442

Garlz darvini

1809-1882

darvini, ingliseli naturalisti, albaT, erT-erTi

yvelaze cnobilia im moRvaweTagan, romelTa gvarebi

samudamod SemorCa adamianTa mexsierebas.

darvini warCinebul da mdidar ojaxSi daibada. sa-

Sualo warmatebis mqone studentis arCevani soflis

mRvdlis an eqimis misTvis erTob mosawyen da uintereso

profesiebs Soris meryeobda. myari finansuri mdgo-

mareobis gamo, mas ar sWirdeboda SemosavlisTvis muSa-

oba, darvins hqonda Tavisufleba _ sakuTari ganaTleba da talanti survilisamebr

gamoeyenebina. Carlzis mamis, warmatebuli eqimis survili _ Svilic mis profesias

gahyoloda, uSedego gamodga. Carlzi operaciebze daswrebisas cudad xdeboda da

xSirad gulic ki misdioda.

darvinis mama darwmunda, rom Carlzs medicina ar ainteresebda da urCia kemb-

rijSi RmrTismetyvelebas daufleboda. darvinma winadadeba miiRo. mas surda sof-

lis mRvdeli gamosuliyo, magram amasTanave, emuSava zoologiaSi, rogorc moyvarul

naturalists. 1831 wels Carlzma daasrula kembrijis universitetis Teologiis

fakulteti bakalavris xarisxiT.

darvinis interesi mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da geologiuri naSTebis mimarT

SeamCnia misma botanikis profesorma da 1831 wels patagoniaSi kvleviT eqspediciaSi

mimaval gem `biglze~ Tavis students adgili mouZebna. kapitans gemze esaWiroebo-

da naturalisti, romelic sadilobisas misi kompanionic iqneboda. 5 wlis Semdeg

darvini mis mier mopovebuli mdidari sakoleqcio masaliT inglisSi dabrunda da

aRarsad wasula. mogzaurobisas SeZenilma tropikulma daavadebam igi TiTqmis in-

validad aqcia.

darvinisTvis cnobili iyo misi papis, erTob saintereso pirovnebis, erazm dar-

vinis naSromi `zoonomia, anu organuli sicocxlis kanonebi~, agreTve cnobili

frangi zoologis, Jan-batist lamarkis mier manamde gamoTqmuli evoluciuri mo-

sazrebebi. 1838 wels igi gaecno Tomas malTusis naSroms _`ese mosaxleobis buneb-

rivi principis Sesaxeb~, romelmac misi didi interesi gamoiwvia.

darvinma, romelic ukve muSaobda cocxali organizmebis cvalebadobis sakiTx-

ebze, 1842 wels evoluciuri koncefciis Savi monaxazi gaakeTa. TandaTan mivida

daskvnamde, rom organizmebi dedamiwaze evoluciis Sedegad warmoiSvnen da mud-

mivad icvlebian, xolo dedamiwaze mobinadre yvela mcenaresa da cxovels odes-

Rac saerTo winapari hyavda.

avtoris Sesaxeb

443

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

1859 wlis 24 noembers darvinma gamoaqveyna wigni _ `saxeobaTa warmoSoba buneb

rivi gadarCevis gziT anu ukeT Seguebuli jiSebis gadarCena arsebobisaTvis brZo-

laSi~. SesaniSnavad argumentirebuli da mraval magaliTze agebuli naSromi orga-

nuli samyaros istoriuli ganviTarebis mizezebsa da kanonzomierebebze, biolo-

giis axali eris dasawyisia.

darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, axali saxeobis Camoyalibeba xdeba memkvidreobi-

Tobisa da cvalebadobis safuZvelze da evoluciis mTavari warmmarTveli faqto-

ria bunebrivi gadarCeva, rac arsebobisaTvis brZolis Sedegia.

wigni maSinve bestselerad iqca da avtoris sicocxleSi xuTjer gamoica.

umokles droSi igi yvela evropul enaze iTargmna. gamoqveynebidan pirvel wlebSi

darvinis es naSromi umwvaves kamaTs iwvevda, Tumca axalma aRmoCenebma (kerZod,

genetikaSi, paleontologiaSi, SedarebiT morfologiaSi) zurgi gaumagra evolu-

ciur TvalTaxedvas da dRes darvinis Teoria Tanamedrove biologiis ZiriTadi

filosofiuri safuZvelia. metic, am Sromam udidesi gavlena moaxdina zogadad

Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebaze da dasabami misca sociologiis zogierT

mimarTulebasac ki.

Tavisi ideebi darvinma gaaRrmava da ganaviTara ufro gvian gamocemul Txzu-

lebebSi. naSromSi _ ̀ Sinauri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis Secvla~ gan-

xilulia kulturul mcenareTa da Sinaur cxovelTa jiSebis xelovnuri gadarCe-

viT gamoyvanis kanonzomierebebi. adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis sakiTxebi

man detalurad ganixila monografiebSi: `adamianis warmoSoba da sqesobrivi ga-

darCeva~ da `emociebis gamoxatva adamiansa da cxovelebSi~.

darvini dakrZalulia uestminsteris saabatoSi, inglisis panTeonSi.

* * *

avtoris Sesaxeb

444

saxeobaTa warmoSobisa da arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesobis mqone saxeobebis

gadarGenis Sesaxeb

Sinaarsi

cvalebadobis mizezebi; Gvevisa da organoebis gavarjiSebis an gauvarjiSeblobis moq-

medeba; korelaciuri cvlileba (variacia); memkvidreobiToba; Sinaur nairsaxeobaTa zogadi

xasiaTi; sirTuleebi saxeobebisa da nairsaxeobis garGevisas; Sinauri nairsaxeobebis war-

moSoba erTi an ramdenime saxeobisgan; Sinauri mtredebis jiSebi, maTi warmoSoba da gan-

masxvavebeli niSnebi; gadarGevis uZvelesi principebi da maTi Sedegebi; meToduri da gauc-

nobierebeli gadarGeva; Sinauri formebis warmoSoba ucnobia; adamianis mier Seqmnili

gadarGevisTvis xelsayreli garemoebebi.

Sesavali

gem `biglze~ mogzaurobisas Gemi, rogorc naturalistis, yuradReba miipyro samxreT

amerikaSi binadari organizmebis ganawilebis Taviseburebam da am kontinentze odesRac

da amJamad mcxovreb organizmTa Soris geologiurma kavSirebma. GavTvale, rom SesaZloa,

am faqtebma naTeli mohfinos saxeobaTa warmoSobas _ saidumloTa saidumlos, rogorc mas

erT-erTma udidesma filosofosma uwoda. Sin dabrunebuls amave wels gamiGnda azri, rom

Tu damatebiT faqtebs yuradRebiTa da guldasmiT Sevagrovebdi da Seviswavlidi, SeiZle-

ba kidec Cavwvdomodi am urTules sakiTxs. xuTwliani muSaobis Semdeg Tavs ufleba miveci

mokle Ganawerebic gamekeTebina. isini 1844 wels narkvevis saxiT Gamovayalibe da im perio-

didan dRemde guldasmiT vcdilob mizani bolomde ganvaxorcielo. imedi maqvs, mkiTxveli

momitevebs piraduli xasiaTis informaciis miwodebas, magram mindoda meGvenebina, rom am

gadawyvetilebamde naGqarevad ar mivsulvar.

axla Gemi naSromi TiTqmis dasasruls uaxlovdeba, Tumca misTvis saboloo saxis mice-

mamde kidev ori an sami weli mainc aris saWiro. radgan janmrTeloba TandaTan miuaresdeba,

maGqareben, rom gamzadebuli masala mainc davbeWdo. am gadawyvetilebamde ufro im faqtma

mibiZga, rom batoni uolesi, romelic axla malais arqipelagis bunebriv istorias Seiswav-

lis, saxeobaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb swored im daskvnebamde mivida, romlebic me mqonda Ga-

445

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

moyalibebuli. SarSan am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi statia gamomigzavna da mTxova, rom

ser Garlz laielisaTvis gadameca. am ukanasknelma ki, Tavis mxriv, igi lines sazogadoebas

gadaugzavna. ser G. laielma da doqtorma hukerma, romlebic 1844 wels gaecnen Gems naSroms,

pativi damdes da mirGies, rom baton uolesis SesaniSnav statiasTan erTad ramdenime nawy-

veti mec gamomeqveynebina.

nawyveti, romelsac axla vaqveyneb, namdvilad ar iqneba srulyofili: mas arc gamoye-

nebul naSromTa sia axlavs Tan da arc im mecnierTa gvarebis GamonaTvali, romelTa naaz-

revis gavleniTac Gamovayalibe ramdenime mosazreba. didi mokrZalebiT gamovTqvam imeds,

rom mkiTxveli Gems sizustes endoba. Tumca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ramdenime uzus-

tobac gaparuliyo. aqve isic unda giTxraT, rom arasodes davyrdnobilvar mxolod avto-

ritetTa mier gamoTqmul azrebs da aqedan gamomdinare, nawyvetSi moyvanilia mxolod is

zogadi daskvnebi, romlebic Gemi dakvirvebebis Sedegia da Tan ramdenime faqti davurTe

sailustraciod. ra Tqma unda, momavalSi aucilebelia Gems xelT arsebuli yvela faqtis

Tavmoyra da bibliografiisa da mecnierTa gvarebis siis srulyofa. amas aucileblad gava-

keTeb, radgan kargad vici, rom WeSmariti Sedegi mxolod maSin miiRweva, Tu srulyofilad

GamovayalibebT yvela mosazrebas da ormxriv arguments, risi gakeTebac amjerad sruliad

SeuZlebelia.

metad vwuxvar, rom ver vuxdi gulwrfel madlobas yvela im mecniers, romlebmac,

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani piradad arc ki micnobda, Zal-Rone ar daiSures

Gems dasaxmareblad. Tumca ki, arafriT ar SemiZlia ar movixseno aq doqtori hukeri, ro-

melic, ager ukve 15 welia, udides daxmarebas miwevs Tavisi usazRvro codniTa da SesaniS-

navi msjelobiT.

rac Seexeba saxeobaTa warmoSobas, mosalodnelia, rom naturalisti, romelic fiq-

robs organuli arsebebis erTmaneTTan siaxloveze, maT embriologiur kavSirebze, geog-

rafiul gavrcelebaze, geologiur Tanmimdevrobasa da sxva amgvar faqtebze, TavisTavad

mivides daskvnamde, rom saxeobebi ar Seqmnila erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, isini rome-

lime saxeobidan warmoiSvnen, rogorc nairsaxeobebi. amasTanave, ragind Zlieri safuZvel-

ic unda hqondes amgvar daskvnas, igi mainc ar GaiTvleba damakmayofileblad, sanam ar

iqneba dasabuTebuli, rogor icvlebodnen dedamiwaze mcxovrebi uricxvi saxeobebi, sanam

agebulebis da Seguebulobis iseT daxvewilobas miaRwevdnen, romelic dRes Gvens gaoce-

bas iwvevs. naturalistebi xSirad cvalebadobis erT-erT mizezad garemo pirobebs, maga-

liTad klimats, sakvebs da a.S. asaxeleben, rac, erTi mxriv, SesaZloa, WeSmaritebac iyo,

magram mxolod nawilobriv, radgan araswori iqneboda garemopirobebiT agvexsna, magali-

Tad, kodalas agebuleba, romelic Tavisi fexebiT, kudiT, niskartiTa da eniT ase SesaniS-

navad aris Seguebuli xis qerqidan mwerebis gamoyvanas. fiTrs, romelic sakvebs zogierTi

xidan Rebulobs, aqvs Tesli, romelsac frinvelebi avrceleben da gansxvavebulsqesiani

yvavili, romelic mwerebis daxmarebiT imtvereba, aseve absurdulia is azri, rom para-

zitis agebuleba SeiZleba aixsnas garemo pirobebis moqmedebiT, GveviT an Tavad mcenaris

miswrafebiT.

446

Carlz darvini

Gemi azriT, avtori naSromisa `samyaros Seqmnis kvali~ ityoda, rom TaobaTa gansaz-

Rvruli raodenobis Semdeg romeliRac frinvelma gamoGeka kodala an romeliRac mce-

naridan warmoiSva fiTri, da Semdeg TandaTanobiT moxda maTi srulyofili saxiT Gamo-

yalibeba. Tumca es varaudi GemTvis amomwurav pasuxs ar warmoadgens, radgan organul

arsebaTa urTierTSegueba (koadaptacia) da maTi Segueba garemos fizikur pirobebTan

auxsneli rGeba.

swored amitom, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs cvalebadobisa da Seguebis sakiTxebSi

Rrmad garkvevas. Gemi dakvirvebebis sawyis etapze miviGnevdi, rom am burusiT moculi

problemebis gadasawyvetad saukeTeso saSualeba iqneboda Sinaur cxovelebsa da

kulturul mcenareebze dakvirveba. da sabednierod, imedi ar gamcruebia. aRmovaGine, rom

moSinaurebis Sesaxeb Gveni codnis arasrulyofilebis miuxedavad, igi mainc saukeTeso da

yvelaze saimedo pasuxebs gvawvdis am da sxva Tavsatexi sakiTxebis asaxsnelad. marTalia,

mecnierTa didi nawili, rogorc wesi, amgvar kvlevas did yuradRebas ar uTmobs, magram

minda gabedulad gamovTqva Gemi azri misi didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

amgvari mosazrebebis gamo, pirvel Tavs swored moSinaurebis pirobebSi cvalebadobis

Seswavlas vuZRvni. amgvarad, Gven davrwmundebiT, rom memkvidreobiTi cvlilebis darad

da, SesaZloa, ufro metadac, mniSvnelovania adamianis unari, susti cvlilebebis mimdev-

robiTi gadarGevis Sedegad daagrovos garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi. Semdeg gadavalT bune-

baSi arsebul saxeobaTa cvalebadobaze, Tumca am sakiTxs metad mokled Sevexebi, radgan

misi jerovnad Gamoyalibeba mxolod araerTi faqtis moSveliebiT aris SesaZlebeli. imas

mainc SevZlebT, rom cvalebadobisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli garemo pirobebi ganvixiloT.

Semdeg TavSi SevexebiT arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakiTxs, romelic dedamiwaze mcxovreb

yvela organul arsebas Soris mimdinareobs maTi ricxovnobis geometriuli progresiiT

zrdis gamo. es gaxlavT aRniSnuli malTusis doqtrina, romelic vrceldeba rogorc mcena-

reTa, ise cxovelTa samyaroze. es imas niSnavs, rom TiToeuli saxeobis farglebSi imaze meti

arseba ibadeba, ramdenic gadarGenas SeZlebda. aqedan gamomdinare, mimdinareobs mudmivi

brZola gadarGenisaTvis. igulisxmeba, rom Tu romelime arseba gansxvavdeba saxeobis sxva

warmomadgenlebisgan da Tundac umniSvnelo upiratesobis mimniWebeli Tvisebis matarebe-

lia, cxovrebis rTul da zogjer gansxvavebul pirobebSi mas gadarGenis ufro meti Sesa-

Zlebloba eqneba. maSasadame, moxdeba misi bunebrivi gadarGeva. memkvidreobiTobis mkacri

principidan gamomdinare, gadarGeuli saxesxvaoba gamravldeba axali, saxecvlili formiT.

bunebrivi gadarGevis am fundamentur sakiTxs meoTxe TavSi ganvixilavT _ naTeli gaxdeba,

rom bunebrivi gadarGevis Sedegad TiTqmis gardauvalia sicocxlis naklebad srulyofili

formebis gadaSeneba, rasac Gems mier moxseniebul e.w. niSan-TvisebaTa gansxvavebamde mi-

vyavarT. momaval TavSi ganvixilavT cvalebadobis rTul da SedarebiT ucnob kanonebsa da

korelaciur cvlilebebs. Semdeg oTx TavSi ki am Teoriis yvelaze TvalsaGino da mniSvnelo-

van sirTuleebs SeviswavliT, saxeldobr gavarkvevT, rogor Gamoyalibda martivi organo an

martivi arseba daxvewili agebulebis maRalganviTarebul individad. agreTve SeviswavliT

instinqtis sakiTxs anu cxovelebis gonebriv SesaZleblobebsa da hibridizacias, anu saxe-

447

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

obaTa Sejvarebisas maTi gamravlebis unarsa an uunarobas, dasasrul, SevexebiT geolo-

giuri aRnusxvis arasrulyofilebas. Semdeg TavSi ganvixilavT organul arsebaTa geolo-

giur Tanmimdevrobas droSi, meTerTmete da meTormete TavebSi ki _ saxeobaTa geografiul

ganawilebas sivrceSi, mecamete Tavi eZRvneba maTi klasifikaciisa da urTierTnaTesaobis

sakiTxebs, rogorc zrdasrul, ise embrionul mdgomareobaSi. bolo TavSi ki mokled Seva-

jamebT mTel naSroms da SemogTavazebT ramdenime saboloo SeniSvnas.

sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom saxeobaTa da nairsaxeobaTa warmoSobis sakiTxi jer kidev

auxsnelia, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT Gven mwir codnas im arsebaTa urTierTobebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic Gvens garSemo cxovroben. vis SeuZlia axsnas, ratom xdeba, rom erTi saxeoba mra-

valferovani da mravalricxovania, maSin rodesac masTan sul axlos mdgomi meore saxeoba

iSviaTia da erTgvarovani? diax, amgvari movlenebis axsna metad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac

isini gansazRvraven dedamiwis TiToeuli binadaris ara marto amJamindel yofas, aramed maT

momavals warmatebasac. kidev ufro mwiria Gveni codna dedamiwis uricxv binadarTa urT-

ierTgavlenis Sesaxeb mravali warsuli geologiuri epoqebis ganmavlobaSi. marTalia, jer

kidev bevri ram rGeba amoucnobi, magram gulmodgine Seswavlisa da yovelgvar emociurobas

moklebuli msjelobis Semdeg, ukve ueWveli xeba im mosazrebebis simcdare, romelsac mec-

nierTa umetesoba iziarebs da erT dros mec veTanxmebodi. saxeldobr, es gaxlavT Tvalsaz-

risi TiToeuli saxeobis damoukideblad Seqmnis Sesaxeb. sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom

saxeobebi uclelni ar arian da rom saxeoba, romelic ekuTnis erTsa da imave gvars, iseve,

rogorc erTi saxeobis aRiarebuli nairsaxeobebi _ erTi saxeobidan momdinareoben. garda

amisa, darwmunebuli var, rom bunebrivi gadarGeva iyo cvalebadobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani,

magram ara erTaderTi saSualeba.

Tavi I

cvalebadoba moSinaurebis dros

cvalebadobis mizezebi; Gvevisa da organoebis gavarjiSebis an gauvarjiSeblobis

moqmedeba; korelaciuri cvlilebebi; memkvidreobiToba; Sinaur nairsaxeobaTa

zogadi Tvisebebi; sirTuleebi saxeobebisa da nairsaxeobebis garGevisas; erTi an

ramdenime saxeobisgan Sinauri nairsaxeobebis warmoSoba; Sinauri mtredis jiSebi,

maTi warmoSoba da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi; gadarGevis uZvelesi principebi da maTi

Sedegebi; meToduri da gaucnobierebeli gadarGeva; Sinauri jiSebis warmoSoba uc-

nobia; adamianis mier warmoebuli gadarGevis xelSemwyobi pirobebi.

rodesac uZvelesi Sinauri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis erTi da imave nair-

saxeobis an qvenairsaxeobis individebs vadarebT, yvelaze metad gvakvirvebs is faqti, rom

448

Carlz darvini

isini, rogorc wesi, ufro metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, vidre nebismieri saxeobis

individebi bunebriv pirobebSi.

rodesac davfiqrdebiT, ramdenad mravalferovania adamianis mier Seqmnili mcenaree-

bisa da cxovelebis jiSebi, romlebic xelovnurad gamohyavdaT da cvlidnen saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi, gansxvavebuli klimatisa da movlis pirobebSi, Semdeg daskvnamde mivalT:

Gveni Sinauri formebi warmoiSvnen maT winamorbed saxeobebTan SedarebiT mravalferovan

da sakmaod gansxvavebul sasicocxlo pirobebSi. aseve, Gemi azriT, WeSmaritebis marcvali

devs endriu naitis (Andrew Knight) mosazrebebSic, romlis Tanaxmadac cvalebadoba, SesaZ-

loa, nawilobriv sakvebis xelmisawvdomobiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom cocxa-

li arseba axal, gansxvavebul pirobebSi ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi unda arsebobdes,

raTa cvalebadoba SesamGnevi gaxdes. Tu cvalebadobam erTxel mainc iGina Tavi, rogorc

wesi, gagrZeldeba mravali Taobis manZilze. ar arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac cvalebado-

bas erTxel ukve daqvemdebarebul individs kulturul saxeobad gadaqcevis periodSi es

procesi Seewyvitos. Gveni uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebi, magaliTad xorbali, kvlav

iZleva axal nairsaxeobebs, Sinaur cxovelebs ki swrafi gaumjobesebisa da saxecvlilebis

unari SeswevT.

didi kamaTi mimdinareobs imis Taobaze, sicocxlis ra etapze iGens Tavs cvlilebis

mizezebi _ embrionis ganviTarebis adreul Tu gviandel stadiaSi, Tu sulac Gasaxvis

momentisTanave. jefri hilaris (Geoffroy St. Hilaire) mier Gatarebulma kvlevam gviGvena,

rom embrionis ganviTarebaSi nebismieri arabunebrivi Gareva simaxinjes iwvevs, rac Tavis

mxriv, sxva araferia, Tu ara erT-erTi variacia. me ki Rrmad mwams, rom cvalebadobis

ZiriTad mizezad SeiZleba miviGnioT zemomqedeba mamrisa da mdedris reproduqciul

sistemebze Gasaxvis aqtamde. amas mafiqrebinebs is, rom, gakultureba an SezRuduli

pirobebi Zlier gavlenas axdens reproduqciul sistemaze, radgan es sistema yvelaze

metad mgrZnobiarea cvlilebebis mimarT. cxovelis moSinaureba advili saqmea, magram

Zalze Znelia aiZulo igi, gamravldes garkveul SezRudul pirobebSi, maSinac ki,

rodesac mamri da mdedri erTad binadroben. meore mxriv, vin moTvlis ramdeni cxoveli

ar mravldeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom Gveulebriv, SeuzRudav pirobebSi uwevs arseboba

Tavis mSobliur qveyanaSi! aseT SemTxvevebs SecdomiT darRveul instinqtebs miaweren.

magram, ramdeni mcenarea, romelic garegnulad didi da Zlieri izrdeba, magram Tesli ar

gamoaqvs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aRmoGnda, rom Zalze mcire cvlilebebic ki, magaliTad,

wylis nakleboba an siWarbe mcenaris zrdis romelime konkretul periodSi ganapirobebs

mis mier Teslis gamotanas an argamotanas. aq ver moviyvan Gem mier Segrovebul uamrav

amgvar faqts, magram imis sailustraciod, ramdenad uGveuloa SezRudul pirobebSi

cxovelis gamravlebis ganmapirobebeli reproduqciis kanonebi, me mxolod aRvniSnav,

rom mtacebeli cxovelebi, Tundac tropikebidan Gamoyvanilebi am qveyanaSi (inglisSi)

Tavisuflad mrvldebian, (gamonakliss warmoadgenen mtacebeli plantigradebi _ (Zu-

Zumwovrebi, romlebic moZraobisas terfs eyrdnobian. magaliTad, adamiani, enoti, daT-

vi, kurdReli) da daTvisebrTa ojaxi), maSin, rodesac mtacebeli frinvelebi Zalian

449

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

iSviaTad deben ganayofierebul kvercxebs. mravali egzotikuri mcenaris damtverva

SezRudul pirobebSi Zalze Znelia, iseve, rogorc steriluri hibridebis. ar unda gag-

vikvirdes is faqti, rom Sinauri cxovelebi da mcenareebi, odnav avadmyofuradac rom

gamoiyurebodnen, SezRudul pirobebSi Tavisuflad mravldebian; maSin, roca, bunebrivi

pirobebidan Zalian patara asakSi ayvanil cxovels, romelic sakmaod advilad moSinaurda

da, erTi SexedviT janmrTeladac gamoiyureba, iseTi dazianebuli aqvs reproduqciuli

sistema, rom Gasaxvis aqtis Gatarebis Zalac ki ar Seswevs, xolo ganayofiereba Tu mainc

moxda, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom naSieri mSoblebisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba.

steriloba mcenareebisaTvis momakvdinebelia, magram isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom cva-

lebadobisa da sterilurobis gamomwvevi mizezebi erTi da igivea da Gvens baRebSi arsebuli

aTasnairi saxeobis wyaroc cvalebadobaa. aqve SeiZleba davamatoT, rom zogierTi organizmi

Zlier SezRudul pirobebSic ki uproblemod mravldeba (kurdReli da qrcvini galiaSi). es

imaze metyvelebs, rom maTi reproduqciuli sistema ar dazianebula. aseve, zogi cxoveli da

mcenare Tavisuflad uZlebs moSinaurebas an gakulturebas da Zalze umniSvnelod; _ odnav

imaze metad icvleba, vidre bunebriv pirobebSi.

aqve SeiZleba moviyvanoT mutanti mcenareebis (normisgan gadaxrili) (sporting plants) grZeli GamonaTvali. am terminiT mebaReebi aRniSnaven kvirts an amonayars, romelic uecrad

axal da xSirad mSoblisgan sruliad gansxvavebul niSan-Tvisebas avlens. aseTi kvirtebis

gamravleba SesaZloa damynobis saSualebiT an TesliT. amgvari SemTxvevebi metad iSviaTia

bunebriv pirobebSi, magram Zalian xSiria gakulturebisas. am SemTxvevidan aSkarad Gans, rom

gadasxvaferda Tavad amonayari da kvirti, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ mtveri da kver-

cxujredi, Tumca fiziologTa umravlesoba miiGnevs, rom Gamoyalibebis adreul stadiaSi

kvirtsa da kvercxujreds Soris arsebiTi sxvaoba ar aris. aqedan gamomdinare, `mutanti

mcenareebi~ adasturebs Gems Sexedulebas imis Taobaze, rom cvalebadoba SeiZleba mieweros

kvercxujreds an mcenaris mtvers, an orives erTad, rac gamowveulia maT mSobel mcenareze

zemoqmedebiT gamravlebis aqtis win. es SemTxvevebi met-naklebad adasturebs varauds, rom

cvalebadoba yovelTvis mxolod gamravlebis aqts ar ukavSirdeba, rogorc es mraval mec-

niers miaGnia.

erTi da imave xilis sxvadasxva nergi an cxovelis erTi nayaris sxvadasxva naSieri

zogjer erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom nayarica da mSoble-

bic, rogorc miuleri (Muller) aRniSnavs, erTi da imave garemoSi arseboben. es garemoebebi

aaSkaravebs imas, rom garemo pirobebs SedarebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs gamravlebis,

zrdis an memkvidreobiTobis kanonebTan SedarebiT. garemo pirobebi rom pirdapir gavle-

nas axdendes, maSin yvela axalSobili erTnairad gansxvavebuli iqneboda. msjeloba imaze,

ramdenad mniSvnelovania cvalebadobaze sicxis, nestis, sinaTlis da a.S. gavlena, yvelaze

advili sakiTxia. Gemi azriT, cxovelebisTvis es faqtorebi nakleb, xolo mcenareebisTvis

ki bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania. am TvalsazrisiT, metad saintereso da faseulia baqma-

nis (Buckman) bolo dros Gatarebuli cdebi. rodesac erTi da imave pirobebSi myof indi-

videbze es pirobebi erTgvar gavlenas axdens, naTeli xdeba, rom cvlileba swored maTi

450

Carlz darvini

zemoqmedebiT aris gamowveuli; Tumca aRmoGnda, rom erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulma piro-

bebmac ki SeiZleba erTnairi struqturuli cvlilebebi gamoiwvios. miuxedavad yovelive

zemoTqmulisa, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom umniSvnelo cvalebadoba SeiZleba mieweros pi-

robebis pirdapir gavlenas, magaliTad, didi zoma _ sakvebis did raodenobas, Seferiloba _

gansakuTrebul sakvebs da sinaTles, bewvis sisqe _ klimats da a.S. qcevasac aseve gadamwyve-

ti mniSvneloba eniWeba, rodesac, davuSvaT, yvavilobis periodSi mcenareebi erTi klimati-

dan meoreSi gadaaqvT. cxovelebSi es gavlena bevrad ufro TvalsaGinoa, magaliTad, Sinaur

ixvebSi, gareul ixvebTan SedarebiT frTis Zvlebis wonis Sefardeba GonGxis wonasTan nak-

lebia, xolo fexis Zvlebis Sefardeba GonGxis wonasTan _ meti. Gemi azriT, es gamowveulia

imiT, rom Sinauri ixvi bevrad ufro naklebs dafrinavs da mets dadis, vidre misi gareuli

winapari. Zroxebsa da Txebs jiqani ufro metad im qveynebSi aqvT ganviTarebuli, sadac maT

wvelian, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs sxeulis raime nawilis gavarjiSebis gavlenaze. erT

Sinaur cxovelsac ver davasaxelebT, Gamoyrili yurebi rom ar hqondes, es faqti ki imi-

Taa ganpirobebuli, rom maT ar eSiniaT raime safrTxisa da amitom ar sWirdebaT yuris

kunTebis daZabva.

uamravi kanoni aregulirebs cvalebadobas. zogierTi maTgani Zalze bundovania da ami-

tom mokled iqneba warmodgenili. aq mxolod Sevexebi imas, rasac SesaZlebelia zrdis kore-

lacia vuwodoT. nebismieri cvlileba, iqneba es embrionis Tu larvis doneze, aucileblad

gamoiwvevs cvlilebebs zrdasrul individSi. Zalze sainteresoa sxeulis gansxvavebuli

nawilebis simaxinjeebs Soris korelacia; amis mravali magaliTi moyvanili aqvs isidor je-

fri st. hilaris aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil SesaniSnav naSromSi. mecnierebi, romle-

bic jiSebis gamoyvanaze muSaoben, miiGneven, rom grZeli kidurebis mqone arsebas yovelTvis

wagrZelebuli Tavi aqvs. korelaciis zogierTi SemTxveva pirdapir gasaocaria: magaliTad,

cisferTvaleba TeTri katebi ZiriTadad yruebi arian anu feri da sxva niSnebi erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulia; am faqtis damadasturebeli naTeli magaliTi Tavad cxovelebsa da mcena-

reebSi uamravia. hiuzingeris (Heusinger) mier mopovebuli masalidan vgebulobT, rom Te-

Tri feris cxvrebsa da Rorebze, maT Seferil an Wrel TanamoZmeebTan SedarebiT, Sxamebi

gansxavebulad moqmedebs. ubewvo ZaRlebs cudi kbilebi aqvs, grZel da uxeSbewvian cxove-

lebs _ grZeli rqebi; bumbuliT dafaruli fexebis mqone mtredebs fexis TiTebi SeerTebu-

lia; mokleniskarta mtredebs patara fexebi aqvT, grZelniskartianebs ki _ didi. maSasadame,

Tu adamiani gaagrZelebs gadarGevas da romelime Tvisebas ganaviTarebs, TavisTavad moxde-

ba kidev raime sxva niSnis gamokveTac, rac korelaciis idumalebiT moculi kanonebiT aris

ganpirobebuli.

cvalebadobis kanonebi Zalze rTuli da mravalferovania, amitom mizanSewonili iqne-

boda zogierT uZveles kulturul mcenareze gamoqveynebuli traqtatebis Seswavla. gasa-

ocaria, rom iseTi mcenareebi, rogoricaa giacinti, kartofili an sulac georgini (Dahlia)

da a.S. usasrulod gansxvavebul saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs iZleva, TiTqos yvela maT-

ganma erTmaneTTan piri Sekra da cdilobs winaprisagan aucileblad cotaTi mainc gansx-

vavdebodes.

451

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

nebismieri cvalebadoba, romelic memkvidreobiT ar gadadis, GvenTvis interesmok-

lebulia. Tumca memkvidreobiT gadacemul mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa raodenoba da nairsa-

xeoba usasruloa. doqtor prosper lukasis (Prosper Lucas) ortomiani traqtati am sakiTxis

Sesaxeb yvelaze srulyofili da saukeTesoa. arc erT seleqcioners eWvi ar epareba mem-

kvidreobiTobis gavlenis upiratesobaSi. msgavsi warmoSobs msgavss da es fundamenturi

azria. am sakiTxs eWvqveS mxolod Teoritikosebi ayeneben. rodesac normidan esa Tu

is gadaxra sakmaod xSiria da igi mamaSic vlindeba da SvilSic, ver uarvyofT, rom igi

oriveSi maTze moqmedi erTi da imave mizeziT iyos gamowveuli. magram, rodesac iseTi

iSviaTi gadaxra, romlis gamovlenis sixSire, rogorc wesi, ramdenime milion adamianSi

erTia, da mamasac gamouvlindeba da mis Svilsac, iZulebulni viqnebiT, rom misi ganmeoreba

memkvidreobiTobas mivaweroT. uTuod yvelas gsmeniaT albinizmis an WarbTmiani sxeulis

Sesaxeb, rac erTi ojaxis ramdenime wevrs SeiZleba aRmoaGndes. Tu aseTi ucnauri da iSvia-

Ti gadaxrebi mamidan Svils memkvidreobiT gadaeca, maSin cxadia, rom SedarebiT xSiri da

Gveulebrivi Tvisebebi ueWvelad eqvemdebareba memkvidreobiT gadacemas. SesaZloa, ufro

swori midgoma am sakiTxisadmi amgvarad JRerdes _ yoveli Tvisebis memkvidreobiT gadace-

ma normaa, argadacema ki _ anomalia. memkvidreobiTobis kanonebi Rrmad Seswavlili ar

aris, amitomac danamdvilebiT veravin ityvis, ratom xdeba, rom erTi da igive Tavisebureba

rogorc erT, aseve gansxvavebuli saxeobis warmomadgenlebSi zogjer memkvidreobiT

gadadis da zogjer ki _ ara. ratom xdeba, rom bavSvi zogjer babuis an sxva kidev ufro

Soreuli winapris Tvisebebs gamoavlens; ratom xdeba, rom esa Tu is Tviseba erTi sqesidan

oriveze gadadis an, ufro xSirad (magram ara yovelTvis), mxolod imave sqess gadaecema.

Gven did mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT Sinaur cxovelebSi, kerZod, mamrebSi gamovlenili

Taviseburebebis TiTqmis yovelTvis isev mamrebze gadacemis faqts. Gemi azriT, kidev uf-

ro mniSvnelovania, is ra asakSic gamouvlinda mamas esa Tu is Tviseba, imave asakSi vlindeba

xolme igi mis naSierebSic, Tumca zogjer _ cota adrec ki. zog SemTxvevaSi sxvagvarad verc

moxdeba _ magaliTad, msxvilfexa pirutyvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli rqebis Taviseburebebi

maT naSierTac mxolod zrdasrulobisas gamouvlindebaT. Tumca abreSumis WiisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi SesaZloa Wupris an muxluxos stadiaSi gamovlindes. mag-

ram rodesac memkvidreobiT miRebul daavadebebs da sxva faqtebs vswavlob, vrwmundebi,

rom zemoTqmuli wesi kidev ufro farTo mniSvnelobas iZens _ igi maSinac ki moqmedebs,

rodesac ar arsebobs mizezi. esa Tu is Tavisebureba konkretul asakSi vlindeba naSierebSi

iseve, rogorc maT winaprebSi, erTi SexedviT, yovelgvari mizezis gareSe. mimaGnia, rom

es wesi embriologiis kanonebis asaxsnelad metad mniSvnelovania. igi exeba ama Tu im

Taviseburebis pirvelad gamovlenas da ara mis warmomSob mizezs, romelsac SeiZleba

emoqmeda kvercxujredze an mamrobiTi sqesis romelime elementze _ daaxloebiT imis

analogiurad, rodesac moklerqiani Zroxisa da grZelrqiani xaris SejvarebiT miRebul

naSiers kidev ufro grZeli rqebi aqvs, rac aSkarad mamisagan miRebuli memkvidreobaa.

reversiis anu atavizmis Temaze gadasvlamde minda SevGerde mosazrebaze, romelsac

mravali naturalisti gamoTqvams: gavelurebis SemTxvevaSi Sinauri nairsaxeobebi, Tan-

452

Carlz darvini

daTanobiT, magram ucvlelad ubrundebian TavianTi veluri winaprebis Tvisebebs. amaod

vcdilobdi aRmomeGina, ra faqtebi TamaSobdnen gadamwyvet rols am gabeduli azris Gam-

oyalibebaSi. uamravi sirTule meRobeboda gzaze misi WeSmaritebis dasamtkiceblad. Gven

SegviZlia Zalian mSvidad davaskvnaT, rom Sinauri cxovelebis mravali nairsaxeoba ver

SeZlebda bunebriv pirobebSi arsebobas. garda amisa, arc is viciT, rogor gamoiyurebod-

nen maTi veluri winaprebi, amitom verc imas davamtkicebT, ramdenad zustad vlindeba

atavizmi. amasTanave, aucilebeli gaxdeboda mxolod erTi romelime nairsaxeobis bune-

baSi sacdelad gayvana, raTa Tavidan agvecilebina urTierTSejvarebis Sedegebis gav-

lena. miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, aSkaraa, rom Sinauri nairsaxeobebi zog SemTxvevaSi

aucileblad ibruneben TavianTi winaprebis garkveul Tvisebebs. Tumca naklebia imis

albaToba, rom magaliTad, kombosto velur, arakultivirebul mwir niadagze vTesoT da

mravali Taobis Semdeg mniSvnelovanwilad an mTlianad daubrundes Tavis Tavdapirvel,

velur saxes. am cdis warmatebiT dasruleba sakamaTo sakiTxis gadasawyvetad arcTu mniS-

vnelovania, radgan amgvar eqsperimentSi Gven Tavad vcvliT sasicocxlo pirobebs. sain-

teresoa, SevZlebdiT Tu ara gveGvenebina, ramdenad aqvs Sinaur nairsaxeobebs reversiis

Zala anu SeuZliaT Tu ara maT ukve SeZenili da gaTavisebuli Tvisebebis daviwyeba ara

Secvlil, aramed Gveul garemoSi, sadac Tavisufali Sejvarebis SesaZleblobas gamovr-

icxavdiT, Semdeg ki normidan yvela gadaxras erTmaneTTan SevajvarebdiT. magram amgvari

kvlevis araviTari saSualeba ar arsebobs. imis mtkiceba, rom ver gamoviyvanT muSa an do-

Ris cxens, grZel- an moklerqian msxvilfexa pirutyvs, sxvadasxva jiSis Sinaur frinvels

da sakvebad vargis bostneuls, iqneboda Gvens xelT arsebuli mTeli gamocdilebis ugul-

vebelyofa, Tumca imasac davamatebdi, rom rodesac Tavad bunebaSi sasicocxlo pirobebi

icvleba, nairsaxeobebi TavisTavad ganicdian cvlilebebs da niSan-TvisebaTa reversia

albaT mainc xorcieldeba, magram bunebrivi gadarGeva, romelsac SemdgomSi ganvixilavT,

Tavad gansazRvravs amgvarad warmoqmnili axali Tavisebeburebebis mqone nairsaxeo-

bebis gadarGenasa da maTi arsebobis gagrZelebas.

rodesac Sianuri cxovelebisa da kulturuli mcenareebis memkvidrul nairsaxeobebs

an jiSebs vakvirdebiT da maT monaTesave saxeobebs vadarebT, vxedavT, rom TiToeul moSi-

naurebul jiSSi erTgvarovani Tvisebebi naklebia, vidre WeSmarit saxeobaSi. erTi da imave

saxeobis jiSebs xSirad axasiaTebs sxvadasxva simaxinjeebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebi-

an rogorc erTmaneTisgan, ise sakuTari gvaris sxva saxeobebisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi jiSebi

romelime nawiliT gansxvavdebian rogorc erTmaneTis, aseve bunebaSi mcxovrebi monaTesave

saxeobebisagan.

Gemi azriT, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Znelad moiZebneba Sinaur cxovelebsa da

kulturul mcenareebSi iseTi jiSebi, romlebsac zogierTi mecnieri nairsaxeobad, zogi

ki veluri saxeobebis STamomavlebad Tvlides. am or cnebas, kerZod, jiSebisa da saxeo-

bebis cnebebs Soris aSkarad gamokveTili sxvaoba rom iyos, eWvis sababic aRar iarsebebda.

araerTxel aRuniSnavT, rom Sinauri jiSebi erTmaneTisagan im TvisebebiT ar gansxvavdeba,

romlebiTac erTi gvaris saxeobebi gamoirGeva erTmaneTisgan. magram aqve unda mivuTi-

453

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

ToT, rom es azri ar aris mTlad swori. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavad naturaliste-

bs Soris arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Taobaze, romel Tvisebebs SeiZleba mieweros

gvaris Rirebulebebi da maTi es uTanxmoeba ZiriTadad empiriul gamocdilebas efuZneba.

ufro metic, gvaris warmoSobis Sesaxeb Gems mier SemdgomSi warmodgenili Sexeduleba

gviGvenebs, rom moSinaurebul cxovelebsa da mcenareebSi gvarisTvis damaxasiaTebel gan-

sxvavebebs verc ise xSirad wavawydebiT.

rodesac vcdilobT ganvsazRvroT struqturul gansxvavebaTa xarisxi axlomdgom Sin-

aur jiSebs Soris, vorWofobT, radgan ar viciT, isini erTi winapari saxeobisagan warmoiS-

vnen Tu ramdenimesagan.

am sakiTxis garkveva GvenTvis metad sasargeblo iqneboda. magaliTad, Tu SevZlebdiT

damtkicebas, rom mwevari, meZebari, terieri, spanieli da buldogi erTi saxeobisagan war-

moiSvnen, amas didi mniSvneloba eqneboda _ igi gagviqarwylebda eWvs imis Sesaxeb, rom mra-

val erTmaneTTan monaTesave saxeobas, magaliTad, dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mobinadre

meliebs, ar gaaGnia cvlilebis unari. me aseve ver davijereb, rom yvela Gveni ZaRli erTi

gareuli saxeobisagan warmoiSva; magram rac Seexeba sxva Sinaur cxovelebs, am Sexedulebis

sasargeblod sakmaod Zlieri varaudebic gamouTqvamT.

miGneulia, rom adamianma mosaSinaureblad iseTi cxovelebi da mcenareebi SearGia,

romelTac cvalebadobisadmi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri midrekileba aqvT da amasTanave, gan-

sxvavebuli klimaturi pirobebis atana SeuZliaT. ra Tqma unda, udavoa is faqtic, rom

swored am Tvisebebis gamo esoden fasobs moSinaurebuli jiSebi. magram Gndeba Semdegi kiTx-

va: saidan unda scodnoda velur adamians, rodesac igi pirvelad aSinaurebda cxovels, rom

misi Semdgomi Taobebi nirs Seicvlida da Gvens klimats gauZlebda? im faqtebs, rom virs da

cicars susti cvalebadoba axasiaTebs, GrdiloeTis iremi sicxes, aqlemi ki sicives ver uZ-

lebs, maT moSinaurebaSi xeli ar SeuSlia. me ar meeWveba, rom bunebrivi pirobebidan aRebul

sxvadasxva klasisa da qveynis warmomadgenel mcenareebsa da cxovelebs Tu SevajvarebT da

imdenive Taobas miviRebT, ramdenic Gveni Sinauri jiSebis misaRebad iyo saWiro, aRniSnuli

mcenareebi da cxovelebi iseve gansxvavebulni iqnebian erTmaneTisagan, rogorc arsebuli

jiSebis winapari formebi. uZvelesi jiSebis SemTxvevaSi, albaT SeuZlebelia imis dadgena,

erTi Tu ramdenime saxeobisagan warmoiSvnen isini. is mkvlevarebi, romlebic ufro meore

varauds miiGneven sarwmunod, iSvelieben uZveles wyaroebs, kerZod ki egviptur Zeglebs _

iq, sadac jiSebis uamravi nairsaxeoba gvxvdeba da maTi nawili Zalian waagavs, an SesaZloa,

identuric kia dRes arsebuli cxovelebisa da mcenarebisa. es varaudi sworic rom iyos, ra-

sac mec daveTanxmebodi, igi mainc mxolod im faqtze miuTiTebs, rom dRevandel jiSTagan

zogierTi maSin anu oTxi an xuTi aTasi wlis win warmoiSva. magram batoni horneris (Horner) Gatarebulma kvlevam gviGvena, rom jer kidev cameti an ToTxmeti aTasi wlis win nilosis

napirebze mcxovrebi adamianebi imdenad ganviTarebulni iyvnen, rom Tixisagan sxvadasxva

nivTebs amzadebdnen. vin Seecdeba Tqvas, ramdeni xniT adre cxovrobdnen egvipteSi dRevan-

deli tiera del fuegosa (argentina) da avstraliaSi mcxovrebi velurebis msgavsi adamian-

ebi, visac naxevrad moSinaurebuli ZaRlebi hyavda.

454

Carlz darvini

mTeli es Tema, rogorc Gans, mainc bundovani rGeba; detalebze ar SevGerdebi, mxolod

ganvacxadeb, geografiuli Tu sxva mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, savaraudoa, rom Sina-

uri ZaRlebi gansxvavebuli veluri saxeobebisagan warmoiSva. rac Seexeba cxvarsa da Txas,

maT warmoSobasTan dakavSirebiT jerjerobiT azri ar gamaGnia. batoni bliTis (Blyth) mier mowodebuli faqtebis safuZvelze induri msxvilfexa kuziani pirutyvis Gvevebis,

xmisa da agebulebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom isini

evropuli saqonlis sxvadasxva adgilobrivi jiSebisgan warmoiSvnen, xolo kompetenturi

mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, am (evropul) jiSebsac erTze meti veluri winapari hyavda. rac

Seexeba cxenebs, zogi mosazrebidan gamomdinare, romelTac aq ver moviyvan, SemiZlia met-

naklebad vivaraudo, rom maTi yvela jiSi erTi veluri saxeobidan modis, rac mravali

mecnieris mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba. batoni bliTi, romlis mravalmxriv codnas yvelaze

metad vendobi da vafaseb, miiGnevs, rom Sinauri frinvelis yvela jiSi erTi saerTo

saxeobis _ induri gareuli qaTmisagan (Gallus bankiva) warmoiSva. rac Seexeba ixvebsa da

kurdRlebs, romelTa jiSebi sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan agebulebiT, isinic

aseve warmoiSvnen Gveulebrivi gareuli ixvisa da kurdRlisagan.

zogierTi mecnieri absurdul ukiduresobaSi vardeba, rodesac saqme exeba Sinauri

jiSebis ramdenime aborigenuli saxeobidan warmoSobis sakiTxs. maT miaGniaT, rom yovel

sufTa jiSs, miuxedavad mcire ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisa, Tavisi gareuli prototipi hyavs.

Tu saqmes ase mivudgebiT, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom marto evropaSi, sul cota, oci saxeo-

bis gareuli msxvilfexa rqosani cxoveli arsebobda, amdenive saxeobis cxvari da ramdenime

saxeobis Txa _ did britaneTSic. erT-erT avtors isic ki sjera, rom britaneTSi veluri

cxvris 11 saxeoba arsebobda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtebs, rom did britaneTSi dRei-

saTvis ar moiZebneba arc erTi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZuZumwovari, xolo safran-

geTSi Zalze mcire rodenobiT, aseve germaniaSi, ungreTSi, espaneTSi da a.S. Tumca TiToeul

am qveyanas hyavs saqonlis gansxvavebuli jiSebi _ unda davuSvaT, rom evropaSi bevri jiSi

iqna gamoyvanili, Torem saidan gaGndeboda jiSebis aseTi mravalferovneba? igive SeiZle-

ba iTqvas indoeTzec. mTeli msoflios Sinauri ZaRlebis SemTxvevaSic ki, romlebic, Gemi

azriT, sxvadasxva gareuli saxeobebisagan warmoiSva, ver uarvyof, rom saqme gvaqvs Zlier

memkvidrul cvalebadobasTan. gana advili dasajerebelia, rom italiuri mwevari (Italian greyhound), maZebari (bloodhound), buldogi (bull-dog) an sxv. romlebic ase Zlier gansxvdebian

gareul ZaRlisebrTa (Canidae) warmomadgenlebisagan, odesRac arsebobdnen bunebaSi? erT

dros gamoiTqva varaudi, rom TiTqos Sinauri ZaRlebis yvela jiSi ramdenime adgilobrivi

saxeobis Sejvarebis Sedegad warmoiSva. magram amgvari SejvarebiT mxolod mSoblebs Soris

arsebul Sualedur formebs miviRebdiT; Tu GavTvliT, rom ramodenime jiSi zemoxsenebuli

procesis Sedegad iqna miRebuli, maSin unda davuSvaT bunebaSi odesRac bladhaundis, bul-

dogis da spanielis msgavsi veluri formebis arsebobac. ufro metic, SejvarebiT sruliad

gansxvavebuli jiSebis miRebis SesaZlebloba metad gazviadebulia. ueWvelia, rom jiSis

saxecvlileba SemTxveviTi Sejvarebis Sedegad SesaZlebelia; miT umetes, Tu iseTi najvari

individebis gamiznuli gadarGeva xdeba, romlebic sasurvel niSans atareben. magram miWirs

455

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

dajereba, rom SesaZlebelia axali jiSis dauyovnebliv miReba ori sruliad gansxvavebu-

li jiSis an saxeobis Sejvarebis Sedegad. amgvari cda Gaatara ser j. sebraiTma (Sebright), da

sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia. pirveli Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebuli naSierebi TiTqmis, an

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, (rogorc es mtredebis SemTxvevaSi moxda) sruliad erTnairebi arian

da yvelaferi martivi Gans; magram rodesac ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi najvarebi erT-

maneTs uwyvildebian, iSviaTad Tu moiZebneba ori erTmaneTis msgavsi naSieri da swored aq

iGens Tavs sakiTxis sirTule. ueWvelia, rom or gansxvavebul jiSs Soris Sualedur saxe-

obas ver miviRebT udidesi mzrunvelobisa da xangrZlivi gadarGevis gareSe.

Sinauri mtredebis jiSebis Sesaxeb

radgan erTi romelime jgufis Seswavla yovelTvis ufro mizanSewonilia, xangrZlivi

fiqris Semdeg Sinauri mtredebi avirGie. mtredis yvela is jiSi myavda, romelzec xeli mi-

miwvda. didad madlobeli var, rom batonma u. eliotma (W. Elliot) da batonma s. miureim (Gh. Murray) Zal-Rone ar daiSures da maT xelT arsebuli yvelanairi mtredis kani gamomigzav-

nes _ pirvelma indoeTidan, meorem ki _ sparseTidan. mtredebis Sesaxeb uamravi traqtatia

dawerili, romelTagan zogierTi Zalian mniSvnelovania, upirveles yovlisa, maT, siZvelis

gamo. me davukavSirdi ramdenime cnobil koleqcioners, agreTve miviRe nebarTva londonSi

arsebuli mtredebis ori klubis wevric gavmxdariyavi. mtredebis jiSTa mravalferovne-

ba pirdapir gasaocaria. SeadareT erTmaneTs inglisuri safosto mtredi da inglisuri

mokleniskarta Turmani da TvalnaTliv dainaxavT sxvaobas maTi Tavis qalis formasa da

niskartebs Soris. safosto mtredi, gansakuTrebiT mamri, gamoirGeva Tavze xorcmetebis

arsebobiT, sakmaod wagrZelebuli Tvalis quTuToebiT, farTo nestoebiTa da didi piriT.

inglisuri mokleniskarta Turmani niskartis formiT Zalian hgavs skvinGas. Gveulebriv,

Turmans anu safosto mtreds axasiaTebs Zalze maRla, mWidro gundebad frena, xolo daS-

vebisas igi simaRlidan vardeba da haerSi trialdeba. espanuri anu romauli mtredi – didi

zomis frinvelia, grZeli, masiuri niskartiTa da didi fexebiT, mis zogierT qvejiSs Za-

lian grZeli kiseri aqvs, zogs ki _ grZeli frTebi da kudi, sxvebs _ mokle kudi. berberiuli

mtredi axlos dgas safosto mtredTan, magram grZeli niskartis nacvlad, mokle da farTo

niskarti aqvs. butia (Pouter) mtreds ufro wagrZelebuli sxeuli, frTebi da fexebi, aqvs sao-

crad ganviTarebuli GiGaxvi, romelic ise ibereba, rom adamiani SeiZleba gaaocos da gaaci-

nos kidevac. mtred-Tolias mokle da konusiseburi niskarti, mkerdze aburZgnuli bumbuli

aqvs da xSirad saylapavis zeda nawils odnav afarToebs. iakobinel mtreds kisris gaswvr-

iv, ukana mxareze bumbuli imdebnad aGeGili aqvs, rom Tavze qudiviT adgas da frTebsa da

kudsac Tavis zomasTan SedarebiT grZeli bumbuli ufaravs. myvirala (Trumpeter) da jafara (Augher), rogorc es maTi saxelebidanac Gans, sxva mtredebisagan gansxvavebulad RuRuneben.

farSevangisebri mtredis maraosaviT kudi ocdaaT an ormoc bumbulsac ki Seicavs, nacvlad

mtredebis ojaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tormeti-ToTxmetisa. kudis bumbuli gaSlili

da ise SemarTuli daaqvT, rom Tavi da kudi xSirad erTmaneTs exeba, zandarozis jirkvali

sakmaod ganuviTarebelia. garda amisa, kidev ramdenime naklebad cnobili jiSebi SeiZleba

456

Carlz darvini

gamovyoT. zogierTi mtredis GonGxis Seswavlisas aRmoGnda, rom isini saxis Zvlebis siga-

niT, sigrZiTa da moyvanilobiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan.

sxvaoba SeiZleba arsebobdes agreTve mtredebis piris sidideSi, quTuToebis sigrZeSi,

nestoebis moyvanilobaSi, enis sigrZeSi (romelic zogjer niskartze sul ar aris damokide-

buli), GiGaxvis zomasa da saylapavis zeda nawilSi, zandarozis (kudusunis) jirkvlis gan-

viTarebis xarisxSi, kudisa da frTis pirveli rigis mfaravi frTisa da kudis bumbulebis

raodenobaSi, frTisa da kudis sigrZis erTmaneTTan da sxeulis sigrZesTan Sefardeba-

Si, fexisa da terfis zomis SefardebaSi, fexis TiTebis brWyalebis raodenobasa da aseve

TiTebs Soris kanis arsebobaSi. SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes bumbuliT Semosvisa da budobis

periodebic. gansxvavdeba kvercxebis zoma da forma, frenis manera, xma da xasiaTi; dabolos,

Tavad mdedri da mamric sul odnav, magram mainc gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. oci nairsaxe-

obis mtredi mainc SeiZleba SeirGes, romlebsac nebismieri orniTologi, Tu mas etyodnen,

rom saqme velur formebTan aqvs, kargad gamokveTil saxeobebad GaTvlida. ufro metic, ve-

rafriT davijereb, rom romelime orniTologma inglisuri safosto, mokleniskarta Tur-

mani, espanuri, berberuli, butia da myvirala mtredebi erT gvars miakuTvnos, miT umetes,

rom am jiSebSi qvesaxeobebic arsebobs.

marTalia, sxvaoba mtredebs Soris Zalian didia, magram mainc daveTanxmebi naturalist-

Ta azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom, yvela mtredi gareuli kldis mtredis (Golumba livia) STamomavalia.

aq namdvilad saWiroa GamovayaliboT is mizezebi, ramac am daskvnamde migviyvana. Tu GamoTv-

lili mtredebi nairsaxeobebi ar aris da kldis mtredidan ar warmoSobilan, maSin maT 7 an

8 aborigenuli (adgilobrivi) winapari mainc unda hyavdes, radgan amaze naklebi raodenoba

dResdReobiT arsebul mtredebs ver mogvcemda. aba, butia mtredi rogor warmoiSoboda

ori iseTi mtredis SejvarebiT, Tu erT-erT maTgans mainc ar eqneboda didi GiGaxvi? zemoT

moyvanili yvela aborigenuli jiSic kldis veluri jiSi iqneboda, romlebic xeebze iSvia-

Tad Semosxdebian xolme. Golumba livia-s garda, kidev ori Tu sami saxeobis kldis mtredi

aris cnobili, romelTac Sinauri jiSebis aranairi niSan-Tviseba ar gaaGniaT. aqedan gamom-

dinare, savaraudoa, rom aborigeni gareuli mtredebi unda arsebobdnen im qveynebSi, sa-

dac isini Tavdapirvelad moaSinaures. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am frinvelebis zomas, qcevasa

da cxovrebis nirs, SeuZleblad mogveGveneba, rom orniTologebi maT ar icnobdnen. SesaZ-

loa, isini jer kidev velur mdgomareobaSi gadaSendnen. magram naklebad mosalodnelia,

rom frinvelebi, romlebic ufskrulis Tavze binadrobdnen da maSasadame, kargad frend-

nen, sabolood gawyvetiliyvnen. ase magaliTad, kldis mtredi, romelic Sinauri mtredebis

msgavsi GvevebiT xasiaTdeba, ar gamqrala arc xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze da arc brita-

neTis yvelaze patara kunZulebzec ki. SeuZlebelia aseTive Gvevebis mqone amdeni saxeoba

yvela erTad gamqraliyo. ufro metic, zemoT GamoTvlili Sinauri jiSebi msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi gadauyvaniaT transportiT da savaraudoa, rom mravali maTgani isev samSobloSic

dabrundeboda, magram, arc erTi maTgani ar gamxdara gareuli an veluri, Tu ar GavTvliT

Gveulebriv mtreds, romelic kldis mtredis susti saxecvlilebaa da ramdenime adgilas

gavelurda. Tanamedrove gamocdileba gviGvenebs, rom Zalze Znelia veluri cxovelis gam-

457

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

ravleba moSinaurebis pirobebSi, magram Tu davuSvebT, rom mtredis jiSebi marvali saxe-

obidan warmoiSva, isic unda GavTvaloT SesaZleblad, rom uZveles droSi naxevrad velur

adamianebs 7-8 saxeoba moeSinaurebinaT ise, rom maTTvis tyveobaSic didi nayofiereba yo-

filiyo damaxasiaTebeli.

Semdegi seriozuli argumenti sxva SemTxvevebSic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: marTalia,

yvela zemoGamoTvlili jiSi ZiriTadad gavs kldis mtreds agebulebiT, cxovrebis niriT,

xmiT, SeferilobiT, sxeulis zogierTi nawiliT, magram udavoa, rom maTi sxulis zogierTi

sxva nawili normidan mkveTrad gadaxrilia: mtredebis mTeli ojaxi rom SeviswavloT, iseTi

niskarts vercerTs ver vupoviT, rogorc inglisur safosto mtreds, mokleniskarta Tur-

mans an berberul mtreds aqvs, agreTve, arc erT mtreds ar aReniSneba iseTi aqoGrili bum-

bulebi, rogorc iakobinel mtreds, iseTi kudis bumbuli, rogorc myvirala mtreds. amitom

SeiZleba gvevarauda, rom naxevradvelurma adamianma ara marto moaswro ramdenime saxe-

obis moSinaureba, aramed gamiznulad an SemTxveviT SearGia yvelaze ucnauri saxeobebi.

sabolood, swored es saxeobebi gadaSendnen da ucnobad darGnen. Tumca, garemoebaTa aseTi

saocari damTxveva metad uGveulo da naklebad SesaZlebelia. aseve metad sainteresoa zo-

gierTi faqti mtredebis SeferilobasTan dakavSirebiT. kldis mtredi monacrisfro-mol-

urjoa, kudzeda mfaravebi ki TeTri aqvs. indur qvesaxeobas Golumba intermedia es nawili

mocisfro aqvs, kudis bolos ganapira zoli Savia, xolo misi gare bumbulebi fuZesTan _

TeTri. frTebze ori Savi zoli gasdevs; zogierT naxevrad Sinaur da gareul formas ori

Savi zolis garda, frTebze Savi laqebic aqvs. yvela es niSani erTad am ojaxis sxva arcerT

saxeobaSi ar gvxvdeba. am dros nebismier Sinaur jiSs (Tu sufTa jiSis frinvelebs aviRebT),

yvela zemoT GamoTvlili niSani, kudis bumbulis fuZesTan TeTri Seferilobis GaTvliT,

zogjer mTeli sisruliT aqvs gamoxatuli. ufro metic, rodesac ori sxvadasxva jiSis

mtreds ajvareben, romelTagan arc erTi ar aris mocisfro da arc zemoGamoTvlili niSnebi

aReniSneba, STamomavlobas xSirad SeiZleba yvela es Tviseba gamohyves. magaliTad, Tavad

Sevajvare TeTri farSevangisebri mtredebi, romelTac ucvlelad gadaaqvT maTTvis dam-

axasiaTebeli niSnebi Taobidan TaobaSi, Sav berberulTan, romelTac nacrisferi Seferi-

loba TiTqmis ar axasiaTebT; GemTvis ucnobia amgvari Seferilobis berberulebis arseboba

inglisSi. najvari xundebi Savi, mura da Wreli miviRe. aseve Sevajvare berberuli xalebian-

Tan (Spot). es ukanaskneli TeTri frinvelia wiTuri kudiTa da Sublze aseTive feris xaliT.

am frinvelis niSnebic ucvlelad gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. STamomavloba gamovida muqi

nacrisferi da xalebiani. Semdeg Sevajvare berberul-farSevangisebri da berberul-xale-

biani najvarebi. bartyebs mSvenieri nacrisferi Seferiloba hqondaT, TeTri kudzeda

nawiliT, frTebis ormagi Savi zoliTa da da kudis bumbulis TeTri fuZeebiT, rogorc ga-

reul kldis mtreds!

Gven es faqti SegviZlia avxsnaT winaparTa niSan-TvisebebTan dabrunebis cnobili prin-

cipis moSveliebiT, Tu vivarudebT, rom yvela Sinauri jiSi kldis mtredisagan warmoiSva.

magram Tu am azrs uarvyofT, maSin qvemoT moyvanili ori arc Tu ise sarwmuno varaudidan

erT-erTi unda amovarGioT: pirveli _ an yvela aborigenul saxeobas iseTive Seferiloba

458

Carlz darvini

da laqebi hqonda, rogorc velur mtreds (Tumca dReisaTvis mtredis arc erT Sinaur jiSs

amgvari niSnebi ar axasiaTebs), da, aqedan gamomdinare, yovel jiSs aReniSneboda tendencia

dabruneboda imave Seferilobasa da laqebs. meore SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli jiSi, yvelaze

wmindac ki, sul cota 12 an 20 Taobis manZilze mainc kldis mtredTan unda yofiliyo Sejva-

rebuli. kidev erTxel vimeoreb, Tormeti an oci Taobis manZilze mainc! radgan bunebaSi ar

moiZebneba iseTi faqti, rom bavSvi damsgavsebodes aTi an oci TaobiT moSorebul winapars.

jiSSi, romelic mxolod erTxel daeqvemdebara Sejvarebas, Sejvarebis Sedegad SeZenil

niSanTan dabrunebis tendencia sul ufro da ufro Sesustdeba, radgan yovel axal TaobaSi

ucxo sisxlis narevi ufro Semcirdeba; magram Tu Sejvareba ar momxdara, jiSSi arsebobs

tendencia, daubrundes wina TaobebSi dakargul romelime niSans. am SemTxvevaSi ver vxedavT

mizezs, ratom ar unda SenarGunebuliyo es tendencia Sesustebis gareSe mravali Taobis

ganmavlobaSi. reversiis (dabrunebis) am or, erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebul movle-

nas xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven memkvidreobiTobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul traqtateb-

Si. dabolos, isic minda vTqva, rom nebismieri jiSis mtredebis SejvarebiT miRebuli yvela

naSieri nayofieria. amas sakuTari dakvirvebis safuZvelze vacxadeb, romelic gamiznu-

lad Gavatare erTmaneTisagan yvelaze daSorebuli jiSis mtredebze. magram maSin, rode-

sac Sejvareba xdeba erTmaneTisagan metismetad daSorebuli saxeobis cxovelebs Soris,

erTi SemTxvevac ki ar moiZebneba, rom maTi naSieri sakmarisad nayofieri iyos. zogierTi

mecnieri amtkicebs, rom moSinaurebis xangrZlivi procesi sterilurobis tendencias am-

cirebs. ZaRlisa da sxva Sinauri cxovelebis istoria, rogorc Gans, adasturebs am daskv-

nas monaTesave saxeobebis SemTxvevaSi. magram ar iqneba swori zemoT moyvanili daskvnebis

ganzogadeba imdenad, rom gvevarauda: saxeobebs, romlebic Tavdapirvelad iseve gansx-

vavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan, rogorc safosto mtredi, Turmani, butia an farSevangkuda,

SeeZloT nayofieri STamomavlobis mocema.

SevajamoT yvela es mosazreba, kerZod, naklebad sarwmunoa, rom adamians odesRac See-

Zlo moSinaurebis prcesSi Tavisuflad gaemravlebina mtredebis 7 Tu 8 savaraudo saxeoba;

savaraudo saxeobebi ucnobi darGa da arasdros am mdgomareobas aRar daubrundebian; es

saxeobebi, romlebsac, erTi mxriv, sxva Golumbidae -sTan SedarebiT uGveulo niSnebi axasi-

aTebs, meore mxriv, bevri niSniT Zalze hgvanan kldis mtreds; monacrisfro-molurjo Se-

feriloba da Savi zolebi zogjer uGndebaT rogorc wminda jiSebs, ise najvarebs; dabolos

_ najvarebis STamomavloba sakmaod nayofieria. es faqtorebi, erTad aRebuli, gvafiqre-

binebs, rom yvela Gveni Sinauri mtredis winapari Golumba livia da misi geografiuli qve-

saxeobebia.

am azris gansamtkiceblad, SemiZlia davumato erTic, rom Golumba livias anu kld-

ismtredis moSinaureba pirvelad evropasa da indoeTSi SeZles da am saxeobis mtredi

cxovrebis niriTa da agebulebis TaviseburebebiT Sinauri jiSebis msgavsia. meorec, Tumca

safosto mtredi da Turmani metad gansxvavdeba kldis mtredisagan, Tu am ori jiSis qve-

jiSebs SevadarebT, gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxva qveynebidan miRebuls, SesaZlebelia arse-

bobdes TiTqmis uwyveti xazi, romelic maT kldis mtredTan akavSirebs. analogiuri SesaZ-

459

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

lebloba arsebobs sxva jiSebis SemTxvevaSic, Tumca ara yvelgan. mesame: niSnebi, romlebic

TiToeul jiSs axasiaTebs, Zalze cvalebadia: aseTia, magaliTad, niskartis kexi da sigrZe

safosto mtredSi, mokle niskarti TurmanSi da kudis bumbulebis raodenoba farSevang-

kuda mtredSi. am faqtis axsna SesaZlebeli iqneba gadarGevaze saubrisas. da meoTxec, sau-

kuneebis manZilze mtredebi Zalian uyvardaT, uvlidnen da Seiswavlidnen mTel msoflioSi.

dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilebSi isini mravali aTaswleulis win moaSinaures. rogorc pro-

fesorma lepsiusma (Lepsius) mamcno, yvelaze adreuli Ganaweri mtredebis Sesaxeb TariRdeba

Zv. w. 3000 wliT, anu ekuTnis egviptis mexuTe dinastiis epoqas, magram batoni birGis (Birch) informaciiT, mtredebi moxseniebulia ufro adrec, wina dinastiis erT-erT samzareulo

angariSSi. romaelebi, rogorc pliniusisgan vgebulobT, mtredebSi uzarmazar Tanxas ix-

didnen: saqme iqamde midioda, rom adgendnen maT warmoSobasa da jiSs; `indoeTSi cnobilia

daaxloebiT 1600 wels, akber xani mtredebs Zalze afasebda _ 20 000-ze meti mtredi yvelgan

Tan axlda mis kars. `iranisa da Turanis monarqebi ugzavnidnen mas iSviaT frinvelebs~, da,

rogorc karis istorikosi gvatyobinebs, `misi udidebulesoba am frinvelebs erTmaneT-

Tan ajvarebda, rac manamde aravis gaukeTebia, isini gasaocrad gaaumjobesa~. am periodSi

holandielebic, romaelebis msgavsad, Zalian afasebdnen mtredebs. zemoGamoTvlili mo-

sazrebebis udidesi mniSvneloba im cvlilebebis asaxsnelad, romlebsac mtredebi daeqvem-

debarnen, gadarGevaze saubris dros GvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, ratom aqvs zogierT jiSs

damaxinjebuli saxe. is faqti, rom mdedri da mamri mtredebis mTeli cxovrebis ganmav-

lobaSi advilad qmnian wyvilebs, sxvadasxva jiSis warmoSobis xelsayrel pirobas qmnis.

amis gamo sxvadasxva jiSebi seiZleba erTad, erT safrinveleSi viyolioT.

me ganvixile Sinauri mtredebis savaraudo warmoSobis sakiTxi, Tumca ara mTeli sisru-

liT; rodesac mtredebi pirvelad viyolie da ramdenime jiSze dakvirveba daviwye, GemTvis

Zneli dasaSvebi iyo, rom isini erTi winaprisagan warmoiSvnen; msgavs viTarebaSi aRmoGnda

bevri sxva naturalistic, romlebic mTiulebis mravalricxovan saxeobebs an frinvelebis

sxva jgufebs Seiswavlidnen. mudmivad maocebda erTi garemoeba: yvela mecxovele da mem-

cenare, visTanac misaubria an romelTa Txuzelebebi wamikiTxavs, Rrmad arian darwmuneb-

ulni, rom interesis sferoSi Semavali gansxvavebuli jiSebi amdenive aborigenuli saxeo-

bidan warmoiSva. hkiTxeT, rogorc amas araerTxel vakeTebdi, herfordis saqonlis cnobil

seleqcioners, dasaSvebia Tu ara, rom misi saqoneli grZelrqiani jiSisagan warmoSobiliyo,

orive erTad ki _ saerTo winapari formisgan, is Tqven masxrad agigdebT. jer ar Semxvedria

mtrediT, Sinauri frinveliT, ixviT, Tu kurdRliT dainteresebuli mkvlevari, romelic

darwmunebuli araa mis mier Seswavlili TiToeuli jiSis damoukidebeli saxeobidan war-

moiSobaSi. van monsi (Van Mons), msxlisa da vaSlis Sesaxeb naSromSi ambobs, rom mas arafriT

SeuZlia daijeros, zogi jiSis, magaliTad, ribston-pipinis (Ribston-pippin) an kodlinis (Codlin - apple) vaSlis, erTi da imave xis Teslidan warmomavloba. uamravi sxva magaliTis moyvanac

SeiZleba. axsna ki metad martivia _ ama Tu im jiSis xangrZlivi Seswavlis Semdeg maTi gan-

masxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis aRmoGena mkvlevarebze did STabeWdilebas axdens da Tumca

maT kargad uwyian, rom es jiSebi mxolod umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, isini

460

Carlz darvini

yvela arguments ugulvebelyofen da mravali Taobis manZilze Gamoyalibebul umniSvnelo

Tvisebebs udides mniSvnelobas aniWeben.

zogi naturalisti, mecxoveleebTan SedarebiT naklebi rom icis memkvidreobiTobis

kanonebisa da warmomavlobis grZel xazSi arsebuli damakavSirebeli rgolebis Sesaxeb,

mainc aRiarebs, rom mraval Sinaur jiSs erTi saerTo winapari hyavs. amitom naturalistebs,

romlebic dascinian ideas, rom saxeobebi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi sxva saxeobis STamomav-

lebi arian, meti dafiqreba marTebT.

axla, modiT, is safexurebi ganvixiloT, romelTa gavlac mouwiaT Sinaur jiSebs erTi an

ramdenime monaTesave saxeobidan maTi Gamoyalibebis procesSi. bunebrivia, rom raRac roli

am saqmeSi garemo pirobebma da cxovelTa Gvevebmac iTamaSa. magram metismeti gabedulebaa

saWiro, rom amgvari faqtorebiT axsna sxvaoba saforne da doRis cxenebs, mwevarsa da

meZebars, safosto mtredsa da Turmans Soris. erT-erTi yvelaze aRsaniSnavi Tviseba,

romelsac Sinaur jiSebSi vxvdebiT, aris maTi adaptaciis unari, Tumca ara Tavisi Tavis,

aramed adamianis sasargeblod. adamianisaTvis sasargeblo zogierTi cvlileba (variacia),

savaraudod, uecrad an ̀ erTi nabijiT~ ganxorcielda; magaliTad, bevri botanikosi fiqrobs,

rom Sebusvili girGebi Tavisi kauWebiT, romelTac ar Seedreba arc erTi meqanikuri

mowyobiloba, veluri Dipsacus-is nairsaxeobaa da aseTi Zlieri cvlileba SesaZlebelia

GiTilSi ucabedad momxdariyo. aseve moxda, savaraudod Turnspit-is jiSis ZaRlis

SemTxvevaSi, xolo ankonis cxvarSi SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli cvlileba dadasturebulia.

magram rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT saforne da doRis cxenebs, erTkuzian da orkuzian

aqlemebs, mTis an kulturuli mindvris saZovrebTan Seguebul gansxvavebuli jiSis

cxvars, sxvadasxva daniSnulebisaTvis vargis mravalgvar matyls an kidev sxvadasxva

jiSis ZaRlebs, romelTac adamiani uaRresad gansxvavebuli saqmianobiasas gamoiyenebs,

anda GxubSi Seupovar mebrZol mamals vadarebT absoluturad mSvidobian sxva jiSis

mamlebs, usasrulod kvercxismdebel qaTmebs da patara, moxdenil bantamis jiSis qaTmebs,

mcenareTa mindvris, bostnis, sasoflo-sameurneo, kulinariul, baRisa Tu yvavilebis

jiSebs, romlebsac adamianisaTvis weliwadis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saxis udidesi sar-

gebloba moaqvT da Tanac ase lamazad xvdebian mis Tvalsa da guls _ vfiqrob, rom aq uf-

ro meti unda davinaxoT, vidre ubralo cvalebadobaa. Gven ar SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom

yvela jiSi, aseTi srulyofili saxiT da amdenad sasargeblo, uecrad warmoiSva. amas

maTi istoriis Seswavlac adasturebs. am sakiTxis axsna SesaZlebelia im garemoebiT, rom

adamians Seswevs kumulirebadi gadarGevis unari: buneba qmnis sxvadasxva Tanmimdevrul

cvlilebas, xolo adamiani aZlevs maT garkveul, misTvis sasrgeblo mimarTulebas. ami-

tomac SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianma Tavad Seqmna misTvis sasargeblo jiSebi.

gadarGevis am principis siZliere sulac ar aris hipoTezuri. udavoa, rom Gvenma

didma mecxoveleebma moaxerxes da erTi adamianis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad

Secvales msxvilfexa pirutyvisa da cxvris jiSebi. imisaTvis, rom mTlianad gaviazroT

maTi miRwevebi, aucilebelia maTi naSromebic da cxovelebic saguldagulod Seviswav-

461

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

loT. mecxoveleebi ise saubroben cxovelis agebulebaze, rogorc raRac plastikurze,

romlis Secvla maT lamis sakuTari neba-surviliT SeuZliaT. adgilis simciris gamo ver

momyavs amonaridebi im avtorTa Txzulebebidan, romelTac am sakiTxebze bevri umuSaviaT.

magaliTad, iuatis (Youatt), romelic yvelaze kargad icnobs soflis meurneobis am dargs da

agreTve cxovelebis Zalze kargi mcodnis azriT, gadarGevis principi mecxovelisaTvis

aris saSualeba ara marto odnav gadaasxvaferos Tavisi jogis niSnebi, aramed saerTod

Secvalos isini. cxovelis gadarGeva jadosnuri kverTxiviT aris, romlis meSveobiTac

SesaZlebelia sococxle STabero nebismier formasa da moyvanilobas. lordma somervilma

(Somerville) cxvris jiSebis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb Tqva: `iseTi STabeWdileba darGeba kacs, TiT-

qos jer kedelze dauxatavT garkveuli, yovelmxriv srulyofili forma da Semdeg ki

xorci SeusxamT~. yvelaze daostatebuli seleqcioneri, ser jon sebraiTi (Sir John Sebright), mtredebis Sesaxeb ambobda: sami welia saWiro nebismieri saxis bumbulis misaRebad, xolo

Tavis da niskartis gamoyvanas eqvsi weli dasWirdebao. saqsoniaSi merinosis jiSis cxvarTan

dakavSirebuli gadarGevis principi imdenad sayovelTaoa, rom bevrisaTvis es xelobad

iqca: cxvrebs magidaze aTavseben da ise swavloben, rogorc xelovnebaTmcodneebi _

mxatvrul tilos; amas samjer imeoreben ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi. daTvalierebis

dros xdeba cxvrebis klasifikacias da maTi daniSvna. Sedegad mravldebian mxolod sau-

keTeso individebi.

ingliseli mecxoveleebis warmatebaze is faqtic metyvelebs, rom dResdReobiT msof-

lios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi udides fass ixdian inglisSi gamoyvanil cxovelebSi. amgvari

gaumjobeseba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiRweva gansxvavebuli jiSebis SejvarebiT. yvela

saukeTeso seleqcioneri amgvari praqtikis sastiki winaaRmdegia, gamonaklisi mxolod ax-

lomdgomi qvejiSebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iqnes daSvebuli. warmatebuli gadarGevisTvis

aucilebelia rac SeiZleba axlos mdgomi jiSebis SerGeva. Sejvarebis Semdeg umkacresi

SerGeva ufro metad aucilebelia, vidre Gveulebriv SeTxvevebSi. SerGeva ar gulisxmobs

ubralod romelime calkeuli, mkveTrad gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobis gamoyofas da Semdeg

mis moSenebas; misi mniSvneloba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom moxdes erTi mimarTulebis

iseTi gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis dagroveba Taobebis manZilze, romlebic SeumGneveli

da daufasebelia ucxo TvalisTvis. aTasidan erT kacs Tu aRmoaGndeba saimiso niWi da

Tvalis sizuste, rom misgan kargi seleqcioneri dadges. Tu Sesabamisi niWiT dajildoebuli

adamiani kargad Seiswavlis aRniSnul sagans da Tavis cxovrebas mTlianad miuZRvnis am

saqmes, igi aucileblad miaRwevs warmatebas da mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebasac danergavs,

magram Tu mas romelime es Tviseba aklia, igi veraviTar SemTxvevaSi warmatebuli ver iqneba.

warmosadgenadac Znelia, ramdeni wlis praqtika da rogori niWia saWiro, rom adamiani

mtredebis gamocdil specialistad iqces. igive Tvisebebia saWiro kargi mebaRisaTvis,

oRond nairsaxeobebis swrafad Gamoyalibebis albaToba aq ufro metia, Tumca Zneli

dasajerebelia, rom Gveni baRebis mravalferovani produqcia aborigenuli saxeobebis

mxolod erTi saxecvlilebiT warmoiSva. zogierTi kulturis Sesaxeb seleqcionerebis

462

Carlz darvini

mier gakeTebuli Ganawerebi zemoTqmulis damamtkicebelia. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba mo-

viyvanoT Gveulebrivi xurtkmelic, romelic zomaSi yovelwliurad sul ufro izrdeba.

Gven vamGnevT baRis yvavilebis saocar gaumjobesebas, roca vadarebT maT oci an ocdaaTi

wlis win gakeTebul Ganaxatebs. rodesac mcenaris jiSi ukve kargad Gamoyalibdeba,

Teslis Semgroveblebi saukeTeso mcenares ki ar arGeven, mxolod kvlebs aTvaliereben

da yvela im mcenares aSoreben, romelic gadaxrilia dadgenili standartisagan. amgvari

gadarGeva cxovelebSic xdeba, radgan SeuZlebelia seleqcioneri imdenad daudevari

iyos, rom yvelaze cudi cxovelebi SearGios Sesajvareblad.

rac Seexeba mcenareebs, isini gadarGevis kumulaciur efeqtze dakvirvebis sxva Se-

saZleblobas gvaZleven, kerZod, baRSi erTi da imave saxeobis mcenareTa nairsaxeobebis

yvavilebTa mravalferovnebis Sedarebisas; foTlebis, parkebis, bolqvebis an sxva romelime

mniSvnelovani nawilis mravalferovneba, romelic Zalze fasobs mebostneobaSi am nairsaxe-

obebis mcenareTa yvavilebTan SedarebiT; erTi da imave saxeobis mcenareTa nayofis mraval-

ferovneba amave saxeobis yvavilebTan da foTlebTan SedarebiT. SexedeT, ramdenad gansxva-

vebulia kombostos foTlebi da raoden msgavsi _ maTi yvavilebi; ramdenad gansxvavebulia

iasamferas yvavilebi da rogor hgvanan erTmaneTs misi foTlebi, raoden mkveTrad gansx-

vavdeba xurtkmelis yvela nayofi _ sididiT, SebusviT, feriTa da formiT da ra umniSvnelo

gansxvavebaa mis yvavilebs Soris. Tumca ki es sulac ar niSnavs, rom erTi romelime niSan-

TvisebiT erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli jiSebi sxva TvisebebiT erTmaneTis msga-

vsia. es ase TiTqmis arasodes xdeba (amas vambob xandrZlivi dakvirvebebis safuZvelze). ko-

relaciuri cvlilebebis kanoni, romlis ignorireba SeuZlebelia, yovelTvis ganapirobebs

kidev raime gansxvavebas, TumcaRa srulebiT ar meGveneba saeWvod is faqti, rom yvavilebis,

foTlebis, an nayofebis umniSvnelo cvlilebebis xangrZlivi gadarGevis Sedegad warmoiq-

mneba nairsaxeobebi (rasebi), romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian swored am nawilebiT.

SeiZleba SemewinaaRmdegon, rom gadarGevis es principi mkacri meTodurobiT gamoiyeneba

praqtikaSi ager ukve saukunis sami meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi. ukanasknel wlebSi man ufro

meti yuradReba miipyro. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTi naSromi gaGnda da, Sesabami-

sad, swrafma da saukeTeso Sedegmac ar daayovna. gadarGevis principi uaxlesi aRmoGena rom

ar gaxlavT, me SemiZlia moviyvano uZvelesi epoqis naSromebi, romlebSic am principis

mniSvneloba Zalze kargad esmiT. inglisis istoriis yvelaze mZime da Savbnel periodebSi

sxva qveynebidan xSirad SemohyavdaT narGevi cxovelebi da maTi qveynidan gayvanis amkrZala

kanonebsac ki Rebulobdnen, nabrZanebi iyo agreTve gansazRvrul zomaze dabali cxenebis

ganadgureba. es Zalze waagavda mebaReebis mier standartidan gadaxrili mcenaris moSore-

bas. gadarGevis principis Sesaxeb erTob gasagebad weria Ginur enciklopediaSi. gadarGevis

wesebi mkafiod aris Gamoyalibebuli ramdenime romaeli klasikosis naSromSi. ̀ yofis wignis~

zogierTi adgilidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom jer kidev im adreul epoqaSi yuradRebas

aqcevdnen Sinauri cxovelebis Seferilobas. dReisaTvis dedamiwaze mcxovrebi veluri

tomebi ZaRlebis jiSis gasaumjobeseblad maT Seajvareben ZaRlisebrTa ojaxis velur

warmomadgenlebTan. amas adrec akeTebdnen, rogorc es pliniusis naSromebidan Gans.

463

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

samxreT amerikis veluri tomebi muSa saqonels feris mixedviT arGevdnen, aseve iqceod-

nen eskimosebi ZaRlebis SerGevisas. livingstoni (Livingstone) gviGvenebs, rom central-

uri afrikis zangebi, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT Sexeba evropelebTan, Zalze afaseben

saukeTeso Sinaur jiSebs. marTalia, yvela zemoGamoTvlili ar aris uSualod gadarGevis

faqti, magram amtkicebs, rom uZvelesi droidan udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Sinauri

cxovelebis gamoyvanas da axlac Zalze aqtualuria im xalxebis cxovrebaSi, romlebic

ganviTarebis umdables safexurze imyofebian. sakvirvelic iqneboda, rom isini ar dain-

teresebuliyvnen jiSTa warmoqmniT: kargi da cudi Tvisebebis memkvidreobiT gadacema xom

ase cxadad Gans.

dResdReobiTac qveynis yvelaze cnobili seleqcionerebi garkveuli miznis misaRwevad

meToduri gadarGevis meSveobiT cdiloben axali nairsaxeobis an qvejiSis gamoyvanas, ro-

melic arsebul jiSebze bevrad ukeTesi iqneba. Gveni miznisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ga-

darGevis is forma, romelsac gaucnobierebeli gadarGeva SegviZlia vuwodoT. igi Sedegia

adamianTa sayovelTao mcdelobisa _ iyolios da SeinarGunos jiSi saukeTeso individebis-

gan. magaliTad, Tu monadires surs kargi pointerebi hyavdes, is cdilobs, rac SeiZleba kar-

gi ZaRlebi iSovos da SemdegSi ajvaros Tavis sakuTar ZaRlebTan, Tumca ar fiqrobs, rom

jiSi yovel jerze gaumjobesdeba. miuxedavad amisa, me mainc mwams, rom msgavsi procesis

Sedegad, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia nebismieri jiSis gaumjobeseba da cvli-

leba ise, rogorc es SeZles beikuelma (Bakewell), qolinzma (Gollins) da sxvebma. maT imave saSu-

alebas mimarTes, oRond ufro meTodurad da ukve TavianTi cxovrebis manZilze Secvales

sakuTari saqonlis garegnoba da Tvisebebi. susti cvlilebebi Zneli SesamGnevia, Tu ar ar-

sebobs mravali wlis win gakeTebuli Ganawerebi zomebis Sesaxeb an jiSis zusti Ganaxatebi.

zogjer igive jiSis ucvleli an odnav Secvlili individebi SemorGenilni arian naklebad

civilizebul mxareebSi, sadac jiSi naklebad iyo gaumjobesebuli. arsebobs sababi vi-

varaudoT, rom mefe king-Garlzis spanieli gaucnobiereblad iqna Secvlili (modificire-

buli) karlos I mmarTvelobis periodidan. zogierT kompetentur avtoritets Rrmad swams,

rom seteri pirdapir spanielidan warmoiSva da nel-nela misgan gansxvavebuli gaxda. aseve

cnobilia, rom inglisuri pointeric metad Seicvala ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze da amis

mizezi, rogorc Tvlian, foqsterierTan (fox-hound) Sejvarebaa. magram GvenTvis sainteresoa

mxolod is faqti, rom cvlileba gaucnobiereblad da safexurebad mimdinareobda, Tumca

sakmaod qmediTi aRmoGnda. rogorc mister borroum (Borrow) macnoba, arc erTi adgilobri-

vi espanuri jiSi ar waagavs Gvens pointers, Tumca eWvgareSea, rom Zveli espanuri pointeri

Tavdapirvelad espaneTidan Gamoiyvanes.

gadarGevis aseTive procesisa da saguldagulo varjiSis Sedegad inglisurma doRis

cxenma siswrafiTa da zomebiT ajoba Tavis winapar arabuli jiSis cxens. amitom, gudvudis

doRze arabul cxenebs SeRavaTs aZleven mxedris wonis gaTvaliswinebiT. lord spenserisa

(Spencer) da sxvaTa naSromebSi naTlad Gans, rom inglisurma msxvilfexa pirutyvma wonaSic

imata da ufro swrafadac miaRwia sqesmwifobas adre aq arsebul jiSebTan SedarebiT.

Tu mraval uZveles naSromSi moyvanil mtredebis aRwerilobebs SevadarebT safosto

464

Carlz darvini

mtredebisa da Turmanebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobas britaneTSi, indoeTsa da sparseT-

Si, SevZlebT Tvalyuri mivadevnoT im stadiebs, romlebic am jiSebma gaiares da SeiZines

kldis mtredisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli niSnebi.

iuats (Youatt) gadarGevis moqmedebis msvlelobis sailustraciod, romelic gaucnobie-

reblad SeiZleba GaiTvalos imitom, rom mecxoveleebi ar varaudobdnen da arc surdaT

aseTi Sedegis miReba, mohyavs ori sruliad gansxvavebuli jogis miRebis magaliTi. iuati

gviambobs, rom batonebs baklisa (Buckley) da bergess (Burgess) hyavdaT leisteris cxvris ori

fara, orive mister baklis wminda sisxlis jogisagan warmoSobili, romlebsac 50 wlis

ganmavlobaSi SeunarGunebdnen sisxlis siwmindes. SeuZlebelia imaSi daeWveba, rom rome-

lime batons sufTa jiSis SenarGunebis xazisTvis gadaexvia da Sejvareba sxva jiSze moexdi-

na. da mainc, miuxedavad amisa, erTnairi jiSis am or faras Soris iseTi sxvaoba iyo, TiTqos

isini sruliad gansxvavebuli jiSisani iyvnen. barbarosebic ki, romlebic arasodes fiqro-

ben Sinaur cxovelTa naSierebis memkvidrul niSnebze, Tavsdatexili SimSilisa da sxva ube-

durebaTa dros, im cxovelebis gadarGenas cdiloben, romlebsac maTTvis yvelaze meti

sargebeli moaqvT. aqedan, gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom gadarGeuli cxovelebi bevrad

ufro met STamomavals tovebdnen, vidre danarGenebi, anu mainc hqonda adgili gauc-

nobierebel gadarGevas. ramdenad afaseben TavianT cxovelebs cecxlovani miwis (Tiera del fuegos) veluri tomebi iqidanac Gans, rom SimSilobis periodSi isini klaven da Wamen Tavian-

Ti tomis moxuc qalebs, xolo ZaRlebs xels ar axleben. mcenareebSi SeimGneoda gaumjobe-

sebis gradualuri procesi periodulad saukeTeso individebis SenarGunebis gziT; iqnebi-

an Tu ara isini imdenad gansxvavebulni sxva individebisgan, rom pirveli gamoGenisTanave

calke nairsaxeobad GaiTvalon, moxdeba Tu ara Sejvarebis Sedegad ori saxeobis an rasis

Serwyma, SeiZleba vivaraudoT zogierTi maGveneblis, zomisa da silamazis mixedviT. rodesac

dRes vardebsa da iasamferebs, georginebs, pelargoniumebsa da sxva mcenareebs maT winap-

rul formebs vadarebT, amas aSkarad vxedavT _ bunebrivia, veluri mcenaris Teslidan

umaRlesi donis iasamfera an georgina ver aRmocendeba. aseve veravin SeZlebda veluri

msxlis Teslidan umaRlesi xarisxis msxlis miRebas, Tumca, misi miReba SesaZlebelia baRis

gavelurebuli msxlis nergidan. msxlis moSeneba baRSi uZvelesi droidan xdeboda, Tumca

pliniusis aRweris mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, igi Zalze dabali xarisxis iyo. mebaReobis

Sesaxeb daweril SromebSi araerTxel Semxvedria aRfrTovanebis gamomxatveli sityvebi

mebaReebis araGveulebriv xelovnebaze, romlebmac SeZles da miiRes gasaocari nimuSebi

erTob ubadruki masalisagan _ Tumca es xelovneba ubralo iyo da saboloo Sedegi TiTqmis

gaucnobierebeli. es procesi yovelTvis Semdegnairad mimdinareobda: yvelaze kargi nair-

saxeoba iTeseba, Semdeg, ukve misi aRmonacenisagan xdeba saukeTesos SerGeva da es procesi

kvlav da kvlav grZeldeba. Zveli klasikuri xanis mebaReebi, romlebsac maTTvis xel-

misawvdomi msxlis saukeTeso jiSebi mohyavdaT, ra Tqma unda, verasodes warmoidgendnen

iseTi nayofis arsebobas, romelsac dRes Gven mivirTmevT. Tumca siamovnebas garkveulwilad

im mebaReebis gaucnobierebel gadarGevas unda vumadlodeT. Gemi azriT, nela da gauc-

nobierebulad dagrovili mravali cvlileba xsnis, sayovelTaod cnobil faqts, rom umetes

465

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SemTxvevaSi Gven ar SegviZlia davadginoT da amitom arc viciT Gvens baRebsa da bostnebSi

xangrZlivad kultivirebuli mcenareebis winaprebi. Tu mcenareebis dRevandel

standartebamde moyvanas saukuneebi da aTaswleulebi dasWirda, gasagebi xdeba mizezi,

romlis gamo verc avstraliaSi, Tu imedis koncxze mcxovrebma aborigenebma da verc sxva

qveynebis, aracivilizebulma binadarma adamianebma, ver mogvawodes erTi mcenarec ki,

romlis kultivirebasac azri eqneboda. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom saxeobebis aseTi mra-

valferovnebiT gamorGeul am qveynebSi ar gaaGniaT sasargeblo da saWiro mcenareTa abo-

rigenuli jiSebi, aramed imitom, rom adgilobrivi mcenareebis gaumjobeseba xangrZlivi

gadarGeviT ar xdeboda, rogorc es civilizebuli qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

rac Seexeba velur adamianTa mier Sinauri cxovelebis movlis sakiTxs, mxedvelobidan arc

is unda gamogvrGes, rom am cxovelebs sakvebis mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebiT zogierT

sezonze, TiTqmis brZola uwevT. SesaZlebelia, rom garemo pirobebiT gansxvavebul or

sxvadsxva qveyanaSi erTmaneTisagan konstituciiT an agebulebiT odnav gansxvavebuli

erTi da imave saxeobis individebi erT qveyanaSi ufro metad ganviTardnen, vidre meoreSi,

da, aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivi gadarGevis procesis Sedegad (rogorc amas qvemoT

ganvixilavT), Gamoyalibdes ori qvejiSi. is faqti, rom GamorGenili qveynebis nairsaxeobe-

bi ufro metad hgavs namdvil saxeobebs, vidre civilizebuli qveynebis nairsaxeobebi.

adamianis mier warmoebuli gadarGevis mniSvnelobis ganxilvis Semdeg gasagebi xdeba

Gveni Sinauri rasebis Segueba adamianis moTxovnilebebis mimarT rogorc Tavisi age-

bulebiT, aseve cxovrebis niriT. amitomac xdeba, rom Sinauri jiSebi Zalian gansxvavde-

bian erTmaneTisgan garegani, xolo sustad _ Sinagani agebulebiT. adamians TiTqmis ar

ZaluZs, an didi gaWirvebiT Tu SeZlebs iseTi cvlilebebis gadarGevas, romlebic ga-

regnulad ar vlindeba, Tanac iSviaTad fiqrobs Sinagan agebulebaze. igi cdilobs

gadarGevis saSualebiT imoqmedos mxolod bunebrivad warmoqmnil sust cvlilebebze.

azrad aravis mouvidoda farSevangkuda mtredi gamoeyvana, sanam ar SeamGnevda Tundac

sustad gamoxatul, magram mainc uGveulo kudis mqone mtreds an _ butia mtredi, Tu

odesRac odnav metad ganviTarebuli GiGaxvis mqone mtreds ar SeamGnevda. rac ufro

uGveulo da gamoxatuli iyo raime axladwarmoqmnili niSani, miT ufro ipyrobda igi

adamianis yuradRebas. magram iseTi gamonaTqvamebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa magaliTad

`cdilobs miiRos farSevangkuda mtredi~, umetes SemTxvevebSi, Gemi azriT, ar aris swori.

adamians, romelmac pirvelad SeamGnia mtredi odnav farTo kudiT, ar daesizmreboda,

ras daemsgavsebodnen am frinvelis STamomavlebi nawilobriv gaucnobierebeli, nawi-

lobriv ki meToduri gadarGevis Sedegad. SesaZlebelia, farSevangkuda mtredis winapars

ukve hqonda odnav gafxorili kudis ToTxmeti bumbuli, rogorc, magaliTad, iavis farSe-

vangkuda mtreds, an sxva jiSebis zogierT kudze 17 bumbulian individs, SesaZloa pirveli

butia mtredi imaze metad ar beravda GiGaxvs, rogorc mtredTolia beravs xolme say-

lapavis zeda nawils. am Tvisebas mtredebis moyvarulTa didi nawili yuradRebas ar aq-

cevs, radgan igi jiSis erT-erT damaxasiaTebeli niSani. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom moyva-

rulisaTvis sulac ar aris aucilebeli, mtreds raime gansakuTrebuli da yvelasgan

466

Carlz darvini

gamorGeuli niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebdes, rom misiT dainteresdes. am saqmeSi garkveuli

adamianisTvis mcire Taviseburebis danaxva da siaxlis Sefaseba araviTar siZneles ar

warmoadgens. xSirad mtredebSi warmoGenil mraval mcire cvlilebas naklad miiGneven da

ara upiratesobad. rogorc cnobilia, Gveulebriv bats gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT

gamorGeuli nairsaxeoba ar gaaGnia: aqedan gamomdinare, erTmaneTisagan mxolod feriT

gansxvavebuli tuluzis jiSi da Gveulebrivi jiSi, Sinaur frinvelTa bolodroindel ga-

mofenaze sxvadasxva jiSad iyo warmodgenili. es kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rac

araerTxel aRuniSnavT. kerZod, is, rom Gveni Sinauri cxovelebis istoriis Sesaxeb arafe-

ri viciT, TumcaRa dialeqtis msgavsad, jiSzec Znelia Tqva _ konkretulad rogor war-

moiSva. adamiani cdilobs SeinarGunos da moaSenos im individTa STamomavloba, romelTac

umniSvnelo gadaxra aqvT agebulebaSi an gansakuTrebulad arGevs cxovelebs Sejvare-

bisaTvis da amgvarad aumjobesebs maT; xolo gaumjobesebuli cxovelebi ki nel-nela

mezobel teritoriebze vrceldebian. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom maT raime sxva saxeli da-

erqvmevaT anda imis gamo, rom jer kidev ar gaaGniaT mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba, maTi is-

toria uyuradRebod darGeba. gaumjobesebulni aseTive neli, gradualuri procesiT ki-

dev ufro farTod gavrceldebian, raime gansakuTrebuli da Zvirfasi niSnis an Tvisebis

gamo moipoveben aRiarebas da mxolod amis Semdeg miiReben adgilobriv saxelwodebas. na-

xevrad civilizebul qveynebSi, sadac komunikaciebi SezRudulia, axali qvejiSis gavr-

celeba ufro neli procesia. rogorc ki axali jiSis Rirebuleba aRiarebas moipovebs. xels

Seuwyobs jiSis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis nel dagrovebas. erT epoqaSi es SeiZleba ufro

swrafad moxdes, xolo meoreSi _ ufro nela _ imis mixedviT modaSia, Tu ara mocemuli jiSi.

igive SiZleba iTqvas teritoriebzec: erT maTganze procesi ufro swrafad mimdinareobs,

vidre meoreze, rac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kulturul donezea damokidebuli. nak-

lebad savaraudoa, rom amgvar nel, meryev da SeumGnevel cvlilebebze raime monacemebi

darGes. axla ki aucileblad unda vTqva ramdenime sityva adamianis mier warmoebuli ga-

darGevisaTvis xelsayreli da araxelsayreli pirobebis Sesaxeb. cvalebadobis maRali

xarisxi, rogorc Gans, sasikeToa, radgan gadarGevisaTvis uxv masalas iZleva; xolo meTo-

duri gadarGevis dros sakmarisi iqneboda ubralo, individualuri gansxvavebebi ufro

didi cvlilebebis dagrovebisTvis. magram imdenad, ramdenadac adamianisaTvis gamosadegi

an xelsayreli cvlilebebi arc ise xSirad gvxvdeba, rac ufro didia asarGev individTa

raodenoba, miT ufro matulobs maTi warmoSobis albaToba. aqedan gamomdinare, raodenoba

warmatebis miRwevaSi udides rols TamaSobs. am principebTan dakavSirebiT marSali (Marshall) aRniSnavs: radgan iorkSiris jiSis cxvari `umeteswilad Rarib mosaxleobas ekuTvnis da

amitom mcire raodenobiT hyavT, maTi gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs~. meore

mxriv ki sayuradReboa, rom profesionali mebaRe erTi da imave mcenaris didi raodenobiT

moyvanisas, gacilebiT mniSvnelovan warmatebas aRwevs axali da Zvirfasi nairsaxeobebis

gamoyvanis saqmeSi, vidre am saqmis moyvarulebi. didi raodenobis cxovelebis moSenebas da

mcenareebis moyvanas maTi gamravlebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna esaWiroeba.

individTa mcire raodenobis dros nebismieri maTgani gamoiyeneba STamomavlobis

467

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

misaRebad, rac gadarGevas xels uSlis. Tumca, Tu adamiani cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Zalze

afasebs da did yuradRebas aqcevs nebismier gadaxras maT Tvisebebsa Tu agebulebaSi, es

ukve warmatebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. amgvari rudunebis gareSe verafers SevcvliT. me

movismine, rogor amtkicebdnen mTeli seriozulobiT: ra bednierebaa, rom marwyvma mas

mere, rac mebaReebis yuradReba miipyro, Secvla daiwyoo. ueWvelia, rom marwyvi adrec

icvleboda, magram umniSvnelod Secvlil nairsaxeobebs yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. mas

Semdeg, rac mebaReebma SearGies odnav ufro didi zomis, saadreo da ukeTesi nayofi,

gamoiyvanes misi GiTilebi da Semdeg maTganac saukeTeso SearGies, miviReT marwyvis is

SesaniSnavi jiSebi, romlebic bolo 30-40 welia mogvyavs. cxovelebis SemTxvevaSi, axali

jiSis Seqmnis saqmeSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maTi adgilsamyofelis SemosazRv-

ras, raTa ar moxdes Tavisufali Sejvareba. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT qveynebSi,

sadac isedac bevria gansxvavebuli jiSebi, xolo momTabare velur tomebsa da gaSlil

velebze mcxovreb xalxs isedac iSviaTad hyavs erTi saxeobis erT jiSze meti forma. is

faqti, rom mtredebi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze wyvildebian, Zalian momgebiania mtre-

debis moyvarulTaTvis, vinaidanes xels uwyobs wminda jiSebis SenarGunebas erT saf-

rinveleSi. aRniSnuli garemoeba Zalze xelsayreli gamodga axali jiSebis warmoqmnisa-

Tvis. davamateb, rom mtredebi swrafad da didi raodenobiT mravldebian, arasasurveli

nimuSis amoReba misi sakvebad gamoyenebis gamo advilad xdeba. meore mxriv, Zalze Znelia

katebis mizanmimarTuli Sejvareba da wminda jiSis SenarGuneba, cxovrebis Ramis niris

gamo. marTalia, bavSvebsa da qalebs es cxoveli Zalian uyvarT, magram maTi romelime,

sufTad SenarGunebuli jiSis naxva Zalze Znelia. Tuki aseTi mainc gamoGndeba, igi yo-

velTvis sxva qveynidan aris Semoyvanili. miuxedavad imisa, rom eWvi ar mepareba cxovelebis

gansxvavebul, TavisTavad met-naklebad cvlilebis unarSi, darwmunebuli var, rom katebs,

virebs, farSevangebs, batebsa da a.S, imitom ar gaaGniaT gamokveTili niSan-Tvisebebis

matarebeli gansxvavebuli jiSebi, rom maT mimarT gadarGeva ar gamoiyeneba: katebis mimarT

imitom, rom Znelia maTi Sejvareba, virebis mimarT imitom, rom isini mcire raodenobiT

hyavs Rarib xalxs da maT gamoyvanas Zalze mcire yuradReba eqceva (Tumca arc ise didi

xnis win espaneTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis zogierT raionSi es cxoveli saocrad Secvales

da gaaumjobeses), farSevangebis mimarT imitom, rom maTi gamravleba Znelia da patara

gundebad hyavT; batebis mimarT ki imitom rom isini fasoben bumbulisa da xorcis gamo da

misi jiSebis Gveneba araviTar siamovnebas ar warmoadgens; garda amisa, bati, rogorc Gans,

gamoirGeva nakleb plastikuri organizaciiT.

SevajamoT zemoTqmuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis Sinauri jiSebis warmoSobis

Sesaxeb. Rrmad mwams, rom sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlilebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs

cvalebadobis warmoqmnaSi _ rogorc individis organizaciaze pirdapiri zemoqmedebiT,

ise iribad _ sasqeso sistemis meSveobiT. SeuZlebelia, rom cvalebadoba iyos memkvid-

ruli da aucilebeli nebismieri pirobebis dros da yvela organul arsebas axasiaTeb-

des, rogorc amas zogierTi avtori Tvlis. memkvidreobiToba da reversia met-naklebad

gansazRvravs, SenarGundeba Tu ara cvlileba. cvalebadoba eqvemdebareba bevr ucnob

468

Carlz darvini

kanons, romelTagan zrdis korelacia yvelaze mniSvnelovania. Gven ar viciT, ramdenad

mniSvnelovania sasicocxlo pirobebi _ garkveuli Sedegi SeiZleba mivaweroT organoe-

bis gavarjiSebas an gauvarjiSeblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, saboloo Sedegi Zalze rTu-

lia. zogierTi jiSis warmoSobaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda aborigenul saxeobebs

Soris Sejvareba. Tu romelime qveyanaSi odesRac ramdenime jiSi warmoiqmna, maTi iS-

viaTi Sejvareba gadarGevasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels axali qvejiSebis

warmoSobas; Tumca Sejvareba arc ise mniSvnelovania, rogorc zogierTi cxovelis, ise

im mcenareebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic TesliT mravldebian. gacilebiT metia Sejvarebis

mniSvneloba im mcenareebSi, romlebic kvirtiT mravldebian, radgan memcenares SeuZ-

lia ar miaqcios yuradReba cvalebadobis ukidures xarisxsa da hibridebs, aseve najva-

rebisa da hibridebis sterilurobas. magram mcenareebi, romlebic TesliT ar mravldeba,

GvenTvis naklebad sainteresoa.

Tavi II

cvalebadoba bunebaSi

cvalebadoba; individualuri gansxvavebebi; saeWvo saxeobebi; farTod gavrcele-

buli, gansakuTrebulad gansaxlebuli da Gveulebrivi saxeobebi metad cvalebadia;

ufro msxvili gvarebis saxeobebi yvela qveyanaSi metad cvalebadia, vidre mcire

gvaris saxeobebi. msxvili gvarebis mravali saxeoba nairsaxeobebis msgavsad, Zalze

mWidrod, magram araerTgvarovnad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da maTsaviT

SezRudulad gavrcelebuli.

sanam wina TavSi Gamoyalibebul zogad principebs bunebriv pirobebSi arsebuli or-

ganuli saxeobebisTvis gamoviyenebT, jer unda davadginoT eqvemdebarebian Tu ara isini

cvlilebebs. am sakiTxis saTanadod gasaSuqeblad saWiroa mSrali faqtebis grZeli nusx-

is moyvana, magram amas Semdegi naSromisaTvis gadavdeb. aq arc saxeobis gansxvavebul

ganmartebebs ganvixilav _ verc erTma maTganma ver daakmayofila yvela naturalisti;

Tumca maT kargad ar ician, ras gulisxmoben saxeobaze saubrisas. zogadad ki es termini

gulisxmobs warmoqmnis Sedegad miRebul ucnob elementebs. aseve Znelia termin `nair-

saxeobis~ gansazRvra, magram masSi aucileblad igulisxmeba erTiani warmoSoba, Tumca

praqtikulad amis damtkiceba Zalian Znelia. garda amisa, arsebobs egreT wodebuli si-

maxinjeebi, magram isini TandaTanobiT nairsaxeobebSi gadadian. simaxinjeebSi gulisx-

moben nebismier normidan gadaxras, romelic, rogorc wesi, saxeobisaTvis usargeblo

an mavnebelia. zogierTi mecnieri termins _ `saxecvlileba~ _ iyenebs teqnikuri Tval-

sazrisiT da masSi gulisxmobs fizikuri pirobebis moqmedebiT gamowveul cvlilebas.

469

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

am gagebiT saxecvlileba memkvidreobiT ar gadadis, magram vis SeuZlia dabejiTebiT

amtkicos, rom moluskebis juja niJarebi baltiis zRvis wylebSi, mcenareebis alpuri

formebi an GrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi cxovelebis Zalze sqeli bewvi zogierT SemTxvevaSi

memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema Tundac ramdenime Taobas. nairsaxeoba swored aseT SemTx-

vevaSi miRebul formas SeiZleba ewodos.

garda amisa, arsebobs kidev odnav gansxvavebuli niSnebi, romlebsac SesaZloa in-

dividebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi vuwodoT, magaliTad, erTi da imave mSoblis sxvada-

sxva naSieris ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi an erT SemosazRvrul teritoriaze mcxovrebi

cxovelebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. ra Tqma unda gulubryviloba iqneboda gvefiqra, rom

erTi da imave nairsaxeobis individebi erT yalibSi unda, iyvnen Gamosxmulni. individua-

luri niSan-Tvisebebi GvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac isini warmoadgenen ma-

salas bunebrivi gadarGevisaTvis. da aqac xdeba cvlilebebis dagroveba, msgavsad imisa,

rom adamiani Sinauri cxovelebisa Tu frinvelebis gadarGevisas erTi mimarTulebis gan-

masxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebis dagrovebas axorcielebs. es gansxvavebebi ZiriTadad im

organoebis cvlilebas ganapirobebs, romlebsac naturalistebi umniSvnelod miiGneven,

magram mravali faqtis moSveliebiT SesaZlebelia davadasturoT, rom umniSvnelo orga-

noebis msgavsad fiziologiuri Tu sistematikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovani

organoebi, aseve gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxeobaSi. darwmunebuli var, rom yvelaze

gamocdil naturalistsac ki gaaocebda avtoritetuli monacemebis safuZvelze Se-

grovebuli cvalebadobis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba (agebulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

nawilebisac ki), Tu GemsaviT wlebis manZilze moipovebda da krebda am monacemebs. mniSv-

nelovan organoebs Soris gansxvavebis aRmoGena sistematikosebis did aRfrTovanebas ar

iwvevs da, garda amisa, arc im adamianTa ricxvia didi, vinc guldasmiT Seiswavlis erTi

da maT adarebs erTmaneTs. Tavad me arafriT movelodi, rom centraluri nervuli kvanZi-

dan gamomavali nervebis ganStoeba cvalebadobs erTi saxeobis mwerebSi. savaraudo iyo,

rom aseTi saxis cvlilebebi xdeba nela da TandaTanobiT; miuxedavad amisa, ser j. la-

bokma (J. Lubbock) aGvena am nervebis cvlebadobis iseTi xarisxi Coccus-ebSi, romelic SeiZ-

leba xis ucnaur datotvas SevadaroT. am filosofiuri Sexedulebebis naturalistma

mwerTa matlebis kunTebis aRnagobis cvalebadobis aRmoGenac ki SeZlo. xSirad imarTeba

kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, rom mniSvnelovan organoebs cvalebadoba ar axasiaTebs, Tumca mni-

Svnelovnad Tvlian mxolod im organoebs, romlebic cvlilebas ar ganicdian. Tu am azrs

gaviziarebT, maSin mniSvnelovani nawilis cvalebadobis verc erT SemTxvevas ver vipo-

viT, Tumca sxva Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, amis araerTi magaliTi arsebobs.

aris individualur gansxvavebebTan dakavSirebuli da gansakuTrebiT gamoucnobi

kidev erTi garemoeba; vgulisxmob mravalferovani anu polimorfuli gvarebis arsebo-

bas, sadac saxeobebs cvalebadobis maRali xarisxi axasiaTebs. am formebis absolutur

umravlesobsTan dakavSirebiT ori naturalistic ki ver SeTanxmdeba sadavo sakiTxebSi:

aRiaron isini saxeobebad Tu nairsaxeobebad. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT mcena-

reebis Semdegi gvarebi: Rubus, Rosa, Hieracium, mwerebisa da moluskebis (Brachiopoda) zo-

470

Carlz darvini

gierTi gvari. polimorfuli gvarebis umravlesobaSi zogierT saxeobas fiqsirebuli da

gansazRvruli niSnebi aqvs. gvarebi, romlebic polimorfulia erTi qveynis farglebSi,

rogorc wesi, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, sxva qveynebSic polimorfulia. igive SeiZle-

ba iTqvas (Tu Brachiopoda-s niJarebiT vimsjelebT) gardasul epoqaTa organizmebze. es

faqtebi Zalze ucnauria, radgan aGvenebs, rom cvalebadobis aRniSnuli saxe, sasicocxlo

pirobebze ar aris damokidebuli. me ufro im varaudisken vixrebi, rom zogierT poli-

morful gvarSi Gven vawydebiT, saxeobisTvis arc sasargeblo da arc mavne cvlilebebs.

amitom maT bunebrivi gadarGeva ar iyenebs (rogorc es qvemoT iqneba axsnili).

erTi da imave saxeobis individebi, rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, Zlier gansx-

vavdebian erTmaneTisagan agebulebiT (rac ar aris gamowveuli cvalebadobiT). magali-

Tad: sxvadasxva sqesis cxovelebi; mwerebis sxvadasxva kastebi – steriluri mdedrebi an

muSa mwerebi; umdablesi cxovelebis larva. cnobilia agreTve dimorfizmis da trimor-

fizmis SemTxvevebi mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi. ase magaliTad, mister uolesma (Wallace),

bolo dros yuradReba miaqcia am Temas da aRniSna, rom malais arqipelagis zogierTi

saxeobis peplebis mdedrebi regularulad Gndebian ori an sami mkveTrad gansxvavebuli

formiT, Tan erTmaneTs ar ukavSirdebian Sualeduri nairsaxeobebiT. fric miulerma

(Fritz Muller) aRwera analogiuri, magram ufro ucnauri SemTxvevebi zogierTi braziliuri

kibosnairebis mamrebSi: magaliTad, Tanais mamrebi regularulad gvxvdeba ori formis

saxiT: erTs Zlieri da Taviseburi marwuxebi, meores ki antenebze mravali mgrZnobiare

bususi aqvs. Tumca ufro xSirad mcenareebisa da cxovelebis ori an sami forma erTma-

neTTan ar aris dakavSirebuli Sualeduri gradaciebiT. SesaZlebelia, odesRac aseTi

gradaciebi arsebuliyo. magaliTad, mister uolesma aRwera aseTi SemTxveva: peplebis

cnobili saxeoba malais arqipelagis erT kunZulze ara erTi nairsaxeobebiT aris war-

modgenili. isini erTmaneTTan Sualeduri rgolebiT arian dakavSirebulni; xolo am ri-

gis kidura formebi malais arqipelagis sxva kunZulze mobinadre dimorfuli saxeobis

ori formis msgavsia. aseve WianWvelebSic: muSebis ramdenime kasta sruliad gansxvave-

bulia; Tumca zogjer kastebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli aris nairsaxeobebiT, rom-

lebic erTi formidan meoreze gadasvlis Zalze natifi nimuSia. igive SevamGnie zogierT

dimorful mcenareSi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia ar gaocde im faqtiT, rom erT mdedr

pepelas SeuZlia awarmoos erTdroulad gansxvavebuli mdedrobiTi da erTi mamrobiTi

forma, an hermafroditi mcenare erT kolofSi sxvadasxva formis hermafroditul sam

Tesls awarmoebs. Tumca es yvelaferi Gveulebrivi movlenis ufro mkveTri gamovline-

baa, rodesac mdedri ori sqesis saocrad gansxvavebul individs Sobs.

GvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is formebi, romlebsac garkveulwilad

gaaGniaT saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, magram imdenad emsgavsebian sxva for-

mebs an maTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul Sualedur rgolebs, rom mecnierebi maT calke

saxeobebad ar miiGneven. Gven yvela mizezi gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom zogi aseTi saeWvo

da axlomonaTesave forma ukve didi xania, rac inarGunebs damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. es

471

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

drois igive monakveTia, romelic kargad gamoxatul saxeobebs axasiaTebT. rodesac

naturalisti or formas erTmaneTTan aerTianebs, romelTagan erT-erTs Sualeduri

niSan-Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, am pirvel formas is miiGnevs meoris nairsaxeobad, xolo

meores _ ufro metad gavrcelebulsa da miRebuls _ saxeobad. magram aris SemTxvevebi,

romlebic aq ar momyavs, rodesac Zalze Znelia gadawyveta, aris Tu ara erTi forma

meoris nairsaxeoba, Tundac Sualeduri rgolebis arsebobisas; es siZnele ar aixsneba

Sualeduri formebis savaraudo hibriduli bunebiT. mraval SemTxvevaSi erTi forma

miGneulia meore formis nairsaxeobad ara imitom, rom Sualeduri rgolebi iqna napov-

ni, aramed damkvirveblis mier analogiis safuZvelze gamotanili daskvnis safuZvelze

_ rom isini sadRac arseboben an SeiZleba odesRac earsebaT.

ase rom, gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, esa Tu is forma saxeobaa Tu nairsaxeoba,

bevradaa damokidebulia naturalistis saR msjelobasa da gamocdilebaze. Tumca xSirad

sakiTxi wydeba naturalistTa xmebis umravlesobiT. udavoa is faqti, rom amgvari saeW-

vo bunebis nairsaxeobebi sakmaod bevria. SeadareT sxvadasxva mecnieris mier aRwerili

inglisis, safrangeTisa da amerikis flora da naxavT, ramdeni formaa iseTi, romelsac

erTi mecnieri nairsaxeobad miiGnevs, meore ki _ saxeobad. batonma h.s. uotsonma (H.G. Watson), romelsac me didad unda vumadlode gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis, 182 britanuli

mcenare aRnusxa, romlebsac nairsaxeobad miviGnevT, Tumca botanikosebi maT saxeobad

Tvlian; am siaSi man ar Seitana mravali umniSvnelo nairsaxeoba, romlebsac zogierTi

botanikosi saxeobad miiGnevs da saerTod gamotova ramdenime polimorfuli gvari. gan-

sakuTrebuli poliformuli Sedgenilobis gvarebs, batoni babingtoni (Babington) – 251,

xolo batoni bentami (Bentham) mxolod 112 saxeobas miakuTvnebs. maT Soris sxvaoba _ 139

saeWvo forma _ arc ise umniSvneloa. cnobilia, rom cxovelebi yoveli STamomavlobis mo-

cemis win erTmaneTs uwyvildebian da Zalian moZravni arian; maTi saeWvo formebi, romleb-

sac zoologebis erTi nawili saxeobad miiGnevs, meore nawili ki _ nairsaxeobad, iSviaTad

gvxvdeba erTi qveynis farglebSi da xSirad _ sxva qveynis teritoriaze. ramdeni frinve-

li da mweria aseTi evropasa da GrdiloeT amerikaSi, romlebsac mecnierTa erTi nawili

saxeobad miiGnevs, meore ki _ nairsaxeobad anu e.w. geografiul rasebad. mister uolesma

malais arqipelagze mobinadre cxovelebis Sesaxeb daweril ramdenime faseul gamokv-

levaSi gvaGvena, rom Lepidoptera-s (qerclfrTianebi anu peplebi), dayofa SesaZlebelia

oTx jgufad: cvalebad formebad, lokalur formebad, geografiul rasebad, anu qves-

axeobebad da namdvil Gamnacvlebel saxeobebad. pirveli anu cvalebadi formebi, Zalze

icvleba erTi kunZulis farglebSi; lokaluri formebi SedarebiT mudmivia da erTmane-

Tisgan gansxvavdeba TiToeul kunZulze, magram gansxvavebebi imdenad mcirea, rom maTi

aRwera TiTqmis SeuZlebelia (Tumca, Tu kidura formebs SevadarebT, gansxvaveba TvalSi

sacemia). geografiuli rasebi kargad Gamoyalibebuli da izolirebuli adgilobrivi

formebia. magram radgan isini ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan kargad gamoxatuli an

mniSvnelovani niSnebiT, piradi azris garda, ar aris sxva kriteriumi imis dasadgenad,

romelia maTgan saxeoba, xolo romeli _ nairsaxeoba. bolos, Gamnacvlebel saxeobebs

472

Carlz darvini

kunZulis bunebaSi igive adgili ukavia, rac lokalur formebs anu qvesaxeobebs; magram

radgan gansxvaveba maT Soris metia, vidre lokalur formebs an qvesaxeobebs Soris, natu-

ralistebi maT namdvil saxeobebad miiGneven.

mravali wlis win Tavad vakvirdebodi galapagosis arqipelagSi mobinadre frinve-

lebs, vadarebdi maT ara marto erTmaneTs, aramed amerikis kontinentze binadar sxva

frinvelebsac da didad gamakvirva im saocrad bundovanma da pirobiTma gansxvavebam,

romelic arsebobda saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris. madeiras kunZulebze binadar

mwerebs batoni uolastoni (Wollaston) Tavis brwyinvale naSromSi nairsaxeobebad Tvlis,

Tumca mravali entomologi maT uyoymanod saxeobebad miiGnevda. irlandiaSic ki bi-

nadroben iseTi cxovelebi, romlebic dResdReobiT nairsaxeobebad arian miiGneulni,

Tumca mravali zoologi maT saxeobebis kategorias aniWebs. ramdenime, sakmaod ga-

mocdili orniTologi britanul wiTel roWos norvegiuli saxeobis mkveTrad gamoxa-

tul nairsaxeobad miiGnevs, maSin, rodesac mravali mecnieri maT didi britaneTisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel gamokveTil saxeobas uwodebs. zogjer mecnierebi or gansxvavebul

formas imitom miiGneven saxeobad, rom maT sabinadro teritoriebs Soris didi daSorebaa.

magram aqve Gndeba kiTxva, ra yvelaze mcire manZiliT unda iyos daSorebuli ori saWvo

forma erTmaneTisagan, rom isini sxvadasxva saxeobad miviGnioT? Tu, vTqvaT, manZili

amerikasa da evropas Soris sakmarisia, SeiZleba Tu ara igive iTqvas manZilze evropidan

azoris kunZulebamde an _ madeiramde, an _ kanaris kunZulebamde, an _ am arqipelagebis

kunZulTa Soris? erTi da imave formas gamocdil mecnierTa erTi nawili nairsaxeobad

miiGnevs, meore ki, maTi Taviseburebebis gamo, saxeobad Tvlis. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

romelia maT Soris marTali, am terminebis zust gansazRvramde wylis nayva iqneboda.

Gvens yuradRebas mkafiod gamoxatuli saxeobis mravali SemTxveva iqcevs, ramdenadac

maT geografiul ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli mravali saintereso argumenti gaGnda,

romelTa daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros saxeobisa da nairsaxeobis statusi. maga-

liTad moviyvan yvelasaTvis cnobili mcenareebis Primula vera-s da elatioris SemTxve-

vas. es ori mcenare erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba: maT gansxvavebuli sur-

neli aqvT da sxvadasxva periodSi yvavian, sxvadasxva pirobebSi xaroben da zrdasrulni

sxvadasxva simaRles aRweven: gansxvavebulia agreTve maTi gavrcelebis areali, bolos,

Zalian yuradRebiani mecnier-damkvirveblis gartneris (Garthner) cdebi gviGvenebs,

rom maTi Sejvareba Zalian rTuli saqmea _ GamoTvlili niSan-Tvisebebi, wesiT, sruliad

sakmarisi unda iyos, rom ori forma gansxvavebul saxeobad miviGnioT, magram, meore

mxriv, maT mravali Sualeduri rgoli aerTianebs, da metad saeWvoa am Sualeduri rgo-

lebis hibriduli buneba; amas garda, uamravi cdis Sedegi adasturebs, rom am or mcenares

saerTo winapari hyavs da maSasadame, isini nairsaxeobebia.

sakiTxis rudunebiT kvlevisa da Seswavlis Sedegad naturalistebi, bolos da bo-

los, aucileblad SeTanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rogor unda mieniWos esa Tu is statusi

yvelaze kargad Seswavlil qveynebSi didi raodenobiT arsebul saeWvo formebs. me yo-

473

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

velTvis maocebda is faqti, rom Tu romelime cxoveli an mcenare bunebaSi Zalze sasarge-

bloa adamianisTvis da ase Tu ise ipyrobs mis yuradRebas, TiTqmis yvelgan vxvdebiT Ga-

nawerebs maTi nairsaxeobebis Sesaxeb. amaze metic, zogierTi mecnieri maT saxeobebad

aRiarebs. magaliTad, erTi SexedviT ubralo muxa, naxeT, ra guldasmiT SeuswavliaT! da

miuxedavad amisa, erT-erTi germaneli mecnieri gamoyofs mis Tormetze met saxeobas,

romlebic yovelTvis nairsaxeobebad iyo miGneuli. zustad aseve, Gvens qveyanaSi moRvawe

gamocdil botanikosTa erTi nawili muxis or formas _ Quercus sessiliflora-sa da Q. peduncu-lata-s _ saxeobas miakuTvnebs, meore ki _ nairsaxeobas. rodesac axalgazrda naturalisti

iwyebs misTvis aqamde ucnobi organizmebis Seswavlas, Tavidan Zalian gauWirdeba imis

dadgena, gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebidan romeli GaTvalos saxeobis maxasiaTebelad

da romeli _ nairsaxeobis, radgan man jer araferi icis sakvlev organizmTa jgufis cva-

lebadobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, Tu igi Semoifargleba konkretul qveyanaSi arsebuli erTi

romelime klasis SeswavliT, maleve gadawyvets, ra niSniT gansazRvros yvelaze saeWvo

formebic ki. Tavdapirvelad masze did STabeWdilebas moaxdens Sesaswavl formebSi

aRmoGenili gansxvavebebi, amitom dasawyisisaTvis Seecdeba, rac SeiZleba meti saxeoba

gamoyos. garda amisa, sawyis etapze mas ar gaaGnia sakmarisi informacia sxva jgufebsa

da qveynebSi arsebul analogiur nairsaxeobebze. aseTi informacia aucileblad Seucv-

lida pirvel STabeWdilebas. dakvirvebebis procesSi igi kidev ufro met sirTuleebs

Sexvdeba _ aucileblad aRmoaGens sakvlev formebTan Zalian axlos mdgom sxva formeb-

sac. magram Tu Gveni naturalisti metad gaafarToebs kvleva-Ziebas, bolos aucileblad

gaarkvevs, romel formebs uwodos saxeobebi da romels _ nairsaxeobebi. am warmatebis

safuZveli ki aucileblad iqneba didi cvalebadoba, romlis gamo sxva naturalistebma

kamaTic SeiZleba gamarTon.

ufro metic, Tu igi Seecdeba erT dros sxva qveynebidan Semoyvanili saxeobebic Se-

iswavlos da maTi daxmarebiT saeWvo formebs Soris Sualeduri rgolebi aRmoaGinos,

mas mTlianad am saxeobaTa analogiaze mouwevs dayrdnoba. aq ki sirTuleebi namdvilad

zenits miaRwevs. da marTlac, jer aravis gauvlia xazi saxeobebsa da qvesaxeobebs anu

im formebs Soris, romlebic, mravali mecnieris azriT, marTalia uaxlovdebian, magram

verafriT ver adian saxeobis rangamde. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qvesaxeobebsa da kargad

gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs, an naklebad gamokveTil nairsaxeobebsa da individualur gan-

masxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs Soris, romlebic erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. es gansxvavebe-

bi SeumGnevlad erwymis erTmaneTs da erT uwyvet rigs qmnis, xolo yoveli rigi namdvil

gadasvlaze metyvelebs. Sesabamisad, individualur gansxvavebebs Zalze mniSvnelovnad

(Tumca sistematikosebisTvis isini nakleb sainteresoa) miviGnev, radgan isini gadadg-

muli pirvel nabijia nairsaxeobaTa warmoqmnis gzaze. xolo is nairsaxeobebi, romlebic

garkveulwilad gamokveTili da mudmivia, gvexmareba ufro mkafiod gamokveTili nair-

saxeobebis dadgenaSi, es ukanasknelni ki, Tavis mxriv, qvesaxeobebisa da Semdeg saxeo-

bebis dadgenaSi. gansxvavebaTa erTi safexuridan meore, ufro maRal safexurze gadasvla

zogjer SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos TviT organizmis bunebiT an im fizikuri pirobebis

474

Carlz darvini

xangrZlivi gavleniT, romelSic es orgnizmi binadrobs. magram me, piradad, didad ar

vemxrobi am Sexedulebas. mniSvnelovan adaptaciur niSnebTan dakavSirebiT erTi stadi-

idan meoreze gadasvla dabejiTebiT SeiZleba mivaweroT bunebrivi gadarGevis kumuli-

rebul moqmedebas, aseve organoebis gavarjiSebas an gauvarjiSeblobas.

aqedan gamomdinare mimaGnia, rom kargad gamokveTil nairsaxeobas SeiZleba vuwodoT

sawyisi etapis saxeoba da samarTlianadac. Tumca am faqtis WeSmariteba mxolod sakma-

od seriozuli argumentebiTa da mosazrebebiT unda dasturdebodes. arc is unda vi-

varaudoT, rom sawyisi etapis saxeobis yvela nairsaxeoba saxeobis rangs gautoldeba _

isini, SesaZloa, am sawyis etapzeve gauGinardnen, gaqrnen an SeiZleba gadarGnen kidec

rogorc nairsaxeobebi. zemonaTqvami kargad dasturdeba baton uolastonis (Wollaston) naSromebSic madeiraSi napovni xmeleTis moluskebis namarxebis an gaston de saportas

(Gaston de Saporta) naSromebSi mcenareTa magaliTze. Tu nairsaxeoba ise ganviTarda, rom

winapari saxeobis ricxovnobasac ki gadaaWarba, maSin igi ukve saxeobad ganixileba, xolo

misi winapari saxeoba _ nairsaxeobad. aseve SesaZlebelia man winapari saxeoba saerTod

gamodevnos anda erTdroulad iarsebon, rogorc damoukidebelma saxeobebma. Gven am

sakiTxs, albaT momavalSic mivubrundebiT.

zemoGamoTvlili SeniSvnebidan Gans, rom termini `saxeoba~, pirobiTad iqna miRebuli,

erTmaneTis msgavs individTa jgufis aRniSvna rom gamartivebuliyo. meore mxriv, ter-

mini `nairsaxeobac~ meti moxerxebulobisaTvis ubralo individualuri sxvaobebis aR-

saniSnavad gamoiyeneba.

Teoriuli mosazrebidan gamomdinare GavTvale, rom Tu kargad Seswavlili floris

gansxvavebul nairsaxeobebs cxrilebis saxiT warmovadgendi, saintereso Sedegebs mivi-

RebdiT, gansakuTrebiT cvalebadi saxeobebis bunebasa da urTierTobebze. Semdgom ba-

tonma h.s. uotsonma (H.C. Watson), romelsac didad unda vumadlode metad mniSvnelovani

rGevebisa da daxmarebisaTvis, damarwmuna, rom es sirTuleebiT aRsavse saqme iqneboda.

imave azrisa iyo doqtori hukeric (Dr. Hooker). amitom gadavwyvite, momavali naSromisTvis

gadamedo am sirTuleebis ganxilvisa da cxrilebis SedgenisaTvis. Gemi xelnaweris gul-

dasmiT wakiTxvisas Gemi Sedgenili cxrilebis Seswavlisas doqtori hukeri miiGnevs, rom

am naSromSi azrebi sakmaod kargad aris Gamoyalibebuli, magram mTeli es Tema sakmaod

rTulia da masze saubrisas Tavs ver avaridebT `gadarGenisaTvis brZolis~, `niSan-Tvise-

baTa divergenciis ~ da sxva msgavs sakiTxebs, romlebic SemdgomSi unda ganvixilo.

alfons de kandolma (Alph. De Candolle) da sxva mecnierebma aGvenes, rom farTod

gavrcelebul mcenareebis mravali nairsaxeoba, rac mosalodnelic iyo, imitom, rom

isini sxvadasxva fizikuri pirobebis gavlenas ganicdian da organuli arsebebis

sxvadsxva jgufs uweven konkurencias. Gems cxrilSi naGvenebia, rom nebismier

SemosazRvrul teritoriaze Zalze Gveulebrivi saxeobebi gvxvdeba anu isini

warmodgenilni arian individebis didi raodenobiT da Tanabrad arian ganawilebulni

Tavisi qveynis SigniT (es faqtori sruliad gansxvavebulia farTo arealisgan an

garkveulwilad Gveuli saxeobebisgan); swored es saxeobebi yvelaze xSirad aZleven

475

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

dasabams kargad gamoxatul nairsaxeobebs, imdenad kargad gamoxatuls, rom maT

botanikosebi TavianT naSromebSi aRniSvnis Rirsad miiGneven. aqedan gamomdinare, es

dominanti saxeobebi, romlebic yvelaze didi raodenobiT moipoveba, mTel qveyanaSia

mimofantuli da yvelaze meti individiTaa warmodgenili, xSirad kargad gamokveTil

nairsaxeobebs an, rogorc maT vuwodeb, sawyisi etapis saxeobebs warmoqmnian. es asec unda

iyos, radganac dasamkvidreblad nairsaxeobebs qveynis sxva binadrebTan uwevT brZola.

dominanti saxeobebi ki iZlevian Tundac odnav Secvlils, magram memkvidreobiT upi-

ratesobis mqone STamomavlobas. es swored is upiratesobebia, romlebmac maT winaprebs

dominirebis saSualeba misca. rodesac dominant formebze vsaubrob, mxolod im for-

mebs vgulisxmob, romlebic konkurentunariani arian, gansakuTrebiT msgavsi cxovrebis

niris mqone erTi da imave gvaris an klasis warmomadgenlebs. individTa raodenobis an

saxeobis rigiTobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT mxolod erTi jgufis wevrebis Sedareba

xdeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime umaRlesi mcenaris ricxovnoba sxvebisas aRemateba

da maTTan SedarebiT igi ufro farTodaa gansaxlebuli erT romelime qveyanaSi TiTqmis

msgavs pirobebSi, es mcenare SeiZleba miGneul iqnes dominantad, klebad dominanturad

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis gverdze mcxovrebi romelime parazituli soko warmodgenilia

gacilebiT didi raodenobiT da ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli. magram Tu aRniSnu-

li soko ricxovnobiTa da gansaxlebiT aWarbebs masTan axlo mdgom formebs, Tavisi

klasis farglebSi igi dominanti iqneba.

Tu romelime qveynis ̀ romeliRac floraSi~ aRweril mcenareebs or ZiriTad nawilad

davyofT ise, rom erTSi Sevlen gansakuTrebiT msxvili gvarebis, xolo meoreSi _ mcire

gvarebis warmomadgenlebi, pirvelSi aRmoGndeba dominanti saxeobebis meti raodenoba.

es asec unda yofiliyo; is faqti, rom erTi gvaris mravalricxovani saxeobebi, ama Tu im

konkretul qveyanaSi binadroben, ukve amtkicebs, rom am qveynis araorganuli an organ-

uli pirobebi xelsayrelia gvarisaTvis. amitom unda vifiqroT, rom am gvarSi, romelic

mraval saxeobas moicavs, vipoviT met dominant saxeobas. magram bevri mizezis gamo es

daskvna zogjer bundovani xdeba. magaliTad, makvirvebs Gemi cxrilebidan miRebuli

Sedegi _ msxvil gvarebs mxolod umniSvnelo upiratesoba aqvT dominanti saxeobebis ra-

odenobaSi. gaurkvevlobis mxolod or mizezs moviyvan. rogorc wesi mtknari wylisa da

marilis moyvaruli mcenareebis farTo arealze da Tanabrad arian gansaxlebulni, mag-

ram es, rogorc Gans, damokidebulia maTi stadiebis Taviseburebebze da araviTar kav-

SirSi ar aris gvaris sididesTan. umdablesi mcenareebis gavrcelebis mizezebi ganxi-

luli iqneba momdevno TavSi, rodesac saubari iqneba geografiul gavrcelebaze.

rodesac saxeobebs ganvixilavdi, rogorc kargad gamokveTil da Gamoyalibebul

nairsaxeobebs, im daskvnamde mivedi, rom nebismier qveyanaSi msxvili gvarebis saxeobebi

ufro meti nairsaxeobiT aris warmodgenili, vidre mcire gvarebis saxeobebi. es

sruliad bunebrivia, radgan iq, sadac mravali erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli saxeoba

Gamoyalibda, mravali nairsaxeobis warmoqmnac logikuria. sadac bevri didi xe izrdeba,

axalnayarsac mets vipoviT. erTi gvaris farglebSi cvalebadobis Sedegad mravali

476

Carlz darvini

saxeobis warmoqmnis adgilze, cvlilebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebia da, savaraudod,

aseTive darGeba. meore mxriv, Tu TiToeul saxeobas SevxedavT, rogorc Seqmnis calkeul

aqts, maSin ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli imisaTvis, rom saxeobebiT mdidar jgufSi

met nairsaxeobas movelodeT, vidre saxeobebiT RaribSi. imisaTvis, rom am varaudis

WeSmariteba Sememowmebina, Tormeti qveynis mcenareebi da ori regionis xeSeSfrTiani

mwerebi or TiTqmis Tanabar jgufad davyavi; is wesi, rom did gvarSi meti saxeobebi

warmoqmnis nairsaxeobebs, vidre mcireSi, ucvleli darGa. metic, didi gvaris saxeoba

met nairsaxeobas warmoqmnis, vidre mcire gvaris saxeoba. analogiuri Sedegebi miviRe

odnav gansxvavebuli gadajgufebis dros: rodesac, erTidan oTxamde saxeobis mqone

mcire gvarebi saerTod amoviRe cxrilebidan. am viTarebas naTeli moefineba, Tu va-

RiarebT, rom saxeobebi mxolod mkveTrad gamoxatuli da mudmivi nairsaxeobebia,

radgan yvelgan, sadac warmoiqmna erTi gvaris mravali saxeoba anu `saxeobebis fabrika~

Zalze qmediTia, unda `mivuswroT~ mas muSaobis procesSi; miT umetes, gvaqvs safuZveli

vivaraudoT, rom `fabrika~ nela moqmedebs. es mosazreba marTldeba, Tu nairsaxeobebs

sawyis (warmoqmnis procesSi myof) saxeobebad ganvixilavT, radgan Gemi cxrilebi naTlad

aGvenebs, rom TiToeul gvarSi, sadac mravali saxeoba warmoiqmna, es saxeobebi, rogorc

wesi, warmodgenilni arian Gveulebrivze meti nairsaxeobiT an sawyisi saxeobiT. aqedan

ar gamomdinareobs, rom yvela ufro msxvili gvari axlac agrZelebs cvlilebas da zrdis

saxeobaTa raodenobas an arc erTi mcire gvari ar izrdeba da ar icvleba. es rom ase iyos,

damRupveli iqneboda Gemi TeoriisaTvis, radgan geologia naTlad adasturebs, rom mci-

re gvarebic droTa ganmavlobaSi Zlier izrdebodnen, xolo msxvili gvarebi aRwevdnen

zrdis maqsimums, Semcirebas iwyebdnen da qrebodnen. Gven mxolod unda vaGvenoT, rom iq,

sadac erTi gvaris farglebSi bevri saxeoba gaGnda, Gveulebrivi tempiT grZeldeba axali

saxeobebis kvlav warmoSoba, es ukve marTalia.

arsebobs kidev sxva saintereso urTerTobebi msxvili gvarebis saxeobebsa da maT

dadgenil nairsaxeobebs Soris. Gven ukve vnaxeT, rom ar arsebobs erTi, dadgenili kri-

teriumi, riTac saxeobebsa da mkveTrad gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs ganvasxvavebdiT; ro-

desac ar aris napovni Sualeduri rgolebi or saeWvo formas Soris, daskvnebis gamota-

nisas naturalistebi iZulebulni arian ixelmZRvanelon am formebs Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebebis xarisxiT da analogiis Sesabamisad, gadawyviton, sakmarisia Tu ara es

gansxvavebebi aRniSnuli formis saxeobis rangSi asayvanad. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxva-

vebis xarisxi mniSvnelovani kriteriumia mizanSewonilobis gadasawyvetad or formas So-

ris saxeobebad Tu nairsaxeobebad aRiarebisa. frisma (Fries) mcenareebSi, xolo uestvudma

(Westwood) mwerebSi SeniSna, rom msxvil gvarebSi saxeobebs Soris sxvaoba zogjer Zalze

mcirea. me Sevecade, saSualo sidideebis gamoTvlis saSualebiT es daskvnebi ricxobri-

vad Sememowmebina Gems mier miRebuli arcTu srulyofili Sedegebis Tanaxmad, isini

dadasturda. am sakiTxze konsultaciebi mqonda metad gamocdil mecnierebTan da

unda iTqvas, rom sabolood, isinic am azrs iziarebdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, msxvili

gvaris saxeobebi ufro metad hgavs nairsaxeobebs, vidre mcire gvarisani. SeiZleba es

477

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

sxvagvaradac iTqvas: Tu saubari Seexeba msxvil gvars, romlis sawyisi saxeobebis anu

nairsaxeobis raodenoba gamoixateba saSualoze meti ricxviT, misi mravali Gamoyalibe-

buli saxeoba garkveulwilad waagavs nairsaxeobas, radgan isini erTmaneTisagan naklebad

gansxvavdebian. ufro metic, msxvili gvaris saxeobebi erTmaneTTan isevea dakavSirebuli,

rogorc erTi saxeobis mravali nairsaxeoba. arc erTi naturalisti ar mohyveba imis

mtkicebas, rom erTi gvaris yvela saxeoba erTnairad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, piriqiT,

misi (gvaris) dayofa SeiZleba qvegvarebad an sxva ufro mcire jgufebad. rogorc frisma

SeniSna, saxeobis patara jgufebi, Gveulebriv, jgufdebian sxva saxeobebis irgvliv. ra

aris nairsaxeobebi, Tu ara erTmaneTTan araTanabrad dakavSirebuli da garkveuli _ maTi

mSobliuri formebis irgvliv Tavmoyrili formebis jgufi? erTi gansxvaveba ki ueWvelad

arsebobs saxeobebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris _ nairsaxeobebi rogorc erTmaneTisagan, ise

mSobliuri saxeobisagan naklebad gansxvavebulni arian, vidre erTi gvaris saxeobebi.

magram rodesac saubari iqneba imaze, rasac niSnis divergencias vuwodeb, davinaxavT,

rom amis axsna SesaZlebelia Semdegnairad: mcire gansxvavebebi nairsaxeobebs Soris SeiZ-

leba gadaiqces saxeobebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebad.

aris kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic sainteresod mesaxeba. nairsaxeobebis gavrcelebis

areali bevrad ufro SezRudulia _ es aris truizmi (banaloba), radgan rom aRmoGndes,

nairsaxeoba ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli, vidre misi savaraudo mSobluri saxeo-

ba, maSin isini erTmaneTs saxelebs gaucvlidnen. is saxeobebic, romlebic sxva saxeobaTa

msgavsia da amiT nairsaxeobebs mogvagonebs, xSirad SezRudul arealzea gavrcelebuli.

magaliTad, h.s. uotsonma londonis mcenareTa katalogSi (meoTxe gamocema) 63 mcenare

mominiSna, romlebsac saxeobaTa kategoria aqvT miniWebuli, magram imdenad axlos dganan

sxva saxeobebTan, rom maTi rangi eWvs badebs. es 63 saxeoba im provinciaTagan 6,9-Sia

gavrcelebuli, romlebadac dayo didi britaneTi batonma uotsonma. imave katalogSi

7,7 provinciaSi gavrcelebuli 53 nairsaxeobaa aRwerili, xolo saxeobebi, romlebsac

es nairsaxeobebi miekuTvneba, 14,3 provinciaSia warmodgenili. ase rom, aRiarebul

nairsaxeobebs iseTive SezRuduli gavrceleba aqvs, rogorc erTmaneTTan axlos mdgom

formebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom uotsoni maT miiGnevs saeWvo saxeobebad, yvela sxva ingliseli

botanikosi ki _ WeSmarit saxeobebad.

sabolood, SeuZlebelia nairsaxeoba ganasxvavo saxeobisgan ise, rom: ar aRmoaGino

Sualeduri damakavSirebeli rgolebi; ar daamtkico maT Soris gansxvavebis garkveuli

xarisxis arseboba, imitom, rom erTmaneTisgan mcired gansxvavebuli ori forma, Gveu-

lebriv nairsaxeobad miiGneva.

Tu gvarebSi Semavali saxeobebis raodenoba am qveynisTvis saSualoze metia, maTi

nairsaxeobebis raodenobac saSualoze metia. msxvil gvarebSi saxeobebs erTmaneTTan

mWidro, magram araTanabari kavSirebi aqvs da garkveul saxeobaTa garSemo iyris Tavs.

aseve, cxadia, rom sxva saxeobebTan Zalze axlos myof saxeobebs SezRuduli gavrcele-

ba axasiaTebs. amis gamo, msxvili gvaris saxeobebi nairsaxeobebis analogiebia. amgvari

478

Carlz darvini

analogiebis gageba rTuli ar aris, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxeobebi erT dros nair-

saxeobebi iyo. magram Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli saxeoba damoukideblad Seiqmna, maSin

es analogia GvenTvis sruliad auxsneli gaxdeba.

Gven agreTve vnaxeT, rom msxvili gvarebis yvelaze dominanti saxeobebi klasis far-

glebSi saSualod nairsaxeobebis met raodenobas warmoqmnis, xolo nairsaxeobebs axasia-

Tebs tendencia saxeobebad gardaqmnisa. amgvarad, msxvili gvarebi ufro gamsxvilebisken

miiswrafvian, bunebaSi SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom sicocxlis dominanti formebi ufro

meti dominirebisken miiltvian da toveben didi raodenobiT dominant modificire-

bul (Secvlil) STamomavlobas. magram qvemoT ganxiluli iqneba gza, romliTac msxvili

gvrebis ufro mcire gvarebad dayofaa SeaZlebeli. amgvarad, mTel samyaroSi sicocxlis

formebi jgufebad iSleba.

Tavi III

brZola arsebobisaTvis

misi damokidebuleba bunebriv gadarCevasTan; termini _ `brZola arsebobisaT-

vis~ mravali mniSvnelobis Semcvelia; ricxovnoba geometriuli progresiiT izr-

deba; naturalizebuli cxovelebisa da mcenareebis gamravlebis swrafi tempebi;

ricxovnobis matebis xelSemSlel faqtorTa buneba; konkurenciis universal-

uroba; klimatis gavlena; dacva, romelic damokidebulia individTa raodenoba-

ze; cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Soris urTierTobebis sirTule bunebaSi; brZola

arsebobisTvis yvelaze mwvaved erTi saxeobis individebsa da nairsaxeobebs Soris

mimdinareobs, xSirad _ erTi gvaris saxeobebs Soris; urTierTobebi organizmebs

Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania.

sanam am Tavis sakvlevi Temis mimoxilvas SevudgebodeT, ramdenime winaswari gan-

cxadeba unda gavakeTo, raTa warmovaGino, rogor aisaxeba gadarGenisaTvis brZola bu-

nebriv gadarGevaze. wina TavSi vnaxeT, rom velur bunebaSi myofi organuli arsebebi

gansxvavdebian individis doneze. diax, amaze aravis arasodes ukamaTia. GvenTvis didad

mniSvnelovani ar aris is faqti, tipur Tu aratipur formebs saxeobas vuwodebT Tu qve-

saxeobebs. anu is, britaneTSi arsebul 200 an 300 saeWvo formas saxeobas davarqmevT

Tu mkveTr nairsaxeobas. individualuri cvalebadobisa da zogi kargad gamokveTili

nairsaxeoas arseboba, marTalia, am naSromis safuZvelia, magram mxolod es faqti ver

axsnis saxeobis warmoqmnas da verc imas, rogor moxda sxeulis erTi nawilis Segueba

sxva nawilTan Tu sasicocxlo pirobebTan da erTi romelime arsebisa meoresTan. urTi-

erTSeguebis SesaniSnav magaliTs gvaZlevs kodala da fiTri, agreTve is paraziti, ro-

479

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

melic Gitis bumbuls Tavisi oTxi fexiT GabRauWebia an kidev wyalSi myvinTavi xoWoebi

Tu bususiani Teslebi, romelTac niavi gaitacebs xolme. mokled, Gven SegviZlia vixi-

loT Seguebis Zalze lamazi nimuSebi organuli samyaros yvela nawilSi da mainc, Gndeba

kiTxva: rogor xdeba Gems mier Ganasaxovan saxeobebad wodebuli nairsaxeobebis nel-nela

gardaqmna kargad gamokveTil saxeobebad ise, rom sabolood isini bevrad ufro gansxvav-

debian erTmaneTisagan, vidre erTi da imave saxeobis nairsaxeobebi? rogor warmoiqmneba

saxeobaTa is jgufebi, romelTac gvarebs vuwodebT da romlebic Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, vidre gamokveTili saxeobebi? es yvelaferi arsebobisaT-

vis brZolis Sedegia, razedac kidev ufro amomwuravad Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT. swored

arsebobisaTvis brZola ganapirobebs imas, rom nebismieri, ragind umniSvnelo saxecvli-

leba, Tu igi xelsayrelia saxeobis nebismieri individisTvis, xels uwyobs am individis

SenarGunebas. SemdgomSi es Tviseba mis STamomavals gadaecema, da amgvarad, gadarGenis

ukeTesi Sansi eZleva, radgan dabadebulTagan Soris mxolod mcire raodenoba SeiZleba

gadaurGes ganadgurebas. swored am princips, romelic gulisxmobs nebismieri Tundac

umniSvnelo, magram xelsayreli cvlilebis SenarGunebas, bunebrivi gadarGeva vuwode,

raTa igi adamianis mier Gatarebuli gadarGevisagan ganmesxvavebina. ukve vnaxeT, rom ada-

mianma seleqciis meSveobiT miiRo SesaniSnavi Sedegebi da SesaZlebeli gaxada organul

arsebaTa Tavisi saWiroebisamebr marTva bunebisagan boZebuli umniSvnelo, magram xel-

sayreli cvlilebebis dagrovebis saSualebiT. magram, bunebrivi gadarGeva, rogorc amas

SemdgomSi vnaxavT, bunebis marad moZravi Zalaa da warmoudgenlad aRemateba adamianis

mwir SesaZleblobebs iseve, rogorc xelovnebis Zalas.

axla ki dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT arsebobisaTvis brZolis sakiTxs. ganzraxuli maqvs

Gems Semdeg naSromSi mas kidev ufro meti adgili davuTmo. pativcemulma de kandolma

da laielma mTeli sigrZe-siganiT da filosofiurad warmoaGines, rom organuli arse-

bebi Gabmulni arian erTgvar konkurenciaSi. am kuTxiT mcenareTa Seswavla manGesteris

dekanis u. herbertis msgavsad mTeli ZalisxmeviT jer aravis uwarmoebia, rac albaT mis

mier mebaReobis safuZvliani codnis Sedegia. araferia imaze advili, rom aRwero arse-

bobisaTvis brZolis universaluri WeSmariteba, magram gacilebiT ufro rTulia (Gem-

Tvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi) yovelTvis gaxsovdes es WeSmariteba. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu ara

arsebobisaTvis brZola, iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa saxeobis gavrceleba, maTi met-nak-

lebi sixSire, gadaSeneba Tu cvalebadoba arasworad iqneboda aRqmuli da gagebuli. Gven

bednierebiT aRsavseni SevyurebT bunebas, xSirad vxedavT sakvebis siuxves, magram ver

vamGnevT an gvaviwydeba, rom Gvens garSemo myofi moWikWike, erTi SexedviT uwyinari Gite-

bi ZiriTadad marcvleuliTa da mwerebiT ikvebebian da amdenad, ganuwyvetliv anadgure-

ben sxvaTa sicocxles. Tavad Gitebi da maTi kvercxebi ki xSirad mtacebeli frinvelebisa

da cxovelebis samiznea. yovelTvis rodi gvaxsovs, rom Tu dRes sakvebi uamravia, es ar

niSnavs, rom ase iqneba yovel wels da yvela sezonze.

unda aRvniSno, rom termins `arsebobisaTvis brZola~ farTo, metaforuli mniSvne-

lobiT viyeneb, rac gulisxmobs cocxali arsebebis erTmaneTTan damokidebulebas,

480

Carlz darvini

individis sicocxles, amasTanave mis warmatebasac STamomavlobis datovebaSi. ori

ZaRli SimSilobis Jams sakvebisa da TviTgadarGenisaTvis ebrZvis erTmaneTs, magram

mcenare, romelic udabnos ganapiras xarobs, sicocxlis SesanarGuneblad gvalvis

winaaRmdeg ibrZvis anu misi sicocxle tenianobazea damokidebuli. Tu visaubrebT mce-

nareze, romlis mier yovelwliurad mocemuli aTasobiT Teslidan zogjer mxolod

erTi aRwevs simwifemde, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is ebrZvis im mcenareebs, romlebic uk-

ve modebulia dedamiwaze. fiTri vaSlis xeze da kidev ramdenime sxva saxeobis xezea da-

mokidebuli, magram ver vityviT, rom is ebrZvis maT, radgan Tu xes paraziti daexveva,

fiTri aucileblad moiwyens da gaxmeba. amave dros SeiZleba iTqvas, erTi da imave totze

modebuli fiTris ramdenime amonayaric ki erTmaneTs ebrZvis. imis gamo, rom fiTris

Tesls frinvelebi mimoabneven, da, amdenad, xels uwyoben mis gamravlebas, vambobT

fiTri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT, ebrZvis sxva mcenareebsac. frinvelebi swored mis

da ara sxva mcenareebis Tesls avrceleben. aqedan gamomdinare, am mravali, erTmaneTze

damokidebuli mizezis gamo da maT aRsaniSnad, meti moxerxebulobisaTvis viyeneb ter-

mins `brZola arsebobisaTvis~.

arsebobisaTvis brZola aucileblad gamomdinareobs organul arsebaTa gamravlebis

Tvisebidan. yvela arseba, romelic cxovrebis manZilze raRacnairad mainc mravldeba

TesliTa Tu kvercxiT, erT dRes aucileblad unda daiRupos. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

cocxal arsebaTa raodenoba ise gaizrdeboda, rom verc erTi qveyana veRar daitevda.

gamomdinare iqedan, rom imaze gacilebiT meti arseba ibadeba, vidre gadarGeba, aucile-

belia davuSvaT brZola arsebobisaTvis. SesaZloa, es iyos brZola erTi da imave saxeobis

warmomadgenlebs Soris, gansxvavebul saxeobebs Soris an cxovrebis fizikur pirobebT-

an. malTusis doqtrina (adamianTa raodenobis zrdis Sesaxeb) dedamiwaze arsebul cxove-

lebsa da mcenareebs aTmagad exeba, ramdenadac maT sakvebs xelovnurad ver gavzrdiT

da verc maT Tavisufal Sejvarebas SevuSliT xels. zogi saxeobis ricxovnoba sakmaod

swrafad izrdeba, Tumca amis unari yvelas rodi Seswevs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dedami-

wa ver daitevda cocxal arsebebs. TiToeuli organuli arseba mravldeba, da misi STa-

momavlobidan yvela rom zrdasrulobas aRwevdes, male dedamiwazec veRar daveteodiT.

adamianma nayofis neli tempiT momcemi cxovelebis Sobadobis maGvenebeli ise gazarda

bolo 25 wlis manZilze, rom ramdenime aTaswleulSi ukve Tavad adamianisaTvis arsad ad-

gili aRar iqneba. linem gamoTvala: TiToeuli mcenare rom mxolod or Tesls gvaZlevdes

da Semdeg misma GiTilma kidev ori Tesli gamoiRos, 20 weliwadSi erTi milioni mcenare

iqneba. miGneulia, rom spilo yvelaze Znelad mravldeba, amitom Sevecade misi savaraudo

mateba gamomeTvala _ igi pirvel naSiers, albaT, 13 wlis asakSi iZleva, 90 wlamde aqvs

gamravlebis unari da am SualedSi 6 spliyvs Sobs. amgvarad, 740-750 wlis ganmavlobaSi,

erTi wyvilis namati 15 milions miaRwevs.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT TiToeul aseT gamoTvlaze ufro damajerebeli faqte-

bic mogvepoveba, saxeldobr, gareuli cxovelebis saocrad swrafi matebis SemTxvevebi

481

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

xelsayreli garemo pirobebis arsebobisas zedized 2 an 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. kidev ufro

saocaria informacia im Sinauri cxovelebis matebis Sesaxeb, romlebic dedamiwis zogi-

erT adgilSi gavelurdnen. dabalproduqtiuli msxvilfexa saqonlisa da cxenebis namati

samxreT amerikasa da avstraliaSi zustad rom ar iyos dadgenili, igi sruliad daujere-

belad mogveGveneboda. es mcenareebsac exeba. SeiZleba moviyvanoT uamravi magaliTi

mcenareebisa, romlebic 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mTlianad moednen ramdenime kunZuls. la

platas gadaSlil velebze evropidan Semotanili mcenareTa zogierTi saxeoba isea mo-

debuli, rom TiTqmis arcerT sxva mcenares aRar axarebs; aseve, doqtor falkonerisa-

gan msmenia, rom indoeTSi kumaris koncxidan himalais mTebamde gavrcelebuli zogierTi

mcenare iq amerikidan SeutaniaT. amgvari magaliTebi usasrulod SeiZleba moviyvanoT

da ver vivaraudebT, rom am mcenareTa nayofiereba ucabedad gaizarda. es imiT SeiZleba

aixsnas, rom maTTvis axali sacxovrebeli pirobebi uaRresad xelsayreli aRmoGnda da

rogorc axalgazrda, aseve xandazmuli individebi naklebad nadgurdeboda, Sedegad ki

TiTqmis yvela axalgazrda individs gamravlebis saSualeba mieca. aseT SemTxvevaSi geo-

metriuli progresiiT zrda, romelic umetes SemTxvevebSi gamaognebelia, xsnis axal mi-

waze mcenareTa matebasa da farTod gavrcelebas.

velur bunebaSi TiTqmis yvela mcenare ikeTebs Tesls. cxovelebs Sorisac iSviaTad

moiZebneba iseTi, weliwadSi erTxel mainc rom ar wyvildebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, Ta-

visuflad SegviZlia mtkiceba, rom yvela mcenarisa da cxovelis ricxovnoba geometri-

uli progresiiT izrdeba da Zalian swrafad sruliad gaavsebda kidec arsebul sivrc-

es, Tuki amgvari mateba ar Seferxdeboda maTi perioduli ganadgurebiT. roca gareul

cxovelebs Sinaurs vadarebT, SeiZleba kiTxvac dagvebados _ aba, Sinaur cxovelebs xom

ar vanadgurebT? magram ar unda gamogvrGes, rom mraval maTgans sakvebad vklavT _ iseve,

rogorc velur bunebaSic, organizmebi ase Tu ise nadgurdeba.

erTaderTi gansxvaveba im cocxal arsebebs Soris, romelTagan erTni yovelwliurad

aTasobiT kvercxsa Tu Tesls gvaZleven, xolo meoreni bevrad ufro naklebad mravl-

debian, aris is, rom nela gamravlebad saxeobebs ramdenime wliT meti dro da ufro

xelsayreli pirobebi esaWiroeba garkveul teritoriaze gasavrceleblad. kondori

Vultur gryphus sul or kvercxs debs, siraqlema ki _ ocs, magram SesaZloa kondori ufro

mravalricxovani iyos siraqlemaze. fulmeruli qariSxala mxolod erT kvercxs debs,

magram igi msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovan frinveladaa miGneuli. zogi buzi asobiT

kvercxs debs, sxva saxeobebi ki, magaliTad Hippobosca _ erTaderTs, magram es sxvaoba su-

lac ar aisaxeba ama Tu im regionSi am saxeobaTa raodenobaze. kvercxebis didi raodenoba

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im saxeobebisTvis, romelTa sakvebis wyaro ar aris

stabiluri da es maT swrafad gamravlebis saSualebas aZlevs. didi raodenobiT Tesli da

kvercxi zogierTi saxeobisaTvis sicocxlis garkveul (rogorc wesi, sakmaod adreul)

etapze didi sikvdilianobis kompensaciaa. Tu cxoveli moaxerxebs da Tavis naSiers

an kvercxs gadaarGens, maSin saxeobis ricxovnoba mcireodeni namatis SemTxvevaSic

482

Carlz darvini

SenarGundeba. magram Tuki mravali kvercxi an naSieri nadgurdeba, sakmarisad bevri

unda daibados, rom saxeoba ar ganadgurdes. ase magaliTad, erTi romelime xe saSualo

raodenobiT rom SevinarGunoT, amisaTvis isic ki sakmarisia, erTaderTi Tesli rom

warmoiqmnas aTasi wlis manZilze, oRond unda davuSvaT, rom es Tesli ar daiRupeba da

aucileblad xelsayrel adgilas gaRvivdeba. asea Tu ise, naTelia, rom cxovelisa Tu

mcenaris saSualo ricxovnoba mainc mxolod arapirdapiraa damokidebuli misi Teslis

an kvercxis raodenobaze.

rodesac bunebaze vsaubrobT, arasodes unda daviviwyoT, rom TiToeuli organuli

qmnileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, miiswrafvis matebisaken da TiToeul maTgans sicocxlis ama

Tu im etapze uwevs arsebobisaTvis brZola, radgan ganadgureba periodulad emuqreba

axalgazrdasac da xandazmulsac TiToeul TaobaSi. . rogorc ki nebismieri dabrkoleba

odnav mainc Semsubuqdeba an ganadgurebis safrTxe Sesustdeba, saxeobaTa raodenoba ma-

Sinve SeuzRudavad matulobs. aqedan gamomdinare, buneba SeiZleba SevadaroT elasti-

kur zedapirs, romelSic aTasobiT wawvetebuli solia GarWobili da ganuwyvetlad xan

erT sols artyamen mTeli ZaliT da xan meores, rom kidev ufro Rrmad GaaWedon.

saxeobebis matebisaken midrekilebis Semakavebeli faqtorebi burusiTaa moculi.

daakvirdiT yvelaze Zlier saxeobebs, ra mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos maTi ricxovnoba,

sul ufro izrdeba raodenobrivi matebisaken midrekileba. erTi SemTxvevac ki ar gve-

guleba, bolomde rom gvesmodes, ra faqtorebi akavebs matebas. es albaT gasakviric ar

aris, ramdenadac GvenTvis adamianTa modgmis matebis Semakavebeli faqtorebic ki ucno-

bia, aramc Tu _ cxovelebisa da mcenareebisa. es Tema sakmaod kargad aris damuSavebuli

araerTi mecnieris mier da mec, Gems momaval naSromebSi, zogierT Semakavebel faqtors

siRrmiseulad ganvixilav samxreT amerikis veluri cxovelebis magaliTze, aq ki mxolod

ramdenime SeniSvnas gavakeTeb, raTa mkiTxvels mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi Sevaxseno. ro-

gorc wesi, kvercxebi da axalSobilni yvelaze did zewolas ganicdian, Tumca yovelTvis

ase rodi xdeba. mcenareebSic, yvelaze metad Tesli nadgurdeba, magram Gemi dakvirve-

bebidan gamomdinare Tu vimsjelebT, swored GiTilebi ganicdis yvelaze met zewolas

imitom, rom gaRviveba xdeba sxva mcenareebiT ukve mTlianad dafaruli miwis qveS. didi

raodenobis GiTilebsa da nergebs anadgurebs aseve sxva mravali mteri. magaliTad, sami

futi sigrZisa da ori futi siganis miwis nakveTze, sadac yvela piroba iyo saimisod,

rom sarevelas ar SeeSala xeli zrdis procesisaTvis, yvela GiTili davTvale da aRv-

nusxe, aRmoGnda, rom 357 GiTilidan 295 gaanadgura loqoram an mwerma. igive moxdeba,

Tu gausufTavebel nakveTSi oTxfexa pirutyvs SeuSveben. xolo Tu mas ar gamarglaven,

ufro Zlieri mcenareebi TandaTanobiT gaanadgureben SedarebiT sustebs, ris Sedega-

dac Gvens patara nakveTze (sami oTx futze) oci saxeobidan cxras sxva saxeobis mcenare-

ebi gaanadgureben da mxolod darGenilebi gaagrZeleben ganviTarebas.

sakvebis naklebobac aseve yoveli saxeobis matebis erT-erTi SemzRudavi faqtoria,

magram ufro xSirad sirTules qmnis ara imdenad sakvebis mopoveba, ramdenadac is, rom

483

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Tavad es saxeoba xdeba romelime mtacebeli cxovelis nadavli da xSirad aisaxeba maT sa-

Sualo raodenobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, rom gnolis, roWosa da kurdRl-

is raodenoba nebismieri didi samflobelos farglebSi ZiriTadad damokidebulia mcire

mtacebel cxovelTa mier maT ganadgurebaze. momavali oci wlis manZilze erTi cxovel-

ic rom ar moklan inglisSi nadirobisas, magram amave dros arc mtacebeli cxovelebi

gaanadguron, maTi ricxvi, albaT, mainc Semcirdeba. miT umetes, mcirdeba maTi raodeno-

ba, radgan yovelwliurad asobiT aTass klaven nadirobisas. meore mxriv ki, arsebobs is-

eTi cxovelebic, magaliTad, spilo da martorqa, romlebsac mtacebeli cxovelebisagan

raime safrTxe ar emuqrebaT (vefxvic ki iSviaTad bedavs Tavs daesxas spliyvs, romelsac

deda spilo icavs).

saxeobaTa saSualo raodenobis GamoyalibebaSi erT-erT gadamwyvet rols klimatic

TamaSobs. gamovTvale, rom 1854-55 wlebis zamTarma marto Gems did galiaSi Gitebis oTxi

mexuTedi gaanadgura. es Zalian seriozuli danaklisia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, epidemi-

uri daavadebebiT gamowveuli adamianTa sikvdilianobis 10%-iani maGvenebelic ki Za-

lian didad iTvleba. klimatis zemoqmedeba, erTi SexedviT, arsebobisaTvis brZolisagan

sruliad damoukidebeli faqtoria. magram, ramdenadac klimatis zemoqmedeba ganapiro-

bebs sakvebis raodenobas, igi iwvevs sastik dapirispirebas erTi romelime saxeobis an

sxvadasxva saxeobis im individebSi, romlebic klimatis pirdapiri gavlenis dros erTi

da imave saxis sakvebiT ikvebebian. Zlieri sicivis pirdapiri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSic

ki, zaraldebian yvelaze susti an iseTi individebi, romlebmac naklebi sakvebi iSoves

zamTris manZilze. rodesac samxreTidan GrdiloeTisaken vmogzaurobT, an nestiani re-

gionidan mSralSi gadavinacvlebT, vamGnevT, rogor mcirdeba zogierTi saxeoba da bo-

los sul qreba, da radgan klimaturi pirobebis cvla aseTi TvalnaTelia, am movlenas

Zalauneburad mivawerT mis pirdapir moqmedebas. magram es mcdari Tvalsazrisia: Gven

gvaviwydeba, rom, ragind mravalricxovanic ar unda iyos esa Tu is saxeoba, is dro-

dadro mniSvnelovnad nadgurdeba mtaceblebis an konkurentebis mier, romlebic imave

teritoriaze saxloben da imave sakvebiT ikvebebian. da Tuki mtrebsa da konkurentebs

klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebiT odnavi upiratesoba mainc miecemaT, isini raodeno-

brivad Zalian moimateben, rac imave teritoriaze gavrcelebuli sxva saxeobebis klebas

gamoiwvevs. rodesac Gven samxreTisaken vmogzaurobT da vamGnevT, rom esa Tu is saxe-

oba ricxobrivad Zalian iklebs, darwmunebulni unda viyoT, rom erTi saxeobis matebis

mizezi swored igivea, rac meore saxeobis klebisa. zustad igive xdeba, rodesac Grdilo-

eTisaken vmogzaurobT, Tumca ki cvlileba naklebad TvalSi sacemia, radgan GrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT klebulobs saxeobaTa saerTo raodenoba da, cxadia, konkurent saxeobaTa

raodenobac. amitom GrdiloeTSi an maRalmTianeTSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba tandabali

da mSrali individebi, rac klimatis pirdapiri zemoqmedebiTaa ganpirobebuli. rodesac

Tovlian mwvervals an arqtikis regions mivaRwevT anu srul udabnoSi SevalT, aq arse-

bobisaTvis brZola mxolod stiqiasTan mimdinareobs.

484

Carlz darvini

klimaturi pirobebis saxeobebze zemoqmedeba naTeli xdeba Gveni baRebis im mcena-

reebze dakvirvebiT, romlebic SesaniSnavad itanen Gvenebur klimats, magram mainc ver

ikideben fexs myarad, verc adgilobriv saxeobebs uweven konkurencias da verc mtace-

bel cxovelebs imis gamo, rom aRweven Tavs.

rodesac gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebis gamo saxeoba gamokveTilad imatebs

raodenobrivad, amas xSirad Tan sdevs raime epidemia, rac matebis erT-erTi arsebobi-

saTvis brZolisagan damoukidebeli Semakavebeli faqtoria. magram zogi epidemia swored

im paraziti Wiebis mier aris gamowveuli, romlebic agreTve pirobebis gaumjobesebis,

davuSvaT, imis gamo, rom maTi gavrceleba cxovelebSi sagrZnoblad gaadvilda, momrav-

ldnen da ai, vxedavT Tavisebur brZolas parazitsa da mis msxverpls Soris.

meore mxriv, saxeobis gadarGenisaTvis individTa didi raodenoba aucilebelia iseT

SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseve didia misi mtrebis raodenoba. Gvens yanebSi didi raodeno-

biT marcvlisa da Teslis moyvana swored imitom SegviZlia, rom mosavali bevrad aRe-

mateba marcvleulis moyvarul Gitebs. Tavis mxriv, arc Gitebis raodenobam SeiZleba

imatos marcvlis proporciulad, radganac zamTris ganmavlobaSi es procesi mcirdeba.

yvelam, visac ki ucdia, kargad icis, ra Zneli saqmea baRSi xorblis marcvlebis povna,

piradad me xSirad verc erTi marcvali ver mipovia. saxeobis gadarGenisaTvis individTa

didi raodenobiT arsebobis aucilebloba, Gemi azriT, kargad xsnis zogierT yuradsaReb

movlenas: magaliTad, calkeul adgilebSi iSviaT mcenareTa maRal ricxovnobas an zogi-

erTi mcenaris raodenobis mkveTr zrdas gavrcelebis arealis ganapira zolSi. aqve da-

vamatebdi, rom xSirad erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis dadebiTi da monaTesave jiSebTan Sejva-

rebis uaryofiTi gavlena albaT erTmaneTs abalansebs, magram am sirTuleebiT aRsavse

Temas metad ar GavuRrmavdebi.

uamravi informacia arsebobs imis Taobaze, raoden rTuli da moulodneli winaaRm-

degobebiT aRsavsea urTierTobebi organul arsebaTa im saxeobebs Soris, romlebsac

arsebobisaTvis brZola erTsa da imave qveyanaSi uwevT. aq mxolod erT magaliTs moviyvan,

romelmac simartivis miuxedavad, Gemi didi daintereseba gamoiwvia. stefordSirSi,

naTesavis mamulebSi, sadac me sakvlevi samuSaoebis did nawils vatarebdi, erTi mo-

SiSvlebuli da verani Erica-s buGqnariT dafaruli adgili iyo, romelsac adamianis

xeli arasodes Sexebia. iqve ramdenime asobiT akri miwis zustad iseTive nakveTi iyo

SemoRobili 25 wlis manZilze da Sotlandiuri fiWvi iq TavisiT moSenda. aRsaniSnavia

mcenareTa cvlilebebi im fiWvnarSi. adamians iseTi STabeWdileba Seeqmneboda, TiTqos

sul sxva miwaze movxvdio. imis garda, rom Seicvala mcenareTa raodenoba, 12 iseTma saxe-

obam gaixara, romlebic adre aq arasodes yofila. amis garda fiWvebis koromSi 6 saxis

mweriWamia frinveli gamoGnda, iq rom adre arasodes unaxavT. aman ki mwerebze iqonia

gavlena. miwis veran nawilSi sruliad gansxvavebuli ori Tu sami mweriWamia frinveli

mofrindeboda xolme. am magaliTidan naTeli xdeba, ramdenad Zlieri zegavlenis mox-

dena SeuZlia erTaderTi saxeobis xesac ki, Tu mxolod da mxolod miwis monakveTs Sev-

RobavT da Sig saqonels ar SevuSvebT. ramdenad mniSvnelovania teritoriis SemoRobva,

imiTac davrwmundi, rac farnhemTan axlos, seriSi vixile. aq uamravi gaveranebuli miwis

485

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

nakveTia, xolo, gorakebze, alag-alag Sotlandiuri fiWvi xarobs. bolo 10 wlis manZilze

aq didi teritoriebi SemoiRoba da yvelafers TavisiT moedo fiWvis xeebi, zogan ise

mWidrodac, rom erTmaneTis zrdas abrkolebdnen.

rodesac davrwmundi, rom es axlad wamozrdili xeebi aravis daurgavs da marTla

TavisTavad moSenda, Zalian gamikvirda, rom iqve, gverdiT, gaveranebuli da SemouRobavi

miwebis daTvalierebisas, erTi fiWvic ki versad SevamGnie; magram rodesac kargad davak-

virdi, jagebi mivwi-movwie, mravali axalnayari nergi aRmovaGine, romelic saqonels ga-

daeTela. erT kvadratul iard farTobze, erT-erTi Zveli nargavidan asiode iardis mo-

SorebiT, 32 axlad amosuli xe aRmovaGine, da erTi maTganis asakis maGvenebeli rgolebis

gadaTvliT mivxvdi, rom igi 26 wlis manZilze cdilobda tani aeyara, magram ver SeZlo.

amitom, sruliad logikuria, rom SemoRobvisTanave miwa xSiri fiWvnariT daifara. ma-

gram, isic aRsaniSnavia, es verani adgili imdenad moSiSvlebuli iyo, rom veravin war-

moidgenda, saqoneli ase mizandasaxulad Tu dauwyebda iq sakvebs Zebnas.

amgvarad, TvalnaTliv vixileT, rogor gansazRvra saqonelma miwis nakveTze Sot-

landiuri fiWvis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi. swored amgvaradve dedamiwis zogierT nawil-

Si mwerebi gansazRvraven saqonlis beds. amis yvelaze saintereso magaliTia paragvai,

radganac iq arc cxenebs, arc saqonels da arc ZaRlebs arasodes uarsebia veluri saxiT,

Tumca qveynis samxreTiT da GrdiloeTiT uamravi gavelurebuli cxovelia. azarasa da

rengeris azriT es faqti ganpirobebulia paragvaiSi erT-erTi saxeobis buzis arsebo-

biT, romelic kvercxs am cxovelTa axalSobili naSieris WipSi debs. kidev kargi, rom am

isedac mravalricxovani buzis gamravlebas, rogorc Gans, sxva paraziti mwerebi aferxe-

ben. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu mweriWamia frinvelTa raodenoba paragvaiSi Semcirdeboda,

maSin moimatebda parazituli mwerebis ricxovnoba da buzebisa daiklebda, rac, Tavis

mxriv, xels Seuwyobda veluri pirutyvisa da cxenebis gavrcelebas, mcenareTa samyaros

Secvla ki Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovnad Seucvlida saxes iqaur mcenareulobas; es ki, ra

Tqma unda, mwerebzec aisaxeba, rac kargad gamoGnda stoaordSiris magaliTze da ase Sem-

deg, da ase Semdeg... TandaTanobiT Sedegebis ufro da ufro rTul suraTTan gveqneboda

saqme. Gven am Temaze saubari mwerebze monadire GitebiT daviwyeT da amiTive vasrulebT,

Tumca bunebaSi yvelaferi ase martivad rodi xdeba. arsebobisaTvis brZola gansxvave-

buli SedegebiT mTavrdeba xolme, magram, sabolood, Zalebi ise kargad wonaswordeba,

rom bunebis saxe ucvleli rGeba didi xnis manZilze, Tumca cxadia, sul mcire, Tundac

umniSvnelo upiratesobis gamo erTi saxeoba imarjvebs meoreze, da miuxedavad Gveni erT-

gvari ucodinrobisa da uamravi daudasturebeli varaudisa, mainc gagvikvirdeba xolme,

roca SevityobT, rom esa Tu is saxeoba gaqra. mizezs rom ver vpoulobT, dedamiwis zeda-

pirze cocxal arsebaTa ganadgurebas an kataklizmebs mivawerT an sicocxlis formebis

arsebobis xangrZlivobaze kanonebs SevTxzavT xolme!

cdunebas ver gavuZeli, rom ar meGvenebina, erTmaneTisagan sruliad daSorebuli

mcenareebi da cxovelebi rogor arian dakavSirebulni rTuli urTierTobebis mTeli

qseliT. Gems baRSi egzotikur mcenare Lobelia fulgens-s arasodes amtverianeben mwerebi

da amis gamo, misi agebulebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, is Tesls ar ikeTebs. Gvene-

486

Carlz darvini

buri orqideebis umravlesobisaTvis aucilebelia mwerebis stumroba, raTa moxdes maTi

damtverva da ganayofiereba. aseve, unda iTqvas, rom iis, Viola tricolor-is ganayofiereba

veluri futkris damsaxurebaa, radgan sxva mwerebi am yvavils ar stumroben. Gems mier

Gatarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegad aRmoGnda, rom bazebis stumroba aucilebeli Tu

ara, garkveulwilad sasrgeblo namdvilad aris Gveni samyurasaTvis. wiTel samyuras (Tri-folium pratense) mxolod veluri bazi stumrobs xolme, radgan sxva futkrebi ver swvdebian

mis neqtars. amitom sruliad darwmunebuli var, rom Tu inglisis mTel teritoriaze am

bazis mTeli modgma gadaSendeba, wiTeli samyura da iasamfera didi iSviaToba gaxdeba an

saerTod gaqreba. Tavis mxriv, bazis arseboba mniSvnelovnad ganpirobebulia mindvris

Tagvebis ricxovnobiT _ isini maT fiWasa da budeebs anadgureben. polkovniki niumeni,

romelic didi xnis manZilze Seiswavlida bazs, Tvlis, rom maTi `ori mesamedi swored ase

ganadgurda~. mindvris Tagvebis raodenoba ki didad aris damokidebuli katebis raode-

nobaze. batoni niumanis TqmiT, `soflebisa da dabebis siaxloves gacilebiT meti minaxavs

veluri futkris fiWebi, rasac imiT vxsni, rom iq bevri kataa.~ aqedan gamomdinare, ukve

sarwmunod mogveGveneba is faqti, rom ama Tu im regionSi katebis arseboba, jer Tagvisa

da Semdeg ukve futkris zemoqmedebiT, pirdapir ganapirobebs aRniSnul regionSi zogi-

erTi yvavilisa Tu mcenaris simravles.

saxeobebze did gavlenas axdens is dabrkolebebi, romlebic sicocxlis ama Tu im

etapze an weliwadis sxvadasxva dros iGens xolme Tavs. zogierTi maTgani ufro Zlieria,

magram TiToeuls Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs ama Tu im saxeobis an maTi saSualo raodenobis

gansazRvraSi. zog SemTxvevaSi isec xdeba, rom sxvadasxva regionSi erTsa da imave saxeo-

baze sruliad gansxvavebuli dabrkolebebi axdens zemoqmedebas. rodesac sanapiroze

amosul mcenareebsa da buGqebs vxedavT, am ambavs SemTxveviTobas mivawerT xolme. ma-

gram, rom icodeT, ra mcdaria amgvari Sexeduleba! albaT yvelas smenia, rom amerikuli

tyis gaGexvis Semdeg mis adgilze Zalian gansxvavebuli mcenareebi aRmocendebian xolme.

isic SemGneulia, rom Zvel indielTa nangrevebze, samxreT StatebSi, mcenareTa igive sax-

eobebi xarobs, romlebic axlomdebare xeluxlebel tyeebSi izrdeba. albaT, ra brZola

mimdinareobda saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva saxeobis xeebs, aseve Tavad mwerebs an

mwerebsa da lokokinebs, aseve mtacebleblebsa da frinvelebs Tu mtacebel cxovelebs

Soris. TiToeuli maTgani cdilobs gamravldes da Tavi gamokvebos xeebiTa Tu maTi Tes-

liT an im mcenareebiT, romlebic xels uSlian xeebis zrdas! aagdeT haerSi erTi muWa

bumbuli da TiToeuli maTganis dedamiwaze dacema SeiZleba konkretuli kanonebiT aix-

snas, magram ra martivi Gans es problema im uTvalavi mcenaris Tu cxovelis saqcielTan

SedarebiT, romlebmac saukuneebis manZilze Tavad gansazRvres Zvel indielTa nangreve-

bze ra saxeobis xeebi da ra TanafardobiT unda amosuliyo!

erTi organuli qmnilebis meoreze damokidebuleba, magaliTad, parazitisa mis

msxverplze, organul safexurebze erTmaneTisagan metad Sors mdgom arsebebs Soris

yalibdeba. es exeba im saxeobebs, romlebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTs ebrZvian

gadarGenisaTvis, rogorc, magaliTad, kaliebi da msxvilfexa saqoneli. magram yvelaze

487

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

gaafTrebuli brZola erTi saxeobis warmomadgenel individebs Soris imarTeba, radgan

isini erT regionSi binadroben, erTnair sakvebs saWiroeben da erTi da imave problemis

winaSe aRmoGndebian xolme. aseve cxare brZola imarTeba erTi da imave saxeobis sxva-

dasxva nairsaxeobebs Soris, sadac gamarjvebuli maleve gamovlindeba. ase, magaliTad,

Tu erTad daTesili ramdenime nairsaxeobis xorblidan miRebul Sereul Tesls xelaxla

davTesavT, is nairsaxeobebi, romlebic yvelaze ukeT eguebian mocemul klimatur

pirobebsa da niadags, an yvelaze metad gamoavlenen gamravlebis unars, sxva nairsaxeobebs

dajabnian, uamrav Tesls gamoitanen da male mTels sivrces moedebian. iseTi axlos mdgomi

nairsaxeobebis SesanarGunebladac ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxvadasxva Seferilobis

mqone surnelovani bardis formebi, isini yovel wels cal-calke unda aviRoT da Semdeg

Tesli saWiro proporciiT SevurioT erTmaneTs, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ufro susti

jiSebi nel-nela Semcirdeba da bolos sul gauGinardeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas cxvris

nairsaxeobebzec. iTvleba, rom gansxvavebuli jiSis mTis cxvari ar SeiZleba erT faraSi

vamyofoT, radgan zogierTi jiSi danarGen cxvars balaxis Zovas ar anebebs da aSimSilebs.

igive Sedegi SeiZleba miviRoT, Tu samkurnalo nairsaxeobebs erTad gavaGerebT. amitom

did yuradRebas aqceven im sakiTxs, eyofa Tu ara Sinaur cxovelebsa da mcenareebs Zala,

Gvevebi da sxva resursebi imisaTvis, rom aTasobiT Taobis manZilze erTnairi proporciiT

gaagrZelon arseboba, Tu maT velur bunebaSi myofi arsebebis msgavsad mouxdebodaT

brZola gadarGenisaTvis, Tuki maT Teslsa da naSierT yovelwliurad ar SearGevdnen.

ramdenadac erTi da imave gvaris saxeobebs umeteswilad Gvevebi, aRnagoba da age-

bulebac ki erTgvari aqvs, maT Soris gadarGenisaTvis brZola bevrad ufro daundobeli

iqneba, vidre gansxvavebuli gvarebis saxeobebs Soris. viciT, rom SeerTebuli Statebis

zogierT teritoriaze mercxlis erTi saxeobis matebam meore saxeobis kleba gamoiwvia,

xolo GxarTvis gamravlebas mgalobeli SaSvis Semcireba mohyva Sedegad. xom xSirad

gvsmenia, rom gansxvavebul klimatur pirobebSi virTxis erTi saxeoba meores cvlis.

sanam ruseTSi aziuri tarakani moikidebda fexs, iq misi TanamoZme saxeoba iyo gavrce-

lebuli. zustad aseve, veluri mdogvis erTi saxeoba meores gadaajiSebs xolme da

a.S. miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili magaliTebisa, TvalnaTliv mainc ar Gans, ratom unda

iyos brZola aseTi daundobeli erTmaneTis monaTesave formebs Soris, da, albaT, erT

SemTxvevaSic ver vityviT dazustebiT, ratom mieniWa upiratesoba romelime saxeobas

sxvasTan SedarebiT.

zemoaRniSnuli SeniSvnebidan erTi metad mniSvnelovani logikuri daskvna SeiZleba

gamovitanoT, saxeldobr is, rom yvela arsebis struqtura mniSvnelovanwilad, Tumc

ki zogjer farulad, ukavSirdeba im organuli arsebebis struqturas, romlebTanac

igi sakvebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis damkvidrebisaTvis brZolaSi ebmeba an gaurbis

mas, an Tavad nadirobs maTze. amaze metyvelebs vefxvis kbilebisa da brWyalebis age-

bulebis Sedareba im parazitis fexebisa da klanWebis agebulebasTan, romelic vefx-

vis bewvs ebRauWeba. babuawveras lamazi bususebiT dafaruli Tesli da wylis xoWos

gabrtyelebuli da arSiamovlebuli fexebi adamians, pirveli SexedviT, haerisa da wy-

lis stiqiebiT ganpirobebuli hgonia, magram bususebiani Teslis upiratesoba aSkaraa

488

Carlz darvini

mcenareebiT isedac gadaWedil miwaze, radgan igi xels uwyobs Teslis mimofantvasa da

miwis Tavisufal adgilze dacemas. wylis xoWos SemTxveveaSi ki, fexebis agebuleba mas

yvinTvis procesSi wylis sxva mwerebTan nadavlis mopovebisaTvis gamarTul brZolaSi

exmareba. zogierTi mcenaris TeslSi sakvebi nivTierebis siWarbe TiTqos sxva mcenareebs

arafriT ukavSirdeba, magram sinamdvileSi amgvari Teslis mqone mcenare (barda, lobio)

maRal balaxSic rom davTesoT, mis TeslSi arsebuli sakvebi xels Seuwyobs am mcenaris

amosvlas da mis garSemo arsebuli Zlieri mcenareebis daTrgunvas. daakvirdiT mcenares

misi gavrcelebis arealis SuagulSi _ ratomaa, rom aq misi ricxovnoba orjer an oTxjer

metia, vidre arealis ganapira ubanze? mas xom cota ufro meti sicxis an sicivis, simSra-

lis an sinestis gaZleba Tavisuflad SeuZlia, radgan misi gavrcelebis arealis kideze

bevrad ufro Tbila an civa, meti nesti an simSralea? am SemTxvevaSi naTlad Gans, rom Tu

mcenaris ufro swrafad gamravleba gvsurs, mas Tavis konkurentebTan SedarebiT xel-

sayreli garemo unda SevuqmnaT an is cxovelebi movaSoroT, romlebic mas sakvebad iyene-

ben. gavrcelebis geografiuli arealis kideze aucileblad Seicvleba maTi agebuleba

klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac Zalian didi upiratesobaa mcenarisaTvis.

aq isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom mcirea im mcenareTa da cxovelTa ricxvi, romle-

bzec, maTi Zalian vrcel teritoriebze gavrcelebis gamo, mxolod mkacri klimaturi

pirobebi imoqmedebda. aq did rols TamaSobs konkurenciac, romelic mxolod arqtikul

zonebSi da udabnos sazRvarTan wydeba. miwa SeiZleba iyos ukiduresad mSrali da civi,

magram brZola ufro Tbili da notio adgilis mosapoveblad imarTeba rogorc erTi da

imave, iseve sxvadsxva saxeobis individebs Soris. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom rodesac

mcenares an cxovels ucxo qveyanaSi gadaiyvanen da axal konkurentebs Soris ganaTavse-

ben, Tundac zustad imave klimatur garemoSi, misi sasicocxlo pirobebi mainc arsebi-

Tad icvleba da Tu gvinda, rom es ucxo saxeoba swrafad gamravldes, mas imaze ufro xel-

sayreli pirobebi unda SevuqmnaT konkurentebTan SedarebiT, vidre samSobloSi hqonda.

warmosaxvaSi metad advilia xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna, magram arc erT SemTx-

vevaSi zustad ar viciT, ra unda viRonoT. es kidev erTxel gvarwmunebs organul ar-

sebaTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. Gveni codnis zedapirulobaSi erTaderTi, rac Seg-

viZlia gavakeToT aris is, rom yovelTvis gvaxsovdes _ yvela organuli arseba iswrafvis

gamravlebisaken, da TiToeul maTgans, weliwadis romelime dros an cxovrebis ama Tu im

etapze aucileblad mouwevs arsebobisaTvis brZola da ganadgurebisagan Tavis daRweva.

rodesac am brZolaze davfiqrdebiT, Tavis damSvideba imiT, rom bunebaSi brZola

usasrulod ar grZeldeba, damarcxebuli maSinve kvdeba, sabolood, mxolod yvelaze

Zlierebi, janmrTelebi da bednierebi gadarGebian da gamravldebian.

489

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Tavi IV

bunebrivi gadarGeva anu yvelaze ukeT SeguebulTa gadarGena

bunebrivi gadarCevis upiratesoba adamianis mier ganxorcielebul gadarCevasTan

SedarebiT; misi gavlena yvelaze umniSvnelo Tvisebebze; misi gavlena yvela asaki-

sa da orive sqesis individebze; sqesobrivi gadarCeva; erTi saxeobis individebs

Soris erTmaneTTan Sejvarebis zogadi xasiaTis Sesaxeb; bunebrivi gadarCevisT-

vis xelsayreli da araxelsayreli faqtorebi, kerZod, Sejvareba, izolacia, indi-

vidTa ricxovnoba; neli moqmedeba; bunebrivi gadarCeviT gamowveuli gadaSeneba;

SezRuduli teritoriebis binadarTa mravalferovnebasa da naturalizaciasTan

dakavSirebuli niSnebis gansxvaveba _ divergencia; bunebrivi gadarCevis moq-

medeba saerTo mSoblebis STamomavlobaze niSnebis divergenciisa da gadaSenebis

meSveobiT; yvela organuli arsebis dajgufebis axsna; organizaciis garTuleba;

umdablesi formebis SenarCuneba; niSnebis konvergencia; saxeobebis ricxovnobis

SeuzRudavi zrda; mokle mimoxilva.

rogor ganxorcieldeba wina TavSi mokled ganxiluli brZola arsebobisaTvis cva-

lebadobis TvalsazrisiT? miesadageba Tu ara bunebas gadarCevis principi, romelic ase

Zlieria adamianis xelSi? male davrwmundebiT, rom es swored asea. Tu Sinauri cxovele-

bi, frinvelebi da mcenareebi erTmaneTisagan amdenad gansxvavdeba, warmoidgineT, ra

mravalferovneba sufevs bunebriv pirobebSi, Tanac, ra mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

memkvidreobiTobis unari. Sinaur pirobebSi organizaciis procesi erTgvarad drekadi,

plastikuri xdeba. arc is unda daviviwyoT, ramdenad rTulia urTierTkavSirebi or-

ganul arsebebs Soris da aseve maTi damokidebuleba garemos fizikur pirobebTan. mosa-

lodnelia Tu ara, rom Tuki adamianisTvis amdenad sasargeblo nairsaxeobebi warmoiqmna,

aTasobiT Taobis Semdeg SesaZlebelia organizmebis agebulebis iseTi cvlilebebi ganvi-

Tardes, romlebic TiToeul organul arsebas gamoadgeba arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi? da

Tu es marTlac ase moxdeba, gana SeiZleba eWvi Segveparos, rom individebs, romlebsac

Tundac yvelaze umniSvnelo upiratesoba aqvT sxva individebTan SedarebiT, saukeTeso

pirobebi SeeqmnebaT gadarCenisaTvis? meore mxriv ki SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom nebis-

mieri nairsaxeoba sasicocxlo saSualebaTa mciredi ukmarisobis SeTxvevaSic ki ulmob-

lad ganadgurdeba. swored upiratesobis mqone saxeobaTa gadarCenasa da SedarebiT sust

nairsaxeobaTa ganadgurebas vuwodeb bunebriv gadarCevas. cvlilebebze, romlebic arc

sazianoa da arc sasargeblo, bunebrivi gadarCeva ar moqmedebs; es cvlilebebi, rogorc

amas polimorful saxeobebSi vxedavT, gawonasworebulia. bunebrivi gadarCevis procesi

CvenTvis ufro naTeli gaxdeba, iseTi qveynis magaliTze, sadac klimaturi pirobebi in-

tensiurad icvleba. aseT qveyanaSi binadari saxeobebis Tanafardoba icvleba da zogi-

erTi maTgani SeiZleba mTlianad gadaSendes. radganac saxeobebi erTmaneTTan mWidro

490

Carlz darvini

kavSirSia, isic SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom romelime saxeobis raodenobis fardobiTi

cvlileba, klimaturi pirobebis cvlilebis miuxedavad, aucileblad imoqmedebs sxva

saxeobebzec. xolo Tu qveynis sazRvrebi Riaa, sxva saxeobebic daiwyeben Semosvlas da

esec Taviseburad aisaxeba am qveynis mobinadreebze; gavixsenoT, ramxela cvlileba moax-

dina erTi saxeobis xis an erTi saxeobis ZuZumwovris Sesaxlebam! magram kunZulze an geo-

grafiuli barieris gamo Znelad SesaRwev qvyanaSi, bunebaSi darCeba gamoTavisuflebuli

adgilebi, romlebic SeiZleba Seivsos, Tu adgilobrivi binadarni cvlilebas ganicdian,

maSin, roca daubrkolebeli imigraciis SemTxvevaSi, gamoTavisuflebul adgilebs ucxo

formebi daikavebdnen. amitom, saukuneebis manZilze SemTxveviT gamovlenili nebism-

ieri umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki, romlis meSveobiTac ama Tu im saxeobis warmomadgenlebi

ukeTesad Seegubian Secvlil garemo pirobebs, aucileblad damkvidrdeba da, aqedan ga-

momdinare, bunebriv gadarCevas sasargeblo moqmedebisaTvis asparezi gaexsneba.

Cven sakmarisi mizezi gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom gamravlebis sistemaze zemoqmedebis

meSveobiT sasicocxlo pirobebis Secvla iwvevs da aZlierebs cvalebadobas. aRweril Sem-

TxvevaSi, sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlileba aucileblad aisaxeboda bunebriv gadarCevaze

da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro Seguebul nairsaxeobebs miecemoda gamravlebis saSualeba;

sxvanairad bunebriv gadarCevas Sedegi ar eqneboda. magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom

ukiduresi cvalebadoba bunebrivi gadarCevis aucilebeli pirobaa. adamians namdvilad

Seswevs Zala, udides Sedegebs miaRwios misTvis sasargeblo cvlilebaTa dagrovebiT.

asevea bunebac, Tumca igi gacilebiT advilad aRwevs sasurvel Sedegs, radgan mis gankar-

gulebaSi Seudareblad drois didi periodia. me mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCevisaTvis

xelsayreli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da axali, saxecvlili formebisaTvis adgilis gasa-

Tavisufleblad aucileblad unda moxdes didi cvlilebebi garemos fizikur pirobebSi,

magaliTad, Seicvalos klimati an arsebobdes gansakuTrebuli izolacia imigraciis Ses-

aCereblad. marTlac, imis gamo, rom yoveli qveynis binadarni ebrZvian erTmaneTs gadar-

CenisaTvis da maTi Zalebi kargadaa gawonasworebuli, erTi saxeobis xasiaTsa Tu qcevaSi

warmoCenili umniSvnelo sxvaobac ki mas sxvebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs. rac

ufro didi iqneba am saxeobis cvlileba, miT ufro gaizrdeba misi upiratesoba. verc erT

qveyanas ver davasaxeleb, romlis yvela adgilobrivi binadari ise srulyofilad iyos

Sewyobili erTmaneTTan da aseve fizikur pirobebTan, rom maTi kidev ufro gaumjobe-

seba da daxvewa ar SeiZlebodes; es iqidan Cans, rom yvela qveyanaSi adgilobrivi saxe-

obebs Zalian advilad Cagraven Semosulebi. yofila SemTxveva, roca zogierT invaziur

saxeobas SesaZlebloba eqmneboda mTlianad daepyro maspinZeli qveyana. im faqtidan, rom

`ucxoelebi~ jobnidnen zogierT adgilobriv saxeobas, SegviZlia davaskvnaT _ adgilo-

brivebic SeiZleba Seicvalon ise, rom meti winaaRmdegoba gauwion metoqeebs.

radgan adamians Seswevs Zala da kidevac moaxerxa mravali ram Seecvala da SesaniSnavi

Sedegebi miiRo meToduri Tu Seugnebeli gadarCevis saSualebebiT, ratom ar SeuZlia

bunebas igive gaakeTos? adamiani did yuradRebas mxolod garegnul mxares aqcevs,

bunebisaTvis ki garegnuli niSnebi mniSvnelovania mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini

491

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos cocxali arsebisaTvis. buneba TiToeul Sinagan organoze

moqmedebs, agebulebis TiToeul detalze, da sicocxlis mTel meqanikaze. adamiani

mxolod sakuTari interesebisaTvis axdens gadarCevas, buneba ki _ TviT im saxeobisaTvis,

romelsac cvlis. igi TiToeul gadarCeul niSan-Tvisebas didi gulmodginebiT awrTobs

da Semdeg misTvis xelsayrel sasicocxlo pirobebSi aTavsebs. adamiani ki sxvadasxva

klimatis Svilebs erT qveyanaSi uyris Tavs; SerCeul formebs erTnairad _ grZel- da

mokleniskarta mtreds erTi sakvebiT kvebavs, is ar epyroba gansxvavebulad grZeli

zurgisa da grZeli fexebis mqone msxvilfexa saqonels; grZel- da moklematylian

cxvars erTsa da imave klimatur pirobebSi amyofebs. igi ar zrunavs, rom uZlieres

mamrebs ergoT mdedrebi da arc daundoblad anadgurebs arasrulfasovan cxovelebs,

mTeli gulisyuriT icavs yvelas mravali sezonis manZilze. is xSirad iwyebs momaxinjo

formebis gadarCevas an iseTi formebis SerCevas, romelic an TvalSi xvdeba, an kidev

Tvlis, rom misTvis Zalian xelsayrelia. bunebaSi ki organizmis niSnebis odnavi sxvaobac

sakmarisia, rom kargad gawonasworebuli nairsaxeobebi arsebobisTvis brZolaSi

aqtiurad Caebas da Tavi daimkvidros. ra sulwasulia adamiani da raoden didia misi

Zalisxmeva dro ki ra cota aqvs! da, aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad ususuria mis mier

miRweuli Sedegebi im SedegebTan SedarebiT, romelic dedabunebam geologiuri epoqebis

manZilze miiRo! gana SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom bunebaSi ganxorcielebuli

gadarCeva bevrad ufro `WeSmaritia~ Tavisi xasiaTiT, vidre xelovnuri, bunebis mier

SerCeuli formebi gacilebiT ufro ukeTesad eguebian sicocxlis rTul pirobebs, isini

gacilebiT maRali xarisxis niSnebs atareben?! imis Tqmac ki SeiZleba,rom bunebrivi

gadarCeva yoveldRiurad, yovel saaTs `akvirdeba‘‘ da `amowmebs‘‘ yovelgvar cvlilebas

dedamiwis zurgze, misi yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba yvelaze umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki,

imavdroulad, raki ukuagdebs uaryofiT Tvisebebs, dadebiTs inarCunebs da erTmaneTs

umatebs. rogorc ki SesaZlebloba miecema, aseve SeumCnevlad muSaobs igi organul

arsebaTa gaumjobesebaze sicocxlis rogorc organuli, ise araorganuli pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. bunebrivia, Cven am neli progresis mimdinareobas ver vgrZnobT da

mxolod drois xangrZlivi monakveTis Semdeg aRmovaCenT, rom sicocxlis esa Tu is axali

forma sruliad gansxvavebulia Zvelisagan.

bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani mxolod ama Tu im formis gaumjobesebaa. amitom, erTi

SexedviT umniSvnelo niSan-Tvisebebic ki cvlilebebs eqvemdebareba. radgan foTlis

mWameli mwerebis Seferiloba mwvanea, xolo xis kanis mWamelebisa _ moWrelo ruxi,

alpuri gnoli zamTarSi TeTria, wiTeli kakabi _ mananasferi, WaobebSi mobinadre gnoli

ki _ yavisferi, unda vivaraudoT, rom es Seferiloba SemTxveviTi ki ar aris, aramed

gamiznuli safrTxisagan maT ukeT dasacavad. roWo, Tu igi ar ganadgurda sicocxlis

romelime etapze, Zalian mravldeba, magram mas mtacebeli frinvelebi emterebian. qors

msxverplis adgilsamyofels Tvali karnaxobs, mas mzera imdenad gawafuli aqvs, rom

evropis zogierT nawilSi mosaxleobas ar urCeven TeTri mtredebi iyolios, radgan

isini yvelaze advilad eqcevian qoris mxedvelobis areSi. aqedan gamomdinare, eWvs

492

Carlz darvini

aRar iwvevs is faqti, rom Seferilobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs da bunebrivi gadarCeva

mas Zalian efeqturad iyenebs xolme, rogorc, magaliTad, gnolis SemTxvevaSi. Tuki

saxeobam erTxel miiRo xelsayreli Seferiloba, gadarCeva mis SenarCunebas Seuwyobs

xels. ar unda davakninoT gamorCeuli Seferilobis mqone cxovelis mizanmimarTuli

ganadgurebis mniSvneloba feris siwmindis SenarCunebisaTvis: gavixsenoT, ramdenad

mniSvnelovania TeTri cxvris faraSi gareuli Savi batknebis ganadgureba. botanikosebi

did mniSvnelobas aniWeben xilis bususebsa da misi gulis Seferilobas, magram SesaniSnavi

mebaRe dauningi acxadebs, rom aSS-Si foTolWamia xoWo ufro metad gluvkanian xils

anadgurebs, vidre bususebians: Savi qliavi ufro xSirad avaddeba, vidre yviTeli; zogi

daavadeba yviTelgulian atams ufro etaneba, vidre feradgulians. Tu es mcire sxvaobac

ki did rols TamaSobs am nairsaxeobebis SenarCunebaSi, ueWvelia, rom bunebaSi, sadac

xeebs ara marto sxva xeebTan uwevT brZola, aramed uamrav mavnebelTanac, amgvari sxvaoba

aucileblad gansazRvravs, romeli saxeoba gaimarjvebs.

rodesac saxeobaTa Soris arsebul sxvaobebs SeviswavliT, romlebic Cveni uco-

dinrobis gamo sruliad umniSvnelo gveCveneba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda dagva-

viwydes klimati, sakvebi da a.S., romlebic aseve SeiZleba umniSvnelo, magram pirdapir

zegavlenas axdenen saxeobebze. agreTve mniSvnelovania, rom rodesac korelaciis jer

kidev ucnobi kanonebis moqmedebis gamo, Cndeba garkveuli cvlilebebi da es cvlilebebi

grovdeba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad, rac zogjer sruliad moulodnel modifikacias

iwvevs. imasac vxedavT, rom Sinaur jiSebSi ama Tu im asakSi gamovlenili romelime

variacia mis naSierSic umeteswilad swored am asakSi Cndeba _ amis Tqma SegviZlia sakvebi

Tu sasoflo-sameurneo mcenareebis Teslze, parkisa da muxluxos stadiaSi _ abreSumis

Wiis nairsaxeobaze, Sinauri frinvelebis kvercxebze, wiwilebis RinRlis Seferilobaze,

cxvrisa da msxvilfexa pirutyvis rqebze; asevea velur bunebaSic, rodesac bunebrivi

gadarCeva axdens organul arsebaTa cvlilebas nebismier asakSi da sasargeblo cvli-

lebaTa dagrovebis gziT maT STamomavlebs es cvlilebebi imave asakSi gadaecemaT. Tu

bambis mTesvels SeuZlia, gadarCevis gziT gazardos da gaaumjobesos bambis fTila,

gana bunebriv gadarCevas ar SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos qaris mier Teslis mimofantvas, Tu

es mcenarisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba? bunebriv gadarCevas Seswevs Zala Secvalos mwe-

ris larva mravalgvari garemo pirobebis Sesabamisad, romlebic SeiZleba sruliad

gansxvavdebodes im pirobebisagan, romlebic zrdasrul mwerze zemoqmedeben. aseTi

modifikacia ki, korelaciis kanonebidan gamomdinare, ueWvelad imoqmedebs zrdasruli

mweris agebulebazec. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom im mwerebis agebuleba, romlebic

sul ramdenime saaTi cocxloben da arasodes ikvebebian, maTi matlis struqturaSi

momoxdari Tanmimdevruli cvlilebebis Sedegic iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, aRiniSneba

piruku procesic anu mozrdili mweris cvlileba umeteswilad larvazec aisaxeba,

Tumca, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivma gadarCevam am cvlilebebis uvnebloba unda uz-

runvelyos, sxvanairad SeiZleba saxeoba gadaSendes.

493

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bunebrivi gadarCeva naSieris agebulebaSi Setanil cvlilebebs mSobels usadagebs,

mSoblis cvlilebebs ki _ naSiers. Sinaur cxovelebSi gadarCevas adamianisTvis xelsayre-

li cvlilebebi Seaqvs, magram erTaderTi, risi gansazRvrac bunebriv gadarCevas ar Se-

uZlia, aris is, rom erTi saxeobis struqturis SecvliT mas sxva saxeobaTa sazianod upi-

ratesoba ar mianiWos. naturalistTa naSromebSi raRac cnobebi am sakiTxzec moipoveba,

Tumca arc erTi maTgani ar Seicavs sakiTxis Rrma kvlevas. agebulebis is nawili, romelsac

esa Tu is cxoveli mxolod erTxel iyenebs sicocxlis manZilze bunebrivi gadarCevis

meSveobiT SesaZloa did cvlilebas daeqvemdebaros. aseTi SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,

zogierTi mweris didi ybebi, romlebsac isini ZiriTadad parkidan gamosvlisas xmaroben

an kvercxSi mjdomi bartyis niskartis magari wveti, romliTac igi kvercxs gatexs. damt-

kicebulia, rom ufro meti mokleniskarta Turmani mtredi kvercxSive iRupeba, vidre

iCekeba, ase, rom maT gamoCekvisas daxmareba esaWiroebaT. Tu buneba zrdasrul mtreds

niskarts kidev ufro daumoklebda, cvlilebis procesi Zalian Seneldeboda da, amav-

droulad, kvercxidan bartyebis gamosvla kidev ufro garTuldeboda, Sedegad mxolod

iseTebi gadarCebodnen, romelTac Zalian Zlieri niskarti eqneboda, yvela sustniskar-

tiani ki daiRupeboda. TxelnaWuWiani kvercxebis gadarCevac ganxorcieldeboda, radgan

rogorc cnobilia, kvercxis naWuWic eqvemdebareba cvlilebas.

sqesobrivi gadarGeva

Sinaur jiSebSi gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi xSirad erT-erT sqesSi warmoCndeba xolme da

SemdgomSi memkvidreobiT imave sqesis warmomadgenlebs gadaecema; igive unda xdebodes

bunebriv pirobebSic. am gziT, bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia calkeuli

sqesebis Secvla maTi cxovrebis niris Sesabamisad, rac xdeba kidec an erTi icvleba meo-

ris mimarT, esec aseve Cveulebrivia. yovelive es maiZulebs ramdenime sityva sqesobriv

gadarCevazec mogaxsenoT. sqesobrivi gadarCeva arsebobisaTvis brZolaze ki ar aris

damokidebuli, aramed mamrebis brZolaze mdedrebis dasaufleblad. amgvari brZolis

Sedegi damarcxebuli mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba ki ara, aramed misgan arc erTi an mc-

ire raodenobis STamomavlis datoveba aris. aqedan gamomdinare, sqesobrivi gadarCeva

bunebrivi gadarCevis msgavsad ulmobeli ar aris da igi gamravlebis process ukavSird-

eba. rogorc wesi, yvelaze Zlieri mamrebi, romlebic yvelaze kargad eguebian garemo pi-

robebs, ufro did STamomavlobas datoveben. magram xSirad, gamarjveba damokidebulia

ara mxolod zogadad siZliereze, aramed aseve mamrebis arsenalSi brZolis sxvadasxva

saSualebaze. urqo xariremsa da udezo mamals naklebi STamomavali eyoleba, radgan

sqesobrivi SerCevisas gamarjvebuls gamravlebisa da momavali Taobis datovebis gac-

ilebiT meti SesaZlebloba eZleva. es mas matebs Zalasa da gambedaobas, rom mTeli Za-

liT Caartyas mowinaaRmdeges dezi da gamarjveba moipovos. aseve iqceva is adamianic,

romelic saukeTeso jiSis mamlebs agrovebs da aumjobesebs maT jiSs, raTa Semdeg sxva

mamlebs CxubSi Seajibros. danamdvilebiT ver mogaxsenebT, rogor da ra masStabiT vr-

celdeba mdedrebisaTvis brZolis kanoni saerTod bunebaSi: magaliTad, vici, rom aliga-

494

Carlz darvini

torebi mdedrisTvis brZolaSi iseve Cxuboben, bRavian da trialeben, rogorc indielebi

qalebis dasapyrobi saomari cekvis Sesrulebisas, mamr oragulebs mTeli dRis manZilzec

SeuZliaT ebrZolon erTmaneTs. mamri xoWoebi ki orTabrZolis dros xSirad sxva mam-

rebis uSvelebeli sacecebis Zlier dartymebs iwvneven da mZimedac daSavdebian xolme.

yvelaze daundobeli brZola ki mainc poligamiur cxovelebs Soris imarTeba, romlebic,

rogorc wesi, sxvebze metad arian dajildoebulni sabrZolo saSualebebiT. mamri mta-

cebeli cxovelebi kargad arian SeiaraRebulni. maT da maT TanamoZmeebsac amgvari sa-

brZolo saSualebebi sqesobrivi gadarCevis Sedegad eZlevaT. magaliTad, fafari _ loms,

mokauWebuli yba _ mamr oraguls, radgan ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom brZolaSi faric ise-

Tive mniSvnelovania, rogorc Subi da maxvili.

frinvelebSi amgvari Sejibri ufro mSvidobian xasiaTs atarebs. yvelam, visac am

movlenasTan Sexeba hqonia, kargad icis, rom aq yvelaze didi metoqeoba imaSi gamoixateba,

rom mamrebma mdedri frinveli galobiT miizidon. gvineis mTis SaSvi, samoTxis Citi da

sxva frinvelebi Sejgufdebian, mamrebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT mdedrebis win bumbuls

iSlian da erT manWva-grexas aCaReben, sanam mdedrebi yvelaze warmatebul mamrebs ar

airCeven. visac galiaSi msxdomi Citebi Seuswavlia, aseve kargad icis, rom maT siyvarulSic

da zizRSic amoCemeba sCveviaT. ase, magaliTad, ser r. peroni aRwers, rom mis yvela de-

dal farSevangs erTi Wreli mamali farSevangi moswonda gamorCeulad. albaT bavSvuri

miamitoba iqneboda, rom maTi amgvari saqcieli mxolod mamri farSevangis SeferilobiT

agvexsna, Tumca sxva sabuTsac ver moviyvan am faqtis asaxsnelad. magram Tu adamians

Seswevs unari, rom Tavisi sicocxlis arcTu xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi bantamis

qaTmebs eleganturoba da silamaze Sematos, ratom ar SeiZleba, rom aTasobiT Taobis

manZilze yvelaze lamaz da melodiur mamrebTan dawyvilebulma mdedrma frinvelebma

TvalsaCino Sedegebs miaRwion?

mdedri da mamri frinvelebis bumbulis samoseli maTi bartyebis bumbulisgan gan-

sxvavdeba. kargad cnobili kanonebis mixedviT, bumbulis cvlileba gamravlebis asaks

miaRweul frinvelebSi an gamravlebis sezonis dadgomisas sqesobrivi gadarCevis dros

xdeba. Sedegad es cvlileba memkvidreobiT gadaecema imave asakSi da sezonze an mxolod

mamr bartyebs, an orives mamrsac da mdedrsac. samwuxarod, garkveul mizezTa gamo aq am

sakiTxs metad ver CavuRrmavdebi.

swored sqesobrivi gadarCeviT aixsneba is faqti, rom erTi saxeobis mdedrsa da

mamrs zogadi Tvisebebi erTgvari aqvT, magram struqturiT, feriTa da sxva garegnuli

niSnebiT gansxvavdebian _ es imas niSnavs, rom calkeul mamrebs wina TaobebSi hqondaT

odnav gamorCeuli upiratesoba sxva mamrebTan SedarebiT an sabrZolo, an Tavdacvis sa-

SualebebSi, an kidev garegnobaSi da es upiratesoba mamr STamomavals gadaeca. da mainc,

ar msurs yvela es sqesobrivi gansxvaveba mxolod saWiroebiT avxsna: yvelas SegvimCnevia

gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba Sinaur jiSebSi (mamr safosto mtredebs batisebri fexebi,

zogierTi mamali Sinauri frinvelis rqismagvari wanazardebi da a.S.), magram is arc mam-

rebs exmareba brZolaSi da arc mdedrebs matebs mimzidvelobas. analogiur SemTxvevebs

495

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

vxedavT bunebriv pirobebSic, magaliTad, Tmis bululi mamali indauris gulmkerdze,

rac arc sasargebloa da arc lamazi. marTlac, aseTi Tma Sinaur jiSebs rom amosvlodaT,

Cven amas simaxinjis gamovlinebad miviCnevdiT.

bunebrivi gadarGevis moqmedebis magaliTebi

imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, rogor moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCeva, neba miboZeT

warmogidginoT oriode warmosaxviTi magaliTi. modiT, aviRoT mgeli, romelic sxvadasx-

va cxovelze nadirobs da zogs moxerxebiT, zogs ZlierebiT da zogsac kidev simardiT

moipovebs. axla davuSvaT, rom yvelaze mardma samsxverplom, magaliTad, iremma, raRac

cvlilebebis gamo raodenobrivad Zalian imata, sxvam ki piriqiT iklo weliwadis im dros,

rodesac mgels yvelaze metad uWirs sakvebis mopoveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,rom mx-

olod yvelaze swrafi da fexmardi mglebi gadarCebian. amgvarad, maTi modgma gagrZel-

deba da SeinarCunebs nadavlis mosapoveblad saWiro siswrafes. am Tvisebas is maSinac

gamoiyenebs, rodesac sxva cxovelebze nadiroba iqneba saWiro. eWvi arc imaSi mepareba,

rom adamians SeuZlia Tavisi mwevris siswrafe kidev ufro gazardos Zalian dakvirve-

buli da meToduri gadarCeviT an gaucnobierebuli gadarCeviTac, _ rodesac adamiani

itovebs da amravlebs saukeTeso ZaRlebs maTi jiSis srulyofaze fiqris gareSe.

romelime cxovelze nadirobis gamorCeuli unariT dajildoebuli lekvi maSinac

SeiZleba daibados, rodesac samsxverplos raodenoba ar aris Secvlili. amgvari sxvao-

ba Sinaur cxovelebSic iCens xolme Tavs, magaliTad, zogi kata ufro virTxebze nadi-

robs, zogi ki _ Tagvebze. batoni st. joni wers, rom zogi kata frinvelebze nadirobs,

zogi _ kurdRlebze, zogi ki Waobian adgilebs eZebs da iq tyis qaTmebsa da Cibuxebs das-

devs. katebs memkvidreobiT Tagvebze metad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom virTxebze nadirobis

midrekileba gadaecemaT. Tu mgeli SeiZens sasargeblo garegnul niSans an sasargeblo

Cvevas, misi gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi gaizrdeba. zogierT mis naSiers, albaT,

Sesabamisi garegnuli niSani an Cveva memkvidreobiT gadaecema, xolo Taobebis ganma-

vlobaSi axali nairsaxeoba SeiZleba ganviTardes, romelic an Secvlis mglis ~sawyis~

nairsaxeobas, an masTan gverdigverd ganagrZobs arsebobas. gansxvavebul nadavlze nadi-

roben agreTve mTisa da baris binadari mglebi. am or gansxvavebul samyofelTan, yvelaze

ukeT Seguebuli formebis xangrZlivi SerCeviT SesaZloa, nel-nela ori gansxvavebuli

nairsaxeoba Camoyalibdes. Cveulebriv, maTi Sejvareba sruliad bunebrivi iqneba, magram

urTierTSejvarebis sakiTxs Cven kidev mivubrundebiT. aq ki imas davamatebdi, romro-

gorc batoni pirsi aRniSnavs, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, keteskilis mTebSi, mglebis

ori nairsaxeoba binadrobs: erTi waagavs mwevars da iremze nadirobs, xolo meore, ufro

zorba da moklefexeba xSirad cxvris faras esxmis Tavs.

modiT, axla kidev ufro rTuli magaliTi moviyvanoT. zogierTi mcenare tkbil wvens

gamoyofs, albaT imitom, rom mavne nivTierebebi gareT gamodevnos _ es xdeba, magaliTad,

parkosnebis TanafoTolakebis ZirTan arsebuli jirkvlebisa da dafnis foTlebis ukana

mxares. im wvens, romelic arc ise didi raodenobiT gamoiyofa, xarbad etanebian mwerebi.

496

Carlz darvini

axla davuSvaT, rom am wvens yvavilis furclebis Zirebi gamoyofs. mwerebi tkbili wvenis

Zebnisas yvavilebis mtvriT isvrebian da xSirad gadaaqvT erTi yvavilidan meoreze,

Sedegad ori sruliad gansxvavebuli individis yvavilebi erwymis erTmaneTs da SegviZlia

vivaraudoT, rom amis Sedegad warmoiqmneba Zlieri Tesli, romelsac TandaTanobiT

gadarCenisa da ayvavebis saukeTeso SesaZleblobebi miecema. maT Soris ramodenimes

aucileblad gadaecema memkvidreobiT neqtris gamoyofis Tviseba. yvelaze didi neqtris

gamosayofi jirkvlis an saneqtres mqone yvavilebi, cxadia, sxvebze met neqtars gamoyofen

da mwerebic yvelaze xSirad swored maT stumroben. aqedan gamomdinare, isini yvelaze

xSirad daimtverebian da, sabolood, sxva yvavilebTan SedarebiT didi upiratesoba

eqnebaT mweris zomasa da qcevebs, ris Semdegac gaadvildeba mtvris yvavilidan yvavilze

gadatana da misi gavrceleba. iseTi magaliTis ganxilvac SegviZlia, rodesac mwerebi

yvavilebs neqtarisaTvis ki ar stumroben, aramed mis mtvers miirTmeven. yvavilis mtveri

warmoiqmneba mis gasamravleblad da amitom misi dakargva yvavilisTvis sazaraloa,

magram Tu mwerebi mas yvavilidan yvavilze gadaitanen, Tavidan Tundac drogamoSvebiT,

TandaTanobiT ki sul ufro xSirad, mtvris cxra meaTedic rom daikargos, mcenaris

gamravlebisaTvis es mainc metad xelsayreli iqneba. aqedan gamomdinare, gadarCebian da

gamravldebian is mcenareebi, romlebsac yvelaze meti mtveri da yvelaze didi samtvre

eqnebaT. bunebrivi gadarCevis gavleniT sul ufro da ufro galamazebuli yvavili

kidev ufro TvalSisacemi gaxdeba mwerebisaTvis da isinic ufro mouxSireben mtvris

gadatanas. mwerebis mier mtvris warmatebiT gadatanis araerTi SesaniSnavi da gasaocari

magaliTi arsebobs, aq ki mxolod erTs moviyvan, _ es arc ise gamorCeuli magaliTia,

magram kargad warmoaCens mcenareTa sqesebis gancalkevebis erT-erT safexurs. baZgis

zogierT individs mxolod mamri yvavili gamoaqvs, romelsac rudimentuli butko da

oTxi mtvriana aqvs, xolo es mtvrianebi metad mcire raodenobis mtvers gamoimuSavebs.

baZgis sxva individebi ki mxolod mdedr yvavilebs isxams, romlebsac mozrdili butko

da oTxi mtvriana aqvT usicocxlo samtvreebiT, maTSi erT marcval mtversac ver

aRmoaCenT. mikroskopiT davakvirdi mamri xisgan 60 iardis daSorebiT mdgari mdedri xis

oci sxvadasxva totidan aRebul yvavilis dings da aRmoCnda, rom yvela maTgani mtvers

Seicavda, zogierTi ki _ gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT. mtvers qari ver gaavrcelebda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amindi civi da futkrisaTvis araxelsayreli iyo, yvela mdedri

yvavili, romelic Sevamowme, im futkrebis mier iyo damtverili, romlebsac SemTxveviT

miekara mtveri neqtris ZiebaSi xidan xeze frenisas.

Cvens warmosaxviT SemTxvevas Tu davubrundebiT, davinaxavT, rom, rogorc ki xe mim-

zidveli gaxdeba mwerebisaTvis da isini regularulad Seudgebian yvavilidan yvavilze

mtvris gadatanas, amas kidev erTi movlena mohyveba. yvela naturalistisaTvis eWvga-

reSea e.w. `Sromis fiziologiuri danawilebis~ mniSvneloba; aqedan gamomdinare, sa-

varaudod, mcenarisaTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, rom erT yvavils an mTlianad erT

mcenares, hqondes mxolod mtvrianebi, xolo meores ki _ butkoebi. axal pirobebSi mox-

vedril an moSinaurebul mcenareTa ~mdedri~ an ~mamri~ organoebi zogjer gamravlebis

497

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

unars kargaven. Tu vivaraudebT, rom es SeiZleba Tundac Zalian iSviaTad, magram mainc

moxdes bunebriv pirobebSi, maSin, mtvris yvavilidan yvavilze regularulad gadata-

nis gaTvaliswinebiT da kidev imis gamo, rom Sromis fiziologiuri gadanawilebisTvis

sqesTa kidev ufro mkveTri gancalkeveba unda iyos xelsayreli, im individs, romelic

am tendencias gamoavlens, upiratesoba mieniWeba da is ganagrZobs gamravlebas iqamde,

sanam sqesTa sruli gancalkeveba ar iqneba miRweuli.

axla ki neqtris momxmarebeli mwerebis warmosaxviT magaliTs davubrundeT. Segve-

Zleba vivaraudoT, rom gadarCevis principidan gamomdinare mcenare, romelSic neqtris

raodenoba TandaTan matulobs, Cveulebrivi movlenaa da zogierTi mweri mis neqtars

sakvebad iyenebs. futkrebi dros Zalian ufrTxildebian da amis uamravi magaliTi arse-

bobs. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom yvavilebis gulidan neqtris swrafad amo-

saRebad isini foTolaks xvreten, miuxedavad imisa, rom advilad SeaRwevdnen yvavilSi

xvrelis gareSec. aqedan gamomdinare, sxeulis formis nebismieri gadaxra normidan,

magaliTad, ufro grZeli nestari, romelic imdenad umniSvnelo da SeumCnevelia, rom

arcki vaqcevT yuradRebas, sinamdvileSi metad mniSvnelovania _ igi saSualebas aZlevs

mwers ufro swrafad da meti raodenobis sakvebi moipovos anu sicocxlis ukeTesi piro-

bebi Seiqmnas da datovos ufro meti STamomavalic, romlebSic es struqturuli Tvise-

bebic iqneba gamovlenili. Cveulebrivi samyuras ori saxeobis, wiTeli samyura Trifolium Pratense-s da T. Incarnatum-is milebis sigrZe, erTi SexedviT, TiTqmis arc ki gansxvavdeba,

magram skis futkars gacilebiT advilad SeuZlia neqtaris amoReba Incarnatum-idan, vid-

re wiTeli samyurasagan, romelsac ZiriTadad bazebi stumroben. ase rom, wiTeli sam-

yuraTi gadaWedili mindvrebi skis futkrisaTvis veraferi SeRavaTia, radgan igi maT

tkbil neqtars ver moipovebs. aqedan gamomdinare, skis futkrisTvis didi upiratesobaa

odnav ufro grZeli an gansxvavebuli formis nestari. garda amisa, samyuras gamravle-

bac futkarzea damokidebuli, anu imaze, rom xSirad mofrindnen, Searxion misi gvirg-

vini da dingis zedapirze mtveri moafrqvion. maSasadame, imisaTvis, rom veluri futkari

gamravlebuliyo, ukeTesi iqneboda, rom wiTel samyuras hqonoda ufro mokle da mkve-

Trad gamoyofili gvirgvinis milebi, raTa futkrebic xSirad swveodnen mis yvavilebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, CemTvis sruliad gasagebia, rogor xdeba yvavilisa da futkris urT-

ierTSegueba im individTa mudmivi SenarCunebiTa da SerCeviT, romlebsac ufro xel-

sayreli da gansxvavebuli agebuleba aRmoaCndebaT.

Zalian kargad mesmis, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis doqtrina zemoTmoyvanili ma-

galiTebiT warmodgenili iseTive winaaRmdegobas SeiZleba gadaawydes, rogoric Sexv-

da Tavdapirvelad ser Carlz leilis keTilSobilur Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, rom

`dedamiwis Tanamedrove cvlilebebi misi geologiis ilustracias warmoadgens~. dRes

Cven naklebad gvesmis, rogor SeiZleba magaliTad, sanapiro zolis talRebis moqmedeba

umniSvnelo da arasayuradRebo iyos uSvelebeli velebisa an zRvidan moSorebul mTaTa

grZeli jaWvis warmoqmnaSi. bunebrivi gadarCeva mxolod maSin moqmedebs, rodesac

xdeba organuli arsebisaTvis memkvidreobiT miRebuli yoveli sasargeblo, Tugind

498

Carlz darvini

umniSvnelo cvlilebis SenarCuneba da dagroveba. da ise, rogorc Tanamedrove geologiam

TiTqmis mTlianad uaryo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom erTma diluvialurma talRam gamoiwvia

udidesi velis warmoqmna, aseve bunebrivi gadarCevac gaaqarwylebs rwmenas axal-axali

organuli arsebebis damoukideblad Seqmnisa Tu maT agebulebaSi momxdari didi da ueca-

ri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

individTa Sejvarebis Sesaxeb

aq mcire wiaRsvliT unda daviwyo. bunebrivia, rom axali formebis Sesaqmnelad ori

gansxvavebuli sqesis individi unda Seerwyas erTmaneTs, magram hermafroditebis SemTx-

vevaSi es problema yovelTvis ase rodi gvardeba. me mainc mwams, rom hermafroditebis

SemTxvevaSic ki ori individi aucilebelia mesamis gasaCenad. aqve davamateb, rom es azri

pirvelad endriu naitma Camoayaliba. aq am sakiTxze Zalian mokled SevCerdebi, Cvenc male

mivxvdebiT mis mniSvnelobas, Tumca gansjisTvisac sakmarisi masala momepoveba. yvela

xerxemliani cxoveli, mweri Tu cxovelTa sxva didi jgufis warmomadgeneli wyvildeba,

raTa gamravldes. Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, savaraudo hermafroditebis raode-

noba mkveTrad aris Semcirebuli da WeSmarit hermafroditTa udidesi raodenoba wyvil-

deba anu erTmaneTs erwymis gamravlebis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, cxovelebSi xom uxvad

moipoveba hermafroditizmis SemTxvevebi da, garda amisa, mcenareTa udidesi umravle-

sobac hermafroditia. marTlac, ratom unda vivaraudoT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi ori

individi erwymis erTmaneTs gamravlebis mizniT? radgan yvela detals aq ver CavuRr-

mavdebiT, mxolod zogad mosazrebebs warmogidgenT.

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom uamravi faqti movipove seleqcionerTa sayo-

velTaod aRiarebuli Sexedulebis dasamtkiceblad, romlis mixedviT, mcenaris an cxo-

velis naSieri ufro Zlieri da nayofieria, Tu igi gansxvavebul nairsaxeobaTa an erTi

da imave nairsaxeobis gansxvavebuli individebis Sejvarebis Sedegad iSva. faqtebi mar-

wmunebs, rom TaobaTa mosacemad arc erTi organuli rseba ar axdens TviTganayofiere-

bas, sxva individTan Sejvarebaa aucilebeli _ da es bunebis zogadi kanonia. es kanoni

saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev ufro Rmad CavwvdeT mraval faqts, romlebic sxvagvarad ar

ixsneba. yvela seleqcionerma kargad uwyis, rogor uSlis xels yvavilis ganayofierebas

wvima da nesti da, miuxedavad amisa, yvavilTa umravlesobis samtvre parki da dingi zecas

Sehyurebs! magram, cnobili faqtia, rom yvavilis mtvrianisa da butkos siaxlove TviT-

damtvervas aadvilebs, magram, Tu amis miuxedavad, perioduli Sejvareba mainc aucilebe-

lia, maSin yvavilis amgvari daucveloba da gadaSla gasagebi xdeba, radgan es xels uwyobs

meore individis mtvriT damtvervas! zogierT mcenareSi, magaliTad, bardisebrTa (Pa-pilionaceae) ojaxis warmomadgenlebSi, ganayofierebis organoebi kargadaa izolirebuli

garemosgan, magram am yvavilebs gaaCniaT SesaniSnavi mowyobiloba, romelic mwerebs dam-

tvervas uadvilebs.am jgufis mcenareTaTvis futkris mier damtverva imdenad aucile-

belia, rom mis gareSe nayofiereba mniSvnelovnad ecema. Znelad warmosadgenia, futkari

dafrinavdes yvavilidan yvavilze da mcenaris sasargeblod ar gadahqondes mtveri. am

499

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SemTxvevaSi futkari moqmedebs viwro funjiviT, _ sakmarisia Seexos erTi yvavilis samt-

vres da Semdeg _ meore yvavilis dings, rom ganayofiereba Semdgaria. magram es srulebiT

ar moaswavebs erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul saxeobaTa hibridebis didi raodenobiT war-

moqmnas, _ rogorc batonma garTnerma aRmoaCina, marTalia, futkari mcenares xan misive

mtvriT damtveravs, xan ki sxva saxeobis mcenaris mtveri moaqvs, magram sakuTari mtvris

Zala imdenad aRemateba sxva saxeobisas, rom yvela ~ucxo~ mtvris gavlenas Trgunavs.

rodesac yvavilis mtvrianebi, ucabedad an nel-nela da saTiTaod, butkosaken waiwe-

vian, es TviTganayofierebas uwyobs xels da garkveulwilad sasargebloa, magram xSirad

amisTvis mainc mwerebis daxmarebaa saWiro, rogorc es kolreuterma gviCvena kowaxuris

magaliTze. kowaxuris gvaris mcenareebs TviTganayofierebisaTvis TiTqos specialuri

meqanizmi aqvs, magram sainteresoa Semdegi faqti: Tuki am gvaris monaTesave saxeobebs

axlo-axlo davrgavT, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba arahibriduli Teslis miReba, radgan isini

erTmaneTis mtvriTac farTod imtverebian. amasTan erTad mraval mcenares specialuri

meqanizmebi aqvs TviTganayofierebis Tavidan asacileblad da amis uamravi magaliTi ar-

sebobs. imaves adasturebs s.s. sprengeli da mec, Cemi dakvirvebebis safuZvelze veTanx-

mebi mas. magaliTad, Lobelia Fulgens-s gaaCnia meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiT uTvalavi mt-

vris marcvali amoiyreba TiToeuli yvavilis samtvridan manam, sanam dingi moemzadeba

maT misaRebad. imis gamo, rom am yvavils futkrebi ar stumroben, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

Cems baRSi, igi Tesls TavisTavad ver ikeTebs; magram rodesac gadmomqonda erTi yvavi-

lis mtveri meoris dingze, Tesls uxvad vRebulobdi. iqve izrdeba Lobelia-s sxva saxeoba,

romelsac futkari gamudmebiT axvevia Tavs, amitom is advilad ikeTebs Tesls. araerTi

sxva SemTxveva arsebobs, rodesac yvavils, TviTganayofierebis xelSemSleli araviTari

specialuri meqanizmi ar gaaCnia, misi samtvre dingi mzadyofnamde skdebodes an kidev,

dingi mzad iyos ganayofierebisaTvis yvavilis mtvris momwifebamde. amis Sesaxeb batoni

s.s. spingeli miuTiTebs da mec, Cemi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, sruliad veTanxmebi. es

SemTxvevebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom yvela es mcenare, romelTac Cveulebriv diqogamiurad

miiCneven, sinamdvileSi gayofilsqesianebi arian. ra ucnauria es faqtebi! ra saocaria,

rom TviTganayofierebis mizniT erT yvavilSi erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebuli mtveri da

dingi erTmaneTisTvis gamousadegarni arian! da raoden martivad SeiZleba am faqtebis

axsna im ubralo WeSmaritebiT, rom gansxvavebul individTa Sejvareba bevrad ufro sa-

sargeblo da aucilebelic kia!

Tu kombostos, Talgamis, xaxvisa da sxva mcenareTa nairsaxeobebs axlo-axlo

davrgavT, aRmovaCenT, rom amosuli CiTilebi umeteswilad Sereuli iqneba. magaliTad,

sxvadasxva saxeobis mcenareTa garemocvidan kombostos 233 CiTili aviRe da maTgan

mxolod 78 CiTili aRmoCnda wminda saxeobisa, zogi ki saerTod gansxvavebuli iyo. kom-

bostos TiToeuli yvavilis butko, Tavisi 6 mtvrianis garda, garSemortymulia imave

kombostos sxva yvavilebis mtvrianebiTac. maSin ratom xdeba, rom amdeni CiTilia hi-

briduli? amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobis mcenareTa mtveri,

romelsac yvavilis sakuTar mtverze gacilebiT Zlieri zemoqmedebis unari aqvs. es

500

Carlz darvini

aris erTi saxeobis sxvadasxva mcenares Soris gaadvilebuli Sejvarebis Sedegi, rac

mcenarisaTvis sasargebloa. magram rodesac erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli saxeobebi erwymis,

aq yvelaferi piriqiT xdeba, kerZod, mcenaris sakuTari mtveri ucxo mtverze bevrad uf-

ro Zlieria. am Temas momaval TavSi mivubrundebiT.

SeiZleba moviyvanoT aseTi magaliTi: erT uSvelebel, uamravi yvaviliT gadapentil xeze

sxva xidan mtveri ar gadmova, misi yvavilebi daimtvereba sakuTari xis yvavilebiT, romlebic

mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba CavTvaloT gansxvavebul individebad. vTvli, rom es mosaz-

reba sakmaod safuZvliania, magram Tavad dedabuneba ewinaaRmdegeba mas, erT xeze Tavmoy-

rili yvavilebi xSirad erTsqesiania. sqesTa dacalkevebisas mtvris gadatana xdeba yvavi-

lidan yvavilze, rasac drodadro Tan sdevs mtvris xidan xeze gadatana. yvavilebis sqesTa

dacalkeveba ufro xSirad xeebs axasiaTebs da ar aris damokidebuli ama Tu im xis rigze.

yovel SemTxvevaSi, asea Cvens qveyanaSi. Cemi TxovniT doqtorma hukerma aRnusxa da cxri-

lebSi ganaTavsa axali zelandiis floris xeebi, xolo doqtorma greim ki _ aSS-isa da Sedegi

swored iseTi miviReT, rogorsac me velodi, Tumca doqtorma hukerma axlaxan macnoba, rom

es wesi zedmiwevniT ar sruldeba avstraliaSi. me ki xeebis Sesaxeb es magaliTi imitom movi-

yvane, rom Tqveni yuradReba mimepyro am sakiTxisTvis.

axla ki cxovelebs davubrundeT. Cvens qveyanaSic moiZebneba hermafroditebi, magali-

Tad, lokokina da Wiayela, magram amavdroulad orive wyvildeba. jerjerobiT, me ar vici

CvenSi iseTi cxoveli, romelic TviTganayofierebas eweva. es SesaniSnavi faqti SegviZlia

avxsnaT, cxovelebisaTvis perioduli Sejvarebis aucilebelobiT, radganac xmeleTze bi-

nadar cxovelTa SemTxvevaSi, garda ori individis SeerTebisa, aba ram unda Seasrulos is

roli, romelsac mcenaris ganayofierebisas mwerebi da qari TamaSoben? wylis cxovelTa So-

ris ki sakmaod moipoveba hermafroditi saxeobebi, magram wylis dineba iZleva perioduli

pasiuri ganayofierebis saSualebas. erT-erT udides avtoritetTan, saxeldobr, doqtor

haqslisTan konsultaciis Semdegac ki, yvavilebis msgavsad verc cxovelebSi aRmovaCine ise-

Ti hermafroditi, romelsac gamravlebis organoebi ise eqneboda sxeulSi moqceuli, rom

meore individs ar SeZleboda masTan Serwyma. am mxriv CemTvis sirTules ulvaSfexiani kiboe-

bi warmoadgens. Tumca, sruliad moulodnelad bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT davamtkice,

rom am cxovelebis ori individi, maTi TviTganayofierebis unaris miuxedavad, zogjer mainc

jvardeba. albaT bevri naturalisti anomaliad miiCnevs im faqts, rom, rogorc cxovelebis,

aseve mcenareebis erTi da imave ojaxisa da gvaris saxeobebSic ki xSirad zogi maTgani herma-

froditia, zogi ki _ erTsqesiani. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom xandaxan hermafrodite-

bic erwymian sxva individebs, maSin unda davaskvnaT, rom hermafroditebsa da erTsqesian

saxeobebs Soris arsebuli funqciuri gansxvavebac metad umniSvneloa.

am mosazrebebma da Cems mier Tavmoyrilma uamravma faqtma sabolood dagvarwmuna, rom

cxovelebSic da mcenareebSic gansxvavebul individTa Sejvareba bunebis erT-erTi kanonia.

kargad mesmis, rom am wess mravali sirTule axlavs, romelTa gagebasac vcdilob. kvlav

Cems mier Sekrebil faqtebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa did nawils aq ver moviyvan, SemiZlia

davaskvna, rom organul arsebaTa umravlesobaSi TiToeuli naSieris gadasarCenad or in-

501

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

divids Soris Sejvareba aSkara aucileblobaa. zog SemTxvevaSi es iSviaTad xdeba, didi in-

tervaliT, magram ar arsebobs iseTi organuli arseba, mxolod TviTganayofierebis gziT

rom mravldebodes.

bunebrivi gadarGevis xelisSemwyobi pirobebi

es sakiTxi did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. bunebrivi gadarCevisaTvis xelisSemwyobi

cvlilebaTa simravlea, Tumca ubralo individualuri cvalebadobac sakmaod mniSvne-

lovania. individTa didi raodenoba cvalebadobis deficits imiT ivsebs, rom xels uwyobs

sasargeblo cvlilebebis gaCenas; es warmatebis mniSvnelovani sawindaria. marTalia, bunebas

uamravi dro gaaCnia gadarCevisaTvis, magram es dro usasrulo namdvilad ar aris. yvela

organuli arseba cdilobs bunebaSi daimkvidros Tavisi adgili da Tu romelime saxeobis

sasicocxlo saSualebebi konkurentebTan SedarebiT cvlilebasa da gaumjobesebas ar

eqvemdebareba, igi male gadaSendeba.

xelovnurad warmoebuli meToduri gadarCevis dros seleqcioneri konkretuli miz-

nisaken miiswrafvis da amitom Tavisufali Sejvareba misTvis xelSemSleli faqtori iqneba.

rodesac adamians miznad ar aqvs dasaxuli jiSis Secvla da mxolod saukeTeso cxovelebis

SejvarebiT cdilobs maT daxvewas. amgvar gaucnobierebel gadarCevas gaumjobeseba da mo-

dificireba, Tumca nela, magram mainc mohyveba, maSinac ki, Tu zogjer Sejvareba naklebad

srulyofil cxovelTan xdeba. aseve moxdeba bunebriv pirobebSic, SemosazRvrul terito-

riaze, bunebrivi gadarCeva saWiroebisamebr Secvlil individebs gadaarCens bunebaSi arse-

buli Tavisufali adgilis dasakaveblad. sasicocxlo pirobebi, Cveulebriv, nairgvaria did

teritoriaze, romelic ramdenime olqisagan Sedgeba; da Tuki bunebrivi gadarCeva cvlis

da aumjobesebs saxeobebs ramdenime olqSi, amas gardauvlad mohyveba Sejvareba sxvadasxva

olqebis individebs Soris, romelic garkveulwilad daabrkolebs siaxleebis damkvidre-

bas. amgvari Sejvareba yvelaze metad imoqmedebs cxovelebze, romlebic kontaqtSi Sedian

gamravlebisaTvis an Zalian moZravni arian, an kidev swrafad ver mravldebian (ase moxdeba,

magaliTad, frinvelebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa gansxvavebuli nairsaxeobebi gansxvavebuli

qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli); agreTve hermafroditul organizmebze, romlebic iS-

viaTad jvardebian da cxovelebze, romlebic TiToeuli naSierisaTvis erTxel mainc unda

SeerTdnen. naklebad moZrav da swrafi gamravlebis unaris mqone saxeobebSi, axali da gaum-

jobesebuli nairsaxeobebi SeiZleba Zalian male gaCndes da ganviTardes erT geografiul

wertilSi da Sejvarebac ZiriTadad erTi da imave nairsaxeobis warmomadgenlebs Soris

moxdes. amgvarad warmoqmnili adgilobrivi nairsaxeoba SemdgomSi TandaTan gavrceldeba

sxva olqebSic. am principze dayrdnobiT seleqcionerebi yovelTvis amjobineben Teslis

mopovebas erTnairi nairsaxeobis mravali mcenarisagan, radgan es amcirebs sxva nairsaxe-

obebTan Sejvarebis albaTobas.

bunebrivi gadarCevis damabrkolebeli faqtori TviT iseT cxovelebSic ki, romle-

bic neli tempiT mravldebian, yovelTvis Sejvareba rodia; uamravi magaliTi SemiZlia

502

Carlz darvini

moviyvano, rom erTsa da imave teritoriaze nairsaxeobebs xangrZlivi drois manZilze

SeunarCunebiaT sisxlis siwminde, sxvadasxva adgilebSi binadrobisa da sxvadasxva sezonze

mxolod maTive nairsaxeobis individebTan SeerTebis wyalobiT.

Sejvareba did rols TamaSobs erTi da imave saxeobis individTa an nairsaxeobaTa sisxlis

siwmindis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. is yvelaze did gavlenas axdens cxovelebze, romlebic

gamravlebisaTvis wyvildebian, magram rogorc ukve vnaxeT, perioduli Sejvareba xdeba

yvela saxis mcenaresa da cxovelSi. darwmunebuli var, ragind xangrZlivi intervaliTac

unda xdebodes aseTi Sejvareba, mis Sedegad gaCenili naSieri sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro

Zlieri da nayofieri iqneba, gadarCenisa da Tavisi msgavsis gamrvalebis meti SesaZlebloba

miecema. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sabolood, iSviaTi Sejvarebac ki udides gavlenas

axdens. Tu sadme moiZebneba iseTi organuli arsebebi, romlebic arasodes jvardebian,

maTi erTgvarovneba SenarCundeba mxolod sasicocxlo pirobebis Secvlamde, radgan

memkvidreobiTobis principi da bunebrivi gadarCeva gaanadgurebs arsebuli normidan

gadaxril yvela individs. magram Tu sasicocxlo pirobebi Seicvala da organizmma mo-

difikacia ganicada, maSin niSnebis erTgvarovneba saxecvlil STamomavlobaSi SeiZleba

SenarCundes mxolod bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT, romelic sasargeblo cvlilebebs

Seuwyobs xels.

bunebrivi gadarCevis procesSi izolaciac udides rols TamaSobs. Tuki teritoria arc

ise didia da igi SemosazRvruli da izolirebulia, cxovrebis organuli Tu araorganuli

pirobebi ZiriTadad erTgvari iqneba; es xels Seuwyobs bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT mTel

teritoriaze erTi saxeobis individTa modifikaciis erTnairad ganxorcielebas sasicocx-

lo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amiT SeizRudeba izolirebul teritoriaze, gansxvavebul

pirobebSi binadari erTi da imave saxeobis individTa Sejvarebac. izolacias yvelaze didi

mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiT eniWeba, rom fizikuri pirobebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi (an

Semdeg) igi xels uSlis am teritoriaze ukeTesad Seguebuli organizmebis Semosvlas. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, bunebaSi warmoiqmneba sicarieleebi, romelTa dasaufleblad Zvelma bi-

nadrebma unda ibrZolon da aRnagobasa Tu struqturaSi momxdari cvlilebebis saSualebiT

Seeguon bunebaSi moxdar cvlilebebs. sabolood, izolacia xels uSlis imigracias da ima-

vdroulad, igi aqveiTebs Zvel binadarTa Soris konkurencias, xels uwyobs axali nairsaxe-

obebis TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas, romlebmac SeiZleba didi roli iTamaSon Tu izoli-

rebuli teritoria metad mcirea an mis garSemo arsebuli barierebisa Tu gansakuTrebuli

fizikuri pirobebis gamo, axali saxeobebis SeqmnaSic. aseve metad mcire iqneba masze mobi-

nadre individTa raodenobac, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlis bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveo-

biT axal saxeobaTa warmoqmnas, radgan sasargeblo cvlilebebi aq naklebad warmoiqmneba.

Tu am sityvebis WeSmaritebis Sesamowmeblad isev bunebas mivubrundebiT da davakvird-

ebiT romelime izolirebul teritorias, magaliTad, kunZuls okeaneSi, aRmoCndeba, rom

marTalia igi pataraa, magram masze mobinadre saxeobaTa raodenoba arcTu ise mcirea. Tum-

ca, saxeobaTa umravlesoba endemuria anu mxolod am konkretuli kunZulisTvis aris dama-

xasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom kunZuli okeane-

503

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Si metad xelsayreli adgilia axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisaTvis; magram aseTma msje-lobam

SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos: sinamdvileSi Zneli Sesamowmebelia, patara izolirebuli

teritoria ufro xelsayrelia axali formebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, Tu didi kontinenti,

radgan amisaTvis dakvirveba garkveul periodebSi erTnairad unda vawarmooT, risi Zalac

ar Segvwevs.

marTalia, teritoriis izolacia axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisas udides rols TamaSobs,

magram me mainc mimaCnia, rom izolaciaze meti datvirTva teritoriis sidides eniWeba,

gansakuTrebiT ki iseTi saxeobebis warmoqmnisas, romlebic ufro gamZleni aRmoCndebian

da ufro farTodac gavrceldebian. did da Ria teritoriaze, garda imisa, rom erTi da

imave saxeobis individTa axal-axali nairsaxeobebis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba matulobs,

amasTanave sxva, ukve damkvidrebuli saxeobebi metad arTuleben sasicocxlo pirobebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saxeobaTa erTi nawili ganicdis cvlilebasa da gaumjobesebas,

garkveulwilad sxvebsac mouwevT Secvla, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini veRar gamravl-

debian. xolo TiToeuli metad gaumjobesebuli forma gavrceldeba da mTel teritorias

moedeba, rasac sxva individebTan konkurencia mohyveba. aqedan gamomdinare, bunebaSi meti

sicariele Seiqmneba da maT dasakaveblad Sejibric ufro gamwvavdeba, da es yvelaferi

did teritoriaze ufro SeiZleba moxdes, vidre patara da izolirebul miwaze. metic,

Tumca didi teritoriebi amJamad uwyvetad gveCveneba, warsulSi xSirad nawevrdeboda

geologiuri movlenebis gamo, ase rom, Tavis droze arsebuli izolacia garkveulad uwyobda

xels saxeobaTa warmoqmnas. bolos, minda davaskvna, rom Tumca patara da izolirebul

teritoriebze ufro xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba axali saxeobebis warmoqmnisaTvis,

ufro swrafi cvlileba aRiniSneba vrcel da gaSlil teritoriebze, da, rac ufro mniSv-

nelovania, vrcel teritoriebze warmoqmnili axali, isedac ukve mraval konkurents

Soris upiratesobamopovebuli formebi farTod gavrceldeba da axali saxeobebisa da

nairsaxeobebis warmoqmnas Seuwyobs xels. am faqts ki, Tavis mxriv, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

organuli samyaros Secvlasa da axali formebis CamoyalibebaSi. amgvarad, SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba zogierTi movlenis axsnac, rasac geografiul gavrcelebaze saubrisas kvlav

SevexebiT, magaliTad, SevecdebiT gavarkvioT, ratom Camoyalibda SedarebiT mcire

kontinentis _ avstraliis saxeobebi ufro adre, vidre evraziis uSvelebeli kontinentisa.

kontinenturi saxeobebi farTod moedo kunZulebsac. patara kunZulze arsebobisaTvis

brZola naklebad ulmobelia, da amitom cvlilebaTa raodenobac naklebia; aqedan gamom-

dinare, saxeobaTa gadaSenebac naklebad xdeba. es naTels hfens im faqts, rom madeiras

flora, osvald hiaris aRweriT, Zalian hgavs evropis gadaSenebul floras. mtknari wylis

yvela auzi, erTad aRebulic ki, mcirea zRvasTan da xmeleTTan SedarebiT, amitom mtknari

wylis saxeobaTa Soris arsebobisaTvis brZola, arc ise ulmobeli iqneboda, rogorc zRvaSi.

amis gamo, axali formebis warmoqmnac da Zvelebis gadaSenebac neli tempiT moxdeboda.

swored mtknar wylebSia SemorCenili dRemde ganoiduri Tevzebis, orniTorinxusisa

(Ornitorhynchus) da depidosirenis (Depidosiren) saxeliT cnobil saxeobaTa sakmaod uCveulo

warmomadgenlebic, romlebic erTgvar gardamaval rgolebs qmnian dRes erTmaneTisagan

504

Carlz darvini

sruliad gansxvavebul formebs Soris, amitom SeiZleba cocxali namarxebic vuwodoT. maT

dRemde imis wyalobiT miaRwies, rom SemosazRvrul teritoriaze binadrobdnen da amitom

naklebad mkacr konkurenciaSi iyvnen CarTulni.

metad rTulia bunebrivi gadarCevsaTvis xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli faqtorebis Se-

faseba, magram mainc SeiZleba garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana. xmeleTis saxeobebisaTvis ga-

daSlili kontinenturi teritoria, romelic drodadro nawevrdeba geologiuri Sreebis

mudmivi moZraobis gamo, yvelaze xelsayrelia sicocxlis axali formebis Camoyalibebi-

saTvis. aq warmoqmnili saxeobebi ufro gamZleni iqnebian da mocemul teritoriazec moi-

kideben fexs. kontinentur teritoriaze Tavdapirvelad uricxvi raodenobiT Seiqmneboda

individebi da nairsaxeobebi, romlebsac Zalian mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi mouwevdaT

Tavis gatana; rodesac kontinenti vrcel kunZulebad daiyofoda, TiToeul kunZulze erTi

da imave saxeobis individebic gaagrZelebdnen arsebobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, nairsaxe-

obaTa Soris Sejvareba Seyovndeboda, amasTanave sxvadasxva fizikuri cvlilebebis gamo,

emigraciac aRikveTeboda. amis Semdeg TiToeul kunZulze axlad warmoqmnil adgilebs Zvel

binadarTa saxecvlili formebi Seavsebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi moxdeboda maTi Secvla da

daxvewa. Semdeg, rodesac es kunZulebi isev kontinentad gaerTiandeba, mkacri konkurencia

daiwyeba da mxolod yvelaze xelsayreli Tvisebebis mqone gaumjobesebuli nairsaxeobebi

SeZleben ganvrcobas, danarCenebi ki nel-nela amowydebian. rodesac axali kontinentis mra-

valferovan binadarTa raodenobrivi Tanafardoba isev Seicvleba – bunebriv gadarCevas

kidev erTxel miecema burTi da moedani kontinentis binadarTa gasaumjobeseblad da axali

saxeobebis warmosaqmnelad.

me vuSveb, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva Zalian nela moqmedebs da Znelad gamoaqvs nayofi.

misi moqmedeba damokidebulia bunebis wiaRSi arsebul im sicarieleebze, romlebsac ikave-

ben iq arsebul saxeobaTa saxecvlili warmomadgenlebi. aseTi sicarieleebis arseboba ki

damokidebulia saarsebo garemoSi aseve neli tempiT mimdinare cvlilebebsa da ukeTesad

Seguebul formaTa imigraciaze. Tumca bunebrivi gadarCeva albaT kidev ufro metad binad-

arTa TandaTanobiT cvlilebaze unda iyos damokidebuli. araferi Seicvleba, sanam Tavs

ar iCens sasargeblo cvlilebebi, rac, TavisTavad isedac Zalian neli procesia da rasac

kidev ufro aferxebs Tavisufali Sejvareba. bevri ifiqrebs, rom Cems mier CamoTvlili dam-

abrkolebeli mizezebi sakmarisia bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis mTlianad SesaCerebelad,

rasac ar veTanxmebi. meore mxriv, mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva yovelTvis Zalian neli

tempiT, drois didi intervalebiT xasiaTdeba, da igi ZiriTadad ama Tu im teritoriaze bina-

dar sul ramdenime organizms exeba erTdroulad. aseve mjera, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis es

neli da wyvetili qmedeba Seesabameba dedamiwis binadarTa cvlis tempebsa da garemoebebs.

rac ar unda neli da xangrZlivi iyos bunebrivi gadarCevis procesi, Tu umweo adamians

xelovnuri gadarCeviT amdeni ramis Secvla da daxvewa xelewifeba, raoden lamazi da rTuli

unda iyos bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT organul arsebaTa erTmaneTTan Tu bunebis fizikur

pirobebTan Sesagueblad ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.

505

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

saxeobaTa gadaSeneba

am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT im TavSi ganvixilavT, sadac geologiis Sesaxeb visaubrebT,

magram bunebriv gadarCevasTan misi mWidro kavSiris gamo oriode sityva aqac unda mogax-

senoT. rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, bunebrivi gadarCevis moqmedeba gamoixateba

saxeobaTa gamravlebis xelSemwyobi sicocxlisa da ganviTarebisaTvis sasargeblo cvlile-

baTa SenarCunebiT. magram, iqidan gamomdinare, rom organul arsebaTa mateba geometriuli

progresiiT xdeba, xolo dedamiwa ukve mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli, upiratesobis mqone saxe-

obebis raodenobrivi zrdis paralelurad, klebas iwyebs upiratesobis armqone saxeobebi

da, rogorc geologia gvaswavlis, gaiSviaTeba gaqrobis winamorbedi xdeba. aseve viciT, rom

mcire raodenobis individebiT warmodgenili TiToeuli saxesxvaoba, weliwadis mkacri se-

zonebisa Tu mterTa simravlis gamo, sruli gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. metic,

imis gamo, rom axali formebi nela warmoiqmneba, unda vivaraudoT, rom isinic didi raode-

nobiT amowydebian, Tu maTi ricxvi ganuwyvetliv da usazRvrod ar moimatebs. maTi ricxvi

usazRvrod rom ar matulobs, amas geologiac adasturebs da Cvenc TvalnaTlad vxedavT, Tu

bunebis wiaRSi usasrulod bevri sicariele ar arsebobs, SeuZlebelia cocxal organizmTa

raodenobis usasrulo zrda. amave dros, arc imis dadgena SegviZlia, romel regionSi mi-

aRwia saxeobaTa raodenobam zeda zRvars. albaT, aseTi adgili jer arc arsebobs, radgan

uamravi saxeobis mcenareebiT, msoflioSi yvelaze metad gadaWedil imedis koncxzec ki

ucxo mcenareebis gavrcelebas adgilobriv jiSTa gadaSeneba ar gamouwvevia.

ufro metic, mravalricxovan saxeobebs sxvebze metad SeswevT Zala garkveuli periodis

Semdeg yvelaze metad ganicadon sasargeblo cvlileba. amis mtkicebuleba meore TavSi mov-

iyvaneT, sadac vaCveneT, rom swored farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobebi iZ-leva gansxvaveb-

uli nairsaxeobebis anu Canasaxovani saxeobebis yvelaze did raodenobas. iSviaTi saxeobebi

SedarebiT neli tempiT icvlebian, amitom maT xSirad gavrcelebul saxeobaTa STamomavali

Trgunavs.

am mosazrebebs im ueWvel daskvnamde mivvyavarT, rom bunebrivi gadarCeviT warmoqmni-

li axali saxeobebis matebis paralelurad, Seucvlel saxeobaTa raodenoba TandaTanobiT

klebulobs da amas Sedegad sdevs maTi sruli gadaSeneba. yvelaze did gansacdelSi ki saxe-

obebTan yvelaze axlomdgomi is formebi aRmoCndeba, romlebic cvlilebebs ganicdian da

umjobesdebian. TavSi _ `brZola arsebobisaTvis~, ukve ganvixileT, rom es aris erTmaneT-

Tan yvelaze axlomdgomi formebi, e.i. erTi saxeobis nairsaxeobebi da aseve erTi gvari-

dan warmoqmnili saxeobebi, romlebsac TiTqmis erTnairi struqtura, aRnagoba da qcevebi

aqvs, amitomac erTmaneTTan yvelaze daundobel konkurenciaSi ebmebian. yvela axlad

warmoqmnili saxeoba Tu nairsaxeoba, warmoqmnis dRidan, yvelaze metad masTan axlomdgoms

Seaviwroebs da Seecdeba mis ganadgurebas. msgavsi procesi mimdinareobs Sinaur saxeobeb-

Sic, Tumca aq gadarCeva xelovnurad xorcieldeba. mravali magaliTi gviCvenebs, raoden

swrafad imkvidrebs moZvelebuli saxeobis adgils saqonlis, cxvris an sxva romelime

cxovelis, agreTve yvavilebis axlad warmoqmnili jiSebi da nairsaxeobebi. istoriulad

506

Carlz darvini

dadasturebuli faqtia, rom iorkSirSi Savi cxvari grZelrqebianma Secvala da Semdeg ise

`aRigva pirisagan miwisa moklerqebiani cxvris mier, TiTqos sasikvdilo Wiri SehyrodaT~

(soflis meurneobis dargSi mravali naSromis avtoris sityvebia).

divergencia (niSanTa daSoreba)

am terminiT aRniSnul princips, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs Cemi TeoriisaTvis da uamrav

mniSvnelovan faqts hfens naTels. upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkafio

nairsaxeobebic ki, romelTac saxeobis zogi niSani axasiaTebs (rac Zalian arTulebs maTi

sistematikuri statusis dadgenas), mainc ufro naklebad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan,

vidre aSkara, gamokveTili saxeobebi. Cemi TvalsazrisiT, nairsaxeobebi Camoyalibebis

procesSi myofi saxeobebia da amitomac maT saxeobaTa Canasaxovani formebi vuwode. nair-

saxeobaTa Soris arsebuli SedarebiT mcire sxvaoba Semdeg ukve saxeobaTa Soris arsebul

did sxvaobad gadaiqceva. amas amtkicebs is faqti, rom bunebaSi arsebul uricxv saxeobaTa

Soris udidesi sxvaobebia, maSin roca nairsaxeobebs, anu momavalSi mkafiod gamoxatul

saxeobaTa winaprebs Soris ki _ umniSvnelo da bundovani. ubralo SemTxveviTobis wyalo-

biT nairsaxeobam SesaZloa winaprisagan sruliad ganasxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi SeiZinos.

imave niSniT misi naSieric albaT kidev ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba mSoblisagan, magram mx-

olod es faqti ar aris sakmarisi im did sxvaobaTa asaxsnelad, romlebic erTi da imave

gvaris saxeobebs Soris iCenen Tavs.

rogorc yovelTvis, axlac minda am sakiTxis naTelsayofad Sinaur saxeobebs mivmarTo,

radgan aqac msgavsi ram xdeba. erT seleqcioners mtredis mokle niskarti moswons, meores ki

_ grZeli, da radgan moqmedebs principi: ̀ seleqcionerebs niSnis Cveuli mdgomareoba (norma)

arasodes aRafrTovanebs, maT mxolod ukiduresobebi itacebs~, isini did dros andomeben am

frinvelis grZel- an mokleniskartiani jiSebis gamoyvanas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas cxenebzec:

zogs ufro mardi cxenebi moswons, zogs ki _ ufro Zlieri da xorcsavse. Tavdapirvelad es

ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi ar iqneboda Zalian gamokveTili da TvalSi sacemi, magram

TandaTanobiT, seleqcionerebis mier sul ufro da ufro fexmardi an sul ufro da ufro

Zlieri cxenebis SerCeviT, es sxvaoba ufro naTlad gamoikveTili gaxdeboda da or qvejiSs

Seqmnida. sabolood ki, saukuneebis Semdeg, es qvejiSebi or, srulad gansxvavebul jiSad

Camoyalibdeba. naklebgamokveTili, gardamavali niSan-Tvisebebis mqone, arc fexmardi da

arc Zlieri cxovelebi aRaravis daainteresebs da isini TandaTanobiT gadaSen-debian. ai,

swored aq iCens Tavs divergenciis principi, romelic Tavdapirvelad arsebul odnav Sesa-

mCnev sxvaobas TandaTanobiT imdenad gazrdis, rom am gziT warmoqmnili individebi niSan-

TvisebebiT erTmaneTsac dascildebian da saerTo winaparsac.

ramdenad miesadageba analogiuri principi bunebas? Cemi azriT, Zalian martivad da

moxerxebulad im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom rac ufro gansxvavebulni iqnebian struqtu-

riT, aRnagobiTa Tu qceviT erTi saxeobis warmomadgenlebi, miT ufro advilad daimkvidre-

ben adgils bunebis wiaRSi da, aqedan gamomdinare, ricxobrivi matebis meti SesaZlebloba

miecemaT.

507

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

es naTlad Cans martivi Cvevebis mqone cxovelebSi. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT nebismieri

oTxfexa mtacebeli cxoveli, romlis raodenobam romelime qveyanaSi saSualo dones miaR-

wia. Tu misi bunebrivi gamravlebis potencias asparezi miecema, igi gamravldeba (im pirobiT,

Tu qveynis fizikuri pirobebi ar Seicvleba) da misi STamomavlobidan mxolod saxecvlili

individebi daeuflebian im adgilebs, romlebic aqamde sxva cxovelebs ekava. maTi gansxvaveba

ki imaSi gamoixateba, rom zogierTi maTgani sxva nadavliT gamoikvebeba, zogi axal terito-

riaze damkvidrdeba, zogi xeze Zromas iswavlis, zogi wyals Seegueba da zogs ki mtaceblobis

instinqti Seusustdeba. rac ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba mtacebeli cxovelis STamomavali,

miT ufro met adgils daimkvidrebs igi bunebis wiaRSi. es wesi erT saxeobaze marTldeba da

mis warmomadgenel yvela cxovelze yvela droSi SeiZleba gavrceldes. sxvagvarad bune-

brivi gadarCeva verafers gaxdeboda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mcenareebzec. cdebiT dadas-

turda, rom Tu nakveTze ramdenime gansxvavebuli warmoSobis balaxs davTesavT, gacilebiT

bevr mcenaresa da Tivas miviRebT. ase moxda, rodesac toli sididis ori nakveTidan pirvel-

ze mxolod erTi saxeobis xorbali daTeses, meoreze ki _ Sereuli saxeobebisa. maSasadame,

Tu balaxis romelime saxeoba ganagrZobs saxecvlilebebis warmoqmnas da maTgan erTmaneTi-

sagan sakmaod gansxvavebul (Tumca arc ise aSkarad gansxvavebuls, rogorc calkeuli saxe-

obebi) nairsaxeobebs SevarCevT, maSin miwis am nakveTze Zalian bevri individualuri mcena-

re momravldeba, imis gamo, rom balaxis TiToeuli nairsaxeoba yovel wels uamrav Tesls

iZleva. aqedan gamomdinare, ueWvelia, rom aTaseulobiT Taobis manZilze sxva individebze

gamarjvebisa da Semdeg gamravlebis saukeTeso SesaZlebloba eqneba yvelaze gamorCeul da

gamokveTil nairsaxeobebs, xolo rodesac isini niSan-TvisebebiT metad dascildebian erT-

maneTs, saxeobis rangSi gadavlen.

mravali gansxvavebuli bunebrivi garemoebis fonze TandaTan vrwmundebiT im principis

WeSmaritebaSi, rom sicocxles xels uwyobs agebulebis struqturis mravalferovneba. Za-

lian patara teritoriazec ki, sadac SeuzRudavia migracia da individebs Soris metad ul-

mobeli konkurenciaa, yovelTvis TvalSisacemia binadarTa mravalferovneba. magaliTad,

aRmovaCine, rom 3X4 futi zomis nakveTze ucvlel fizikur pirobebSi wlebis manZilze 18

gansxvavebuli gvarisa da 8 ojaxis oci saxeobis mcenare xarobda, rac cxadyofs am mcena-

reTa mravalferovnebas. igive movlena aRiniSneba patara kunZulisa da mtknari wylis pa-

tara gubeebis binadarTa SemTxvevaSic. fermerebmac aRmoaCines, rom yvelaze uxv mosavals

maSin Rebulobdnen, roca gansxvavebuli saxeobis mcenareebs wlebis monacvleobiT Tesav-

dnen. buneba e.w. sinqronuli rotaciis principiT moqmedebs. Tu cxovelTa da mcenareTa

didi nawili erTmaneTis gverdigverd cxovrobs miwis patara nakveTze, es imas niSnavs, rom

maT iq gadarCenis SesaZlebloba aqvT, da unda iTqvas, isini mTeli ZaliT miiltvian amisaken.

magram isic naTelia, erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, struqturuli mra-

valferovnebis upiratesoba, misi Tanmxlebi qceviTi gansxvavebebiT, gansazRvravs im mobi-

nadreebs, romlebic sxvebs gamoaZeveben da gansxvavebul gvarSi an saxeobaSi daimkvidreben

adgils. igive principi moqmedebs ucxo miwaze adamianis mier mcenareTa Setanisas (intro-

ducirebisas). bunebrivia vivaraudoT, Tu mcenare nebismier miwaze advilad xarobs, is ad-

508

Carlz darvini

gilobrivi saxeobebis monaTesavea, radgan miCneulia, rom adgilobrivi saxeobebi am miwaze

saarsebod Seiqmna da Seegua mas. aseve SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom gavelurebuli mcenareebi

im jgufebs ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebic maT mSobliur adgil-samyofelSic gansakuTrebiT

kargad eguebodnen gansxvavebul pirobebs. magram sinamdvileSi saqme sruliad sxvagvaradaa.

amasTan dakavSirebiT alfons de kandolma Tavis cnobil da SesaniSnav naSromSi aRniSna, rom

introducirebisas flora adgilobrivi gvarebisa da saxeobebis proporciasTan Sedare-

biT ufro metad ivseba axali gvarebiT, vidre saxeobebiT. amis magaliTia doqtor azagreis

`CrdiloeTis Statebis floris saxelmZRvanelo~ romelSic Setanili 260 mcenare 162 gvars

ganekuTvneba. aqedanac naTlad Cans, raoden gansxvavdeba es mcenareebi erTmaneTisagan.

isini adgilobrivi saxeobebisganac didad gansxvavdebian, radgan 162 gvaridan 100 ar aris

adgilobrivi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Setanili gvarebis xarjze gaizarda.

konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis Seswavlam dagvanaxa, ra cvli-

lebebi unda momxdariyo maTSi, rom sxva adgilobriv jiSebze upiratesoba moepovebina.

safiqrebelia, rom am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi roli iTamaSa struqturuli mraval-

ferovnebis matebam, ramac isini axal saxeobebamde ganaviTara.

ama Tu im qveyanaSi dasaxlebul saxeobaTa nairgvarobis mniSvneloba SeiZleba Sevada-

roT erTi individis sxeulis organoebs Soris Sromis fiziologiur gadanawilebas; es sa-

kiTxi safuZvlianad aqvs Seswavlili baton miln edvards. yvela fiziologma kargad icis,

rom rodesac kuWi miCveulia mxolod mcenareuli an mxolod xorceuli sakvebis gadamuSave-

bas, igi cdilobs mTlianad aiTvisos swored am saxis sakvebi. aseve xdeba dedamiwazec, rac

ufro izrdeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravalferovneba, Tavis gadarCenis miT ufro meti

SesaZlebloba aqvs TiToeul saxeobas, xolo cxovelebi, romlebmac amgvari cvlileba ar

ganicades, konkurenciis pirobebSi upiratesobas ver moipoveben. avstraliuri CanTos-

nebi, rogorc batoni uoterhauzi da sxva mecnierebi Tvlian, iyofian umniSvnelod gansx-

vavebul jgufebad, romlebic sxva kontinentebze mcxovrebi mtaceblebis, mRrRnelebi-

sa da mcoxnelebis jgufebs Seesabameba; saeWvoa, rom avstraliur CanTosnebs am kargad

gamokveTili jgufebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis konkurenciis gaweva SeeZloT. avstraliis

ZuZumwovrebSi diversifikaciis procesi ganviTarebis jer kidev adreul da dausrulebel

stadiaSi imyofeba. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ki unda vivaraudoT, rom struqturulad

rac ufro saxecvlili iqneba raime saxeobis STamomavali, miT ufro metad daimkvidrebs

Tavs da sxva arsebaTa mier dakavebul adgilebs Tavad daeufleba. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor

imoqmedebs divergenciis principi bunebrivi gadarCevisa da saxeobaTa gadaSenebis princi-

pebTan erTobliobaSi. amaSi Semdegi diagrama dagvexmareba: modiT, A-dan L-amde simboloe-

biT pirobiTad aRvniSnoT romelime qveyanis erT-erTi gvaris met-naklebad msgavsi saxe-

obebi. erTmaneTisagan araTanabari manZiliT daSorebuli asoebiT gamosaxul diagramaze

saxeobebi isevea warmodgenili, rogorc bunebaSi. gTavazobT warmovidginoT didi da mra-

valferovani gvari, radgan rogorc II TavSi ukve vnaxeT, didi gvaris saxeobebi mcire gva-

ris saxeobebze metad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan da, maSasadame, ufro didi raodeno-

biT nairsaxeobebs warmoqmnian. Cven isic aRvniSneT, rom farTod gavrcelebuli saxeobebi

509

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

ufro metad gansxvavdebian, vidre SezRuduli arealis binadari iSviaTi saxeobebi. modiT,

pirobiTad miviCnioT, rom A aris didi gvaris mravalricxovani da farTod gavrcelebuli

saxeoba. A-dan gamosuli araTanabari sigrZis wyvetili xazebiT misi naSieris cvalebadoba

aRvniSnoT, romelic, marTalia, umniSvneloa, magram amave dros mravalmxrivi da mraval-

ferovania da didi intervalebiT warmoCndeba sicocxlis sxvadasxva periodSi. Tumca yvela

cvlileba rodi uZlebs drois gamocdas. mxolod is cvlilebebi gadarCeba an SeirCeva, rom-

lebic yvelaze sasargeblo aRmoCndeba da swored ai, aq iCens Tavs divergenciidan gamom-

dinare xelsayrelobis principi. swored misi meSveobiT iCenen Tavs yvelaze gansxvavebuli

da divergenciuli cvlilebebi (isini aRniSnulia wertilovani xazebiT), romlebic Semdeg

bunebrivi gadarCevis meSveobiT SeirCeva da Segrovdeba. rodesac wertilovani xazi patara

danomrili asoTi aRniSnul erT-erT horizontalur xazs miaRwevs, es imas niSnavs, rom ukve

dagrovda cvlilebebis sakmarisi raodenoba da maTi meSveobiT mkveTrad gamokveTili nair-

saxeoba Camoyalibda.

horizontalur xazebs Soris arsebuli TiToeuli intervali aTaswlian periodebs

aRniSnavs; magram albaT ufro swori iqneboda, TiToeuli maTgani aTiaTasobiT Taobas rom

aRniSnavdes. aTasi Taobis Semdeg A saxeobam ori mkveTrad gansxvavebuli nairsaxeoba unda

mogvces, kerZod, a1 da m1. es ori nairsaxeoba igive pirobebSi ganagrZobs arsebobas, sadac

maTma winaparma ganicada cvlilebebi da Tavad isinic eqvemdebarebian cvlilebas, cvaleba-

dobis memkvidreobiTi xasiaTis wyalobiT. garda amisa, am or umniSvnelod gansxvavebul

nairsaxeobas TandaTanobiT memkvidreobiT gadaecema upiratesobis mimniWebeli is niSan-

Tvisebebi, romelTa meSveobiT maTi saerTo A winapari yvelaze mravalricxovan saxeobad

iqca; isini im Tvisebebsac SeiZenen, romlebmac maTi winapari saxeobis gvari mocemul qveya-

naSi erT-erT did gvarad aqcia da swored es garemoebebi Seuwyobs xels axali nairsaxeobis

warmoqmnas. Tu SemdgomSi es ori nairsaxeobac ganagrZobs Secvlas, yvelaze metad gamoxat-

uli cvlileba aTaseulobiT TaobaSi SenarCundeba da Sedegad, a1 nairsaxeoba am diagramaze

a2-iT aRniSnul nairsaxeobas mogvcems, romelic, divergenciis principidan gamomdinare,

kidev ufro metad gansxvavebuli iqneba A-sagan vidre a1 iyo. m1 nairsaxeobac or nairsaxeo-

bas warmoqmnis _ m2-sa da s2-s romlebic erTmaneTisaganac gansxvavdeba da kidev ufro metad

_ saerTo winaprisagan. am procesSi, romelic usasrulod SegviZlia gavagrZeloT, zogierTi

nairsaxeoba erT nairsaxeobas warmoSobs, zogic _ ors an sams, zogi ki saerTod ar warmoSobs

nairsaxeobas. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo A winaparidan momdinare nairsaxeobebis raode-

noba TandaTanobiT gaizrdeba, Tanac niSan-TvisebebiT isini sul ufro dascildebian erT-

maneTs. es procesi vrclad aRiniSneba aTiaTas Taobamde, xolo meToTxmete aTas Taobamde _

SedarebiT SemWidroebulad da gamartivebuli formiT.

Tumca aqve unda aRvniSno, rom es procesi yovelTvis zustad ise rodi grZeldeba, ro-

gorc es diagramaze miviReT; arc imis mtkicebas Sevudgebi, rom es procesi uwyvetia; sa-

varaudod, TiToeuli forma xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli rCeba, xolo Sem-

deg kvlav cvlilebebs ganicdis. arc is mgonia, rom sawyisi formidan maincdamainc yvelaze

gadaxrili nairsaxeobebi gadarCeba. zogjer Sualeduri forma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ucv-

510

Carlz darvini

leli rCeba, Tumca warmoSobs ramdenime saxecvlil naSiers _ bunebrivi gadarCeva yovelT-

vis imis Sesabamisia, aris Tu ara bunebis wiaRSi gamoTavisuflebeli an arasaTanadod Sevse-

buli sicarieleebi, rac mraval rTul faqtorzea damokidebuli. erTi ram ki cxadia, rac

ufro nairgvari iqneba romelime saxeobis STamomavali, miT ufro met adgils daikavebs is

bunebaSi da ufro metad saxecvlili STamomavloba imatebs. Cvens diagramaSi TaobaTa xazi

nusxuri asoebiT dayofilia Tanabar intervalebad, romlebic Seesabameba erTmaneTisagan

ukve imdenad gansxvavebul formebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, nairsaxeobebadac ki miviCnioT. ma-

gram es wyveta warmosaxviTia da sakmarisad xangrZlivi intervalebis Semdeg nebismier adg-

ilze SeiZleba CavsvaT, saWiro raodenobis divergenciuli cvlilebebis dasagroveblad.

erTi romelime didi gvaris mravalricxovani da yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobis STamoma-

vali SeiZens yvela im upiratesobas, romelTa daxmarebiTac maTi winapari dawinaurda. isini

gaagrZeleben gamravlebasa da divergentuli niSnebis SeZenas, rac diagramaze gamosaxulia

A-dan gamomavali ramdenime araparaleluri xaziT. upirvelesad gavrceldeba saxecvlili

da kidev ufro gaumjobesebuli STamomavali da, aqedan gamomdinare, Seaviwroebs Zvel da

naklebad gaumjobesebul saxeobebs. diagramaSi aRiniSneba, rom zogierTi qveda xazi ver aR-

wevs zeda horizontalur xazamde. cxadia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi cvlilebis procesi STamo-

mavlobis erTaderT xazSi gagrZeldeba da saxecvlili nairsaxeobebis raodenoba ar gaiz-

rdeba, Tumca amavdroulad SeiZleba gaizardos divergenciis done. diagramaze am movlenis

aRsaniSnavad A-dan gamomavali yvela xazi unda wavSaloT, garda im xazisa, romelic a1-sa da

a10-s aerTebs. zustad ase moxda inglisuri doRis cxenisa da pointeris SemTxvevaSi _ orive

maTganSi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda winapari jiSebisagan gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi,

Tumca amas ar mohyolia Semdgomi ganStoeba.

aTi aTasi Taobis manZilze mimdinare divergenciuli cvlilebebis Sedegad A saxeobas,

rogorc vivaraudeT, sami forma unda moeca: a 10, f 10 da m 10, romlebic gansxvavebuli iqne-

boda rogorc erTmaneTisagan, aseve met-naklebad winaparisganac. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom diagramaze horizontalur xazebs Soris sxvaoba metad mcirea, isini mxolod mkafiod

gamoxatul nairsaxeobebad anda qvesaxeobebad unda miviCnioT. magram am sam formas rom

gamokveTili saxeobis kategoria mieniWos, unda CavTvaloT, rom maT bevrad ufro seriozu-

li cvlilebi ganicades. aqedan gamomdinare, diagrama warmoaCens im safexurebs, romelTa

gavliTac nairsaxeobaTa mciredi gansxvavebebi saxeobaTa ganmasxvavebel bevrad ufro mniSv-

nelovan sxvaobebad gardaiqmneba. Tu igive procesi SemdgomSic mravali Taobis manZilze

gagrZeldeba, miviRebT A-dan momdinare rva saxeobas, romlebic aRniSnulia simboloebiT

a14-dan m14-mde. amgvarad saxeobaTa ricxvi nel-nela izrdeba da yalibdeba gvari. did

gvarSi, savaraudod, araerTi saxeoba moiZebneba, romelic erTdroulad icvleba. diagra-

maSi naCvenebi meore saxeobaSi I, analogiuri safexurebis gavliT, aTi aTasi Taobis Semdeg

warmoiqmneba ori mkafiod gamoxatuli nairsaxeoba w10 da z10 anda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im

uzarmazar cvlilebebs, romlebic or horizontalur xazs Soris nagulisxmevi ToTxmeti

aTasi Taobis Semdeg unda warmoiqmnas eqvsi axali saxeoba n14-dan z14-mde. TiToeul gvaris

isedac mkveTrad gansxvavebuli saxeobebi, uamrav saxecvlil STamomavals datovebs da maT,

511

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bunebis wiaRSi arsebuli mravali da gansxvavebuli sicarielis Sevsebis saukeTeso SesaZleb-

loba miecemaT. amitom diagramaze gansxvavebuli formebis warmomadgenlebad, romlebmac

Zalian Rrma cvlilebebi ganicades da axali nairsaxeobebi da saxeobebi mogvces. SevarCie

A ukiduresi da I TiTqmis ukiduresi saxeobebi. Cvens diagramaze didi asoebiT aRniSnulma

kidev 9 saxeobam saukuneebis manZilze SeiZleba TiTqmis Seucvleli Taobebi mogvces. diag-

ramaze gamosaxul wyvetil xazebs, romlebic zeviT ar arian mimarTulni.

diagramaze gamosaxul cvlilebis process yovelTvis Tan axlavs kidev erTi, aucilebe-

li da aseve udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone ram _ saxeobaTa gadaSenebis principi. iseT qveyanaSi,

sadac didia organuli arsebebis mravalferovneba, bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT aucileblad

is saxeobebi gadarCeba, romlebmac arsebobisTvis brZolaSi raRac upiratesobis wyalo-

biT sxva formebi daamarcxes; amitom gaumjobesebul STamomavlobaSi aucileblad iarse-

bebs saerTo winaprebis sxva STamomavlisa da Tavad ~mSobeli~ nairsaxeobis daamarcxebisa

da ganadgurebis tendencia. swored es aris mizezi, rom konkurencia yvelaze daundobelia

CvevebiT, aRnagobiTa da agebulebiT erTmaneTTan yvelaze axlos mdgom formebs Soris. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, yvelaze Seucvlel da yvelaze saxecvlil formebs Soris arsebuli yvela

Sualeduri forma, iseve rogorc `sawyisi~ an `mSobeli~ saxeoba, aucileblad gadaSenebis

safrTxis winaSe dadgeba. savaraudod, igive ganmeordeba STamomavlobis gverdiT xazebSic,

romelTa adgilsac STamomavlobis gaumjobesebuli xazi daimkvidrebs. magram, Tu saxecvl-

ili naSieri axal qveyanaSi moxvda da advilad da swrafad Seegua srulad gansxvavebul pi-

robebs, maSin mSobeli da misi naSieri aRar iqnebian erTmaneTis konkurentebi da erTdrou-

lad arsebobas SeZleben.

Tu Cvens diagramaze saxeobebis udidesi cvlilebebi gvinda gamovsaxoT, maSin A saxeoba

da misi winamorbedi nairsaxeobebi gaqreba da maT rva axali saxeoba a14-dan m14-mde) Caanacv-

lebs, xolo I saxeobas _ eqvsi axali saxeoba n14-dan z14-mde Secvlis.

SegviZlia kidev ufro CavuRrmavdeT am sakiTxs. erTi gvaris saxeobebi, rogorc wesi,

erTmaneTs met-naklebad unda hgavdnen, rogorc es bunebaSi xdeba. A saxeoba sxvebTan Sedar-

ebiT ufro axlos dgas B, C da D saxeobebTan, iseve rogorc I saxeoba _ G, H, K, L saxeobebTan.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom A da I yvelaze gavrcelebuli da farTod damkvidrebuli saxeobebi

iyo, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom maT Tavis droze amave gvaris sxva saxeobebze upiratesoba

moipoves. zogierTi es upiratesoba aucileblad gadaecema memkvidreobiT ToTxmeti aTasi

Taobis Semdeg miRebul ToTxmet saxecvlil STamomavals. Tanac TiToeul TaobaSi aucile-

blad kidev ufro daixveweba da gaumjobesdeba bunebriv pirobebTan Seguebis mizniT. aqedan

gamomdinare, axali saxeobebi ara marto winapar A da I saxeobebs gaanadgurebs da maT ad-

gils daikavebs, im saxeobebsac daamarcxebs, romlebic yvelaze axlos idgnen maT winapar A

da I saxeobebTan. amitom, sawyis saxeobaTa Zalian mcire nawili Tu SeZlebs STamomavlobis

mocemas ToTxmeti aTasi Taobis Semdeg. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom gadarCenas SeZlebs mxolod

F saxeoba, romelic yvelaze naklebad unaTesavdeba A da I saxeobebs da ToTxmeti aTasi

Taobis Semdegac swored is mogvcems STamomavals.

512

Carlz darvini

Cvens diagramaze aRniSnuli TerTmeti sawyisi saxeobidan TxuTmet saxeobas miviRebT.

bunebrivi gadarCevis divergentulobidan gamomdinare, a14-sa da z14 saxeobebs Soris bevrad

ufro didi gansxvaveba iqneba, vidre maT winapar TerTmet saxeobas Soris iyo. am axali saxe-

obebis naTesauri kavSirebis struqtura mTlianad gansxvavebuli iqneba. A-s yovel merve

STamomavalSi sami _ a14, q14 da p14 _ Zalian axlo monaTesave iqneba, radgan isini a10-dan arc

ise didi xnis win warmoiqmnen, xolo a5-sagan ufro adre warmoqmnili b14 da f14 sami zemoT

dasaxelebuli saxeobisagan ufro gansxvavebuli iqneba; dabolos, o14, e14 da m14 aseve erT-

maneTis monaTesaveni iqnebian, magram ramdenadac maTi gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis Camo-

yalibeba cvlilebebis procesTan erTad daiwyo, maT saerTo araferi eqnebaT danarCen xuT

saxeobisTan da, SesaZloa, qvegvari an sulac gansxvavebuli gvari Camoayalibon.

I saxeobis eqvsi STamomavalic qvegvars an sulac, gvars Camoayalibebs. magram rad-

ganac I da A winaprebi sawyisi gvaris or ukidures formas warmoadgendnen, isini sru-

liad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan I-s STamomavalic, memkvidreobiTobidan gamomdin-

are, srulad gansxvavebuli iqneba A-s rva STamomavlisagan. am ori jgufis niSan-TvisebaTa

divergencia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTardeba. A da I saxeobebis erTmaneTTan dama-

kavSirebeli Sualeduri saxeobebi, garda F-isa yvela gadaSendeba (es metad mniSvnelovani

varaudia). aqedan gamomdinare, I-s eqvsi axali saxeoba da A-s rva saxeoba sruliad gansxvave-

bul gvarad an qveojaxad unda miviCnioT.

swored ase xdeba, rodesac erTi gvaris ori an meti saxeobidan, romelTac dasabami

kidev ufro pirvelyofilma saxeobam misca, zustad imdenive gvari warmoiqmneba; Cvens dia-

gramaze es didi asoebiTaa aRniSnuli, erTi wertilisken mimarTuli gantotili wyvetili

xazebiT. es wertili, savaraudod, ramdenime gvaris an qvegvarisagan warmoqmnil winapar sa-

xeobas aRniSnavs.

aseve sayuradReboa axali F14-is saxeobis niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic naklebadaa Secv-

lili winapar F– saxeobasTan SedarebiT. am saxeobis kavSiri 14 sxva axal saxeobasTan sak-

maod ucnauri iqneba, radganac igi im formisagan momdinareobs, romelic axla ukve gamqral

A-sa da I-s winapar-saxeobaTa Soris idga. niSan-TvisebebiT igi erTgvarad Sualeduri iqneba

im or jgufs Soris, romlebic am saxeobidan warmoiqmneba. magram, ramdenadac es ori jgu-

fi Camoyalibebis gzaze ganagrZobda winaparisagan gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebis SeZenas,

axali F14 saxeoba maT Soris ki ar iqneba Sualeduri, aramed am ori jgufis modifikaciebs

Soris.

aqamde vTvlidiT, rom diagramaze gamoxatuli TiToeuli horizontaluri xazi piro-

biTad aTas Taobas aRniSnavda, magram sruliad dasaSvebia, man aseve aRniSnos milioni da

asobiT milioni Taobac; am xazma, SeiZleba agreTve warmoadginos dedamiwis qerqis siRrmi-

seuli Wrilebis Tanmimdevroba, sadac gadaSenebuli organizmebis naSTebia Camarxuli. Cven

am sakiTxs davubrundebiT geologiisadmi miZRvnil nawilSi da, vfiqrob, davrwmundebiT,

rom es diagrama naTels hfens gamqral saxeobaTa naTesaur kavSirebsac, romlebic, Cveu-

lebriv Tumc imave rigebs, ojaxebsa da gvarebs miekuTvnebian, Tanamedrove saxeobebi, Tavi-

anTi niSan-TvisebebiT xSirad maT Soris Sualeduri adgili uWiravs; am faqtis axsna imiT

513

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

SegviZlia, rom es saxeobebi uZveles droSi cxovrobdnen, maSin, rodesac sawyisi saxeobebi-

dan gantoteba sul axali dawyebuli iyo. aseve marTebulad mimaCnia, cvalebadobis procesi

mxolod gvarebis CamoyalibebiT amovwuro. Tu vivaraudebT, rom diagramaze TiToeuli

wertilovani xaziT gamosaxuli cvlilebebis moculoba Zalian didia, maSin a14-iTa da p14-

iT, b14-iTa da f14-iT, o14-iTa da m14-iT aRniSnuli formebi sam gansxvavebul gvars warmo-

qmnian. aseve erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT I-dan warmoqmnili ori metad gansxvavebuli da

gamokveTili gvari da A -dan warmoqmnili sami gvari, imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva winaprisagan

warmoiSvnen da xangrZlivi drois manZilze gansxvavebuli niSan-Tvisebebi CamouyalibdaT,

erTmaneTs naklebad gvanan. I-dan warmoqmnili ori gvari Seqmnis or gansxvavebul ojaxs, an

sulac rigs, romlebic sawyisi gvaris kidev ufro Zveli da ucnobi genis erTi saxeobidan

warmoiSobili ori saxeobisagan momdinareoben,

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi swored didi gvaris saxeobebi warmoqmnian

nairsaxeobebs anu saxeobebis sawyis formebs. es mosalodnelic iyo, radgan moqmedebs buneb-

rivi gadarCeva da arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi erT formas meoresTan SedarebiT upiratesobas

aniWebs. Tavad es formebi ki yovelTvis im formebisagan momdinareobs, romlebsac Tavadac

aqvs xelsayreli niSan-Tvisebebi. ama Tu im jgufis mravalferovneba imaze metyvelebs,

rom am jgufis yvela saxeobam saerTo winaprisagan romelime xelsayreli niSan-Tviseba mi-

iRo memkvidreobiT. aqedan gamomdinare, axal da saxecvlil STamomavlobs Soris brZola

ZiriTadad im did jgufebSi gaimarTeba, romlebSic saxeobaTa raodenoba izrdeba. erTi

didi jgufis warmomadgenlebi nel-nela meore, aseve didi jgufis warmomadgenlebs Seavi-

wroveben, mis ricxovnobas da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi Semdgomi gaumjobesebisa da cvli-

lebis SesaZleblobas Seamcireben. erTi jgufis SigniTac, axali da ufro daxvewili saxiT

Camoyalibebuli, bunebis wiaRSi ukve damkvidrebuli qvejgufebi, naklebad gaumjobesebul

da ufro Zvel qvejgufebs nel-nela gaanadgureben da maT TandaTanobiT gadaSenebas Seu-

wyoben xels. SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is organizmebi, romlebic axla didi ra-

odenobiT arseboben, imis wyalobiT, rom maT gadaSeneba naklebad Seexo, momavalSic kidev

didi xnis manZilze ganagrZoben gamravlebas. Tumca, winaswar veravin ityvis am jgufebidan

sabolood romeli gaimarjvebs, radgan kargad viciT, rom erT dros yvelaze ganviTare-

buli jgufebi axla aRarc ki arseboben. momavlis ganWvretas Tu SevecdebiT, mxolod is

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom didi jgufebis xangrZlivi da uwyveti matebidan gamomdinare, Sedare-

biT mcire jgufebis umravlesoba mTlianad gadaSendeba da ver datova saxecvlili STamo-

mavlobas. am sakiTxs isev mivubrundebi klasifikaciis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil TavSi, magram

minda aqve davsva kiTxva: radgan dRemde uZvelesi saxeobebidan Zalian mcireodenis STamo-

mavlobam miaRwia, amasTan, nebismieri klasi erTi da imave saxeobis STamomavalobas Seadgens,

ratom xdeba, rom cxovelTa da mcenareTa samyaros TiToeul qvedanayofSi klasebis raode-

noba metad mcirea, miuxedavad imisa, rom uZvelesi saxeobebidan dRemde Zalian cotas Tu

gadaurCa sicocxlisunariani da saxecvlili STamomavali, mainc SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

uZveles geologiur periodSic ki dedamiwaze imdenive gvari, ojaxi, rigi da klasi iyo, ram-

denic dRes arsebobs.

514

Carlz darvini

Tavis mokle Sinaarsi. udavoa is faqti, rom organuli arsebebi icvlebian xangrZlivi

drois manZilze garemos cvalebadi pirobebis gavleniT. aseve udavoa isic, rom TiToeul

saxeobas Soris, Zlieri geometriuli progresiiT matebis gamo, sxvadasxva asakSi Tu

weliwadis sxvadasxva dros arsebobisaTvis brZola mimdinareobs; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

organul arsebaTa urTierTkavSirebs da maT damokidebulebas saarsebo pirobebTan,

romelic warmoSobs zogierTi arsebisaTvis upiratesobis mimniWebel gansxvavebebs maT

struqturaSi, aRnagobasa Tu qcevebSi ucnaurad mogveCveneboda, am uamravi cvlilebidan

arcerTi rom ar aRmoCeniliyo Tavad arsebisaTvis xelsayreli (Tuki Cven Sinaur cxove-

lebSi gamovavlineT adamianisaTvis xelsayreli amdeni Tviseba). sasargeblo cvlile-

bebi individebs arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi upiratesobas aniWebs, riTac maT gadarCenis

saukeTeso SesaZlebloba eZlevaT da memkvidreobis principidan gamomdinare, TviTonac

igive TvisebebiT gamorCeul naSiers mogvcemen. cvlilebebis amgvari SenarCunebis prin-

cips mokled bunebrivi gadarCeva vuwode. bunebriv gadarCevas saTanado asakSi; Tvisebe-

bis memkvidreobiT gadacemis principidan gamomdinare, SeuZlia Secvalos kvercxic, Tes-

lic da naSieric iseve, rogorc zrdasruli individi. sqesobrivi gadarCeva Cveulebriv

gadarCevas kidev ufro daexmareba, yvelaze Zlieri da saukeTesod aRWurvili mamrebi met

naSiers datoveben. sqesobrivi gadarCeva mamrebs iseT Tvisebebs mianiWebs, romlebic maT

sxva mamrebTan brZolaSi gamoadgebaT.

Semdgom TavebSi mocemul mtkicebulebaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba ukeTesad vimsje-

loT, amgvarad moqmedebda Tu ara bunebrivi gadarCeva da uwyobda Tu ara xels nairgvar

cocxal formebs mravalferovan garemosaTan SeguebaSi; magram isic naTelia, rom misi ze-

moqmedebiT mravali arseba gadaSenda. geologia TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, rom gadaSenebis

procesma udidesi roli Seasrula samyaros istoriaSi. bunebrivi gadarCeva ganapirobebs

agreTve divergencias, radgan rac ufro meti gansxvavebuli cocxali arseba binadrobs

ama Tu im teritoriaze, miT ufro metad scildebian isini erTmaneTs struqturiT, aRna-

gobiTa Tu qcevebiT. amis naTel magaliTs nebismieri mcire teritoriis binadrebi an gav-

elurebuli saxeobebi iZlevian. amitom, nebismieri saxeobis cvlilebisa da gamravlebis

procesSi, rac ufro nairgvari iqneba STamomavali, gadarCenis miT meti SesaZlebloba

miecema arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi saxeobis individebis erTma-

neTisagan ganmasxvavebeli umniSvnelo cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT ufro seriozul cv-

lilebebad iqceva manam, sanam es individebi ar iqcevian erTi gvaris saxeobebad an sulac

sxvadasxva gvaris warmomadgenlebad. aseve vnaxeT, rom, rogorc wesi, yvelaze metad didi

gvaris, yvelaze mravalferovani da yvelaze did teritoriaze gavrcelebuli saxeobebi

gansxvavdeba. es Tviseba momaval Taobas mianiWebs im upiratesobas, romelmac mocemuli

saxeoba mocemul qveyanaSi yvelaze warmatebulad unda aqcios. rogorc ukve araerTxel

aRvniSneT, bunebrivi gadarCeva iwvevs divergencias da, amasTanave, naklebad gaumjobe-

sebuli da Sualeduri formebis gadaSenebas. am principiT SeiZleba avxsnaT bunebaSi ar-

sebuli yvela organuli arsebis naTesaobac. SesaniSnavi faqtia, rom yvela cxoveli da

mcenare mTel msoflioSi, yvela drosa da sivrceSi aucileblad erTmaneTs enaTesaveba

515

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

_ jgufi jgufs ukavSirdeba, erTi saxeobis nairsaxeobebi _ erTmaneTs, aseve erTi gva-

ris saxeobebic, Tumca gansxvavebulad, magram mainc enaTesaveba erTmaneTs da isini Tavis

mxriv seqciebs anu qvegvarebs qmnian; gansxvavebuli gvaris saxeobebi SedarebiT naklebad

enaTesaveba erTmaneTs; aseve gvarebic _ isini araTanabrad enaTesavebian erTmaneTs

da qveojaxebs, ojaxebs, qveklasebsa da klasebs qmnian. TiTo klasSi romelime Tvisebis

safuZvelze gaerTianebuli ramdenime qvejgufi SeiZleba arsebobdes. am erTi TvisebiT

gaerTianebulni sxva Tvisebebis msgavsebis safuZvelze erTiandebian da ase grZeldeba

usasrulod. am faqtis axsna SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu davuSvebT, rom TiToeuli saxeoba

damoukideblad Camoyalibda; saukeTeso axsna aris memkvidreobiTobisa da bunebrivi ga-

darCevis erToblivi moqmedeba, romelsac Tan sdevs divergencia da saxeobaTa nawilis

gadaSeneba, rac diagramiT gamovsaxeT.

erTi klasis yvela wevris naTesauri kavSiri SeiZleba erTi didi xis saSualebiT ga-

movsaxoT. mwvane dakvirtuli ylortebiT aRvniSnoT Tanamedrove saxeobebi, xolo xmeli,

ufoTlo totebiT _ gadaSenebuli saxeobebi. zrdis yovel safexurze ylortebi cdilo-

ben yvela mxares gavidnen da irgvliv mzard ylortebsa da totebs zemodan moeqcnen iseve,

rogorc saxeobebi da maTi jgufebi cdiloben arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi sxva saxeobebis

damarcxebas. odesRac norCi xis dakvirtuli ylortebi dRes uSvelebeli gantotebebia,

romlebic did totebad iyofa, Semdeg es totebi _ SedarebiT ufro mcire totebad da a.S.

Zveli da axali kvirtebis erTmaneTTan totebiT dakavSireba warmoaCens yvela cocxali

Tu gamqrali saxeobis klasifikacias erTmaneTTan daqvemdebarebuli jgufebis saxiT.

rodesac xe jer kidev buCqisodena iyo, mas mravali ylorti hqonda, romelTagan mxolod

ori an sami gadaiqca did totad da axali totebic gamoiRo. asevea saxeobebis SemTxveva-

Sic dResdReobiT. jer kidev uZveles geologiur periodSi binadari saxeobebidan Zalian

cotas Tu hyavs saxecvlili STamomavali. xis zrdis periodSi uamravi toti da ylorti ga-

fuWdeba da mowydeba xes. es dakarguli totebi im ojaxebs, gvarebsa Tu saxeobebs SeiZle-

ba SevadaroT, romlebic aRar arseboben da CvenTvis cnobilni gaxdnen mxolod namarxi

formiT. Tu xandaxan davinaxavT SemTxveviT gadarCenil Txel tots, romelic jer kidev

xis kenweroSi iwonebs Tavs, SeiZleba gagvaxsendes iseTi cxovelebi, rogoricaa Ornitho-rhynchus-i da Lepodosiren-i, romlebic TavianTi TvisebebiT garkveulwilad akavSireben xis

or daSorebul tots da romlebic albaT imitom gadarCnen, rom miuval da kargad dacul

adgilebSi binadrobdnen. xis zrdis procesSi kvirts kvirti emateba, maTgan ufro Zl-

ieri ki Semdeg gaizrdeba da sust totebs Tavze moeqceva; aseve xdeba sicocxlis didi xis

SemTxvevaSic, romelic dedamiwis zedapirs gamxmar da motexil totebs ayris, ulamazes

totebsa da ylortebs ki mzisken mimarTavs.

516

Carlz darvini

Tavi VII

instinqtebi

msgavsi Tvisebebisa da warmoSobis instinqtebi; instinqtTa gradaciebi; bugri da Wi-

anWvelebi; cvalebadi instinqtebi; Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebi da maTi warmoSoba;

gugulis, siraqlemasa da paraziti futkris instinqtebi; monaTmflobeli WianWvele-

bi; skis futkari da misi ujredis Seqmnis instinqti; instinqtebis bunebrivi gadarCe-

vis Teoriuli sirTuleebi; unayofo da usqeso (steriluri) mwerebi; daskvna.

instinqtebis Tema wina TavebSic iyo ganxiluli, magram Cemi azriT, umjobesi iqneba,

Tu am sakiTxs calke SevexebiT, miT ufro, rom futkris skis aSenebis saocari instinqtis

ganxilva kidev ufro ganamtkicebs Cems Teorias. winaswar unda vTqva, rom me ar vexebi

gonebrivi SesaZlebobebis warmoSobis sakiTxs. Cven ganvixilavT erTi da imave jgufis

cxovelebis instinqtebis mravalgvarobasa da maT gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. instinqtis

ganmartebas ar Sevecdebi. yvelasTvis gasagebi ram unda vigulisxmoT. am terminiT aRiniSneba

sxvadasxva gonebrivi qmedebebis erToblioba; roca vambobT, rom instinqti aiZulebs

guguls kvercxi sxva frinvelis budeSi dados, gasagebia, rasac vgulisxmobT. moqmedebas

(romlis gansaxorcieleblad Cven TviTon gamocdileba gvWirdeba), romelsac cxoveli,

gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda, yovelgvari gamocdilebis gareSe asrulebs an romelsac

erTnairad axorcielebs erTi saxeobis mravali individi am moqmedebis miznis gauazreblad,

instinqts uwodeben. Sevecdebi dagarwmunoT, rom arcerTi am maxasiaTebelTagani ar aris

universaluri. rogorc pier huberi Tvlis, gansjisa da analizis mciredi unari gan-

viTarebis dabal safexurze mdgom cxovelsac ki aqvs.

frederik kuviem da manamde ramdenime sxva metafizikosma erTmaneTs Seadares instinqti

da Cveva. vfiqrob, maTi analizi instinqtis warmoSobas ver xsnis, magram aRwers instinqturi

moqmedebis ganmapirobebeli gonebis mdgomareobas. raoden gaucnobiereblad xdeba zogi-

erTi Cvevis gamoxatva Cvevisa, romelic arc ise iSviaTad ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens gaazrebul

nebas! da mainc, Cvevebis Camoyalibeba SeiZleba moxdes nebisa da gaazrebis Sedegad. Cvevebi

advilad ereva sxva Cvevebs da droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavad sxeulis ganuyofel Tvisebebad

iqceva. erTxel SeZenili Cveva ki sicocxlis bolomde rCeba. SeiZleba gamovyoT instinqtebi-

sa da Cvevebis erTgvarovnebis sxvadasxva aspeqti. rogorc kargad nacnobi simReris gameo-

rebisas xdeba, instinqtSic erTi qmedeba meores ritmulad mihyveba. roca adamians simReras

vawyvetinebT, is iZulebulia simRera Tavidan daiwyos, raTa gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT simReris

sawyisi aRidginos. swored es aRmoaCina p. huberma muxluxoSi, romelic rTuli konstruq-

ciis parks ikeTebs. roca qsovis meeqvse safexurze myofi muxluxo gadasva mesame safex-

uris parkSi, muxluxom meoTxe safuxuridan daiwyo parkis qsova; magram roca qsovis mesame

safexurze myofi muxluxo meeqvse safexurze myof, TiTqmis dasrulebul parkSi gadasva,

muxluxom qsova kvlav mesame safexuridan daiwyo da cdilobda Sesrulebuli samuSao gae-

517

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

grZelebina. Tu vivaraudebT, rom xanmokle Cveva SeiZleba memkvirdebiTi gaxdes (vfiqrob,

SevZlebT imis damtkicebas, rom zogjer, es xdeba), maSin pirveladi Cveva da instinqti erT-

maneTs emsagevseba da maTi garCeva xandaxan SeuZlebelia. roca xanmokle varjiSis Sedegad

mocarti sami wlis asakSi pianinoze ukravda, mis qmedebas instinqturi daerqmeoda, es varji-

Sis gareSe rom gamosvloda. magram seriozuli Secdoma iqneba vivaraudoT, rom erTi Taobis

Cvevebidan SesaZloa mravali instinqti Camoyalibdes da memkvidreobiT gadaeces momdevno

Taobebs. advilad SeiZleba davrwmundeT, rom CvenTvis nacnobi rTuli instinqtebi, magali-

Tad skis futkrisa da WianWvelis instiqtebi, SeuZlebelia amgvarad iyos SeZenili.

aRiarebulia, rom instinqti iseve mniSvnelovania TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis, ro-

gorc misi sxeulis janmrTeloba. sasicocxlo pirobebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi ins-

tinqtis mciredi saxecvlileba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes. amitomac, advili war-

moasdgenia, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva inaxavs da agrovebs instinqtebis nairgvarobas,

romelic SeiZleba metad sasargeblo aRmoCndes. Cemi varaudiT, swored ase moxda rTuli

da saocari instinqtebis Camoyalibeba, iseve, rogorc sxeulis agebuleba yalibdeba misi

gamoyenebisa da Cvevis Sedegad an piriqiT, misi gamouyeneblobis gamo. mwams, rom `Cvevis

efeqti~ eqvemdebareba im movlenis mniSvnelobas, romelsac `instinqtebis SemTxveviTi

cvalebadoba~ SeiZleba vuwodoT; es is cvlilebebia, romlebic CvenTvis ucnobi imave

mizeziTaa gamowveuli, romliTac sxeulis aRnagobis mciredi gadaxrebi. arcerTi rTuli

instinqti ar SeiZleba Camoyalibdes bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad, Tu ar moxda xangrZlivi da

TandaTanobiTi dagroveba mravali umniSvnelo, magram sasargeblo cvlilebisa. maSasadame,

iseve, rogorc sxeulis struqturis SemTxvevaSi, vxedavT ara TandaTanobiT gradaciebs,

romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba instinqtis SeZena (vinaidan es SeiZleba gamovlindes mxolod

calkeuli individis pirdapir memkvidreebSi,) aramed iseT gradaciebs, romlebic garkveul

paralelur StoebSic arseboben an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, dagvWirdeba aseTi gradaciebis

arsebobis mtkiceba. Cven es SegviZlia. gavocdi, roca aRmovaCine, rogor mimdinareobs

gradacia bunebaSi, rodesac is TandaTan rTul instinqtebad Camoyalibdeba. kanoni „Natura non facid saltum~ (buneba naxtomebs ar akeTebs) vrceldeba rogorc sxeulis organoebze, ise

instinqtebzec. zogjer instinqtebis cvlileba gamartivebulia garkveul saxeobaSi imiT,

rom sxvadasxva instinqti moqmedebs drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, weliwadis sxvadasxva

dros, sxvadasxva pirobebSi da a.S. amis Sedegad SeiZleba bunebrivma gadarCevam SeinarCunos

xan erTi da xan meore instinqti. SegviZlia vaCvenoT, rom bunebaSi erTi saxeobis farglebSi

namdvilad arsebobs instinqtebis mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba.

davubrundeT sxeulis agebulebas da moviSvelioT Cemi Teoria, romlis mixedviTac

TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis instinqti TavisTavad sasargebloa, magram ramdenadac davina-

xeT, mas arasodes moaqvs sargebloba sxva saxeobisaTvis. erT-erTi iSviaTi magaliTi, roca

cxoveli moqmedebs sxva cxovelis sasikeTod, bugrebs ukavSirdeba, romlebic sakuTari

surviliT WianWvelas uTmoben Tavis tkbil gamonayofs; is, rom amas bugrebi sakuTari nebiT

akeTeben, Semdegi faqtebiT dasturdeba: WianWvelebi ganvacalkeve afidebisagan mJaunaze

da SevaCere maTi urTierToba ramdenime saaTiT. darwmunebuli viyavi, rom am intervalis

Semdeg bugrebi daiwyebdnen tkbili gamonayofis eqskrecias. didxans vakvirdebodi linziT,

518

Carlz darvini

magram eqskrecia ar xdeboda. Semdeg maT Tmis ReriT Sevexe ise, rogorc amas WianWvelebi

akeTeben TavinaTi ulvaSiT, kvlav – araviTari Sedegi. bolos bugrTan WianWvela mivuSvi,

romelmac maSinaTve igrZno, rogori mdidari sakvebi aRmoaCina da Tavisi ulvaSebi bugris

mucels Seaxo. rogorc ki bugrma WianWvelis ulvaSis Sexeba igrZno, daiwyo gamWvirvale

siTxis gamoyofa, romelic didi siamovnebiT miirTva WianWvelam. igive gameorda axalgazrda

bugrebSic, ramac mimaniSna, rom maTi es qmedeba instinqturia da ara gamocdilebiT SeZenili.

Tumca isic yuradsaRebia, rom Tavad gamonayofi webovania da afidebisaTvis rTuli mo-

sacilebeli. ase rom, ver vityviT, rom bugrebi mas WianWvelis sasargeblod gamoyofen.

ar mjera, rom samyaroSi romelime cxoveli moqmedebs sxva saxeobis sasargeblod, magram

faqtia, rom erTi saxeoba cdilobs sargebeli miiRos meoris instiqtisagan, iseve, rogorc

Zlieri sargeblobs sustiT. kvlav vimeoreb, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi instinqti ar aris ab-

soluturad srulyofili, magram radganac amis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi araa aucilebeli

Cveni miznebisaTvis, am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT.

imis dasadastureblad, rom instinqtebis saxecvlileba da maTi STamomavlobisaTvis ga-

dacema aucilebelia bunebrivi gadarCevis asamoqmedad, mravali magaliTis moyvanaa saWiro,

rac rTulia. me mxolod imis damtkiceba SemiZlia, rom instinqtebi namdvilad gansxvavdeba:

magaliTad, migraciis instiqti teritoriis sididisa da mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

frinvelTa budeebis gansxvavebuloba nawilobriv damokidebulia im qveynis bunebriv pi-

robebze, sadac frinveli cxovrobs; magram arsebobs CvenTvis ucnobi mizezebic. odubonma

gagvacno erTi da imave saxeobis frinvelebis budeTa mravalferovnebis SemTxvevebi SeerTe-

buli Statebis CrdiloeT da samxreT nawilebSi. romelime cxovelis mimarT SiSi udavod in-

stiqturia, amas vxedavT bartyebSi, Tumca am instinqtis gaZliereba SesaZlebelia piradi

gamocdilebiTa da mSoblebis mier gamoxatul SiSze dakvirvebiT. ukacrieli kunZulebis

mobinadre cxovelebSi adamianis mimarT SiSi TanadaTan yalibdeba. inglisSi didi frinvele-

bi ufro eridebian adamians, vidre patarebi, es albaT imitom xdeba, rom did frinvelebs

adamianebi xSirad sdevnian; es imiTac mtkicdeba, rom udabur kunZulze didi frinvelebi pa-

tarebze mSiSrebi ar arian; inglisSi Zalze frTxili kaWkaWi norvegiaSi adamians imdenadvea

SeCveuli, ramdenadac evipteSi _ ruxi yvavi.

is faqti, rom erTi saxeobis individis qmedeba SeiZleba saocrad mravalferovani iyos,

mravali magaliTiT mtkicdeba. SegviZlia aseve moviyvanoT garkveuli saxeobebis uCveulo

perioduli qmedebebis ramdenime magaliTi, romlebic, Tuki saxeobisaTvis sasargeblo aR-

moCnda, SeiZleba axal instinqtad Camoyalibdes. amasTan erTad Rrmad mwams, rom es zogadi

mosazrebebi detaluri faqtebis gareSe did StabeWdilebas ver moaxdens. arasodes arafers

vamtkiceb Sesabamisi faqtebis gareSe.

bunebaSi memkvidreobiTi instinqtebis arseboba SeiZleba damtkicdes moSinaurebis

SemTxvevebiT. Sinauri cxovelebis magaliTi saSualebas gvaZlevs SeviswavloT egreTwode-

buli spontanur cvlilebaTa gavlena Sinauri cxovelebis gonebriv Tvisebebze da Cvevisa

da gadarCevis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba am cvlilebebis damkvidrebaSi. davakvirdeT zogi-

erTi jiSis ZaRlis CvenTvis nacnob Cvevebs: eWvs gareSea, rom axalgazrda pointeri bune-

baSi gamoyvanisTanave cdilobs gauZRves an ukan gahyves sxva ZaRlebs. sunis aRebis Cveva

519

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

monadire ZeRlebs memkvidreobiT gadaecema; mecxvaris ZaRlebis erT-erTi Cveva ki faris

garSemo sirbilia. ar mimaCnia, rom es qmedebebi, romlebsac yovelgavri gamocdilebis ga-

reSe asrulebs axalgzarda ZaRli, TiToeuli individi Tu jiSi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-

ba wminda instinqtebisagan. patara pointerma sulac ar icis, rom mas msxverplisaken mihy-

avs Tavisi patroni; arc TeTrma pepelam icis, ratom debs kvercxs kombostos foTlebze.

magaliTad, mglis erTi tipi, jer kidev axlagzarda da gamoucdeli, rogorc ki igrZnobs

msxverplis moaxloebas, qandakebasaviT uZravad dgas da ucnauri svliT nel-nela mixoxavs

misken. Semdeg irmebis jogis garSemo sirbils iwyebs, riTac cdilobs moSorebiT garekos

isini. am qcevas udavod instinqturi unda vuwodoT. Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebi naklebad

myaria, vidre bunebrivi instiqtebi, magram maTi Camoyalibeba naklebad mkacri gadarCevis

Sedegad xdeboda da memkvidrobiT gadaecemoda drois SedarebiT mcire monakveTSi. raoden

Zlieria Sinauri cxovlebis instinqtebi, Cvevebi da niri, ra ucnaurad erwymian isini erTma-

neTs, karegad Cans sxvadasxva jiSis ZaRlebis Sejvarebisas. buldogTan Sejvarebam mwevars

droTa ganmavlobaSi simamace da sijiute SesZina, xolo mwevarTan Sejvarebam _ mecxvare

ZaRlebs kurdRelze nadirobis Cveva. Sinaur cxovelTa es instinqtebi Zalian hgavs bune-

briv instiqtebs, romlebic ucnaurad erwymian erTmaneTs da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inar-

Cuneben orive mSoblis instinqts: magaliTad, le rua aRwers ZaRls, romelsac mgeli hyavda

winapari. es ZaRli Tavis velur instinqts erTi qceviT gamoxatavda: igi Tavis patronTan

daZaxebisTanave ar mirboda.

Sinaur cxovelTa instinqtebs zogjer iseT qmedebebs miakuTvneben, romelTa gan-

viTareba CvevaTa xangrZlivi da iZulebiTi damkvidrebis Sedegad xdeba. mimaCnia, rom es

mosazreba araa swori. magaliTad, mtredi-turmasnisTvis Senavardeba aravis uswavlebia.

es qceva, Cemi dakvirvebiT, bartysac axasiaTebs, romelsac arasodes unaxavs, rogor Se-

inavardebs zrdasruli mtredi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom romeliRac mtredma gamoxata

am ucnauri Cvevisadmi midrekileba da saukTeso individebis gadarCevis Sedegad TaobaTa

ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda iseTi turmani, rogoric dResaa. rogorc baton brentisagan

msmenia, glazgoSi binadroben Turmanebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT Tvrameti gojis simaRleze

frena didi Zalisxmevis gareSe. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ZaRlzec _ misTvis aravis uswavlebia

mizanSi amoReba, es ZaRlis romelime jiSis midrekilebis gamoxatvaa am Cvevis mimarT. da

es periodulad xdeba, rac wminda jiSis terieris magaliTze davinaxeT. rodesac moxdeba

erTi midrekilebis gamoxatva, meToduri gadarCeva da memkvidreobiT miRebuli iZulebiTi

wvrTnis Sedegebi TaobebSi daasrulebs am midrekilebis damkvidrebas. gaucnobierebeli

gadarCeva jer kidev mimdinareobs, vinaidan TiToeuli adamiani cdilobs iseTi ZaRli

iyolios, romelic saukeTeso monadire iqneba, Tundac axali jiSis Seqmna miznad ar hqondes.

meore mxriv, zogjer Cvevac sakmarisia cxovelis mflobelis miznis misaRwevad; magaliTad,

arc erTi cxovelis moSinaureba ar aris ise Zneli rogorc gareuli kurdRlis naSierisa,

magram iSviaTia cxoveli, romelic ise advilad moSinaurdeba, rogorc moTvinierebuli

kurdRlis naSieri. ra Tqma unda, ar vfiqrob, rom Sinauri kurdlis gadarCeva maTi moT-

vinierebis mizniT moxda. mimaCnia, rom ukiduresad veluri sawyisidan ukidures moT-

vinierebamde gadasvlis memkvidreobiTi cvlileba aris Cveva.

520

Carlz darvini

bunebrivi instinqtebi moSinaurebis dros ikargeba: amis naTeli magaliTia Sinauri qaTmis

is jiSebi, romlebic iSviaTad an sulac arasodes kruxoben. is faqti, rom Cveulebrivad

gveCveneba yvelaferi, rac Sinaur frinvelebs ukavSirdeba, xels gviSlis aRviqvaT, ramdenad

mniSvnelovani da myaria qcevis cvlileba moSinaurebis pirobebSi. saeWvoa, rom ZaRlebis

siyvaruli adamianis mimarT instqinturi iyos. mgeli, mela, tura da katisebrTa sxvadas-xva

saxeobis individebi moTvinierebis periodSi cdiloben Tavs daesxan Sinaur frinvelebs,

cxvrebsa Tu Rorebs. es tendencia Zlieria im ZaRlebSi, romlebic Camoiyvanes tiera del

fuegodan da avstraliidan, sadac isini velurad cxovroben. Cveni Sinauri ZaRlebis lekvebs

ki ar sWirdebaT imis swavleba, rom Sinaur frinvelebsa da cxovelebs Tavs ar daesxan, da Tu

zogjer gabedaven – maT scemen da zogjer anadgureben kidec. ase rom, Cveva, gadarCevasTan

erTad, safuZvlad udevs Cveni ZaRlebis moSinaurebis process. meore mxriv, wiwilebs

ZaRlisa da katis mimarT SiSi ar gaaCniaT, rac maTTvis odesRac udavod instinqturi iyo.

naklebad Cveulebrivia es qaTmis gazrdili xoxbis bartyebisaTvis. yovelive imas ar niSnavs,

rom wiwilebma sruliad dakarges SiSi. maT mxolod ZaRlebisa da katebis ar eSiniaT. rodesac

qaTami daikakanebs, rac safrTxis moaxloebis maniSnebelia, bartyebi balaxs afareben Tavs;

esec instinqturi qcevaa, romelic, rogorc gareul frinvelSi SevniSneT, saSualebas aZlevs

kruxs gafrindes. magram am SemTxvevaSi es instinqti usargebloa, vinaidan kruxs TiTqmis

dakarguli aqvs frenis unari. maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sinaur frinvelebSi

axali instiqtebis SeZena da bunebrivi instinqtebis gaqroba moxda Cvevebis gamomuSavebis

Sedegad da nawilobriv adamianis CareviT, romelic TaobaTa ganmavlobaSi axorcilebs

Cvevebis gadarCevasa da dagrovebas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli Cveva sakmarisia

imisaTvis, rom warmoiqmnas gomebis memkvidreobiTi cvlilebebi; sxva SemTxvevaSi Cvevebs

memkvidreobaze gavlena ar hqonda. yoveli memkvidreobiTi cvlileba gadarCevis Sedegi

iyo, romelic xorcieldeboda meTodurad da gaucnobiereblad; Tumca, zogjer gadarCeva

da Cveva gverdigverd moqmdeben. SevZlebT ukeT davinaxoT, rogor xdeba instinqtebis

Camoyalibeba velur bunebaSi gadarCevis Sedegad, Tu ramdenime magaliTs davakvirdebiT:

Cven SevarCieT sami varianti, rasac aq ganvixilav. pirveli _ instinqti, romelic aiZulebs

guguls kvercxi sxvis budeSi dados; meore _ zogierTi saxeobis WianWvelis monad qcevis

instiqti da skis futkris fiWis keTebis unari. bolo ori, naturalistebis azriT, yvelaze

saocaria instinqtebs Soris. miCneulia, rom guguli instinqtis Sesabamisad kvercxebs

ara yoveldRe, aramed or-sam dReSi erTxel debs. amgvarad, is rom budes iSenebdes da

Tavis kvercxebze ijdes, adre dadebuli kvercxebi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi

gamouCekavi darCeba da ise moxdeba, rom budeSi erTad iqneba kvercxebic da sxvadasxva

asakis bartyebic. aseTi ram dauSvebelia, miT ufro, rom es frinveli adreul sezonze iwyebs

gadafrenas; amasTan, yvelaze adreuli kvercxidan gamosuli bartyebi mamrs damoukideblad

unda gamoekveba. amerikul guguls zustad asec uwevs cxovreba, vinaidan mis budeSi

erTdrouladaa kvercxebi da bartyebi. arsebobs varaudi, rom amerikuli guguli zogjer

kvercxs sxva frinvelis budeSi debs, magram doqtor brueris azriT, romelsac did pativs

vcem, es Secdomaa. amasTan, SemiZlia mogiyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi, rodesc frinvelebi

521

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

kvercxs sxvis budeSi deben. warmovidginoT, rom Cveni evropuli gugulis winapars amerikuli

gugulis Cvevebi hqonda, Tumca drodadro is kvercxebs sxva frinvelis budeSi debda. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu am Cvevis mqone frinveli upiratesobas SeiZenda, radgan mas SeeZlo ufro

adre gadafrenis dawyeba an sxva saxeobis budeSi gazrdili bartyebi ufro Zlieri iqneboda,

vinaidan maTi sakuTari deda gansxvavebuli asakis bartyebis gamozrdas Tavs Znelad

arTmevda, maSin zrdasruli frinvelic da bartyic upirates mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda.

vfiqrob, rom Cveni gugulis es ucnauri instinqti swored am procesis Sedegad Camoyalibda.

erTi ram SemiZlia davamato _ doqtor greisa da sxva mecnierTa azriT, evropul guguls

bolomde ar daukargavs momaval Taobaze zrunvisa da siyvarulis Cveva. frinvelebis mier

sxvis budeSi kvercxis dadeba arcTu ise iSviaTi SemTxvevaa qaTmisebrTa saxeobebSic da es

albaT xsnis siraqlemebSi zogierTi instiqtis warmoSobis mizezsac. siraqlemas ojaxis

zogierTi warmomadgeneli, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli siraqlema, kvercxs jer erT budeSi

debs, mere meoreSi da maT mamrebs gadaabarebs. am instinqtis axsna albaT SesaZlebelia im

faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom siraqlemebi didi raodenobiT kvercxs deben, xolo guguli _

ori-sami dRis intervaliT. Tumca, siraqlemas es instinqti ar aris srulyofili, radganac

amasobaSi imdenad bevri kvercxi ikargeba, rom erTxel, erTi dRis Zebnis Sedegad, ocamde

dakarguli da gafuWebuli kvercxi vipove.

bevri futkari parazitebs miekuTvneba da kvercxs futkris sxva saxeobis budeSi debs.

es SemTxveva ufro sainteresoa, vidre gugulisa, vinaidan futkari am SemTxvevaSi icvlis

ara marto instinqts, aramed agebulebasac, parazituli Cvevebis Sesabamisad, ris Sedega-

dac maT aRar gaaCniaT yvavilis mtvris Semgrovebeli organo, romelic aucilebelia larvas

gamosakvebad. zogierTi saxeoba, rogoricaa Sphegidae-s warmomadgenlebi (krazanasmagvari

mweri), sxva saxeobebze parazitoben. m. fabrem damajereblad axsna, rom Tumca Tachytes nigra,

Cveulebriv, sakuTar budes iSenebs, raTa iq paralizeburi msxverpli Seinaxos Tavisi lar-

vas gamosakvebad, magram Tuki igi Semdeg poulobs sxva budes, romelic aseve savsea sakvebiT,

avlens parazitul Tvisebebs da budes epatroneba. am SemTxvevaSi, iseve, rogorc es vnaxeT

gugulis magaliTze, ar aris rTuli imisi dadgena, rom bunebriv gadarCevas SeuZlia SemTx-

veviTi qceva mudmiv Tvisebad aqcios, Tuki igi saxeobas upiratesobas aniWebs da mweri, rom-

lis budisa da sakvebis miTviseba moxda, ar ganadgurdeba.

WianWvelebis damonebis instinqti

es saocari instinqti pirvelad pier huberma aRmoaCina, rodesac is Formica (Polyerges) rufescens-s akvirdeboda. WianWvelis es saxeoba mTlianad damokidebulia Tavis monebze. maTi

daxmrebis gareSe is erT weliwadSi gaqreboda. mamrebi da nayofieri mdedrebi ar muSaoben,

xolo muSebi anu steriluri mdedrebi, romlebic monebis datyvevebisas energiulobiTa da

simamaciT gamoirCevian, sxva samuSaos ar asruleben. maT ara aqvT unari, gaikeTon sakuTari

bude an gamokvebon larva. rodesac Zveli bude mouxerxebeli aRmoCndeba da iZulebulni

xdebian gadasaxldnen, migraciis process swored monebi axorcieleben. faqtobrivad, maT

TavianTi patroni sakuTari piriT gadahyavT. es patronebi imdenad ususuria, rom roca p.

522

Carlz darvini

huberma ocdaaTi WianWvela monebisagan gamoacalkeva da misca uamravi sakvebi, romelic maT

yvelaze metad moswonda, amasTanave maTTan erTad moaTavsa maTi larva da Wupri, raTa muS-

aobis stimuli hqonodaT, isini verafers akeTebdnen. maT Tavic ki ver gamoikvebes da bevri

maTgani SimSiliT daixoca. amis Semdeg, huberma maTTan moaTavsa erTi mona, romelic maSinve

Seudga saqmes, gamokveba isini da amiT daRupvisagan gadaarCina. man aseve aaSena ramdenime

bude, mouara larvebs da faqtobrivad yvelaferi moawesriga. ra SeiZleba iyos am faqtebze

ufro saocari? rom ar vicodeT monobis instinqtis mqone sxva WianWvelebi, uimedo iqne-

boda gvevarauda, rogor SeiZleboda es instinqti Camoyalibebuliyo.

p. huberma aRmoaCina, rom Formica saguinea aseve damonebis instinqtis mqone WianWvelaa.

es saxeoba inglisis samxreT regionebSi gvxvdeba. mis Tvisebebs akvirdeboda britaneTis

muzeumis profesori f. smiti, visac vumadli am da sxva mniSvnelovan informacias. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom srulad vendobi huberisa da b-n smitis debulebebs, am sakiTxs ufro skeptiku-

rad mivudeqi, raTa am ucnauri da odiozuri instinqtis arseboba damemtkicebina. amgvarad,

detalurad warmogidgenT dakvirvebebis Sedegebs, romlebic Tavad ganvaxorciele. me gavx-

seni Formica saguinea -s ToTxmeti bude da vipove mxolod ramdenime mona WianWvela. mona-saxe-

obebis mamrebi da fertiluri mdedrebi mxolod TavianT TanasazogadoebaSi arseboben da

maTi povna F. saguinea -s budeSi SeuZlebelia. monebi Savia da wiTeli patronis zomis naxevars

ar aRematebian. ise rom, isini vizualuradac kargad gansxvavdebian. Tu maT budes odnav

davazianebT, monebi batonebTan erTad gamoRoRdebian da icaven mas. xolo, roca budes, sa-

dac larva da Wupria, seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba, monebi energiulad iwyeben muSaobas da

TavianTi patronebi usafrTxo adgilas gadahyavT. amgvarad, naTelia, rom monebi Tavs ise

grZnoben, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, ivnissa da ivlisSi me saaTobiT

vakvirdebodi maT budeebs surveisa da saseqsSi da budidan gamosuli verc erTi mona Wian-

Wvela ver davinaxe. es imiT aixsneba, rom am TveebSi monebi Zalian cotaa. Cemi varaudiT

simravlis SemTxvevaSi isini sxvagvarad moiqceodnen. magram b-nma smitma macnoba, rom isic

saaTobiT akvirdeboda WianWvelebis budeebs maisSi, ivnissa da agvistoSi, surveisa da hemf-

SirSi, magram budidan gamosuli an masSi Sesuli verc erTi mona WianWvela ver aRmoaCina,

miuxedavad imisa, rom agvistoSi isini mravlad arian. amgvarad, mas miaCnia, rom isini mka-

crad `saxlSi gamoketili~ monebi arian. patronebi ki, romlebsac moaqvT saSeni masala da

sakvebi, xSirad toveben budes. am wlis ivlisSi, WianWvelebis iseTi sazogadoeba aRmovaCine,

romelsac saocrad bevri mona hyavda da SevniSne, rom zogierTi maTgani patronebTan erTad

tovebda budes. isini erTdroulad miuyvebodnen maRali Sotlandiuri soWisken mimaval

gzas 25 iardis manZilze da erTad micocavdnen xeze, savaraudod, bugrebisa da kokonebis

mosaZebnad. huberis monaTxrobis Tanaxmad, romelsac dakvirvebis mravalnairi saSualeba

hqonda, SveicariaSi monebi Cvevis Sesabamisad patronebTan erTad aSenebdnen budes. isini

Tavad aReben da xuraven karebs dilas da saRamos da rogorc huberi ambobs, maTi ZiriTadi

movaleoba bugrebis mopovebaa. patronebisa da monebis qcevas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba

or sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, Sveicariasa da inglisSi, savaraudod ganpirobebulia SveicariaSi

`datyvevebuli~ monebis didi raodenobiT.

523

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

erT dRes saSualeba momeca menaxa erTi budidan meoreSi maTi gadasvla. saocari sana-

xaobaa, roca patrons sakuTari piriT Tan mihyavs monebi. meore dRes Cemi yuradReba miiqcia

damonebis instinqtis mqone WianWvelebis gundma, romelic imave adgilas moZraobda, Tumca

ara sakvebis mosapoveblad. isini utevdnen sxva damoukidebeli saxeobis jgufs (F. fusca), ro-

melic TavgamodebiT igeriebda maT. zogierTi maTgani monaTmflobelebs (F. sanguinea) fexze

eWideboda, xolo es ukanasknelni ulmoblad igeriebdnen da klavdnen Tavis metoqeebs da

Semdeg maTi sxeulebi sakvebad mihqondaT budeSi 29 iardis manZilze. magram maT verc erTi

larva ver wamoiRes, raTa Semdeg monebad eqciaT. WianWvelebis sxva budidan ramdenime F. fus-ca-s Wupri amovTxare da brZolis velze cariel adgilas movaTavse. tiranebma isini maSinve

daitaces, waiyvanes da Tan aSkarad gamarjvebas zeimobdnen.

imave adgilas sxva saxeobis F. flava-s Wupri movaTavse yviTeli WianWvelis am saxeobis

ramdenime individTan erTad. b-ni smitis monacemebiT es saxeoba Zalian iSviaTad, magram

zogjer mainc SeiZleba iqces monad. is zomiT pataraa, metad gabeduli da Tavad minaxavs,

rogor esxmis Tavs sxva WianWvelebs. uceb monaTmflobeli F. saguinea -s budesTan axlos, qvis

qveS F. flava-s axali Tanasazogadoeba aRmovaCine. rodesac maT budes SemTxveviT Sevexe, pa-

tara WianWvelebi saocari simamaciT SeebrZolnen TavianT did mezoblebs. davinteresdi,

SeZlebda Tu ara F. saguinea-m erTmaneTisagan gaarCios F. fusca - s Wupri, romelsac isini Cveu-

lebriv monebad aqceven, patara mezobelis _ F. flava-s Wuprisgan, romelsac iSviaTad imone-

ben. aRmoCnda, rom maT isini advilad ganasxvaves, maSinve Tavs daesxnen F. fusca -s, magram sao-

crad SeSindnen, roca F. flava -s budes miuaxlovdnen da swrafad datoves iqauroba. magram,

cota xnis Semdeg, roca yviTeli WianWvelebi iqaurobas moSordnen, amiT isargebles da Tan

waiyvanes maTi Wupri.

erT saRamos, F. saguinea-s sxva Tanasazogadoebas `vewvie~ da davinaxe, isini budisken mkv-

dar F. fusca-sa da mis Wuprebs miaTrevdnen, rac imaze mouTiTebda, rom es migracia ar iyo.

Semdeg nadavliT datvirTuli mwkrivi SevniSne, daaxloebiT 40 iardis daSorebiT, romle-

bic mananas (Erica) buCqisken miemarTeboda da iqve gamoCnda F. saguinea-s bolo warmomadgeneli,

romelsac Tan mihqonda Wupri, magram ver movaxerxe gauval buCqnarSi bude damenaxa. bude

udavod iqve unda yofiliyo, radgan F. fusca-s ori Tu sami individi iqve gaSmagebuli tri-

alebda, erTi ki Tavisi WupriT pirSi umoZraod idga dangreuli budis Tavze.

aseTia faqtebi monad qcevis saocari instinqtis Sesaxeb. Cven davinaxeT raoden kon-

trastulia F. sanguinea-sa da F. rufescens-is instinqtebi. es ukanaskneli ar iSenebs budes, ar

gansazRvravs sakuTar migracias, ar agrovebs sakvebs arc TavisTvis, arc naSierisTvis da

verc Tavs gamoikvebavs. is absoluturad damokidebulia Tavis auracxel monebze. F. san-guinea-s ki naklebi monebi hyavs. patronebi Tavad wyveten, sad da rodis unda aSendes axali

bude da migraciis dros Tan mihyavT monebi. rogorc inglisSi, ise SveicariaSi, monebi didi

rudunebiT zrunaven Wuprebze, xolo patronebi monebis dasapyrobad midian. SveicariaSi

monebi da patronebi erTad Sromoben, erTad amzadeben da miaqvT budis saSeni masala. isini

erTad zrunaven TavianT naSierze da agroveben sakvebs TanasazogadoebisaTvis. inglisSi

mxolod patronebi gamodian budidan, raTa moipovon saSeni masala da sakvebi TavisTvis,

524

Carlz darvini

monebisa da WuprebisaTvis. ase rom, am qveyanaSi patroni Tavisi monebs naklebad msaxurebs,

vidre SveicariaSi.

Znelia vivaraudoT, Tu rogor warmoiSva F. sanguinea-s instinqti. magram, rodesac vxe-

davT, rom WianWvelebi, romlebic ar arian monaTmflobelebi, mainc epatronebian sxva saxe-

obaTa Wuprebs, Tuki isini SemTxveviT maTi budis axlos aRmoCndnen. unda vivaraudoT,

rom Tavdapirvelad isini am Wuprebs sakvebad iyenebdnen. xolo rodesac patronis budeSi

motacebuli Wupridan individi ganviTarda, patronma is misi SesaZleblobis mixedviT, sa-

muSao Zalad gamoiyena. Tu maTi arseboba sasargeblo aRmoCnda im saxeobisTvis, romelmac

is daimona, Wupris sakvebad mopoveba bunebrivi seleqciis Sedegad SeiZleba gaZlierdes da

gaxdes monebis moSenebis mizezi. rodesac moxda instinqtis SeZena, maSinac ki, Tu is iSvia-

Tad gamoiyeneba, rogorc es britanuli F. sanguinea-s magaliTze davinaxeT, romelsac Tavisi

monebi Sveicariul imave saxeobasTan SedarebiT naklebad exmarebian, gadarCevis fonze mar-

tivad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT am instinqtis zrdis da Camoyalibebis tendencia (gasaTvalis-

winebelia, rom TiToeuli cvalebadoba saxeobisaTvis sasargeblo unda iyos) manam, sanam Wi-

anWvela ar gaxda damokidebuli Tavis monebze ise, rogorc F. rufescens-is SemTxvevaSi.

skis futkris fiWis keTebis instinqti

am sakiTxs detalurad ar Sevexebi, mxolod Sevecdebi, Cemi dasknis erTgvari monaxazi ga-

vakeTo. raoden gulgrili unda iyos adamiani, romelic fiWis daxvewili struqturis danax-

visas aRfrTovanebas ar gamoxatavs. maTematikosebisagan gvsmenia, rom futkarma praqti-

kulad gadaWra rTuli problema da didi raodenobis Taflis mosaTavseblad uZvirfasesi

cvilis minimaluri raodenobis gamoyenebiT Seqmna saTanado formis ujrebi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom gamocdili xelosanic ki, romelic aRWurvilia iaraRiTa da zomebiT, ver moaxerxebs

aseTi sworxazovani ujrebis gakeTebas, futkrebi ki amas araCveulebrivad arTmeven Tavs

bnel skaSi. advili ar aris mixvde, rogor keTdeba TiToeuli kuTxe da sibrtye da daakvirde

am process. am saocari samuSao procesis aRqma SesaZlebelia erTi martivi instinqtis gan-

xilviT.

am instiqntis aRmoCenaSi b-ni voTerhausi damexmara, romelmac daasabuTa, rom ujris

forma ganpirobebulia mimdebare ujrebis arsebobiT. amdenad, qvemoT moyvanili Sexedu-

leba SeiZleba mxolod am Teoriis saxecvlileba iyos. modiT, davakvirdeT gradaciis diad

princips, raTa davinaxoT, gagvimxels Tu ara buneba am samuSaos Sesrulebis meTods. mokle

seriis erT mxares aris bazi (veluri futkari), romelic Taflis Sesanaxad iyenebs Tavisi

Wuprebis Zvel kokonebs, romelTac zogjer cotaoden cvils umatebs da Sedegad aSenebs

gancalkevebul, uswormasworo da momrgvalo formis cvilis ujrebs. am seriis meore mxa-

res aris skis futkari, romelis ujrebi ormag sibrtyezea moTavsebuli: TiToeul ujras

eqvskuTxa prizmis forma aqvs, romlis eqvsi bazaluri kide sami rombisagan Semdgar pirami-

das qmnis. am rombebs aqvs garkveuli kuTxeebi; sami maTgani fiWis erT mxares TiTo ujris

piramidul fuZes qmnis da sapirispiro mxridan kompoziciurad uerTdeba sami momijnave

ujris fuZes. am ori ukiduresi SemTxvevis _ skis futkris uzomod daxvewili ujrebisa da

525

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

bazis Taflis uswormasworo sacavis Sualeduri formaa (Tumca ufro metad am ukanasknels

uaxlovdeba) meqsikuri Melipona domestica-s ujrebi, romelic dawvrilebiT aRwera da daas-

uraTa pier huberma Melipona aSenebs TiTqmis sworxazovan cvilis fiWas, romelic cilin-

driseburi ujrebisagan Sedgeba. masSi iCekeba larva. amasTan, arsebobs didi zomis ujrebi,

sadac inaxeba Tafli. es ujrebi TiTqmis sferoseburia, erTi zomisaa da araTanabar masas

warmoqmnis. niSandoblivia, rom es sferuli ujrebi erTmaneTisagan iseT maZilzea ganlage-

buli, rom Tu sferoebi mTliani iqneba, isini gadakveTen da daazianeben erTmaneTs. magram

es arasodes ar xdeba, radgan futkari aseTi gadakveTis saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi am adgilas

brtyel kedels aSenebs. amgvarad, TiToeuli ujra Sedgeba gareTa sferosebri nawilisa da

ori, sami an meti sruliad brtyeli zedapirisagan, imis mixedviT, ramden ujras emijneba igi.

roca erTi ujra ukavSirdeba sam sxva ujras, romlebsac daaxloebiT erTi da imave zomisa da

formis sferoseburi nawili aqvs, maSin sami brtyeli zedapiri qmnis piramidas, romelic, hu-

beris azriT, skis futkrebis samwaxnaga piramidis uxeSi imitaciaa. aq, ise, rogorc skis fut-

kris SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli ujris sami brtyeli zedapiri amavdroulad sxva sami mosazRvre

ujris kedelicaa. aSkaraa, rom Melipona Senebis aseTi maneriT nakleb cvils xarjavs, vinaidan

momijnave ujrebis brtyeli kedlebi ormagi ar aris, isini imave sibrtyeSia, romelSic ga-

reTa sferosebri nawilebi da TiToeuli brtyeli zedapiri ori ujris erT saerTo kedels

qmnis.

rodesac am SemTxvevas vakvirdebodi, gamiCnda azri, rom Tu Melipona sferoebs erTi da

imave manZilis daSorebiT aaSenebs, isini erTi zomisa iqneba da or Sred simetriulad ganla-

gda. saboloo struqtura Zalian unda hgavdes skis futkris fiWas. me davukavSirdi kembri-

jis universitetis profesor milers, romelic geometriis specialistia. man yuradRebiT

waikiTxa Cemi mosazrebebi da sakuTar informaciasTan Sejerebis Sedegad miTxra, rom Teo-

ria sworia.

warmovidginoT Tanabari zomis sferoebi, romelTa centrebi or paralelur sibrtyeSia

moTavsebuli. TiToeuli sferos centri daSorebulia radiusiT - X/sqrt (2) an X 1.41421. imave

Sris eqvsi garemomcveli sferos centridan da imave manZiliTaa daSorebuli meore para-

leluri Sris mimdebare sferoebis centridan. Semdeg, Tu sxvadasxva Sreebs Soris sferoe-

bis gadakveTaze brtyeli kedlebi warmoiqmneba, miiReba or Sred ganlagebuli eqvskuTxa

prizmebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan piramidiseburadaa dakavSirebuli da rombebisagan Sedge-

ba. eqvskuTxa prizmis rombebis TiToeuli kuTxe skis futkris ujrebis kuTxis absolutu-

rad identuri iqneba

aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Melipona arasrulyofili instinqtis

odnavi modifikaciiT iseve srulyofil struqturas aawyobda, rogorc skis futkari.

unda davuSvaT, rom Melipona-s mier Tanabari sferosebri ujrebis ageba gasakviri ar aris,

radganac vxedavT, raoden srulyofil cilindruli formis naxvretebs akeTeben mwerebi

xeebSi, rodesac ubralod erTi wertilis garSemo trialeben. unda davuSvaT, rom Melipona-s

SeuZlia ujrebi Sreebad ganalagos, rogorc amas cilindruli ujrebis SemTxvevaSi akeTebs.

yvelaze Zneli imisi gagebaa, rogor gansazRvravs igi manZils, romliTac Tavisi TanaSemwe

526

Carlz darvini

muSa futkrebisagan aris daSoreuli, rodesac isini erTdroulad aSeneben sferoebs. Tumca

faqtia, rom mas Seswevs am manZilis gansazRvris unari da aSenebs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul

sferoebs, romelTa gadakveTis adgilebSi igi brtyel kedlebs agebs. advili misaxvedria,

rom eqvskuTxa prizmis agebis Semdeg SeuZlia misi dagrZeleba nebismier zomamde, raTa Taf-

lis Sesabamisi maragi daitios. swored ase iqceva bazi, rodesac Tavisi Wupris Zvel kokons

cvilis cilindrs umatebs. instinqtebis aseTi cvalebadobisa (romelic TavisTavad arcTu

ise srulyofilia, Tumca ufro srulyofili vidre Citis budis keTebis instinqti) da bune-

brivi gadarCevis Sedegad skis futkarma SeiZina ganumeorebeli arqiteqturuli niWi.

es Teoria SeiZleba eqsperimentiT Semowmdes. b-ni tegetmaieris magaliTis mixedviT,

ganvacalkeve fiWebi da maT Soris grZeli, sqeli, oTxkuTxa cvilis naWeri movaTavse. fut-

krebma maSinve daiwyes masSi mrgvali xvrelebis gaTxra. rac ufro Rrmad midiodnen, miT

ufro afarToebdnen maT, ris Sedegadac, xvrelebma fialis moyvaniloba miiRes, romleb-

sac erTi SexedviT sferos an misi nawilis forma da daaxloebiT ujris diametri hqonda.

roca futkrebma fialebis keTeba rom daiwyes, isini iseTi manZiliT iyvnen daSorebulni,

rom rodesac fialebi sasurveli siganisa da siRrmis gaxda, maTi kideebi erTmaneTs SeuerT-

da. rogorc ki es moxda, futkrebma Txra Sewyvites da fialebis SeerTebis adgilas cvilis

brtyeli kedlebis amoSenebas Seudgnen. ase rom, TiToeuli fialis kidis Tavze eqvskuTxa

prizmebi warmoiqmna, gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi ujrebisagan, romlebic samkuTxa sworxa-

zovani prizmebisagan Sedgeba.

oTxkuTxa cvilis naWris nacvlad, skaSi viwro da danis piriviT Txeli, vermilioniT

SeRebili kaSkaSa wiTeli firfitebi movaTavse. futkrebi kvlav fialebis Txras Seudgnen,

magram cvilis firfitebi imdenad Txeli iyo, rom orive mxridan Cveuli siRrmiT gaTxris

SemTxvevaSi, fialebis fskeri gaixvriteboda. Tumca, futkrebma amazec `izrunes~ da Txra

droulad daasrules, ise rom, warmoiqmna brtyelfskeriani fialebi. es brtyeli fskerebi,

romlebic wiTeli cvilis Txeli firfitebiT iyo agebuli, im adgilas iyon ganlagebuli, sa-

dac vizualuri warmosaxvis Sedegad SeiZleboda sferoebis gadakveTis adgili yofiliyo.

zog adgilas mopirdapire fialebs Soris patara, zogan ki rombis formis didi firfitebi

iyo ganlagebuli. magram am samuSaos Sedegi samSeneblo masalis arabunebrivobis gamo ar iyo

srulyofili. futkrebi udavod fialebis sapirispiro mxaresac muSaobdnen, fialebs orive

mxridan RrRnidnen da aRrmavebdnen; magram radganac muSaoba adre mTavrdeboda, fialebs

Soris brtyeli firfitebi darCa.

vinaidan cvilis firfita Txeli, drekadi fenaa, futkrebi swrafad mixvdnen, rodis

unda SeewyvitaT muSaoba. Cveulebriv fiWaSi futkrebi sapirispiro mxares erTnairi tem-

piT ver muSaobdnen. am daskvnis gakeTebis saSualeba momca axlad dasrulebul ujrebze da-

kvirvebam _ SevamCnie, rom erT mxareze iyo naxevrad daumTavrebeli rombebi, meore mxridan

ki amozneqili cvili. es imaze miuTiTebda, rom futkrebi erT mxares albaT swrafad moq-

medebdnen, meore mxares _ nela. fiWa skaSi davabrune, riTac saSualeba miveci futkrebs

cota xans kidev emuSavaT da kvlav gavzome ujra. aRmovaCine, rom rombiseburi fiala das-

rulebuli iyo da absoluturad brtyeli forma hqonda. vinaidan misi kedlebi ukiduresad

527

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

Txeli iyo, sruliad SeuZlebelia, rom es amozneqili mxridan Txris Sedegi yofiliyo. ro-

gorc vvaraudob, am SemTxvevaSi futkrebi moqmedebdnen sapirispiro ujrebidan, awvebodnen

da agorglebdnen rbil cvils (rogorc Sevamowme, es advili gasakeTebelia), gadahqondaT

Sualedur firfitaze da Semdeg abrtyelebdnen.

vermilioniT SeRebili wiTeli cvilis firfitebis eqsperimentma damanaxa, rom Tu fut-

krebi cvilis Txel kedlebs gaakeTeben, maT ujrebs specifikuri forma unda miscen; es

SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini muSaobis dawyebisas garkveul distancias daicaven

da erTnairi tempiT imuSaveben. Sedegad miiReben erTnairi formis sferul CaRrmavebebs,

magram ar dauSveben, rom maT erTmaneTi daazianon. Tu fiWis kideebs davakvirdebiT, davi-

naxavT, rom futkrebi fiWis garSemo uswormasworo kedels aSenebdnen. isini ujrebs sapir-

ispiro mxridan Txrian da wriuli moZraobiT aRrmaveben mas. isini ujrebis samgverdian pi-

ramidebs erTdroulad ar ageben. gaTxramde isini mzardi kidis bolos mxolod erT an or

rombisebur ujras qmnian da sanam heqsagonis kedlebis ageba ar daiwyeba, rombiseburi fir-

fitis zeda kideebs ar amTavreben. zogierTi es mosazreba gansxvavdeba aRiarebuli mecnier-

is, huber ufrosis mosazrebisagan, magram me maT sizusteSi darwmunebuli var da saSualeba

rom mqodnes, vaCvenebdi, rom Cveni Teoriebi erTmaneTs emTxveva.

huberis daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom pirveli ujris amoTxra cvilis paraleluri gverdebis

mqone kedlidan iwyeba, rogorc SevniSne, ar aris zusti. mSenebloba pirvelad cvilis patara

groviT iwyeba, magram axla amas detalurad ar ganvixilav. CvenTvis naTelia, raoden mniS-

vnelovania gaTxra ujris asagebad. magram Secdoma iqneboda imis varaudi, rom futkrebs

ar SeuZliaT uxeSi formis kedlis ageba saWiro adgilas, _ aseTia ori sferos gadakveTiT

miRebuli sibrtye. me maqvs amis damadasturebeli uamravi magaliTi. mzardi fiWis araswo-

rad momrgvalebul cvilis kedlebzec ki SeiZleba SevamCnioT formis odnavi darRveva, ro-

melic mSenebare ujrebis bazaluri rombiseburi firfitebis sibrtyeze aRiniSneba. magram

cvilis es arasworxazovani kedeli aucileblad unda dasruldes, amisaTvis mas futkrebi

ormxrivad aRrmaveben. am SemTxvevaSi futkrebis qceva saocaria. dasrulebuli ujris Tx-

eli kedlisagan gansxvavebiT, isini Tavdapirvelad uswormasworo kedlebs 10- 20-jer meti

sisqisas akeTeben. futkris Sroma SeiZleba kalatozisas SevadaroT. isini jer erT adgilze

yrian cements, xolo Semdeg mas orive mxares anawileben, sanam ar gaswordeba da maT Soris

Txeli kedlebi ar warmoiqmneba. ase rom, vRebulobT Txel kedels, romelic SeuCereblad

adis maRla, magram bolos yovelTvis bolovdeba giganturi saxuraviT. yvela ujraSi, ro-

melic cvilis mtkice kideebiTaa daboloebuli, futkrebi ise grovdebian da moZraoben sax-

uravze, rom odnavac ar azianeben ujris heqsagonur, 0,4 diumi sisqis kedlebs; xolo pir-

amidis fuZis firfitebi ki masze orjer sqelia. Senebis es forma fiWas ufro mdgrads xdis.

amasTan, aq cvili ukiduresad ekonomiuradaa gamoyenebuli.

Tavidan rTuli misaxvedria, rogor Sendeba fiWa, sadac uamravi futkari erTdroulad

muSaobs. Sromis procesSi futkari erTi ujridan meoreze gadadis. ise rom, rogorc huberi

aRniSnavs, pirveli ujris keTebasac ki ramdenime individi erTdroulad iwyebs. me Sevecade

es eqsperimentiT meCvenebina: TiToeuli heqsagonuri kedlisa da mzardi fiWis momrgva-

528

Carlz darvini

lebuli kideebi wiTeli cvilis Zalian Txeli, rbili firfitiT davfare; davinaxe, rogor

gaanawiles SeRebili cvili futkrebma yvela garemomcvel kedelze, albaT ise, rogorc amas

mxatvari Tavisi funjiT Seasrulebda. fiWis konstruqciis Seneba Tanabradaa ganawilebuli

mraval futkars Soris. yvela maTgani instinqturad dgeba erTmaneTisagan Tanabrad dac-

ilebul manZilze da iwyebs erTnairi zomis sferoebis Senebas, romelTa gadakveTis adgil-

ze brtyel kedlebs agebs. saintereso iyo imis aRmoCena, rom roca fiWis ori nawili kuTxiT

uerTdeboda erTmaneTs, futkrebi Slidnen da Tavidan aSenebdnen ujras SeerTebis adgilze

da zogjer mas sruliad axal, aqamde ucnob formasac aZlevdnen.

rodesac futkrebi pouloben fiWis asaSeneblad xelsayrel adgils, magaliTad, xis naW-

ers, romelic fiWis Sua nawilis qvemoTaa moTavsebuli, ise, rom fiWa mis erT mxares aSendes,

am SemTxvevaSi futkrebi Tavdapirvelad axali ujris bazalur kedels ageben, romelic zus-

tad misTvis gankuTvnil adgilzea moTavsebuli, ise, rom SemdegSi mimdebare ujrebis pro-

eqtireba moxerxdes. futkrebs saSualeba unda hqondes erTmaneTisagan da dasrulebuli

ujris kedlidan gansazRvruli manZiliT iyvnen daSorebuli. es mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

amis Semdeg isini ageben warmosaxviT sferoebs, xolo maTi gadakveTis adgilas _ brtyel ke-

dels. magram ramdenadac SevniSne, isini manam ar asruleben ujris kuTxeebis Senebas, sanam

mocemuli da momijnave ujrebis kedlebi ar aSendeba. futkris unari, aaSenos uswormas-

woro kedeli or axlad dawyebul ujras Soris, metad mniSvnelovania; is adasturebs faqts,

romelic erTi SexedviT mocemuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegoa. kerZod, imas, rom krazanas fi-

Wis ganapira ujrebi idealuri heqsagonia. magram me ar vapireb aq am sakiTxis garkvevas. sir-

Tules ar warmoadgens imis axsna, rogor agebs romelime mweri, magaliTad krazana, eqvskuTxa

ujras _ monacvleobiT muSaobs dawyebuli ujris SigniT da gareT, yovelTvis Sesabamisi

manZiliT aris daSorebuli mSenebare ujris nawilebisagan, aprialebs sferoebs an cilin-

drebs da aSenebs Sualedur firfitebs. savaraudoa, rom roca es mweri sworad ver moniSnavs

ujris asaSenebel adgils, iwyebs moZraobas, jer erTi, Semdeg xuTi sxvadasxva wertilis ir-

gvliv, amave dros, igi Sesabamisi manZiliTaa daSorebuli centridan da sxva mwerebisagan,

uaxlovdeba Sexebis sibrtyeebs da qmnis izolirebul eqvskuTxeds. Tumca ar gamigia, rom

aseTi SemTxveva vinmes SeemCnios. arc araferi gamovidoda TiTo eqvskuTxedis agebiT, vi-

naidan mis asaSeneblad meti masala iqneboda saWiro, vidre erTi cilindrisaTvis.

vinaidan bunebrivi gadarCeva mxolod struqturis an instinqtis mcire cvalebadobis

dagrovebis gziT moqmedebs, romelic garkveul pirobebSi, individisaTvis sasargebloa,

logikuria vikiTxoT, ra sargebeli moutana skis futkris winaprebs arqtiteqturulma

instinqtma, romelic zemoT naxseneb konstruqcias ukavSirdeba? vfiqrob, pasuxi ar aris

rTuli. futkrisTvis advili ar aris sakmarisi neqtris mopoveba. me baton tegetmaierisgan

vici, rom, eqsperimentis Tanaxmad, futkris erTi skis mier erTi girvanqa cvilis dasamza-

deblad saWiroa aranakleb 12-15 girvanqa Saqaris fxvnili. amgvarad, unda vivaraudoT, rom

futkrebis mier fiWis asagebad aucilebeli cvilis dasamzadelad didi raodenobiT neq-

tari ixarjeba. amasTanave, am procesis dros bevri futkari dReebis ganmavlobaSi usaqmodaa

cvilis sekreciis molodinSi. zamTaris ganmavlobaSi futkris didi gundisaTvis Taflis

529

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

didi maragia saWiro. amasTan, skis usafrTxoebas mxolod futkris didi raodenoba uzrun-

velyofs, romelTac kveba esaWiroebaT. amgvarad, didi raodenobis cvilis sekrecia da, Ses-

abamisad, Taflis momarageba futkris ojaxis warmatebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia,

Tumca, maTi keTildReoba kidev damokidebulia parazitebisa da sxva mtrebis raodenobaze

da, agreTve, sxva gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevebze, romlebmac Taflis raodenobis miuxeda-

vad, SeiZleba gansazRvron futkris ojaxis arseboba. magram davuSvaT, rom swored Taflis

raodenoba gansazRvravs bazis ojaxebis raodenobas mocemul qveyanaSi; warmovidginoT,

rom ojaxi mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi arsebobs da, Sesabamisad, esaWiroeba Taflis maragi.

am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni bazisaTvis cxadia xelsayreli iqneba, rom man instinqtis cvalebadobis

Sedegad SeiZinos cvilis ujrebis erTmaneTTan axlos agebis unari, ise, rom maT erTmaneTi

odnav gadakveTon (Tundac or ujras Soris warmoiqmnas saerTo kedeli), rac cota cvils

dazogavda. ufro xelsayreli iqneboda, Tu bazi ujrebs erTmaneTTan ufro axlos ganal-

agebda, faqtobrivad erT mTlianobad Sekravda, ise, rogorc Melipona-s ujrebia. am SemTxveva-

Si mosazRvre zedapirebis wili gaizrdeba, rac met cvils dazogavs. da kvlav imave mizeziT

Melipona-saTvis xelsayreli iqneboda ujrebis erTmaneTTan axlos da meti sixSiriT ageba. am

SemTxvevaSi sferosebri zedapiri mTlianad gaqreboda da brtyeli zedapiriT Seicvleboda

anu skac iseTive srulyofili iqneboda, rogorc skis futkrisa. bunebrivi gadarCeva amaze

metad srulyofil arqiteqturul formas ver Seqmnida, radgan rogorc vnaxeT, skis futk-

ris fiWas minimaluri raodenobis cvili xmardeba.

amrigad, instiqtebs Soris yvelaze saocari _ skis futkris instinqti, SeiZleba avxsnaT

bunebrivi gadarCeviT, romelmac Zalze momgebianad gamoiyena martivi instinqtis uamravi

Tanmimdevruli mcire cvalebadoba. bunebrivma gadarCevam ubiZga futkrebs, SeeqmnaT ori

Sre garkveuli manZiliT daSorebuli identuri sferoebisa da aegoT cvilis firfitebi

sferoebis SeerTebis sibrtyeze. ra Tqma unda, futkrebs ara aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom maT

erTmaneTisagan gansazRvruli manZiliT daSorebuli sferoebi Seqmnes; magram maT ician ram-

denime kuTxe eqvswaxnaga prizmasa da rombisebur firfitebSi. bunebrivi gadarCevis motivi-

rebuli Sedegi cvilis ekonomiaa. futkris swored is gundi gadarCa, romelmac minimaluri

cvili daxarja; es axlad SeZenili ekonomiis instinqti ki STamomavlobas gadaeca, romelsac

arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad meti upiratesoba aqvs.

bunebrivia, rom bevri Znelad asaxsneli instinqti bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias Sei-

Zleba SeewinaaRmdegos: kerZod SemTxvevebi, rodesac ar viciT, rogor gaCnda esa Tu is

instinqti; ar aris cnobili misi Sualeduri gradaciebi. arsebobs naklebad mniSvnelovani

instinqtic, romelic ar viTardeba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad. cxovelebSi instinqtebi

TiTqmis identuria, magram zogjer maTi axsna imdenad Znelia, rom SeuZlebelia davijeroT

misi erTi winaprisagan memkvidreobiT gadacema. amitom mas bunebriv gadarCevas mivawerT.

me ar Sevudgebi zogieri detalis gansazRvras, magram msurs Sevexo erT rTul sakiTxs, rom-

lebic CemTvis Znelad gadasalaxi aRmoCnda. da, faqtobrivad, fataluric ki Cemi TeoriisT-

vis. vgulisxmob usqeso da sterilur mdedrebs mwerebis TanasazogadoebaSi, am unayofo

mwerebis instinqtebi da agebuleba metad gansxvavdeba mamrebisa da fertiluri mdedrebis

instiqtebisagan da vinaidan unayofoni arian, ver warmoqmnian Tavis msgavss.

530

Carlz darvini

es sakiTxi farTo ganxilvas moiTxovs, magram me Sevexebi muSa an steriluri WianWvelebis

SemTxvevas. am muSa WianWvelebis unayofobis mizezi Zneli asaxsnelia, Tumca arc ise Zneli,

radgan arsebobs cvalebadobis sxva SemTxvevebic, romlebic cxadyofen, rom velur buneba-

Si esa Tu is mweri SemTxveviT unayofo xdeba. magram Tu es mwerebi Tanasazogadoebis wevrebi

arian, ese igi, misTvis xelsayreli iyo maTi gamoyeneba Sromisa da ara gamravlebisaTvis. Cem-

Tvis sirTules ar warmoadgens imis damtkiceba, rom aqac bunebrivi gadarCeva moqmedebs. ma-

gram am sakiTxs axla ar Sevexebi. ufro rTuli asaxsnelia is sxvaoba, romelic muSa WianWve-

las ganasxvavebs mamrisa da fertiluri mdedrisgan da romelic gamoixateba agebulebasa

da zomebSi. aRsaniSnavia gansxvavebuli gulmkerdis forma, frTebisa da zogjer Tvalebis

arqona, aseve gansxvavdeba maTi instinqtebic. rac Seexeba Tavad instinqts, muSa da mamri

mwerebis es saocari gansxvaveba ufro mkafiod skis futkrebSia gamovlnili. muSa da unay-

ofo mwerebi Cveulebrivi cxovelis pirobebSi rom iyvnen, uyoymanod davamtkicebdi, rom

maTi es Tvisebebi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegia. kerZod, miviCnevdi, rom es individi daibada

struqturis erTgvari sasargeblo saxecvlilebiT, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaeca mis

STamomavals, romelmac aseve ganicada garkveuli cvlileba da kvlav moxda maTi gadarCeva

da a.S. magram muSa WianWvelas SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs mwerTan, romelic Zalian gansx-

vavdeba winaprebisagan da aris sruliad steriluri. ase rom, is verasodes SeZlebda STamo-

mavlobisaTvis gadaeca Tavisi saxecvlileba da instinqti. ibadeba kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba

davuqvemdebaroT es SemTxveva bunebriv gadarCevas?

pirvel rigSi unda SegaxsenoT, rom gvaqvs uamravi magaliTi, rogorc Sinaur, ise gareul

cxovelebSi, romelTa struqturuli gansxvavebebi korelirebs rogorc asakTan, ise sqes-

Tan. cnobilia struqturuli gansxvavebebi, romelic korelirebs ara marto sqesTan, aramed

agreTve mokle periodTan, rodesac reproduqciuli sistema aqtiuria. aseTia, magaliTad,

bevri frinvelis saqorwino Sebumbvla an mamri oragulis mokauWebuli ybebi. mciredi gan-

sxvaveba rqosani pirutyvis sxvadasva jiSis rqebs Sorisac SeiniSneba; magaliTad, garkveuli

jiSis xaris rqebi ufro grZelia, vidre buRasi da zogi jiSis Zroxis. ase rom, rTuli asaxs-

neli ar aris rogor xdeba usqeso individi mwerebis Tanasazogadoebis wevri, anu rogor gan-

icdis maTTan korelacias. xolo rogor moxda struqturuli Taviseburebebis dagroveba

bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad _ es ukve namdvilad rTuli asaxsnelia.

me mjera, rom es sirTule gaqreba, Tu gavixsnebT, rom gadarCeva iseve mimdinareobs

ojaxebSi, rogorc individebSi da SeiZleba hqondes sasurveli Sedegi. magaliTad, sur-

nelovani bostneulis xarSvisas es individi nadgurdeba, magram roca mTesveli mis Tesls

Tesavs, moelis, rom igive Tvisebebis mosavals miiRebs. seleqcionerebis survilia, rom mis

pirutyvs xorci da qoni ar akldes. cxovels klaven, magram misi gamravleba grZeldeba,

radgan seleqcioneri imave ojaxis sxva individebs amravlebs. mjera, rom rqosani pirutyvis

jiSi, romelic grZelrqian xarebs aZlevs dasabams, TandaTan Camoyalibda individur xarsa

da Zroxaze xangrZlivi dakvirvebisa da gadarCevis Sedegad, radgan xars TviTon STamomav-

lobis mocema ar SeuZlia. amgvarad, mjera, rom socialuri mwerebis SemTxvevaSi Tanasazoga-

doebisaTvis upiratesobis momtani iyo sazogadoebis zogierTi wevris sterilurobasTan

531

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

korelirebadi struqturis an instinqtis mcire saxecvlilebebi. Sedegad igive Tanasazoga-

doebis fertiluri mamrebi da mdedrebi TavianT fertilur STamomavlobas gadascemdnen

imave saxecvlilebis mqone steriluri wevrebis gamoyvanis tendencias. me agreTve mjera,

rom es procesi grZeldeboda manam, sanam erTi da imave saxeobis fertilur da sterilur

mdedrebs Soris sakmarisad gansxvavebuli niSnebi ar Camoyalibda, rac dRes saxezea bevr so-

cialur mwerSi.

magram Cven jer ar SevxebivarT yvelaze rTul sakiTxs. saxeldobr, im faqts, rom zo-

gierTi WianWvelis usqeso individebi agebulebiT gasxvavdebian ara marto fertiluri

mdedrebisa da mamrebisagan, aramed erTmaneTisganac. zogjer es gansxvaveba Zalian seri-

ozulia da mis safuZvelze gamoiyofa ori an sami kasta. kastebi erTmaneTSi gardamaval

formebs ki ar aris, aramed aSkarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, TiTqmis iseve, rogorc

erTi gvaris ori saxeoba, anda erTi ojaxis ori gvari. ase, magaliTad, Eciton-Si aris us-

qeso muSa da meomari individebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian ybebiTa da in-

stinqtebiT. Cryptocerus-Si erTi kastis muSebs Tavze mSvenieri fari aqvT, romlis daniS-

nulebac ucnobia. meqsikur Myrmecocystus-Si erTi kastis muSebi arasodes toveben budes,

maT sxva kastis muSebi kvebaven da uviTardebaT saocrad didi zomis muceli, romlidanac

xdeba Taflis magvari nivTierebis sekrecia, rogorc es xdeba bugrebis SemTxvevaSi anu

maT SeiZleba vuwodoT Sinauri pirutyvi, romlebsac Cveni evropuli WianWvelebi icaven

da datyvevebuli hyavT.

SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis princips me gadaWarbebul mniSvnelobas

vaniWeb, roca ar vaRiareb, rom aseTi saocari da dadasturebuli faqtebi anadgurebs Cems

Teorias. bunebrivi gadarCevis pirobebSi warmoSobili erTi kastis an erTi tipis unayofo

mwerebis magaliTze (rac mimaCnia, rom nayofieri mdedrebisa da mamrebisagan gasxvavebiT

SesaZlebelia) SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom TiToeuli Tanmimdevruli, mcire da sasargeblo

saxecvlileba erTi budis yvela unayofo individSi ki ar moxda, aramed mxolod ramdeni-

meSi. nayofieri mSoblebis xangrZlivi gadarCeva dasabams aZlevs sasargeblo cvaleba-

dobas, Sedegad ki miRebulia sasurveli Tvisebebis mqone unayofo mwerebi. am mosazrebis

dasamtkiceblad erTsa da imave budeSi periodulad unda vxvdebodeT erTi saxeobis unay-

ofo mwerebs, romlebic struqturis cvlilebas gamoxataven. da marTlac vnaxavT, rom

isini mravlad arian evropaSi. b-nma f. smitma gviCvena, saocrad gansxvavdebian britaneTis

unayofo WianWvelebi erTmaneTisagan zomiT da zogjer feriTac. xandaxan erTi budis in-

dividebSi ukiduresi formebi erTdroulad mJRavndeba. aseT saxecvlilebas Tavad davak-

virdi. xSirad xdeba, rom SedarebiT didi an piriqiT patara muSa WianWvela didi raodeno-

biT arsebobs an orive uamravia. xolo saSualo zomis _ Zalian cota. F. flava-s ufro didi an

piriqiT, patara muSebi hyavs; maT Soris arian saSualo zomisanic. b-ni f. smitis dakvirve-

biT, did muSa WianWvelas Cveulebrivi Tvalebi aqvs, zomiT patara, magram advilad dasanaxi,

xolo patara muSa WianWvelis Tvalebi rudimentulia. mas Semdeg, rac guldasmiT Seviswavle

am muSa WianWvelis nimuSebi, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom rudimentuli Tvalebi patara muSa

WianWvelas Tavisi mcire zomis proporciulad aqvs ganviTarebuli. darwmunebuli var, rom

532

Carlz darvini

saSualo zomis muSa WianWvelas Sualedurad ganviTarebuli Tvalebi aqvs. amrigad, erTsa

da imave budeSi Cven gvyavs ori saxis steriluri muSa WianWvela, romlebic gansxvavdebian

rogorc zomiT, aseve mxedvelobis organoebiT. Tumca Sualeduri TvisebebiT zogierTi

wevri erTmaneTs hgavs. Temidan gadavuxvev da vityvi, rom patara zomis muSa WianWvelebi Ta-

nasazogadoebaSi yvelaze sasargebloni rom yofiliyvnen da momxdariyo maTi mamrebisa da

mdedrebis mudmivi SerCeva, miviRebdiT mxolod aseTi WianWvelebis Tanasazogadoebas, ma-

gram es ase ar xdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi miviRebT WianWvelis saxeobas, romlis unayofo indi-

videbi igive Myrmica-as mdgomareobaSi iqnebodnen. Myrmica-s muSa WianWvelas rudimentuli

Tvalebic ki ar gaaCnia maSin, roca mis mdedr an mamr warmomadgenels kargad ganviTarebuli

Tvalebi aqvs.

SemiZlia moviyvano kidev erTi magaliTi: imdenad mainteresebs erTi saxeobis unayofo

mwerebis sxvadasxva kastaSi mniSvnelovani struqturuli Taviseburebebis gradaciis aR-

moCena, rom rodesac b-nma f. smitma SemomTavaza dasavleT afrikuli WianWvela Anomma-s

uamravi nimuSi, uyoymanod visargeble am winadadebiT. mkiTxveli albaT Tavad, gazomvis

gareSe, zusti ilustraciiT dainaxavs am mwerebs Soris gadarCevis Sedegad warmoSobil

uamrav gansxvavebas, gansxvaveba iseTive iyo, rogoric mSeneblebis erTi jgufSi, sadac

zogi 5 futi da 4 duimi simaRlisaa, zogi ki _16 futis. magram warmovidginoT, rom maRali

mSeneblebis Tavis zoma oTxjer aRematebodes dabali mSeneblebisas da piri _ xuTjer.

sxvadasxva zomis WianWvelebis ybis forma sxvadasxvagvaria da kbilebic gansxvavebuli,

amasTan sxvadasxva raodenobisa. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Tumca muSa

WianWvelebi SeiZleba dajgufdnen sxvadasxva zomis kastaSi, maTi formebi gardamavali

iqneba, ise rogorc maTi ybebis gansxvavebuli niSnebi.

am faqtebma damarwmuna, rom nayofier mSoblebze moqmedi bunebrivi gadarCeva dasa-

bams aZlevs iseT saxeobebs, romlebic mudmivad warmoqmnian an ybis erTnairi formis mqone

didi zomis unayofoebs, an gansxvavebuli formis ybebis mqone patarebs. SeiZleba gvqondes

mesame SemTxvevac: gaCndes garkveuli zomisa da formis muSa WianWvelebis erTi jgufi da

mis paralelurad arsebobdes meore, romelsac sruliad gansxvavebuli forma aqvs. e.i.

jer miviReT gardamavali formebi, ise rogorc dasavleT afrikuli WianWvelis SemTx-

vevaSi moxda, xolo Semdeg TanasazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze sasargeblo gansakuTrebuli

formebi da isini bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad didi raodenobiT warmoiqmna. es procesi

gagrZeldeba manam, sanam maTi axali Sualeduri forma ar warmoiqmneba.

amrigad, rogorc warmomidgenia, erT budeSi dasabami mieca steriluri muSebis or gansx-

vavebul formas, romlebic gansxvavdebian rogorc erTmaneTisagan, aseve maTi winaprisagan.

albaT xvdebiT, raoden sasargebloni unda iyvnen isini TavianTi TanasazogadoebisaTvis,

iseve, rogorc mniSvnelovania samuSaos ganawileba adamianebs Soris. vinaidan WianWvelebi

moqmedeben STamomavlobiTi instinqtebiTa da iaraRiT, da ara SeZenili codniTa da Seqm-

nili instrumentebiT, maT Soris samuSaos gadanawileba xdeba steriluri muSa WianWvelebis

xarjze, radgan nayofierebis SemTxvevaSi, isini Sejvardebodnen da maTi instinqtebi da

struqtura erTmaneTs Seereoda. bunebam ki es gadanawileba bunebrivi gadarCevis saSuale-

533

saxeobaTa warmoSoba

biT ganaxorciela. magram unda vaRiaro, rom am principis arsebobaSi Cemi sruli rwmenis

miuxedavad, verasodes vivaraudebdi, bunebrivi gadarCevis aseT efeqturobas. es SemTxveva

kidev erTxel ganvixile, raTa meCvenebina, raoden Zlieria bunebrivi gadarCevis Zala. moce-

muli SemTxveva metad sainteresoa _ is amtkicebs, rom rogorc cxovelebSi, ise frinvelebSi

struqturis cvalebadobaze gavlenas axdens uamravi umniSvnelo, e.w. SemTxveviTi cvaleba-

dobac ki, romelic, Cvevebis miuxedavad, mravalmxriv sasargebloa, imitom, rom steriluri

wevrebis veranairi gamocdileba, Cveva Tu neba ver gansazRvravs nayofieri wevrebis instin-

qtsa Tu struqturas. Cven ki viciT, rom mxolod isini iZlevian STmomavlobas. gaocebuli

var, rom unayofoTa instinqtebis es SemTxveva dRemde aravis gamouyenebia lamarkis doqt-

rinis sawinaaRmdegod.

daskvna: am TavSi Sevecade meCvenebina, rom Cveni Sinauri cxovelebis gonebrivi SesaZle-

blobebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba da es gansxvaveba maT STamomavlobiT aqvT miRebuli.

aseve vcade meCvenebina, rom velur bunebaSi instinqtebi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. veravin

SemewinaaRmdegeba imaSi, rom instinqtebi metad mniSvnelovania TiToeuli cxovelisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, rTuli dasamtkicebeli ar aris, rom garemo pirobebis SecvliT bune-

brivi gadarCeva dasabams aZlevs sxvadasxva sasargeblo instinqts. zogierT SemTxvevaSi

Cveva TavisTavad moqmedebs. ver vityvi, rom am TavSi moyvanili faqtebi Cem Teorias ram-

denadme aZlierebdes, Tumca, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, arc abaTilebs. meore mxriv, faqtia, rom

instinqtebi arasodes aris srulyofili da eqvemdebareba Secdomebs, e.i. erTi cxovelis

instinqti yovelTvis ar aris xelsayreli meorisTvis, magram TiToeuli cxoveli cdilobs

sxvisi instinqtiT isargeblos. bunebis kanoni: „Natura non fasid saltum~ moqmedebs rogorc sxe-

ulis struqturis Camoyalibebaze, aseve mis instinqtzec. am faqtebis axsna ganxiluli Teo-

rebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia, Tumca ara yovelTvis. magram yovelive zemoTqmuli

adasturebs bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias.

am Teoriis ganmtkiceba SesaZlebelia instinqtebis sxvadasxva magaliTiT. aris SemTx-

vevebi, roca dedamiwis sxvadasxva nawilSi binadari da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva garemo

pirobebSi myofi monaTesave, magram gansxvavebuli saxeobebi TiTqmis erTnair instinqtebs

inarCuneben. magaliTad, roca samxreTamerikuli SaSvi budes talaxiT swored iseve iSe-

nebs, rogorc britanuli SaSvi, moqmedebs memkvidreobiTobis principi an kidev Crdilo

amerikuli mamri Citi Troglodytes-i zustad iseve iSenebs e.w. `mamlis budes~, rogorc Cveni

Troglodytes-i. es Cveva arcerT sxva frinvels ar axasiaTebs. dabolos, SeiZleba es arc ise

logikuri daskvna iyos, magram, Cemi azriT sruliad sakmarisia instinqtebis Semdegi

magaliTebi: axalgazrda guguli budidan agdebs aragenetikur Zmas; WianWvelebi qmnian

monebs; iqnevmonidebis larvebi muxluxoebis cocxali sxeuliT ikvebebian. es instinqtebi

arc naCuqaria da arc Seqmnili, isini zogadi kanonzomierebis Sedegia, romlis mixedviTac

viTardebian normaluri arsebebi, kerZod, mravldebian da gansxvavdebian. susti iRupeba,

Zlieri ki gadarCeba.