priate measures to strengthen universal peace;

3. o achieve international co-operation in solvinginternational problems o an economic, social, cul-tural, or humanitarian character, and in promotingand encouraging respect or human rights and orundamental reedoms or all without distinction as

to race, sex, language, or religion; and


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4. o be a centre or harmonizing the actions onations in the attainment o these common ends.

Article 2

Te Organization and its Members, in pursuit o thePurposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance withthe ollowing Principles.

1. Te Organization is based on the principle o thesovereign equality o all its Members.

2. All Members, in order to ensure to all o them therights and benets resulting rom membership,shall ull in good aith the obligations assumed bythem in accordance with the present Charter.

3. All Members shall settle their international disputesby peaceul means in such a manner that interna-tional peace and security, and justice, are not en-dangered.

4. All Members shall rerain in their international re-lations rom the threat or use o orce against theterritorial integrity or political independence o anystate, or in any other manner inconsistent with thePurposes o the United Nations.

5. All Members shall give the United Nations everyassistance in any action it takes in accordance with

the present Charter, and shall rerain rom giving


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assistance to any state against which the UnitedNations is taking preventive or enorcement action.

6. Te Organization shall ensure that states which arenot Members o the United Nations act in accord-ance with these Principles so ar as may be neces-sary or the maintenance o international peace andsecurity.

7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall

authorize the United Nations to intervene in mat-ters which are essentially within the domestic juris-diction o any state or shall require the Membersto submit such matters to settlement under thepresent Charter; but this principle shall not preju-dice the application o enorcement measures under

Chapter Vll.


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CHAPTERII

Membership

Article 3

Te original Members o the United Nations shall be thestates which, having participated in the United NationsConerence on International Organization at San Fran-cisco, or having previously signed the Declaration byUnited Nations o 1 January 1942, sign the presentCharter and ratiy it in accordance with Article 110.

Article 4

1. Membership in the United Nations is open to allother peace-loving states which accept the obliga-tions contained in the present Charter and, in the

judgment o the Organization, are able and willingto carry out these obligations.

2. Te admission o any such state to membership inthe United Nations will be eected by a decision othe General Assembly upon the recommendation

o the Security Council.


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Article 5

A Member o the United Nations against which pre-

ventive or enorcement action has been taken by theSecurity Council may be suspended rom the exercise othe rights and privileges o membership by the General

Assembly upon the recommendation o the SecurityCouncil. Te exercise o these rights and privileges maybe restored by the Security Council.

Article 6

A Member o the United Nations which has persistentlyviolated the Principles contained in the present Chartermay be expelled rom the Organization by the General

Assembly upon the recommendation o the Security

Council.


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CHAPTERIII

Organs

Article 7

1. Tere are established as the principal organs o theUnited Nations: a General Assembly, a Security

Council, an Economic and Social Council, a rus-teeship Council, an International Court o Justice,and a Secretariat.

2. Such subsidiary organs as may be ound necessarymay be established in accordance with the presentCharter.

Article 8

Te United Nations shall place no restrictions on theeligibility o men and women to participate in any ca-pacity and under conditions o equality in its principaland subsidiary organs.


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CHAPTERIV

Te General Assembly

Composition

Article 9

1. Te General Assembly shall consist o all theMembers o the United Nations.

2. Each Member shall have not more than ve repre-sentatives in the General Assembly.

Functions and Powers

Article 10

Te General Assembly may discuss any questions or anymatters within the scope o the present Charter or relat-ing to the powers and unctions o any organs providedor in the present Charter, and, except as provided in

Article 12, may make recommendations to the Memberso the United Nations or to the Security Council or to

both on any such questions or matters.


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Article 11

1. Te General Assembly may consider the generalprinciples o co-operation in the maintenance ointernational peace and security, including theprinciples governing disarmament and the regula-tion o armaments, and may make recommenda-tions with regard to such principles to the Members

or to the Security Council or to both.

2. Te General Assembly may discuss any questionsrelating to the maintenance o international peaceand security brought beore it by any Member othe United Nations, or by the Security Council, or

by a state which is not a Member o the UnitedNations in accordance with Article 35, paragraph2, and, except as provided in Article 12, may makerecommendations with regard to any such ques-tions to the state or states concerned or to theSecurity Council or to both. Any such question on

which action is necessary shall be reerred to theSecurity Council by the General Assembly eitherbeore or ater discussion.

3. Te General Assembly may call the attention o theSecurity Council to situations which are likely to

endanger international peace and security.


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4. Te powers o the General Assembly set orth inthis Article shall not limit the general scope o

Article 10.

Article 12

1. While the Security Council is exercising in respecto any dispute or situation the unctions assignedto it in the present Charter, the General Assembly

shall not make any recommendation with regardto that dispute or situation unless the SecurityCouncil so requests.

2. he Secretary-General, with the consent o theSecurity Council, shall notiy the General Assem-bly at each session o any matters relative to the

maintenance o international peace and securitywhich are being dealt with by the Security Counciland shall similarly notiy the General Assembly, orthe Members o the United Nations i the General

Assembly is not in session, immediately theSecurity Council ceases to deal with such matters.

Article 13

1. Te General Assembly shall initiate studies andmake recommendations or the purpose o:

a. promoting international co-operation in the

political eld and encouraging the progressive


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development o international law and its codica-tion;

b. promoting international co-operation in theeconomic, social, cultural, educational, and healthelds, and assisting in the realization o humanrights and undamental reedoms or all withoutdistinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.

2. Te urther responsibilities, unctions and powers

o the General Assembly with respect to mattersmentioned in paragraph 1 (b) above are set orth inChapters IX and X.

Article 14

Subject to the provisions o Article 12, the General Assembly may recommend measures or the peaceuladjustment o any situation, regardless o origin, whichit deems likely to impair the general welare or riendlyrelations among nations, including situations resultingrom a violation o the provisions o the present Chartersetting orth the Purposes and Principles o the United

Nations.

Article 15

1. Te General Assembly shall receive and considerannual and special reports rom the Security Coun-

cil; these reports shall include an account o the


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measures that the Security Council has decidedupon or taken to maintain international peace andsecurity.

2. Te General Assembly shall receive and considerreports rom the other organs o the UnitedNations.

Article 16

Te General Assembly shall perorm such unctions with respect to the international trusteeship system asare assigned to it under Chapters XII and XIII, includ-ing the approval o the trusteeship agreements or areasnot designated as strategic.

Article 171. Te General Assembly shall consider and approve

the budget o the Organization.

2. Te expenses o the Organization shall be borneby the Members as apportioned by the General

Assembly.

3. Te General Assembly shall consider and approveany nancial and budgetary arrangements withspecialized agencies reerred to in Article 57 andshall examine the administrative budgets o suchspecialized agencies with a view to making recom-

mendations to the agencies concerned.


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Voting

Article 18

1. Each member o the General Assembly shall haveone vote.

2. Decisions o the General Assembly on important

questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority othe members present and voting. Tese questionsshall include: recommendations with respect to themaintenance o international peace and security,the election o the non-permanent members o theSecurity Council, the election o the members o

the Economic and Social Council, the election omembers o the rusteeship Council in accordance

with paragraph 1 (c) o Article 86, the admissiono new Members to the United Nations, the sus-pension o the rights and privileges o membership,the expulsion o Members, questions relating to the

operation o the trusteeship system, and budgetaryquestions.

3. Decisions on other questions, including the deter-mination o additional categories o questions to bedecided by a two-thirds majority, shall be made by

a majority o the members present and voting.


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Article 19

A Member o the United Nations which is in arrears inthe payment o its nancial contributions to the Organi-zation shall have no vote in the General Assembly i theamount o its arrears equals or exceeds the amount othe contributions due rom it or the preceding two ullyears. Te General Assembly may, nevertheless, permitsuch a Member to vote i it is satised that the ailure

to pay is due to conditions beyond the control o theMember.

Procedure

Article 20

Te General Assembly shall meet in regular annualsessions and in such special sessions as occasion mayrequire. Special sessions shall be convoked by theSecretary-General at the request o the Security Council

or o a majority o the Members o the United Nations.

Article 21

Te General Assembly shall adopt its own rules o proce-

dure. It shall elect its President or each session.


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Article 22

Te General Assembly may establish such subsidiary

organs as it deems necessary or the perormance o itsunctions.


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CHAPTERV

Te Security Council

Composition

Article 23

1. Te Security Council shall consist o teenMembers o the United Nations. Te Republico China, France, the Union o Soviet SocialistRepublics, the United Kingdom o Great Britain

and Northern Ireland, and the United States oAmerica shall be permanent members o the SecurityCouncil. Te General Assembly shall elect ten otherMembers o the United Nations to be non-permanentmembers o the Security Council, due regard beingspecially paid, in the rst instance to the contri-bution o Members o the United Nations to themaintenance o international peace and securityand to the other purposes o the Organization, andalso to equitable geographical distribution.

2. Te non-permanent members o the SecurityCouncil shall be elected or a term o two years. In

the rst election o the non-permanent members


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ater the increase o the membership o the SecurityCouncil rom eleven to teen, two o the ouradditional members shall be chosen or a term oone year. A retiring member shall not be eligibleor immediate re-election.

3. Each member o the Security Council shall haveone representative.


Article 24

1. In order to ensure prompt and eective action by theUnited Nations, its Members coner on the SecurityCouncil primary responsibility or the maintenanceo international peace and security, and agree thatin carrying out its duties under this responsibilitythe Security Council acts on their behal.

2. In discharging these duties the Security Councilshall act in accordance with the Purposes and Prin-ciples o the United Nations. Te specic powersgranted to the Security Council or the dischargeo these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII,VIII, and XII.

3. Te Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General

Assembly or its consideration.


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Article 25

Te Members o the United Nations agree to accept

and carry out the decisions o the Security Council inaccordance with the present Charter.

Article 26

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance

o international peace and security with the least diver-sion or armaments o the worlds human and economicresources, the Security Council shall be responsible orormulating, with the assistance o the Military StaCommittee reerred to in Article 47, plans to be sub-mitted to the Members o the United Nations or the

establishment o a system or the regulation o arma-ments.

Voting

Article 271. Each member o the Security Council shall have

one vote.

2. Decisions o the Security Council on proceduralmatters shall be made by an armative vote o nine

members.


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3. Decisions o the Security Council on all other mat-ters shall be made by an armative vote o ninemembers including the concurring votes o the per-manent members; provided that, in decisions underChapter VI, and under paragraph 3 o Article 52,a party to a dispute shall abstain rom voting.

Procedure

Article 28

1. Te Security Council shall be so organized as to beable to unction continuously. Each member o theSecurity Council shall or this purpose be repre-sented at all times at the seat o the Organization.

2. Te Security Council shall hold periodic meetingsat which each o its members may, i it so desires, berepresented by a member o the government or bysome other specially designated representative.

3. Te Security Council may hold meetings at suchplaces other than the seat o the Organization as in

its judgment will best acilitate its work.

Article 29

Te Security Council may establish such subsidiaryorgans as it deems necessary or the perormance o its

unctions.


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Article 30

Te Security Council shall adopt its own rules o proce-

dure, including the method o selecting its President.

Article 31

Any Member o the United Nations which is not a mem-ber o the Security Council may participate, withoutvote, in the discussion o any question brought beore

the Security Council whenever the latter considers thatthe interests o that Member are specially aected.

Article 32

Any Member o the United Nations which is not a

member o the Security Council or any state which isnot a Member o the United Nations, i it is a party to adispute under consideration by the Security Council, shallbe invited to participate, without vote, in the discussionrelating to the dispute. Te Security Council shall laydown such conditions as it deems just or the participa-tion o a state which is not a Member o the United

Nations.


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CHAPTERVI

Pacifc Settlement o Disputes

Article 33

1. Te parties to any dispute, the continuance o which is likely to endanger the maintenance ointernational peace and security, shall, rst o all,seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation,conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resortto regional agencies or arrangements, or other peace-ul means o their own choice.

2. Te Security Council shall, when it deems neces-sary, call upon the parties to settle their dispute bysuch means.

Article 34

Te Security Council may investigate any dispute, orany situation which might lead to international rictionor give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whetherthe continuance o the dispute or situation is likely toendanger the maintenance o international peace and

security.


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Article 35

1. Any Member o the United Nations may bring any

dispute, or any situation o the nature reerred to inArticle 34, to the attention o the Security Councilor o the General Assembly.

2. A state which is not a Member o the UnitedNations may bring to the attention o the Security

Council or o the General Assembly any dispute to which it is a party i it accepts in advance, or thepurposes o the dispute, the obligations o pacicsettlement provided in the present Charter.

3. Te proceedings o the General Assembly in respecto matters brought to its attention under this Arti-

cle will be subject to the provisions o Articles 11and 12.

Article 36

1. Te Security Council may, at any stage o a dispute

o the nature reerred to in Article 33 or o a situa-tion o like nature, recommend appropriate proce-dures or methods o adjustment.

2. Te Security Council should take into considera-tion any procedures or the settlement o the dispute

which have already been adopted by the parties.


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3. In making recommendations under this Article theSecurity Council should also take into considera-tion that legal disputes should as a general rule bereerred by the parties to the International Courto Justice in accordance with the provisions o theStatute o the Court.

Article 37

1. Should the parties to a dispute o the nature re-erred to in Article 33 ail to settle it by the meansindicated in that Article, they shall reer it to theSecurity Council.

2. I the Security Council deems that the continuanceo the dispute is in act likely to endanger the main-

tenance o international peace and security, it shalldecide whether to take action under Article 36 orto recommend such terms o settlement as it mayconsider appropriate.

Article 38

Without prejudice to the provisions o Articles 33 to 37,the Security Council may, i all the parties to any disputeso request, make recommendations to the parties with aview to a pacic settlement o the dispute.


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CHAPTERVII

Action with Respect to Treats to thePeace, Breaches o the Peace,and Acts o Aggression

Article 39Te Security Council shall determine the existence oany threat to the peace, breach o the peace, or act oaggression and shall make recommendations, or decide

what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace

and security.

Article 40

In order to prevent an aggravation o the situation, theSecurity Council may, beore making the recommen-

dations or deciding upon the measures provided or in Article 39, call upon the parties concerned to complywith such provisional measures as it deems necessary ordesirable. Such provisional measures shall be withoutprejudice to the rights, claims, or position o the partiesconcerned. Te Security Council shall duly take account

o ailure to comply with such provisional measures.


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Article 41

Te Security Council may decide what measures not in-

volving the use o armed orce are to be employed to giveeect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Memberso the United Nations to apply such measures. Tesemay include complete or partial interruption o eco-nomic relations and o rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic,radio, and other means o communication, and the

severance o diplomatic relations.

Article 42

Should the Security Council consider that measuresprovided or in Article 41 would be inadequate or haveproved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air,

sea, or land orces as may be necessary to maintain orrestore international peace and security. Such action mayinclude demonstrations, blockade, and other operationsby air, sea, or land orces o Members o the UnitedNations.

Article 43

1. All Members o the United Nations, in order tocontribute to the maintenance o internationalpeace and security, undertake to make availableto the Security Council, on its call and in accord-

ance with a special agreement or agreements, armed


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orces, assistance, and acilities, including rights opassage, necessary or the purpose o maintaininginternational peace and security.

2. Such agreement or agreements shall govern thenumbers and types o orces, their degree o readi-ness and general location, and the nature o theacilities and assistance to be provided.

3. Te agreement or agreements shall be negotiatedas soon as possible on the initiative o the SecurityCouncil. Tey shall be concluded between theSecurity Council and Members or between theSecurity Council and groups o Members and shallbe subject to ratication by the signatory states

in accordance with their respective constitutionalprocesses.

Article 44

When the Security Council has decided to use orce itshall, beore calling upon a Member not represented onit to provide armed orces in ullment o the obliga-tions assumed under Article 43, invite that Member, ithe Member so desires, to participate in the decisionso the Security Council concerning the employment o

contingents o that Members armed orces.


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Article 45

In order to enable the United Nations to take urgentmilitary measures, Members shall hold immediatelyavailable national air-orce contingents or combinedinternational enorcement action. Te strength anddegree o readiness o these contingents and plans ortheir combined action shall be determined, within thelimits laid down in the special agreement or agreements

reerred to in Article 43, by the Security Council withthe assistance o the Military Sta Committee.

Article 46

Plans or the application o armed orce shall be made bythe Security Council with the assistance o the MilitarySta Committee.

Article 47

1. Tere shall be established a Military Sta Commit-tee to advise and assist the Security Council on allquestions relating to the Security Councils militaryrequirements or the maintenance o internationalpeace and security, the employment and commando orces placed at its disposal, the regulation o

armaments, and possible disarmament.


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2. Te Military Sta Committee shall consist o theChies o Sta o the permanent members o theSecurity Council or their representatives. AnyMember o the United Nations not permanentlyrepresented on the Committee shall be invited bythe Committee to be associated with it when theecient discharge o the Committees responsibili-ties requires the participation o that Member inits work.

3. Te Military Sta Committee shall be responsibleunder the Security Council or the strategic direc-tion o any armed orces placed at the disposal othe Security Council. Questions relating to thecommand o such orces shall be worked out sub-sequently.

4. Te Military Sta Committee, with the authoriza-tion o the Security Council and ater consultation

with appropriate regional agencies, may establishregional sub-committees.

Article 48

1. Te action required to carry out the decisionso the Security Council or the maintenance ointernational peace and security shall be taken byall the Members o the United Nations or by some

o them, as the Security Council may determine.


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2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the Memberso the United Nations directly and through theiraction in the appropriate international agencies owhich they are members.

Article 49

Te Members o the United Nations shall join inaording mutual assistance in carrying out the measures

decided upon by the Security Council.

Article 50

I preventive or enorcement measures against any stateare taken by the Security Council, any other state,

whether a Member o the United Nations or not, whichnds itsel conronted with special economic problemsarising rom the carrying out o those measures shallhave the right to consult the Security Council withregard to a solution o those problems.

Article 51

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherentright o individual or collective sel-deence i an armedattack occurs against a Member o the United Nations,until the Security Council has taken measures necessaryto maintain international peace and security. Measures

taken by Members in the exercise o this right o sel-


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deence shall be immediately reported to the SecurityCouncil and shall not in any way aect the authorityand responsibility o the Security Council under thepresent Charter to take at any time such action as itdeems necessary in order to maintain or restore inter-national peace and security.


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CHAPTERVIII

Regional Arrangements

Article 52

1. Nothing in the present Charter precludes the exist-

ence o regional arrangements or agencies or deal-ing with such matters relating to the maintenanceo international peace and security as are appropri-ate or regional action, provided that such arrange-ments or agencies and their activities are consistent

with the Purposes and Principles o the United

Nations.

2. Te Members o the United Nations entering intosuch arrangements or constituting such agenciesshall make every eort to achieve pacic settlemento local disputes through such regional arrange-ments or by such regional agencies beore reerring

them to the Security Council.

3. Te Security Council shall encourage the develop-ment o pacic settlement o local disputes throughsuch regional arrangements or by such regionalagencies either on the initiative o the states con-

cerned or by reerence rom the Security Council.


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4. Tis Article in no way impairs the application oArticles 34 and 35.

Article 53

1. Te Security Council shall, where appropriate,utilize such regional arrangements or agencies or

enorcement action under its authority. But noenorcement action shall be taken under regionalarrangements or by regional agencies without theauthorization o the Security Council, with theexception o measures against any enemy state, asdened in paragraph 2 o this Article, provided

or pursuant to Article 107 or in regional ar-rangements directed against renewal o aggres-sive policy on the part o any such state, untilsuch time as the Organization may, on request othe Governments concerned, be charged with theresponsibility or preventing urther aggression bysuch a state.

2. Te term enemy state as used in paragraph 1 othis Article applies to any state which during theSecond World War has been an enemy o any sig-natory o the present Charter.


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Article 54

Te Security Council shall at all times be kept ully

inormed o activities undertaken or in contemplationunder regional arrangements or by regional agencies orthe maintenance o international peace and security.


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CHAPTERIX

International Economicand Social Co-operation

Article 55

With a view to the creation o conditions o stability andwell-being which are necessary or peaceul and riendlyrelations among nations based on respect or the princi-ple o equal rights and sel-determination o peoples, theUnited Nations shall promote:

a. higher standards o living, ull employment,and conditions o economic and social progress anddevelopment;

b. solutions o international economic, social,health, and related problems; and internationalcultural and educational co-operation; and

c. universal respect or, and observance o, humanrights and undamental reedoms or all without

distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.


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Article 56

All Members pledge themselves to take joint and sepa-

rate action in co-operation with the Organization orthe achievement o the purposes set orth in Article 55.

Article 57

1. Te various specialized agencies, established byintergovernmental agreement and having wideinternational responsibilities, as dened in theirbasic instruments, in economic, social, cultural,educational, health, and related elds, shall bebrought into relationship with the United Nationsin accordance with the provisions o Article 63.

2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship withthe United Nations are hereinater reerred to asspecialized agencies.

Article 58

he Organization shall make recommendations or

the co-ordination o the policies and activities o thespecialized agencies.

Article 59

Te Organization shall, where appropriate, initiate

negotiations among the states concerned or the crea-


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tion o any new specialized agencies required or theaccomplishment o the purposes set orth in Article 55.

Article 60

Responsibility or the discharge o the unctions o theOrganization set orth in this Chapter shall be vested inthe General Assembly and, under the authority o theGeneral Assembly, in the Economic and Social Council,

which shall have or this purpose the powers set orth inChapter X.


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CHAPTERX

Te Economic and Social Council

Composition

Article 611. Te Economic and Social Council shall consist o

ty-our Members o the United Nations electedby the General Assembly.

2. Subject to the provisions o paragraph 3, eighteen

members o the Economic and Social Council shallbe elected each year or a term o three years. Aretiring member shall be eligible or immediatere-election.

3. At the rst election ater the increase in the mem-bership o the Economic and Social Council rom

twenty-seven to ty-our members, in addition tothe members elected in place o the nine memberswhose term o oce expires at the end o that year,twenty-seven additional members shall be elected.O these twenty-seven additional members, theterm o oice o nine members so elected shall

expire at the end o one year, and o nine other


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members at the end o two years, in accordancewith arrangements made by the General Assembly.

4. Each member o the Economic and Social Councilshall have one representative.


Article 62

1. Te Economic and Social Council may make orinitiate studies and reports with respect to inter-national economic, social, cultural, educational,health, and related matters and may make recom-mendations with respect to any such matters to theGeneral Assembly, to the Members o the UnitedNations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.

2. It may make recommendations or the purpose opromoting respect or, and observance o, humanrights and undamental reedoms or all.

3. It may prepare drat conventions or submissionto the General Assembly, with respect to mattersalling within its competence.

4. It may call, in accordance with the rules prescribedby the United Nations, international conerences

on matters alling within its competence.


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Article 63

1. Te Economic and Social Council may enter intoagreements with any o the agencies reerred to in

Article 57, dening the terms on which the agencyconcerned shall be brought into relationship withthe United Nations. Such agreements shall be sub-

ject to approval by the General Assembly.

2. It may co-ordinate the activities o the specializedagencies through consultation with and recom-mendations to such agencies and through recom-mendations to the General Assembly and to theMembers o the United Nations.

Article 64

1. Te Economic and Social Council may take appro-priate steps to obtain regular reports rom the spe-cialized agencies. It may make arrangements withthe Members o the United Nations and with the

specialized agencies to obtain reports on the stepstaken to give eect to its own recommendationsand to recommendations on matters alling withinits competence made by the General Assembly.

2. It may communicate its observations on these

reports to the General Assembly.


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Article 65

Te Economic and Social Council may urnish inorma-

tion to the Security Council and shall assist the SecurityCouncil upon its request.

Article 66

1. Te Economic and Social Council shall perorm

such unctions as all within its competence in con-nexion with the carrying out o the recommenda-tions o the General Assembly.

2. It may, with the approval o the General Assembly,perorm services at the request o Members o theUnited Nations and at the request o specializedagencies.

3. It shall perorm such other unctions as are speci-ed elsewhere in the present Charter or as may beassigned to it by the General Assembly.

Voting

Article 67

1. Each member o the Economic and Social Council

shall have one vote.


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2. Decisions o the Economic and Social Councilshall be made by a majority o the members presentand voting.

Procedure

Article 68

Te Economic and Social Council shall set up commis-sions in economic and social elds and or the promo-tion o human rights, and such other commissions asmay be required or the perormance o its unctions.

Article 69

Te Economic and Social Council shall invite anyMember o the United Nations to participate, with-out vote, in its deliberations on any matter o particularconcern to that Member.

Article 70

Te Economic and Social Council may make arrange-ments or representatives o the specialized agencies toparticipate, without vote, in its deliberations and inthose o the commissions established by it, and or itsrepresentatives to participate in the deliberations o the

specialized agencies.


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Article 71

Te Economic and Social Council may make suitable

arrangements or consultation with non-governmentalorganizations which are concerned with matters withinits competence. Such arrangements may be made withinternational organizations and, where appropriate,with national organizations ater consultation with theMember o the United Nations concerned.

Article 72

1. Te Economic and Social Council shall adopt itsown rules o procedure, including the method oselecting its President.

2. Te Economic and Social Council shall meet asrequired in accordance with its rules, which shallinclude provision or the convening o meetings onthe request o a majority o its members.


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CHAPTERXI

Declaration regardingNon-Sel-Governing erritories

Article 73

Members o the United Nations which have or assumeresponsibilities or the administration o territories

whose peoples have not yet attained a ull measure osel-government recognize the principle that the inter-ests o the inhabitants o these territories are paramount,and accept as a sacred trust the obligation to promote

to the utmost, within the system o international peaceand security established by the present Charter, the well-being o the inhabitants o these territories, and, to thisend:

a. to ensure, with due respect or the culture othe peoples concerned, their political, economic,

social, and educational advancement, their justtreatment, and their protection against abuses;

b. to develop sel-government, to take due ac-count o the political aspirations o the peoples,and to assist them in the progressive development

o their ree political institutions, according to the


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particular circumstances o each territory and itspeoples and their varying stages o advancement;

c. to urther international peace and security;d. to promote constructive measures o develop-ment, to encourage research, and to co-operate withone another and, when and where appropriate, withspecialized international bodies with a view to thepractical achievement o the social, economic, and

scientic purposes set orth in this Article; and

e. to transmit regularly to the Secretary-Generalor inormation purposes, subject to such limita-tion as security and constitutional considerationsmay require, statistical and other inormation o atechnical nature relating to economic, social, and

educational conditions in the territories or whichthey are respectively responsible other than thoseterritories to which Chapters XII and XIII apply.

Article 74

Members o the United Nations also agree that theirpolicy in respect o the territories to which this Chapterapplies, no less than in respect o their metropolitanareas, must be based on the general principle o good-neighbourliness, due account being taken o the inter-ests and well-being o the rest o the world, in social,

economic, and commercial matters.


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CHAPTERXII

International rusteeship System

Article 75

Te United Nations shall establish under its authority

an international trusteeship system or the administra-tion and supervision o such territories as may be placedthereunder by subsequent individual agreements. Teseterritories are hereinater reerred to as trust territories.

Article 76

Te basic objectives o the trusteeship system, in accord-ance with the Purposes o the United Nations laid downin Article 1 o the present Charter, shall be:

a. to urther international peace and security;

b. to promote the political, economic, social, and

educational advancement o the inhabitants o thetrust territories, and their progressive developmenttowards sel-government or independence as maybe appropriate to the particular circumstances oeach territory and its peoples and the reely ex-pressed wishes o the peoples concerned, and as


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may be provided by the terms o each trusteeshipagreement;

c. to encourage respect or human rights and orundamental reedoms or all without distinction asto race, sex, language, or religion, and to encouragerecognition o the interdependence o the peopleso the world; and

d. to ensure equal treatment in social, economic,and commercial matters or all Members o theUnited Nations and their nationals, and also equaltreatment or the latter in the administration o

justice, without prejudice to the attainment o theoregoing objectives and subject to the provisionso Article 80.

Article 77

1. Te trusteeship system shall apply to such territo-ries in the ollowing categories as may be placedthereunder by means o trusteeship agreements:

a. territories now held under mandate;

b. territories which may be detached rom enemystates as a result o the Second World War; and

c. territories voluntarily placed under the system

by states responsible or their administration.


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2. It will be a matter or subsequent agreement as towhich territories in the oregoing categories will bebrought under the trusteeship system and upon

what terms.

Article 78

Te trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members o the United Nations,

relationship among which shall be based on respect orthe principle o sovereign equality.

Article 79

Te terms o trusteeship or each territory to be placedunder the trusteeship system, including any alteration oramendment, shall be agreed upon by the states directlyconcerned, including the mandatory power in the caseo territories held under mandate by a Member o theUnited Nations, and shall be approved as provided orin Articles 83 and 85.

Article 80

1. Except as may be agreed upon in individual trus-teeship agreements, made under Articles 77, 79,and 81, placing each territory under the trus-teeship system, and until such agreements have

been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be


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construed in or o itsel to alter in any manner therights whatsoever o any states or any peoples orthe terms o existing international instrumentsto which Members o the United Nations mayrespectively be parties.

2. Paragraph 1 o this Article shall not be interpretedas giving grounds or delay or postponement o thenegotiation and conclusion o agreements or plac-

ing mandated and other territories under the trus-teeship system as provided or in Article 77.

Article 81

Te trusteeship agreement shall in each case include the

terms under which the trust territory will be adminis-tered and designate the authority which will exercisethe administration o the trust territory. Such authority,hereinater called the administering authority, may beone or more states or the Organization itsel.

Article 82

Tere may be designated, in any trusteeship agreement,a strategic area or areas which may include part or all othe trust territory to which the agreement applies, with-out prejudice to any special agreement or agreements

made under Article 43.


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Article 83

1. All unctions o the United Nations relating to stra-

tegic areas, including the approval o the terms othe trusteeship agreements and o their alterationor amendment, shall be exercised by the SecurityCouncil.

2. Te basic objectives set orth in Article 76 shall beapplicable to the people o each strategic area.

3. Te Security Council shall, subject to the provisionso the trusteeship agreements and without prejudiceto security considerations, avail itsel o the assist-ance o the rusteeship Council to perorm thoseunctions o the United Nations under the trustee-ship system relating to political, economic, social,

and educational matters in the strategic areas.

Article 84

It shall be the duty o the administering authority toensure that the trust territory shall play its part in the

maintenance o international peace and security. o thisend the administering authority may make use o volun-teer orces, acilities, and assistance rom the trust terri-tory in carrying out the obligations towards the SecurityCouncil undertaken in this regard by the administeringauthority, as well as or local deence and the mainte-

nance o law and order within the trust territory.


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Article 85

1. Te unctions o the United Nations with regard to

trusteeship agreements or all areas not designatedas strategic, including the approval o the terms othe trusteeship agreements and o their alterationor amendment, shall be exercised by the General

Assembly.

2. Te rusteeship Council, operating under the

authority o the General Assembly, shall assist theGeneral Assembly in carrying out these unctions.


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CHAPTERXIII

Te rusteeship Council

Composition

Article 86

1. Te rusteeship Council shall consist o the ollow-ing Members o the United Nations:

a. those Members administering trust territories;

b. such o those Members mentioned by name inArticle 23 as are not administering trust territories;and

c. as many other Members elected or three-yearterms by the General Assembly as may be neces-sary to ensure that the total number o members o

the rusteeship Council is equally divided betweenthose Members o the United Nations which ad-minister trust territories and those which do not.

2. Each member o the rusteeship Council shall des-ignate one specially qualied person to represent it

therein.


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Article 87

Te General Assembly and, under its authority, therusteeship Council, in carrying out their unctions,may:

a. consider reports submitted by the administeringauthority;

b. accept petitions and examine them in consul-tation with the administering authority;

c. provide or periodic visits to the respective trustterritories at times agreed upon with the adminis-tering authority; and

d. take these and other actions in conormitywith the terms o the trusteeship agreements.

Article 88

Te rusteeship Council shall ormulate a question-naire on the political, economic, social, and educationaladvancement o the inhabitants o each trust territory,and the administering authority or each trust territory

within the competence o the General Assembly shallmake an annual report to the General Assembly upon

the basis o such questionnaire.


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Voting

Article 89

1. Each member o the rusteeship Council shall haveone vote.

2. Decisions o the rusteeship Council shall be madeby a majority o the members present and voting.

Procedure

Article 90

1. Te rusteeship Council shall adopt its own rules

o procedure, including the method o selecting itsPresident.

2. Te rusteeship Council shall meet as requiredin accordance with its rules, which shall includeprovision or the convening o meetings on therequest o a majority o its members.

Article 91

Te rusteeship Council shall, when appropriate, availitsel o the assistance o the Economic and SocialCouncil and o the specialized agencies in regard to

matters with which they are respectively concerned.


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CHAPTERXIV

Te International Court o Justice

Article 92

Te International Court o Justice shall be the principal judicial organ o the United Nations. It shall unctionin accordance with the annexed Statute, which is basedupon the Statute o the Permanent Court o Interna-tional Justice and orms an integral part o the presentCharter.

Article 93

1. All Members o the United Nations are ipso actoparties to the Statute o the International Court o

Justice.

2. A state which is not a Member o the UnitedNations may become a party to the Statute o theInternational Court o Justice on conditions to bedetermined in each case by the General Assembly

upon the recommendation o the Security Council.


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Article 94

1. Each Member o the United Nations undertakes

to comply with the decision o the InternationalCourt o Justice in any case to which it is a party.

2. I any party to a case ails to perorm the obligationsincumbent upon it under a judgment renderedby the Court, the other party may have recourseto the Security Council, which may, i it deems

necessary, make recommendations or decide uponmeasures to be taken to give eect to the judg-ment.

Article 95

Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Memberso the United Nations rom entrusting the solution otheir dierences to other tribunals by virtue o agree-ments already in existence or which may be concludedin the uture.

Article 961. Te General Assembly or the Security Council may

request the International Court o Justice to give anadvisory opinion on any legal question.

2. Other organs o the United Nations and specialized

agencies, which may at any time be so authorized


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by the General Assembly, may also request advisoryopinions o the Court on legal questions arising

within the scope o their activities.


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CHAPTERXV

Te Secretariat

Article 97

Te Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary-General

and such sta as the Organization may require. heSecretary-General shall be appointed by the General

Assembly upon the recommendation o the SecurityCouncil. He shall be the chie administrative ocer othe Organization.

Article 98Te Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in allmeetings o the General Assembly, o the SecurityCouncil, o the Economic and Social Council, and othe rusteeship Council, and shall perorm such otherunctions as are entrusted to him by these organs. Te

Secretary-General shall make an annual report to theGeneral Assembly on the work o the Organization.

Article 99

Te Secretary-General may bring to the attention o the

Security Council any matter which in his opinion may


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threaten the maintenance o international peace andsecurity.

Article 100

1. In the perormance o their duties the Secretary-General and the sta shall not seek or receive in-structions rom any government or rom any otherauthority external to the Organization. Tey shall

rerain rom any action which might refect on theirposition as international ocials responsible onlyto the Organization.

2. Each Member o the United Nations undertakesto respect the exclusively international charactero the responsibilities o the Secretary-General and

the sta and not to seek to infuence them in thedischarge o their responsibilities.

Article 101

1. Te sta shall be appointed by the Secretary-General under regulations established by theGeneral Assembly.

2. Appropriate stas shall be permanently assigned tothe Economic and Social Council, the rusteeshipCouncil, and, as required, to other organs o theUnited Nations. Tese stas shall orm a part o

the Secretariat.


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3. Te paramount consideration in the employmento the sta and in the determination o the condi-tions o service shall be the necessity o securing thehighest standards o eciency, competence, and in-tegrity. Due regard shall be paid to the importanceo recruiting the sta on as wide a geographicalbasis as possible.


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CHAPTERXVI

Miscellaneous Provisions

Article 102

1. Every treaty and every international agreemententered into by any Member o the United Nationsater the present Charter comes into orce shall assoon as possible be registered with the Secretariatand published by it.

2. No party to any such treaty or international agree-ment which has not been registered in accordance with the provisions o paragraph 1 o this Articlemay invoke that treaty or agreement beore anyorgan o the United Nations.

Article 103

In the event o a confict between the obligations othe Members o the United Nations under the presentCharter and their obligations under any other inter-national agreement, their obligations under the present

Charter shall prevail.


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Article 104

Te Organization shall enjoy in the territory o each o

its Members such legal capacity as may be necessaryor the exercise o its unctions and the ullment oits purposes.

Article 105

1. Te Organization shall enjoy in the territory o

each o its Members such privileges and immuni-ties as are necessary or the ullment o its pur-poses.

2. Representatives o the Members o the UnitedNations and ocials o the Organization shallsimilarly enjoy such privileges and immunities asare necessary or the independent exercise o theirunctions in connexion with the Organization.

3. Te General Assembly may make recommenda-tions with a view to determining the details o theapplication o paragraphs 1 and 2 o this Article ormay propose conventions to the Members o theUnited Nations or this purpose.


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CHAPTERXVII

ransitional Security Arrangements

Article 106

Pending the coming into orce o such special agree-

ments reerred to in Article 43 as in the opinion o theSecurity Council enable it to begin the exercise o itsresponsibilities under Article 42, the parties to the Four-Nation Declaration, signed at Moscow, 30 October1943, and France, shall, in accordance with the provi-sions o paragraph 5 o that Declaration, consult withone another and as occasion requires with other Mem-bers o the United Nations with a view to such jointaction on behal o the Organization as may be necessaryor the purpose o maintaining international peace andsecurity.

Article 107

Nothing in the present Charter shall invalidate orpreclude action, in relation to any state which during theSecond World War has been an enemy o any signatoryto the present Charter, taken or authorized as a result othat war by the Governments having responsibility orsuch action.


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CHAPTERXVIII

Amendments

Article 108

Amendments to the present Charter shall come into

orce or all Members o the United Nations when theyhave been adopted by a vote o two thirds o the mem-bers o the General Assembly and ratied in accordance

with their respective constitutional processes by twothirds o the Members o the United Nations, includingall the permanent members o the Security Council.

Article 109

1. A General Conerence o the Members o theUnited Nations or the purpose o reviewing thepresent Charter may be held at a date and placeto be xed by a two-thirds vote o the members othe General Assembly and by a vote o any ninemembers o the Security Council. Each Membero the United Nations shall have one vote in theconerence.

2. Any alteration o the present Charter recommended

by a two-thirds vote o the conerence shall take


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eect when ratied in accordance with their re-spective constitutional processes by two thirds othe Members o the United Nations including allthe permanent members o the Security Council.

3. I such a conerence has not been held beore thetenth annual session o the General Assemblyollowing the coming into orce o the presentCharter, the proposal to call such a conerenceshall be placed on the agenda o that session o theGeneral Assembly, and the conerence shall be heldi so decided by a majority vote o the members othe General Assembly and by a vote o any sevenmembers o the Security Council.


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CHAPTERXIX

Ratifcation and Signature

Article 110

1. Te present Charter shall be ratied by the signa-tory states in accordance with their respective con-stitutional processes.

2. he ratiications shall be deposited with theGovernment o the United States o America,

which shall notiy all the signatory states o each

deposit as well as the Secretary-General o theOrganization when he has been appointed.

3. Te present Charter shall come into orce upon thedeposit o ratications by the Republic o China,France, the Union o Soviet Socialist Republics, the

United Kingdom o Great Britain and NorthernIreland, and the United States o America, and bya majority o the other signatory states. A proto-col o the ratications deposited shall thereupon bedrawn up by the Government o the United Stateso America which shall communicate copies thereo

to all the signatory states.


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4. Te states signatory to the present Charter whichratiy it ater it has come into orce will becomeoriginal Members o the United Nations on thedate o the deposit o their respective ratications.

Article 111

Te present Charter, o which the Chinese, French,Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic,

shall remain deposited in the archives o the Govern-ment o the United States o America. Duly certiiedcopies thereo shall be transmitted by that Govern-ment to the Governments o the other signatory states.

IN FAIH WHEREOF the representatives o the Govern-ments o the United Nations have signed the presentCharter.

DONE at the city o San Francisco the twenty-sixth day

o June, one thousand nine hundred and orty-ve.


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Statuteo theInternational

Courto Justice


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Article 1

Te International Court o Justice established by the

Charter o the United Nations as the principal judicialorgan o the United Nations shall be constituted andshall unction in accordance with the provisions o thepresent Statute.

CHAPTERI

Organization o the Court

Article 2

Te Court shall be composed o a body o indepen-dent judges, elected regardless o their nationality romamong persons o high moral character, who possess thequalications required in their respective countries or

appointment to the highest judicial oces, or are juris-consults o recognized competence in international law.

Article 3

1. Te Court shall consist o teen members, no two

o whom may be nationals o the same state.


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2. A person who or the purposes o membership inthe Court could be regarded as a national o morethan one state shall be deemed to be a national othe one in which he ordinarily exercises civil andpolitical rights.

Article 4

1. Te members o the Court shall be elected by the

General Assembly and by the Security Councilrom a list o persons nominated by the nationalgroups in the Permanent Court o Arbitration, inaccordance with the ollowing provisions.

2. In the case o Members o the United Nations notrepresented in the Permanent Court o Arbitration,

candidates shall be nominated by national groupsappointed or this purpose by their governmentsunder the same conditions as those prescribed ormembers o the Permanent Court o Arbitration by

Article 44 o the Convention o Te Hague o 1907or the pacic settlement o international disputes.

3. Te conditions under which a state which is aparty to the present Statute but is not a Membero the United Nations may participate in electingthe members o the Court shall, in the absence oa special agreement, be laid down by the General

Assembly upon recommendation o the Security

Council.


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Article 5

1. At least three months beore the date o the elec-

tion, the Secretary-General o the United Nationsshall address a written request to the members o thePermanent Court o Arbitration belonging to thestates which are parties to the present Statute, andto the members o the national groups appointedunder Article 4, paragraph 2, inviting them to under-take, within a given time, by national groups, thenomination o persons in a position to accept theduties o a member o the Court.

2. No group may nominate more than our persons,not more than two o whom shall be o their ownnationality. In no case may the number o candi-

dates nominated by a group be more than doublethe number o seats to be lled.

Article 6

Beore making these nominations, each national groupis recommended to consult its highest court o justice,its legal aculties and schools o law, and its nationalacademies and national sections o international acad-emies devoted to the study o law.

Article 7

1. Te Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alpha-

betical order o all the persons thus nominated.


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Save as provided in Article 12, paragraph 2, theseshall be the only persons eligible.

2. Te Secretary-General shall submit this list to theGeneral Assembly and to the Security Council.

Article 8

Te General Assembly and the Security Council shallproceed independently o one another to elect themembers o the Court.

Article 9

At every election, the electors shall bear in mind notonly that the persons to be elected should individually

possess the qualications required, but also that in thebody as a whole the representation o the main ormso civilization and o the principal legal systems o the

world should be assured.

Article 10

1. Tose candidates who obtain an absolute majorityo votes in the General Assembly and in theSecurity Council shall be considered as elected.

2. Any vote o the Security Council, whether or theelection o judges or or the appointment o mem-

bers o the conerence envisaged in Article 12, shall


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be taken without any distinction between perma-nent and non-permanent members o the SecurityCouncil.

3. In the event o more than one national o the samestate obtaining an absolute majority o the votesboth o the General Assembly and o the SecurityCouncil, the eldest o these only shall be consideredas elected.

Article 11

I, ater the rst meeting held or the purpose o theelection, one or more seats remain to be lled, a secondand, i necessary, a third meeting shall take place.

Article 12

1. I, ater the third meeting, one or more seats stillremain unlled, a joint conerence consistingo six members, three appointed by the General

Assembly and three by the Security Council, maybe ormed at any time at the request o either theGeneral Assembly or the Security Council, or thepurpose o choosing by the vote o an absolute ma-jority one name or each seat still vacant, to submitto the General Assembly and the Security Council

or their respective acceptance.


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2. I the joint conerence is unanimously agreed uponany person who ulls the required conditions, hemay be included in its list, even though he was notincluded in the list o nominations reerred to in

Article 7.

3. I the joint conerence is satised that it will not besuccessul in procuring an election, those memberso the Court who have already been elected shall,

within a period to be xed by the Security Council,proceed to ll the vacant seats by selection romamong those candidates who have obtained voteseither in the General Assembly or in the SecurityCouncil.

4. In the event o an equality o votes among the

judges, the eldest judge shall have a casting vote.

Article 13

1. Te members o the Court shall be elected or nineyears and may be re-elected; provided, however,that o the judges elected at the rst election, theterms o ve judges shall expire at the end o threeyears and the terms o ve more judges shall expireat the end o six years.

2. Te judges whose terms are to expire at the end othe above-mentioned initial periods o three and

six years shall be chosen by lot to be drawn by the


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Secretary-General immediately ater the rst elec-tion has been completed.

3. Te members o the Court shall continue to dis-charge their duties until their places have beenlled. Tough replaced, they shall nish any cases

which they may have begun.

4. In the case o the resignation o a member o the

Court, the resignation shall be addressed to thePresident o the Court or transmission to theSecretary-General. Tis last notication makesthe place vacant.

Article 14

Vacancies shall be lled by the same method as that laiddown or the rst election, subject to the ollowing pro-vision: the Secretary-General shall, within one montho the occurrence o the vacancy, proceed to issue theinvitations provided or in Article 5, and the date o theelection shall be xed by the Security Council.

Article 15

A member o the Court elected to replace a memberwhose term o oce has not expired shall hold oce or

the remainder o his predecessors term.


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Article 16

1. No member o the Court may exercise any political

or administrative unction, or engage in any otheroccupation o a proessional nature.

2. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by thedecision o the Court.

Article 17

1. No member o the Court may act as agent, counsel,or advocate in any case.

2. No member may participate in the decision o anycase in which he has previously taken part as agent,counsel, or advocate or one o the parties, or as amember o a national or international court, or oa commission o enquiry, or in any other capacity.

3. Any doubt on this point shall be settled by thedecision o the Court.

Article 18

1. No member o the Court can be dismissed unless,in the unanimous opinion o the other members,he has ceased to ull the required conditions.

2. Formal notication thereo shall be made to theSecretary-General by the Registrar.

3. Tis notication makes the place vacant.


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Article 19

Te members o the Court, when engaged on the busi-

ness o the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges andimmunities.

Article 20

Every member o the Court shall, beore taking up his

duties, make a solemn declaration in open court that hewill exercise his powers impartially and conscientiously.

Article 21

1. Te Court shall elect its President and Vice-President or three years; they may be re-elected.

2. Te Court shall appoint its Registrar and may pro-vide or the appointment o such other ocers asmay be necessary.

Article 22

1. Te seat o the Court shall be established at TeHague. Tis, however, shall not prevent the Courtrom sitting and exercising its unctions elsewhere

whenever the Court considers it desirable.

2. Te President and the Registrar shall reside at the

seat o the Court.


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Article 23

1. Te Court shall remain permanently in session,

except during the judicial vacations, the dates andduration o which shall be xed by the Court.

2. Members o the Court are entitled to periodicleave, the dates and duration o which shall be xedby the Court, having in mind the distance betweenTe Hague and the home o each judge.

3. Members o the Court shall be bound, unless theyare on leave or prevented rom attending by ill-ness or other serious reasons duly explained to thePresident, to hold themselves permanently at thedisposal o the Court.

Article 241. I, or some special reason, a member o the Court

considers that he should not take part in the de-cision o a particular case, he shall so inorm thePresident.

2. I the President considers that or some special rea-son one o the members o the Court should notsit in a particular case, he shall give him noticeaccordingly.

3. I in any such case the member o the Court andthe President disagree, the matter shall be settledby the decision o the Court.


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Article 25

1. Te ull Court shall sit except when it is expressly

provided otherwise in the present Statute.2. Subject to the condition that the number o judges

available to constitute the Court is not thereby re-duced below eleven, the Rules o the Court mayprovide or allowing one or more judges, accordingto circumstances and in rotation, to be dispensed

rom sitting.

3. A quorum o nine judges shall suce to constitutethe Court.

Article 26

1. Te Court may rom time to time orm one or morechambers, composed o three or more judges as theCourt may determine, or dealing with particularcategories o cases; or example, labour cases andcases relating to transit and communications.

2. Te Court may at any time orm a chamber ordealing with a particular case. Te number o judgesto constitute such a chamber shall be determinedby the Court with the approval o the parties.

3. Cases shall be heard and determined by the cham-bers provided or in this Article i the parties so

request.


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Article 27

A judgment given by any o the chambers provided or

in Articles 26 and 29 shall be considered as rendered bythe Court.

Article 28

Te chambers provided or in Articles 26 and 29 may, with the consent o the parties, sit and exercise theirunctions elsewhere than at Te Hague.

Article 29

With a view to the speedy dispatch o business, theCourt shall orm annually a chamber composed o ve

judges which, at the request o the parties, may hear anddetermine cases by summary procedure. In addition,two judges shall be selected or the purpose o replacing

judges who nd it impossible to sit.

Article 30

1. Te Court shall rame rules or carrying out itsunctions. In particular, it shall lay down rules oprocedure.

2. Te Rules o the Court may provide or assessorsto sit with the Court or with any o its chambers,

without the right to vote.


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Article 31

1. Judges o the nationality o each o the parties shall

retain their right to sit in the case beore the Court.2. I the Court includes upon the Bench a judge o

the nationality o one o the parties, any other partymay choose a person to sit as judge. Such personshall be chosen preerably rom among those per-sons who have been nominated as candidates as

provided in Articles 4 and 5.3. I the Court includes upon the Bench no judge o

the nationality o the parties, each o these partiesmay proceed to choose a judge as provided inparagraph 2 o this Article.

4. Te provisions o this Article shall apply to the caseo Articles 26 and 29. In such cases, the Presidentshall request one or, i necessary, two o the mem-bers o the Court orming the chamber to giveplace to the members o the Court o the national-ity o the parties concerned, and, ailing such, or ithey are unable to be present, to the judges speciallychosen by the parties.

5. Should there be several parties in the same interest,they shall, or the purpose o the preceding provi-sions, be reckoned as one party only. Any doubtupon this point shall be settled by the decision o

the Court.


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6. Judges chosen as laid down in paragraphs 2, 3, and4 o this Article shall ull the conditions requiredby Articles 2, 17 (paragraph 2), 20, and 24 o thepresent Statute. Tey shall take part in the decisionon terms o complete equality with their colleagues.

Article 32

1. Each member o the Court shall receive an annual

salary.2. he President shall receive a special annual

allowance.

3. Te Vice-President shall receive a special allowanceor every day on which he acts as President.

4. Te judges chosen under Article 31, other thanmembers o the Court, shall receive compensa-tion or each day on which they exercise theirunctions.

5. Tese salaries, allowances, and compensation shallbe xed by the General Assembly. Tey may not be

decreased during the term o oce.6. Te salary o the Registrar shall be xed by the

General Assembly on the proposal o the Court.

7. Regulations made by the General Assembly shallx the conditions under which retirement pensions

may be given to members o the Court and to the


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Registrar, and the conditions under which mem-bers o the Court and the Registrar shall have theirtravelling expenses reunded.

8. Te above salaries, allowances, and compensationshall be ree o all taxation.

Article 33

Te expenses o the Court shall be borne by the United

Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by theGeneral Assembly.


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CHAPTERII

Competence o the Court

Article 34

1. Only states may be parties in cases beore the

Court.

2. Te Court, subject to and in conormity with itsRules, may request o public international organi-zations inormation relevant to cases beore it, andshall receive such inormation presented by suchorganizations on their own initiative.

3. Whenever the construction o the constituent in-strument o a public international organization oro an international convention adopted thereun-der is in question in a case beore the Court, theRegistrar shall so notiy the public international

organization concerned and shall communicate toit copies o all the written proceedings.

Article 35

1. Te Court shall be open to the states parties to the

present Statute.


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2. Te conditions under which the Court shall beopen to other states shall, subject to the specialprovisions contained in treaties in orce, be laiddown by the Security Council, but in no case shallsuch conditions place the parties in a position oinequality beore the Court.

3. When a state which is not a Member o the UnitedNations is a party to a case, the Court shall x theamount which that party is to contribute towardsthe expenses o the Court. Tis provision shall notapply i such state is bearing a share o the expenseso the Court.

Article 36

1. Te jurisdiction o the Court comprises all caseswhich the parties reer to it and all matters speciallyprovided or in the Charter o the United Nationsor in treaties and conventions in orce.

2. Te states parties to the present Statute may at anytime declare that they recognize as compulsoryipso

acto and without special agreement, in relation toany other state accepting the same obligation, the

jurisdiction o the Court in all legal disputes con-cerning:

a. the interpretation o a treaty;

b. any question o international law;


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c. the existence o any act which, i established, would constitute a breach o an internationalobligation;

d. the nature or extent o the reparation to bemade or the breach o an international obligation.

3. Te declarations reerred to above may be madeunconditionally or on condition o reciprocity on

the part o several or certain states, or or a certaintime.

4. Such declarations shall be deposited with theSecretary-General o the United Nations, who shalltransmit copies thereo to the parties to the Statute

and to the Registrar o the Court.

5. Declarations made under Article 36 o the Statuteo the Permanent Court o International Justice and

which are still in orce shall be deemed, as betweenthe parties to the present Statute, to be acceptances

o the compulsory jurisdiction o the InternationalCourt o Justice or the period which they still haveto run and in accordance with their terms.

6. In the event o a dispute as to whether the Courthas jurisdiction, the matter shall be settled by the

decision o the Court.


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Article 37

Whenever a treaty or convention in orce provides or

reerence o a matter to a tribunal to have been institutedby the League o Nations, or to the Permanent Courto International Justice, the matter shall, as between theparties to the present Statute, be reerred to the Interna-tional Court o Justice.

Article 38

1. Te Court, whose unction is to decide in accord-ance with international law such disputes as aresubmitted to it, shall apply:

a. international conventions, whether general orparticular, establishing rules expressly recognizedby the contesting states;

b. international custom, as evidence o a generalpractice accepted as law;

c. the general principles o law recognized by civi-lized nations;

d. subject to the provisions o Article 59, judicialdecisions and the teachings o the most highly qual-ied publicists o the various nations, as subsidiary

means or the determination o rules o law.


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2. Tis provision shall not prejudice the power o theCourt to decide a case ex aequo et bono, i the par-ties agree thereto.


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CHAPTERIII

Procedure

Article 39

1. Te ocial languages o the Court shall be Frenchand English. I the parties agree that the case shall

be conducted in French, the judgment shall be de-livered in French. I the parties agree that the caseshall be conducted in English, the judgment shallbe delivered in English.

2. In the absence o an agreement as to which lan-guage shall be employed, each party may, in the

pleadings, use the language which it preers; thedecision o the Court shall be given in French andEnglish. In this case the Court shall at the sametime determine which o the two texts shall be con-sidered as authoritative.

3. Te Court shall, at the request o any party,

authorize a language other than French or Englishto be used by that party.

Article 40

1. Cases are brought beore the Court, as the case maybe, either by the notication o the special agree-


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ment or by a written application addressed to theRegistrar. In either case the subject o the disputeand the parties shall be indicated.

2. Te Registrar shall orthwith communicate theapplication to all concerned.

3. He shall also notiy the Members o the UnitedNations through the Secretary-General, and alsoany other states entitled to appear beore the

Court.

Article 41

1. Te Court shall have the power to indicate, i itconsiders that circumstances so require, any provi-sional measures which ought to be taken to pre-

serve the respective rights o either party.

2. Pending the n

charter of the united nations, human rights, full

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